Software agents, surveillance, and the right to privacy: a legislative framework for agent-enabled surveillance
SIKS dissertation series no. 2007-05 The research reported in this thesis has been carried out under the auspices of SIKS, the Dutch Research School for Information and Knowledge Systems Lay-out: Anne-Marie Krens – Tekstbeeld – Oegstgeest Leiden University Press is an imprint of Amsterdam University Press © B.W. Schermer / Leiden University Press, 2007 ISBN 978 90 8728 021 5 Behoudens de in of krachtens de Auteurswet van 1912 gestelde uitzonderingen mag niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voorzover het maken van reprografische verveelvoudigingen uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16h Auteurswet 1912 dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 3051, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, www.reprorecht.nl). Voor het overnemen van (een) gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (art. 16 Auteurswet 1912) kan men zich wenden tot de Stichting PRO (Stichting Publicatie- en Reproductierechten Organisatie, Postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, www.cedar.nl/pro). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher.
Software agents, surveillance, and the right to privacy: a legislative framework for agent-enabled surveillance
PROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 9 mei 2007 klokke 15.00 uur
door
Bart Willem Schermer geboren te Alkmaar in 1978
Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Referent: Overige leden:
Prof. Prof. Prof. Prof. Prof. Prof. Prof.
dr. H.J. van den Herik dr. H. Franken dr. F.M.T. Brazier (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) dr. R.E. van Esch dr. E.O. Postma (Universiteit Maastricht) dr. A.H.J. Schmidt mr. J.L. de Wijkerslooth
Preface
To write this thesis I used an Apple laptop computer that gave me access to a variety of cognitive tools such as a word processor, a PDF reader, and the internet. A mere twenty years ago I would not have had the benefit of these technologies, either because they did not exist, or because they were not yet ready for mass adoption. To me this illustrates how fast technology is changing our lives. The pace at which technology is developing accelerates at an exponential rate (Kurzweil 2005). Between the development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and the invention of the wheel lies a period of four thousand years. Between the invention of the catapult and the invention of the cannon there is a period of two thousand years, and the period between the development of paper and the movable type printing press is a thousand years. The invention and mass adoption of technologies such as cars, airplanes, computers, and the internet all took place in the past century. I believe that the accelerated development and the current convergence of new technologies will greatly benefit mankind. For instance, future technologies will have the potential to stop the environmental damage that threatens our planet, help to eliminate poverty, and will successfully combat the effects of old age. However, while the potential benefits of technology are considerable, the risks that flow forth from misuse and abuse are also substantial. My primary motivation for writing this thesis is as follows: I feel that we have reached a point in time where the pace of technological development is so fast, and its potential impact on society so significant, that the introduction and subsequent use of disruptive future technologies should be subjected to a closer scrutiny than so far takes place. In my opinion society as a whole should become more aware of the policy issues surrounding new technologies. For this thesis I have chosen to focus on specific policy issues related to artificial intelligence technology. In the summer of 1956 the Dartmouth College hosted the first conference on artificial intelligence. Now, fifty years later, the use of artificial intelligence is widespread within our society, despite the fact that artificial intelligence acting on the level of a human being has not yet been achieved. One area in particular that can benefit from the application of artificial intelligence is surveillance. Using artificial intelligence technology for sur-
VI
Preface
veillance purposes can increase national security and public safety. However, this also places additional power into the hands of the government. It is therefore important to give careful consideration to the ways in which governments use surveillance technologies, and how these technologies may change the balance of power within society. The great statesman and third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, once said: “the price of freedom is eternal vigilance”. In this time of high technology I feel Jefferson’s statement is even more relevant. The power of technology can quickly distort the balance of power between the populace and their elected leaders, or may have other unwanted or unintended consequences. Therefore, it is essential to remain vigilant when it comes to the use of powerful new technologies for surveillance purposes. By keeping a close eye on the use of new technologies we may ensure that we reap their benefits, while avoiding possible negative effects. I hope that by writing this thesis I will have contributed to this goal. Bart W. Schermer Leiden, January 2007
Table of Contents
1
ABBREVIATIONS
XIII
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
Knowledge is power Technology and control Agents and interfaces Control and the surveillance society Six characteristic features of the Information society Panopticon Privacy and liberty Information retrieval from software agents Information retrieval by software agents Problem definition Three causes How to safeguard privacy and liberty? The precise formulation Research goals and research questions Research approach Thesis overview by chapter
SOFTWARE 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.7 2.7.1
AGENTS
Artificial intelligence Situated intelligence Agency and autonomy Agent characteristics Reactive Pro-active and goal-oriented Deliberative Continual Adaptive Communicative Mobile Agent typologies Agent architectures Reactive agents Deliberative agents Hybrid agents Multi-agent systems Architecture and standardisation
1 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 13 13 14 15 17 17 19 20 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 28
Table of Contents
VIII
2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.9 2.10 2.10.1 2.10.2 2.10.3 2.10.4 2.11 3
SURVEILLANCE 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3.7 3.8
4
From closed to open systems Phase I: Closed agent systems (2005-2008) Phase II: Cross-boundary systems (2008-2012) Phase III: Open systems (2012-2015) Phase IV: Fully scalable systems (2015 and beyond) Agent development in broader perspective Legal issues on agents Autonomy Legal status of agents Identification, authentication, and authorisation Integrity Provisional conclusion
The two faces of surveillance Disciplinary surveillance Liberal surveillance The surveillant assemblage Electronic surveillance System integration Superpanopticon and panoptic sort Superpanopticon Panoptic sort Reversal: the unseen Panopticon Synoptic surveillance Provisional conclusions
SURVEILLANCE 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5
AND CONTROL
AND SOFTWARE AGENTS
Knowledge discovery Implementation Current examples Future Data gathering Implementation Current examples Future Automated monitoring Implementation Current examples Future Decision support Implementation Current examples Future Provisional conclusion
30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 38 39 40 40 42 43 43 44 45 47 49 50 50 53 55 57 58 58 59 60 61 61 62 65 65 66 68 68
SIKS DISSERTATION SERIES 1998 01 Johan van den Akker (CWI) DEGAS – An Active, Temporal Database of Autonomous Objects 02 Floris Wiesman (UM) Information Retrieval by Graphically Browsing Meta-Information 03 Ans Steuten (TUD) A Contribution to the Linguistic Analysis of Business Conversations within the Language/Action Perspective 04 Dennis Breuker (UM) Memory versus Search in Games 05 E.W.Oskamp (RUL) Computerondersteuning bij Straftoemeting 1999 01 Mark Sloof (VU) Physiology of Quality Change Modelling; Automated modelling of Quality Change of Agricultural Products 02 Rob Potharst (EUR) Classification using decision trees and neural nets 03 Don Beal (UM) The Nature of Minimax Search 04 Jacques Penders (UM) The practical Art of Moving Physical Objects 05 Aldo de Moor (KUB) Empowering Communities: A Method for the Legitimate User – Driven Specification of Network Information Systems 06 Niek J.E. Wijngaards (VU) Re-design of compositional systems 07 David Spelt (UT) Verification support for object database design 08 Jacques H.J. Lenting (UM) Informed Gambling: Conception and Analysis of a Multi-Agent Mechanism for Discrete Reallocation 2000 01 Frank Niessink (VU) Perspectives on Improving Software Maintenance 02 Koen Holtman (TUE) Prototyping of CMS Storage Management 03 Carolien M.T. Metselaar (UvA) Sociaal-organisatorische gevolgen van kennistechnologie; een procesbenadering en actorperspectief 04 Geert de Haan (VU) ETAG, A Formal Model of Competence Knowledge for User Interface Design 05 Ruud van der Pol (UM) Knowledge-based Query Formulation in Information Retrieval 06 Rogier van Eijk (UU) Programming Languages for Agent Communication 07 Niels Peek (UU) Decision-theoretic Planning of Clinical Patient Management 08 Veerle Coup ìe (EUR) Sensitivity Analyis of Decision-Theoretic Networks 09 Florian Waas (CWI) Principles of Probabilistic Query Optimization 10 Niels Nes (CWI) Image Database Management System Design Considerations, Algorithms and Architecture 11 Jonas Karlsson (CWI) Scalable Distributed Data Structures for Database Management 2001 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
Silja Renooij (UU) Qualitative Approaches to Quantifying Probabilistic Networks Koen Hindriks (UU) Agent Programming Languages: Programming with Mental Models Maarten van Someren (UvA) Learning as problem solving Evgueni Smirnov (UM) Conjunctive and Disjunctive Version Spaces with Instance-Based Boundary Sets Jacco van Ossenbruggen (VU) Processing Structured Hypermedia: A Matter of Style Martijn van Welie (VU) Task-based User Interface Design Bastiaan Schonhage (VU) Diva: Architectural Perspectives on Information Visualization Pascal van Eck (VU) A Compositional Semantic Structure for Multi-Agent Systems Dynamics Pieter Jan ’t Hoen (RUL) Towards Distributed Development of Large Object-Oriented Models, Views of Packages as Classes
10 Maarten Sierhuis (UvA) Modeling and Simulating Work Practice BRAHMS: a multiagent modeling and simulation language for work practice analysis and design 11 Tom M. van Engers (VU) Knowledge Management: The Role of Mental Models in Business Systems Design 2002 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Nico Lassing (VU) Architecture-Level Modifiability Analysis Roelof van Zwol (UT) Modelling and searching web-based document collections Henk Ernst Blok (UT) Database Optimization Aspects for Information Retrieval Juan Roberto Castelo Valdueza (UU) The Discrete Acyclic Digraph Markov Model in Data Mining Radu Serban (VU) The Private Cyberspace Modeling Electronic Environments inhabited by Privacyconcerned Agents Laurens Mommers (UL) Applied legal epistemology; Building a knowledge-based ontology of the legal domain Peter Boncz (CWI) Monet: A Next-Generation DBMS Kernel For Query-Intensive Applications Jaap Gordijn (VU) Value Based Requirements Engineering: Exploring Innovative E-Commerce Ideas Willem-Jan van den Heuvel (KUB) Integrating Modern Business Applications with Objectified Legacy Systems Brian Sheppard (UM) Towards Perfect Play of Scrabble Wouter C.A. Wijngaards (VU) Agent Based Modelling of Dynamics: Biological and Organisational Applications Albrecht Schmidt (UvA) Processing XML in Database Systems Hongjing Wu (TUE) A Reference Architecture for Adaptive Hypermedia Applications Wieke de Vries (UU) Agent Interaction: Abstract Approaches to Modelling, Programming and Verifying Multi-Agent Systems Rik Eshuis (UT) Semantics and Verification of UML Activity Diagrams for Workflow Modelling Pieter van Langen (VU) The Anatomy of Design: Foundations, Models and Applications Stefan Manegold (UvA)Understanding, Modeling, and Improving Main-Memor Database Performance
2003 01 Heiner Stuckenschmidt (VU) Ontology-Based Information Sharing in Weakly Structured Environments 02 Jan Broersen (VU) Modal Action Logics for Reasoning About Reactive Systems 03 Martijn Schuemie (TUD) Human-Computer Interaction and Presence in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy 04 Milan Petkovic (UT) Content-Based Video Retrieval Supported by Database Technology 05 Jos Lehmann (UvA) Causation in Artificial Intelligence and Law – A modelling approach 06 Boris van Schooten (UT) Development and specification of virtual environments 07 Machiel Jansen (UvA) Formal Explorations of Knowledge Intensive Tasks 08 Yongping Ran (UM) Repair Based Scheduling 09 Rens Kortmann (UM) The resolution of visually guided behaviour 10 Andreas Lincke (UvT) Electronic Business Negotiation: Some experimental studies on the interaction between medium, innovation context and culture 11 Simon Keizer (UT) Reasoning under Uncertainty in Natural Language Dialogue using Bayesian Networks 12 Roeland Ordelman (UT) Dutch speech recognition in multimedia information retrieval 13 Jeroen Donkers (UM) Nosce Hostem – Searching with Opponent Models 14 Stijn Hoppenbrouwers (KUN) Freezing Language: Conceptualisation Processes across ICTSupported Organisations 15 Mathijs de Weerdt (TUD) Plan Merging in Multi-Agent Systems
16 Menzo Windhouwer (CWI) Feature Grammar Systems – Incremental Maintenance of Indexes to Digital Media Warehouses 17 David Jansen (UT) Extensions of Statecharts with Probability, Time, and Stochastic Timing 18 Levente Kocsis (UM) Learning Search Decisions 2004 01 Virginia Dignum (UU) A Model for Organizational Interaction: Based on Agents, Founded in Logic 02 Lai Xu (UvT) Monitoring Multi-party Contracts for E-business 03 Perry Groot (VU) A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Approximation in Symbolic Problem Solving 04 Chris van Aart (UvA) Organizational Principles for Multi-Agent Architectures 05 Viara Popova (EUR) Knowledge discovery and monotonicity 06 Bart-Jan Hommes (TUD) The Evaluation of Business Process Modeling Techniques 07 Elise Boltjes (UM) Voorbeeldig onderwijs; voorbeeldgestuurd onderwijs, een opstap naar abstract denken, vooral voor meisjes 08 Joop Verbeek (UM) Politie en de Nieuwe Internationale Informatiemarkt, Grensregionale politiele gegevensuitwisseling en digitale expertise 09 Martin Caminada (VU) For the Sake of the Argument; explorations into argument-based reasoning 10 Suzanne Kabel (UvA) Knowledge-rich indexing of learning-objects 11 Michel Klein (VU) Change Management for Distributed Ontologies 12 The Duy Bui (UT) Creating emotions and facial expressions for embodied agents 13 Wojciech Jamroga (UT) Using Multiple Models of Reality: On Agents who Know how to Play 14 Paul Harrenstein (UU) Logic in Conflict. Logical Explorations in Strategic Equilibrium 15 Arno Knobbe (UU) Multi-Relational Data Mining 16 Federico Divina (VU) Hybrid Genetic Relational Search for Inductive Learning 17 Mark Winands (UM) Informed Search in Complex Games 18 Vania Bessa Machado (UvA) Supporting the Construction of Qualitative Knowledge Models 19 Thijs Westerveld (UT) Using generative probabilistic models for multimedia retrieval 20 Madelon Evers (Nyenrode) Learning from Design: facilitating multidisciplinary design teams 2005 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Floor Verdenius (UVA) Methodological Aspects of Designing Induction-Based Applications Erik van der Werf (UM) AI techniques for the game of Go Franc Grootjen (RUN) A Pragmatic Approach to the Conceptualisation of Language Nirvana Meratnia (UT) Towards Database Support for Moving Object data Gabriel Infante-Lopez (UVA) Two-Level Probabilistic Grammars for Natural Language Parsing Pieter Spronck (UM) Adaptive Game AI Flavius Frasincar (TUE) Hypermedia Presentation Generation for Semantic Web Information Systems Richard Vdovjak (TUE) A Model-driven Approach for Building Distributed Ontology-based Web Applications Jeen Broekstra (VU) Storage, Querying and Inferencing for Semantic Web Languages Anders Bouwer (UVA) Explaining Behaviour: Using Qualitative Simulation in Interactive Learning Environments Elth Ogston (VU) Agent Based Matchmaking and Clustering – A Decentralized Approach to Search Csaba Boer (EUR) Distributed Simulation in Industry Fred Hamburg (UL) Een Computermodel voor het Ondersteunen van Euthanasiebeslissingen Borys Omelayenko (VU) Web-Service configuration on the Semantic Web; Exploring how semantics meets pragmatics Tibor Bosse (VU) Analysis of the Dynamics of Cognitive Processes Joris Graaumans (UU) Usability of XML Query Languages Boris Shishkov (TUD) Software Specification Based on Re-usable Business Components
18 19 20 21
Danielle Sent (UU) Test-selection strategies for probabilistic networks Michel van Dartel (UM) Situated Representation Cristina Coteanu (UL) Cyber Consumer Law, State of the Art and Perspectives Wijnand Derks (UT) Improving Concurrency and Recovery in Database Systems by Exploiting Application Semantics
2006 01 Samuil Angelov (TUE) Foundations of B2B Electronic Contracting 02 Cristina Chisalita (VU) Contextual issues in the design and use of information technology in organizations 03 Noor Christoph (UVA) The role of metacognitive skills in learning to solve problems 04 Marta Sabou (VU) Building Web Service Ontologies 05 Cees Pierik (UU) Validation Techniques for Object-Oriented Proof Outlines 06 Ziv Baida (VU) Software-aided Service Bundling – Intelligent Methods & Tools for Graphical Service Modeling 07 Marko Smiljanic (UT) XML schema matching – balancing efficiency and effectiveness by means of clustering 08 Eelco Herder (UT) Forward, Back and Home Again – Analyzing User Behavior on the Web 09 Mohamed Wahdan (UM) Automatic Formulation of the Auditor’s Opinion 10 Ronny Siebes (VU) Semantic Routing in Peer-to-Peer Systems 11 Joeri van Ruth (UT) Flattening Queries over Nested Data Types 12 Bert Bongers (VU) Interactivation – Towards an e-cology of people, our technological environment, and the arts 13 Henk-Jan Lebbink (UU) Dialogue and Decision Games for Information Exchanging Agents 14 Johan Hoorn (VU) Software Requirements: Update, Upgrade, Redesign – towards a Theory of Requirements Change 15 Rainer Malik (UU) CONAN: Text Mining in the Biomedical Domain 16 Carsten Riggelsen (UU) Approximation Methods for Efficient Learning of Bayesian Network 17 Stacey Nagata (UU) User Assistance for Multitasking with Interruptions on a Mobile Device 18 Valentin Zhizhkun (UVA) Graph transformation for Natural Language Processing 19 Birna van Riemsdijk (UU) Cognitive Agent Programming: A Semantic Approach 20 Marina Velikova (UvT) Monotone models for prediction in data mining 21 Bas van Gils (RUN) Aptness on the Web 22 Paul de Vrieze (RUN) Fundaments of Adaptive Personalisation 23 Ion Juvina (UU) Development of Cognitive Model for Navigating on the Web 24 Laura Hollink (VU) Semantic Annotation for Retrieval of Visual Resources 25 Madalina Drugan (UU) Conditional log-likelihood MDL and Evolutionary MCMC 26 Vojkan Mihajlovic (UT) Score Region Algebra: A Flexible Framework for Structured Information Retrieval 27 Stefano Bocconi (CWI) Vox Populi: generating video documentaries from semantically annotated media repositories 28 Borkur Sigurbjornsson (UVA) Focused Information Access using XML Element Retrieval 2007 01 02 03 04
Kees Leune (UvT) Access Control and Service-Oriented Architectures Wouter Teepe (RUG) Reconciling Information Exchange and Confidentiality: A Formal Approach Peter Mika (VU) Social Networks and the Semantic Web Jurriaan van Diggelen (UU) Achieving Semantic Interoperability in Multi-agent Systems: a dialogue-based approach 05 Bart Willem Schermer (UL) Software Agents, Surveillance, and the Right to Privacy: a Legislative Framework for Agent-enabled Surveillance
In de boekenreeks van het E.M. Meijers Instituut voor Rechtswetenschappelijk Onderzoek van de Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid, Universiteit Leiden, zijn in 2005 en 2006 verschenen: MI-84 MI-85 MI-86 MI-87
MI-88 MI-89 MI-90a MI-90b MI-91 MI-92 MI-93 MI-94 MI-95 MI-96 MI-97 MI-98 MI-99
MI-100
MI-101 MI-102
MI-103 MI-104 MI-105 MI-106
J.H. Crijns, P.P.J. van der Meij & G.K. Schoep (red.), De taak van de strafrechtswetenschap, Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers 2005, ISBN 90 5454 554 2 G.K. Schoep & P.M. Schuyt, Instrumenten ter ondersteuning van de rechter bij straftoemeting, Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers 2005, ISBN 90 5850 107 8 M.E. Koppenol-Laforce (red.), De Europese vennootschap (SE) in de praktijk, Deventer: Kluwer, ISBN 90 13023 22 3 A.P.A. Broeders, Ontwikkelingen in de criminalistiek. Van vingerspoor tot DNA-profiel B van zekerheid naar waarschijnlijkheid, Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers 2005, ISBN 90 5454 576 3 I.S.J. Houben, Contractdwang (diss. Leiden), Deventer: Kluwer 2005, ISBN 90 1302 715 6 T. Barkhuysen, W. den Ouden & J.E.M. Polak (red.), Recht realiseren. Bijdragen rond het thema adequate naleving van rechtsregels, Deventer: Kluwer 2005, ISBN 90 130 2811 X L. Reurich, De articulatie van gedragsnormen. Deel I: normen van vaagheid, Deventer: Kluwer 2005 L. Reurich, De articulatie van gedragsnormen. Deel II: vaagheid van normen (diss. Leiden), Kluwer: Deventer 2005, ISBN 90 1302 776 8 R. Haveman & H. Wiersinga, Langs de randen van het strafrecht, Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers 2005, ISBN 90 5850 116 7 P.C. van Es, De actio negatoria. Een studie naar de rechtsvorderlijke zijde van het eigendomsrecht, (diss. Leiden), Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers 2005, ISBN 90 5850 131 0. R.W.M. Giard, Aansprakelijkheid van artsen. Juridische theorie en medische praktijk, Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers 2005, ISBN 90 5454 633 6 W. den Ouden (red.), Staatssteun en de Nederlandse rechter, Deventer: Kluwer 2005, ISBN 90 1303 063 7 F. Hamburg, Een computermodel voor het ondersteunen van euthanasiebeslissingen, (diss. Leiden), Antwerpen: Maklu 2005, ISBN 90 4660 020 3 J.P. Loof, Mensenrechten en staatsveiligheid: verenigbare grootheden?, (diss. Leiden), Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Productions 2005, ISBN 90 5850 147 7 J.A.A. Adriaanse, Restructuring in the shadow of the law. Informal reorganisation in the Netherlands, (diss. Leiden), Deventer: Kluwer 2005, ISBN 90 1303 156 0 A.O. Lubbers, M. Schuver-Bravenboer & H. Vording (red.), Opstellen fiscaal overgangsbeleid, Deventer: Kluwer 2005, ISBN 90 1303 212 5 V. Van Den Eeckhout, C.J. Forder, E. Hooghiemstra, E. Nicolai & S.K. van Walsum, Transnationale gezinnen in Nederland, Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers 2005, ISBN 90 5454 652 2 J.H. Nieuwenhuis & C.J.J.M. Stolker (red.), Vooruit met het recht. Wat geldt in de rechtswetenschap als vooruitgang?, Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers 2006, ISBN 90 5454 741 3 G.C. Coteanu, Cyber Consumer Law. State of the Art and Perspectives, (diss. Leiden) 2005, Roemenië: Humanitas 2005, ISBN 973 50 1106 9 BWKJ-21: E.M. Hoogervorst, I.S.J. Houben, P. Memelink, J.H. Nieuwenhuis, L. Reurich & G.J.M. Verburg, Rechtseenheid en vermogensrecht, Deventer: Kluwer 2005, ISBN 90 1303 097 1 A. Tsoutsanis, Het merkdepot te kwader trouw, (diss. Leiden), Deventer: Kluwer 2005, ISBN 90 13 03252 4 E.C.C. Punselie, Voor een pleegkind met recht een toekomst, (diss. Leiden), Deventer: Kluwer 2006, ISBN 90 13 03328 8 A. Hendriks, In beginsel. De gezondheidsrechtelijke beginselen uitgediept, (oratie Leiden), Leiden: NJCM-boekerij 2006, ISBN 90 6750 046 1 T. Barkhuysen, Eenheid en coherentie van rechtsbescherming in de veellagige Europese rechtsorde, (oratie Leiden), Deventer: Kluwer 2006, ISBN 90 1303 568 X
MI-107 N.J.H. Huls & Z.D. Laclé, Meer macht voor de consument?, Deventer: Kluwer 2006, ISBN 90 5454 697 2 MI-108 W. Zwalve, Simplex et perpetuum. Beschouwingen over eigendom en tijd, Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers 2006, ISBN 90 54547 12 X MI-109 T.J. de Graaf, Exoneraties in (ICT-)contracten tussen professionele partijen, Deventer: Kluwer 2006, ISBN 90 1303 660 0 MI-110 N. Jungmann, De Wsnp: bedoelde en onbedoelde effecten op het minnelijk traject, Leiden: Leiden University Press 2006, ISBN 90 8728 004 1 MI-111 R. van Alebeek, The Immunity of States and their Officials in the Light of International Criminal Law and International Human Rights Law, (diss. Leiden) 2006 MI-112 J.H. Gerards, Belangenafweging bij rechterlijke toetsing aan fundamentele rechten, (oratie Leiden), Deventer: Kluwer 2006, ISBN 90 13 03837 9 MI-113 W. Huisman, M. Moerings en G. Suurmond (red.), Veiligheid en recht: nieuwe doelwitten en nieuwe strategieën, Boom Juridische uitgevers 2006, ISBN 90 5454 732 4 MI-114 A.C. Rijkers & H. Vording (red.), Vijf jaar Wet IB 2001, Deventer: Kluwer 2006, ISBN 90 13 03851 4 MI-115 T. Barkhuysen, W. den Ouden & Y.E. Schuurmans (red.), Het model Tak: Verhoogde rechtsbescherming in het bestuursrecht?, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer 2006, ISBN 90 1303 852 2 MI-116 Y.E. Schuurmans (red.), Bewijzen en beslissen, Deventer: Kluwer 2006, ISBN 90 1303 756 9 MI-117 H.J.Th.M. van Roosmalen, Overheidsaansprakelijkheid in Engeland en Nederland, (diss. Leiden), Den Haag: Sdu 2007, ISBN 978 90 12 11846 0 MI-118 R.W.J. Crommelin, Het aanvullen van de rechtsgronden, (diss. Leiden), Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer 2007, ISBN 978 90 1304635 9 MI-119 L.A.R. Siemerink, De overeenkomst van Internet Service Providers met consumenten, (diss. Leiden), Deventer: Kluwer 2007, ISBN 90 13 04357 7 MI-120 I.S.J. Houben, K.J.O. Jansen, P. Memelink, J.H. Nieuwenhuis & L. Reurich (red.), Europees contractenrecht. Techniek en moraal, Deventer: Kluwer 2007, ISBN 90 13 04036 5 MI-121 S. Hillebrink, Political Decolonization and Self-Determination. The Case of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, (diss. Leiden) 2007, ISBN 978 90 9021470 2 MI-122 B.W. Schermer, Software agents, surveillance, and the right to privacy: a legislative framework for agent-enabled surveillance, (diss. Leiden) Leiden: Leiden University Press 2007, ISBN 978 90 8728 021 5 Zie voor de volledige lijst van publicaties: www.law.leidenuniv.nl/onderzoek
