PTI 4208. Pertanian Berlanjut Bab 5
(Foto: Atik Widayati)
ANALISIS SPASIAL Aplikasi Penginderaan Jauh & SIG untuk Managemen Landsekap di Ekosistem Pertanian
Oleh: Didik Suprayogo dan Sudarto
Sumber: Sonya Dewi, Pornwilai Saipothong Saipothong,, David Thomas;
PTT 4208. Pertanian Berlanjut
Bab 5. Analisis Spasial
Aplikasi GIS(Geographic Information Systems) dan RS (Remote Sensing) sebagai ALAT BANTU dalam: • Mengambil keputusan untuk pengelolaan
lanskap terkait dengan konservasi sumber Air, Biodiversitas dan Cadangan karbon • Menentukan titik-titik pengambilan contoh • Sarana negosiasi untuk penyelesaian
konflik sosial
Farming with Nature (Scherr (Scherr S J and McNeely J A , 2007). Chapter 14. Remote sensing. P 250250-264 (Aaron Dushku Dushku,, Sandra Brown, Tim Pearson, David Shoch Shoch,, and Bill Howley)) Howley GIS Application in Agriculture (eds (eds:: Pierce F J and Clay D, 2007). Chapter 1. Application of GIS to Integrated pest management on U.S. Fish and wildlive service land (Seelig (Seelig B and Alfonzo J, 2007).
Bab 5. Analisis Spasial
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based system for the storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis, and display of geographic data • Computer-based system refers to the hardware, software,
and procedures necessary to operate the GIS • Geographic data are data which vary over geographic space • Storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis, and display are the “tools” provided by GIS software for processing geographic data
This is a general definition of the term compiled from several definitions 6
PETA CETAK
Membuat peta baru dari peta yang sudah ada
digitasi
INPUT/ PENYIMPANAN
Posisi GIS DAN RS dalam Pemetaan Sumberdaya Lahan
DATA TABULAR
PENCARIAN
MANIPULASI
Peta Tematik yang dibuat
ANALISIS
DISPLAY
• Teknik sampling • Daya dukung lahan • Kesesuaian lahan
• Potensi bencana
Iklim Bentuklahan Survei SDL
Penggunaan/Tutup an lahan
• Perencanaan tataguna lahan PENGINDERAAN JAUH (Remote Sensing)
1.
2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7.
Data acquisition: collecting, compiling, updating Relational database with search engine: overlaying, selecting, zoning Research tool: classifying, stratifying, designing sampling, extrapolating, integrating, studying interaction, scaling up and down Analytical tool: studying pattern from process, and pattern to process, spatial econometrics Management tool: monitoring, planning, inventory Communication tool Esthetics
Sumber data Peta Data
Satellite
Data
Participatory Teori Statistic Desk and field studies
Spatial
Data (RASTER)
Spatial
Data (VEKTOR)
Real World
Titik
Garis
Luasan
(poligon)
Layer vertikal.
Layer horisontal.
Layer horisontal, sebaran ruangan secara horisontal (misalnya penggunaan lahan), kadang sebuah peta harus dipotong-potong menjadi beberapa lembar Layer vertikal, tema peta yang berbeda dipetakan menjadi peta-peta yang berbeda (mis. Peta iklim, peta topgrafi, peta tanah & penggunaan lahan)
SUNGAI JALAN HASIL BENTUK PENGGUNAAN DEM -OVERLAY RELIEF LAHAN LAHAN
Bab 5. Analisis Spasial
REMOTE
SENSING includes all methods and techniques used to gain qualitative and quantitative information about distant objects without coming into direct contact with these objects.
Look-Look, NO Touch
Source of Force Field
Sensor System
eg. Camera
DATA ACQUISITION Reflection
Object (generic)
Resulting RS Data Set eg. Image
Bab 5. Analisis Spasial
Teknik
analisis data geografis berdasarkan distribusi spasial obyekobyek geografis.
Analisis
spasial
• analisis statistik, • analisis grafis dan • analisis matematis.
Manusia menggunakan lahan dan sumberdaya tergantung pada: Rupa /corak alam, termasuk kuantitas dan kualitas hutan, tanah, topografi, iklim, sungai Terbangunnya infrastructure seperti jalan, jembatan, jaringan jalan kereta api, pelabuhan, dan jaringan listrik Kenampakan perekonomian seperti pasar untuk input dan output Pusat pemerintahan, institusi Kebijakan, sektor luar yang terkait
Analisis data titik, sebelah kiri plotting data asli sebelah kanan hasil interpolasi (yang telah diklasifikasi) Analisis data kontinyu, sebelah kiri plotting data asli sebelah kanan hasil interpolasi (data Analisis data area/ luasan,
Kegunaan Analisis Spasial
1. Sampling site selection 2. Overlaying planning 3. Spatial clustering diagnosis 4. Land cover change analysis monitoring 5. Carbon Stock estimation 6. Assess the potential contamination of water resources 7. etc.
1. Sampling Site selection
Contoh: Stratifikasi Variasi Geografis dari studi konservasi biodiversitas di Jharkhand India Research Question: Bagaimana kondisi masyarakat di Jharkand bila ditinjau dari ketergantungannya terhadap hutan (biodiversitas). Ada 2 faktor yang mempengaruhi : • Road accessibility • Kualitas dan luas hutan
DIBUTUHKAN ANALISIS SPASIAL
Peluang keberhasilan konservasi
Hutan lebih besar bila Road accessibility terbatas Ada 4 H: H = High L = Low
1. H Forest H access 2. H Forest 3. L Forest 4. L Forest
L access H access L access
Ini tidak relevan
Peta LUS Di Jharkhand India (Hasil interpretasi citra)
Peta jalan raya Di Jharkhand India
Peta jarak terhadap jalan raya (Buffer zone to road)
Overlay peta LU dengan peta jalan raya
Penentuan Titik Sampling
Slide 29
Peta sebaran titik sampling
2. Overlaying Planning
Sarula
Sibolga Landcover 2005 (ICRAF)
Batang Toru Padang Sidempuan
Sarula
The red line delineates HTR
Sibolga
Landcover 2005 (ICRAF) + HTR Baplan 2006
Batang Toru Padang Sidempuan
Landcover 2005 (ICRAF) + HTR Baplan 2006
Berpotensi untuk perbaikan 4000
Only 3%
3500
No tree cover
3000
90% is productive
4% Old shrub foresShrub ted Bareland No data
2500
Rubber AF
2000
Forest and benzoin AF
1500
Durian AF
1000
Monoculture rubber Salak Agroforest
500
Settlement
0
Old shrub Shrub Bareland No data Rubber AF Forest and benzoin AF Durian AF Monoculture rubber Salak Agroforest Settlement Mixed garden Paddy Pineapple Oil palm Monoculture coffee Swamp forest Pine
Area, ha
4500
Mixed garden Paddy Pineapple Oil palm Monoculture coffee Swamp forest Pine
3. Spatial Clustering Diagnosis
Spatial clustering
Birdnest
Timber
Agric. Agroforest Fish
Timber
Logging NTFP Agroforest Agriculture Fishery Birdnest
Characteristics
Issues
Opportunities
Agriculture
Local market, market dependent, suitable land dependent, low return to labour, high return to land
Infrastructure, market mechanism, technology, capital, skill
Land availability
Agroforest
External stimulant, strong role of middle man, external market, land dependent, medium return to labour, medium return to land
Infrastructure, market mechanism, technology, capital, skill, longer investment
Land availability, potential market, env services
Timber
NR-dependent, ‘unlimited external market’, capital dependent, high return to labour, low return to land, low BCR
Law enforcement/disenforce ment, governance, not sustainable
Accumulated income can be used as capital for other activities
Non-timber
Minor contribution to livelihoods, seasonal, varies from local to external market, significant role of middleman, medium return to labour, low return to land
Undefinable market; fluctuating resources
Need no capital, safety net, env services
Bird nest
Highly economical product, NR dependent, ‘unlimited external market’, capital dependent, high return to labour, low BCR, high return to land
Security, inequal distribution, may not be sustainable
Accumulated income can be used as capital for other activities
Non farm
Govt, enterprises (mostly external), sufficient level of purchasing power, varied return to labour and land
Wider governance issue than just NR
NR-independent
4. Land Cover Change analysis Monitoring
Results : East Kalimantan 1990’s
Results : East Kalimantan 2000’s
Results : East Kalimantan 2005’s
Results : East Kalimantan Land Cover Changes
5. Estimasi karbon Stock Contoh studi kasus di DAS Kalikonto (Hairiah et al. 2010) Ada 3 tahap: 1. Spasial Analysis: Perubahan Tutupan lahan 2. Pengukuran cadangan C pada setiap penggunaan lahan 3. Extrapolasi cadangan C dari lahan ke tingkat bentang lahan
Hierarchi klasifikasi tutupan lahan di DAS Kalikonto 2
Hutan Alami (terdegradasi)
Berbasis pohon 5 4
Perkebunan
Vegetasi
Daratan
3 1
Agroforestry
Tidak berbasis pohon
Bukan hutan
Satelite
Tidak ada data: • awan
• bayangan
NonVegetasi
Bera 6 Tan. semusim
Perubahan Tutupan Lahan di DAS Kalikonto (1990-2005) 1990
2005
25000
Shade Cloud
Total area, ha
20000
Water (dam) 15000
Settlement Bush Fallow
10000
Annual Crop Plantation
5000
Agroforestry 0 1990
2005
Disturbed forest
Menduga Cadangan Karbon pada berbagai Tutupan Lahan
Bambu
Soil, 0-30 cm Understorey
Root Biomass Plant Biomass
Necromass
C stock, Mg ha-1
125 75 25 -25 -75 Agroforestry
-125
Plantation/monoculture
Annual
Distribusi Carbon di DAS Kalikonto th. 1990 dan 2005 Dalam kurun waktu 15 tahun (1990 – 2005), seluruh DAS Kali Konto (seluas 23810.13 ha) kehilangan C tersimpan sebesar 25924 Mg th-1 atau rata-rata kehilangan karbon sekitar 1.48 Mg ha-1 th-1
1990
1990
2005
2005
6. Menilai Potensi Kontaminasi Sumber Air
ENAM FAKTOR Foto: Kurniatun Hairiah
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
Tingkat erodibilitas tanah Frekuensi terjadi banjir Potensi terjadi runoff Land use (macam & letak filter) Arah aliran air menuju ke sungai/dam Penggunaan pestisida
Case Study
Objectiv e
Understanding of the interaction between land use/land cover change and watershed functions
Bruno Verbist, Meine van Noordwijk, Atiek Widayati, Pendo Maro Susswein, Koen Schmitz & Arthur Tameling
A broader view: an ecosystem consisting of a landscape with a waterbody plus all what is around. ...
Pengunaan Lahan: 1. DAS Way Besai – Kabupaten Lampung Barat (2002)
Sumber : Bruno Verbist (2009)
Relief DAS Way Besai
(Lack of) filterstrips
(Photo: Bruno Verbist)
G
B
(Photo: Bruno Verbist)
Good (G) and bad (B) practices within one land use type
Foto Udara Way Besai
2001
Dari mana asa sedimen ? 1976
1
Groundcheck
Potensi asal sedimen
Potensi asal sedimen
4
2
3
Potensi asal sedimen
PLTA
Environmental service functions: water quality, quantity and water-sediment balance
Groundcheck Aktivitas di luar lahan (sekitar sungai)
Sampah (Organik) pertanian
GIS
dan RS sangat membantu dalam pengambilan keputusan Pengelolaan Lanskap yang berlanjut, melalui: • Peningkatan pemahaman akan
interaksi berbagai proses di dalam suatu lanskap
TETAPIIIIIIIIII….
Hati-hati jangan terpukau oleh Gambar Indah Sekali…..
BAB 6: LAYANAN LINGKUNGAN Manfaat Biodiversitas bagi lingkungan di tingkat lanskap: Peran Biodiversitas dalam HIDROLOGI
