Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia
Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Edited by
Rosemarijn Hoefte KITLV, Leiden
Henk Schulte Nordholt KITLV, Leiden Editorial Board
Michael Laffan Princeton University
Adrian Vickers Sydney University
Anna Tsing University of California Santa Cruz
VOLUME 278
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vki
Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia Dayak Politics of West Kalimantan
By
Taufiq Tanasaldy
LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014
This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NonDerivative 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, and distribution, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. This hardback was originally published in paperback under isbn 978-90-67-18389-5 by KITLV Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, in 2012.
Cover illustration: Ulla Asri, Borneo Tribune Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tanasaldy, Taufiq, author. Regime change and ethnic politics in Indonesia : Dayak politics of West Kalimantan / by Taufiq Tanasaldy. pages cm. -- (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde; volume 278) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “When the Indonesian New Order regime fell in 1998, regional politics with strong ethnic content emerged across the country. In West Kalimantan the predominant feature was particularly that of the Dayaks. This surge, however, was not unprecedented. After centuries of occupying a subordinate place in the political and social hierarchy under the nominal rule of the Malay sultanates, Dayaks became involved in an enthusiastic political emancipation movement from 1945. The Dayaks secured the governorship as well as the majority of the regional executive head positions before they were shunned by the New Order regime. This book examines the development of Dayak politics in West Kalimantan from the colonial times until the first decade of the 21th century. It asks how and why Dayak politics has experienced drastic changes since 1945. It will look at the effect of regime change, the role of the individual leaders and organizations, the experience of marginalization, and conflicts on the course of Dayak politics. It will also examine ethnic relations and recent political development up to 2010 in the province”-- Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-90-04-26373-4 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-25348-3 (e-book) 1. Dayak (Indonesian people)--Indonesia--Kalimantan Barat--Politics and government. 2. Ethnicity--Political aspects--Indonesia--Kalimantan Barat. 3. Kalimantan Barat (Indonesia)--Politics and government. 4. Kalimantan Barat (Indonesia)--Ethnic relations. I. Title. DS646.32.D9T36 2014 323.1199’225--dc23
2013048941
ISSN 1572-1892 ISBN 978-90-04-26373-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25348-3 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by author. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
abbreviations and acronyms
vii
1
introduction
1
2
ethnicity and politics
15
3
dayaks prior to independence (up to 1945)
49
4
the rise of dayak politics (1945-1960)
79
5
the decline of dayak political movements (1960-1971)
109
6
new order and dayak marginalization (1966-1998)
155
7
ethnic conflict and politics
209
8
dayak politics, REFORMASI and beyond (1998-2005)
257
9
conclusion
309
appendix 1: names of interviewees and location of interviews
315
bibliography
319
index
359
Abbreviations and acronyms
AMA AMM ANU APDN APPDT
babinsa Baperjakat Baperki Bappeda BK3D BPH BPS BTI CU CVO DAD DAO
Aliansi Masyarakat Adat, Indigenous Communities’ Alliance Aliansi Masyarakat Melayu, Alliance of the Malay Community Australian National University Akademi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri, Academy of Home Affairs Alokasi Penempatan Penduduk Daerah Transmigrasi, Placement of Local Population in Transmigrantion Sites bintara pembina desa, village guidance noncommissioned army officers Badan Pertimbangan Jabatan dan Kepangkatan, Appointment and Promotion Review Board Badan Permusjawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia, Consultative Body for Indonesian Citizenship Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah, Regional Development Planning Agency Badan Koordinasi Koperasi Kredit Daerah, Coordinating Body for Regional Credit Co-operative Badan Pemerintah Harian, Regional Executive Body (previously DPD) Biro Pusat Statistik, Statistics Indonesia Barisan Tani Indonesia, Indonesian Farmers’ Front Credit Union Cursus Volksschool Onderwijzer, Course for Village School Teachers Dewan Adat Dayak, Dayak Customary Council (at district level) Dayak Affairs Office
| Regime change and ethnic politics in Indonesia DCS DCT DIA DIKB DAO Ditsospol DPD (1) DPD (2) DPOD DPP DPR DPRD DPRD-GR FAMD FEER FKKI FKPM FKKP FMPAMD
Gerwani Golkar HIS HPH
Daftar Calon Sementara, Preliminary List of Candidates Daftar Calon Tetap, Final List of Candidates Dayak in Actie, Dayak in Action Daerah Istimewa Kalimantan Barat, West Kalimantan Special Region Dayak Affairs Office (in Dutch: Kantoor voor Dayaksche Zaken) Direktorat Sosial Politik, Socio-Political Directorate Dewan Pemerintah Daerah, Regional Executive Council Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, Regional Representative Council Dewan Pertimbangan Otonomi Daerah, Regional Autonomy Advisory Board Dewan Pimpinan Pusat, Central Leadership Board Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, House of Representative Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, Regional Legislative Council DPRD-Gotong Royong, DPRD-Mutual Assistance Forum Aksi Mahasiswa dan Pemuda Dayak, Activity Forum of Dayak Students and Youths Far Eastern Economic Review Forum Komunikasi Kristiani Indonesia, Indonesian Christian Communication Forum Forum Komunikasi Pemuda Melayu, Communication Forum of Malay Youth Forum Komunikasi Kerukunan Pribumi, Communication Forum for Natives Harmony Forum Mahasiswa Pembawa Aspirasi Masyarakat Dayak, Forum of Students Bearing the Aspirations of the Dayak Community Gerakan Wanita Indonesia, Indonesian Women’s Movement Golongan Karya, Functional Group Hollandsch-Inlandsche School, Dutch-Indigenous School Hak Pengusahaan Hutan, Forest Concession viii
Abbreviations and acronyms | HRW HSI HTI ICG ICMI ID IDI IDRD IIP IKDI IPDN IPKI ISRI Kalbar Kapet KDC KIDAK
KKN KKMA KNKB kodam kodim kogam
Human Rights Watch Himpunan Sarjana Indonesia, Indonesian Association of University Graduates Hutan Tanaman Industri, Industrial Timber Estates International Crisis Group Ikatan Cendikiawan Muslim Indonesia, Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals Institut Dayakologi, Dayakology Institute Ikatan Dokter Indonesia, Indonesian Medical Doctor Association Institute of Dayakology Research and Development Institut Ilmu Pemerintahan, Institute of Public Administration Ikatan Keluarga Dayak Islam, Union of the Dayak Islamic Family Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri, Institute of Home Affairs Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia, League for Upholding Indonesian Independence Ikatan Sarjana Republik Indonesia, Indonesian Association of University Graduates Kalimantan Barat, West Kalimantan Kawasan Pengembangan Ekonomi Terpadu, Integrated Economic Development Zone Kursus Dinas C, Official Course C (for public servants) Komunitas Intelektual Dayak Kanayatn Kalbar, Intellectual Community of Kanayatn Dayak of West Kalimantan Korupsi Kolusi Nepotisme, Corruption Collusion Nepotism Kelompok Kerja Masyarakat Adat, Indigenous Community Working Committee Komite National Kalimantan Barat, West Kalimantan National Committee Komando Daerah Militer, Regional Military Command Komando Distrik Militer, Military District Command Komando Ganyang Malaysia, Crush Malaysia Command ix
| Regime change and ethnic politics in Indonesia Komnas HAM koramil korem KPPAMP
KPU KR KWI LBBT Lekra Lembayu litsus LP3S
MABM MAD Masyumi MOSVIA
MPR(S) MULO Muspida
HAM Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia, National Human Rights Commission Komando Rayon Militer, Military Rayon Command Komando Resort Militer, Sub-regional Military Command Komite Pemuda Pembawa Aspirasi Masyarakat Pantai, Youth Committee Carrying the Aspirations of Coastal Communities Komisi Pemilihan Umum, National Elections Commission Kalimantan Review Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia, Bishops’ Conference of Indonesia Lembaga Bela Banua Talino, Institute for Indigenous Communities and Territories Advocacy Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat, League of People’s Culture Lembaga Adat dan Kekerabatan Melayu, Malay Brotherhood Customary Council penelitian khusus, special investigation (clearance test) Lembaga Penunjang dan Pelatihan Pembangunan Sosial, Supporting Institute to Train for Social Development Majelis Adat Budaya Melayu, Malay Cultural and Customary Council Majelis Adat Dayak, Dayak Customary Board Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia Consultative Council of Muslim Indonesian Middelbare Opleidings School voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren, Middle School for the Training of Indigenous Government Officials Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (Sementara), (Provisional) People’s Consultative Assembly Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs, Dutch Junior High School Musyawarah Pimpinan Daerah, Regional Leadership Council
x
Abbreviations and acronyms | Nasakom NGO NICA NIT NTT NU opsus PAB PAN Paraku Parindra Parkindo Partindo PBB PBI PBR PBSD PD PDB PDI PDIP PDK PDKB PDS Penpres Permen Permesta Persahi
Nasionalis Agama Komunis, Nationalism Religion Communism Non-Governmental Organization Netherlands Indies Civil Administration Negara Indonesia Timur, State of East Indonesia Nusa Tenggara Timur, East Nusa Tenggara Nahdlatul Ulama operasi khusus, special operations service Partai Anak Borneo, Union of Borneo Natives Partai Amanat Nasional, National Mandate Party Pasukan Rakyat Kalimantan Utara, North Kalimantan People’s Force Partai Indonesia Raya, Greater Indonesia Party Partai Kristen Indonesia, Indonesian Christian Party Partai Indonesia, Indonesian Party Partai Bulan Bintang, Crescent Star Party Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia, Indonesian Unity in Diversity Party Partai Bintang Reformasi, Reform Star Party Partai Buruh Sosial Demokrat, Social Democratic Labour Party (Partai) Persatuan Dayak, Dayak Unity (Party) Partai Demokrat Bersatu, United Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, Indonesian Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan, Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle Partai Demokrasi Kebangsaan, Democratic Nationhood Party Partai Demokrasi Kasih Bangsa, Love the Nation Democratic Party Partai Damai Sejahtera, Prosperous Peace Party Penetapan Presiden, Presidential Regulation Peraturan Menteri, Ministerial Regulation Perjuangan Semesta Alam, Universal. Struggle Persatuan Sarjana Hukum Indonesia, Association of Indonesian Lawyers
xi
| Regime change and ethnic politics in Indonesia PETI PGRS PIB PIKI PIR PIR-Trans PIR-Sus PK PKB PKI PKP PKPB PKPI PKS PMKB PMKRI PNBK PNI PNU PNUI posko PP (1) PP (2) PPBTI PPD (1) PPD (2) PPDI
Penambang Emas Tanpa Ijin, Illegal Gold Miners Pasukan Gerilya Rakyat Sarawak, Sarawak People’s Guerrilla Force Partai Indonesia Baru, New Indonesia Party Persatuan Inteligensia Kristen Indonesia, Association of Indonesian Christian Intelligentsia Perkebunan Inti Rakyat, Nucleus Estate Scheme PIR Transmigrasi, Transmigration PIR PIR Khusus, Special PIR Partai Katolik, Catholic Party Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa, National Awakening Party Partai Komunis Indonesia, Indonesian Communist Party Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan, Justice and Unity Party Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa, Concern for the Nation Functional Party Partai Keadilan Persatuan Indonesia, Indonesian Justice Unity Party Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, Prosperous Justice Party Pemuda Melayu Kalbar, West Kalimantan Malay Youth Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Katolik Republik Indonesia, Indonesian Catholic Students Association Partai Nasional Banteng Kemerdekaan, Independence Buffalo National Party Partai Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Party Partai Nahdlatul Ulama, Nahdlatul Ulama Party Partai Nahdlatul Ulama Indonesia, Indonesian Nahdlatul Ulama Party pos komando, coordination-post Partai Persatuan, Unity Party Peraturan Pemerintah, Government Regulation Partai Perjuangan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, Indonesian Unity in Diversity Party of Struggle Panitia Peneliti Daerah, Regional Screening Committee Partai Persatuan Daerah, Regional Unity Party Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia, Upholder of Indonesian Democracy Party
xii
Abbreviations and acronyms | PPDKB PPP PPSDAK
PRC PRRI PSI (1) PSI (2) PSII PWI Repelita RIS RMS RPKAD RRT RT SARA Secapa Sekber Golkar Sekda Sisdiknas SGA SGB SOBSI
Partai Pewarta Damai Kasih Bangsa, Messenger of Peace and Love the Nation Party Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, United Development Party Pembinaan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Kemasyarakatan, Strengthening Community Natural Resource Management People’s Republic of China Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia, Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic Partai Sarikat Indonesia, Indonesian Unity Party Partai Sosialis Indonesia, Indonesian Socialist Party Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia, Indonesian Islamic Union Party Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia, Association of Indonesian Journalists Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun, Five Years Development Planning Republik Indonesia Serikat, United States of Indonesia Republik Maluku Selatan, Republic of the South Moluccas Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat, Army Paracommando Regiment Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, People’s Republic of China Rukun Tetangga, Neighbourhood Association Suku Agama Ras Antargolongan, Ethnic Religious Race Inter-class (conflict) Sekolah Calon Perwira, Military Cadet School Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya, Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups Sekretaris Daerah, District/Provincial Secretary (UU) Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, National Education System (Law) Sekolah Guru Atas, Senior Teacher School Training School Sekolah Guru Bawah, Junior Teacher Training School Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia, All Indonesian Trade Unions Federation xiii
| Regime change and ethnic politics in Indonesia STPDN Supersemar UD UGM UNDP UU YKSPK
Sekolah Tinggi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri, Institute of Home Affairs Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret, Mandate of March 11 Utusan Daerah, Regional Representative Universitas Gajah Mada, Gajah Mada University United Nations Development Programme Undang-Undang, Law Yayasan Karya Sosial Pancur Kasih, Karya Sosial Pancur Kasih Foundation
xiv
