Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Románský cement – témer zapomenutý historický stavební materiál. Evropské projekty Rocem a Rocare Roman cement – an almost forgotten historic building material of European scale. The EU-projects ROCEM and ROCARE Johannes Weber EU-226898 ROCARE University of Applied Arts Vienna Institute of Art and Technology Department of Conservation Sciences www.rocare.eu
Vienna 1850 - 1914
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Berlin, 1832 (Schinkel)
Praha, 22-09-2011
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Harwich (UK), around 1850
Praha, 22-09-2011
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Grenoble, 1872
Praha, 22-09-2011
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Roman cements – major activities since 2000 • EU-Project ROCEM 2003-06
PL, AT, CZ, DE, SK, UK Project coordination: R. Kozłowski, Krakow
• various studies on specific RC-provinces in Isere and Bourgogne • various studies on the specific “Natural cement” from the Eastern US- (Rosendale Cement etc.). New standard ASTM STP 1494 - Natural Cement
• EU-Projekt ROCARE 2009-12
AT, CH, CZ, DE, FR, PL, UK Project coordination: J. Weber, Vienna
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
ROCEM – Thematic focusses • Definition of the term „Roman cement“ • Geographic distribution and range of application of RC-mortars in historic times • Technical key parameters of historic RC-mortars • Mineralogical composition vs process parameters of production • Raw materials • Cement manufacture at laboratory and pilote scales • Test application in the atelier and on-site
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
What are Roman cements ? •
Hydraulic binders virtually no free lime
•
Low-temperature cements calcined at temperatures below sintering
•
Natural cements (with some exceptions) produced from natural rocks - marl
Praha, 22-09-2011
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Key facts of RC history ROMAN CEMENT – the hydraulic binder of the 19th cent.
• patented in 1796 in England • wide spread manufacture and use in Europe and the U.S. until WW I • today almost disappeared from the market • highly interesting properties !!
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
CEMENT PRODUCTION – historic data
yearly production (tons)
Cement production 1840-1014 in the Austro-Hugarian Empire
120.000
PC
80.000
RC
40.000
0 1820
Decrease of RCproduction in Europe • change in building style
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
• cement normes designed for PC
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
RAW MATERIALS – historic facts
1. Septaria – marl nodules in clay (especially England) > no permit of extraction nowadays 2. ± thick layers of marl in various geological formations > extraction possible, partly from active quarries
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
septaria – (e.g. Whitby, England)
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
English septaria and cements
Sheppey
Whitby
Harwich
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
historic RC-marl quarries (Alps)
Praha, 22-09-2011
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
calcination: shaft kilns fired with coal or wood
Praha, 22-09-2011
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Grinding and packing
Kufstein (AT)
250 kg barels or 60 kg sacks
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Evaluation of optimum calcination – lab kiln
> Optimum Roman cements (depending on raw material): approx. 840 - 920 °C, rel. short residence time
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Compressive strength (MPa)
Path of strength development for new Roman cements Strength development for two optimum Roman cements during the 1st year – compared to under- resp. overburned Roman cements
After Hughes, D.C. et al., CCR 39, 2009
Age (weeks)
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Material parameter of typical historic RC-mortars
pre-cast
render 1 (lean)
render 2 (very rich)
w/w
1 : 0.5±0.2
1 : 1.5
1 : 0.1
compressive strength
(MPa)
47.9 ± 2.5
18.4
56.8
tensile bending strength
(MPa)
3.0 ± 0.7
2.4
0. 8 (?)
Youngs modulus
(kMPa)
18.2 ± 1.7
31.3
11.4
open porosity
(% v/v)
30.7 ± 2.1
19.5
37.1
7.0 ± 0.7
4.42
12.75
23.5 ± 0.5
28
20
b/c ratio
water absorption coeff. (kg/m2√h) water vapour diffusion µ
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Successful pilot production of Roman cements by ROCEM • electric flatbed kiln (today out of order) • small gas-fired rotary kiln (still operating) Practical application by/following ROCEM: > lecture by Jacek Olesiak > www.rocare.eu
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
EU-FP7 226898 ROCARE Roman Cements for Architectural Restoration to New High Standards FP7-ENV-2008-1 www.rocare.eu Start of project: Duration: Consortium:
September 1, 2009 3 years 14 partners from 7 countries
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
ROCARE - Thematic focusses • Optimisation of production process technology in industrial scale • Optimisation of mortar formulations and techniques of application • Overcoming market barriers – improve competitiveness
National / regional experts from presently 14 european countries (EAP – End-user Advisory Panel)
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
ROCARE – project consortium partner
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
IATCS ICSC UOB CAS EPFL CPP-LRMH UPFR RFPL AGW TPA W&P MBM VFB RENOVA
country AT PL UK AT CH FR CZ DE AT AT AT PL AT PL
ownership public private
production
profile of activity distriR&D bution
application
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
PRODUCTION (State of September 2011) • Raw materials: marls from various sources (AT, PL)
+
• Successful pilot calcinations and quality tests
+
• Successful industrial production of optimum Roman cements in shaft kilns and rotary kilns
+
• Scientific characterisation of the cements and their hydratation
±
• Preparation of a Technical Specification or a European Standard for Roman cements
±
• Roman cements on stock for delivery
±
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
MORTAR DESIGN and APPLICATION • General and specific parameters • Specific methods to optimise the workablity
> lecture by David Hughes
Praha, 22-09-2011
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
DISSEMINATION AND MARKET STRATEGIES • Market- and Businessplan • Exemplary statistical evaluation of the market potential for RC in the restoration of the historic building stock Budapest, Brno, Vienna, Prague, L’viv …
• Information seminars and fairs Budapest, Leipzig, L’viv, Bonn, Prague, Salzburg, …
• Instruction courses and Workshops • International Conference Paris (April 2012)
•Exemplary object restoration Brno, Vienna, L’viv, Bonn, Warsaw, Corbeil, Sion, … Manual on best pratice,
• Planned co-ooperation with mortar producers Röfix, RCP, …
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
IX
318 buildings = 448 façades
IX
ornamented
Exemplary statistical evaluation of building stock: Vienna
Total investigated: 3,363 façades
III
Vienna III + IV IV
2,561 buildings = 3,363 facades
ROCARE (J. Weber) with help from students
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
Exemplary statistical evaluation of building stock: Brno Total investigated: 1,649 façades
1,497 buildings = 1,649 façades
ornamented ROCARE (M. Weber) with help from Z Vácha, D. Novotná, Z. Matulíková
in need of restoration
Románský Cement–historie, vlastnosti, možnosti použití
Praha, 22-09-2011
ROCARE seeks further contacts to disseminate and apply the Roman cement technology !!
Please, visit our website www.rocare.eu, or contact us at
[email protected] !!
