Preface Dear reader, You have started to read the book about the human brain. This book is intended for all readers who want to learn how the human brain works. The book is intended to all readers including those who are not involved in the studying the human brain function every day as everyday work. The book is not only intended for very limited group of scientists for their scientific work. In spite of that they can find out in here a lot of information useful for their scientific work. I have decided to write this book to inform you and all public about my newest knowledge leading to understanding how the human brain works not only from the point-of-view of medical research but also from the point-of-view of the modern mathematics and computer science. In spite of that do not search here for complex mathematical technical theories but you will find here generally readable understandable description of the function of what the nature was able to build-up – human brain. The people endeavor during many years to understand how the human and animal brains work. The mostly are people interested in their own brain and understand the human brain as a simple one to be interested in it. Such imagination is incorrect. The animal brain is so complex that we do not have technologies that would replace such simple and disdained animal brain. People are convinced that animal brain is only simplified human brain. But we do not know the animal brain so we could say we understand it fully. At the research made on animals we do not solve ethical problems of the death of the animal during the research. However, the research made on humans cannot be made using method harming tested person or to caused it death. Therefore the human brain is hidden by many secrets. Research of the brain made using so-called invasive methods have many problems because of many reasons. Invasive methods of curing or research are such methods that harm testes object – man or animal. As far as it is not possible to use invasive method of the research it is necessary to know behavior of the brain after certain irreversible actions. It is important to wait for cases when some injury happens or some other event without any active action of the man that harm another person. Then it is need to harvest maximum of information from such unhappy situation to understand function of the brain after certain injury. Next important possibility is use of the non-invasive methods of the research of the brain. It means methods that do not harm tested person. There belong creation of theories about brain function as whole and its parts only theoretically and from events happening unintentionally that provide us with material for research.
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The nature and life provides us with so many events when harm of the man happens. Often there are events that are useful for scientists to use it for the human brain research. The next important aspect of the brain research is very big variation of the brains of different people. The brains of two different people are surely different. We cannot fully rely on information gained from one brain function or from harm on the one person it holds also for another person. In spite of that at the very big number of functions we can say they are common to the most of people. Scientists gain from the brain harm more information when they are theoretically prepared for big amount of different types of discrepancies of the correct brain function. Therefore it is necessary to create such big number of theories that are either confirmed or disconfirmed with the support of empirically gained information using harm to the people. This will contribute to the creation of new theories waiting for event that will confirm them or on opposite disconfirm them. Curriculum of the practice and theory is being created that finally brings awaited success in the form of better understanding to the function of the human brain. Therefore it is necessary to direct to the theoretical research showing us correct way to the goal whilst no one is harmed on this way. I have started to make such research in 1981. I started to use complex and sophisticated mathematical theories to research biological systems. It can be seemed that theoretical does not lead to the goal as well as the research made on real people. During the time I do such research I have convinced myself that such research type belongs to the other types of the research and it not replaceable with anything else. Empiric knowledge must use theoretical knowledge and opposite way. This theoretical research uses knowledge of other experts in many different sciences who discovered many interesting about the brain. Such research joins knowledge of other experts into new relations with the use of mathematics and computer science gives them new dimension. Contrary to the biological sciences can the new relations be found using mathematics that hold generally not for the brain only but for all nature. I tried to use these methods for the research of the human brain. I will to not go into the details in this book and to make you tired of complex mathematical formulas. This book is intended for all readers who are interested in the function of the human brain especially about your own brain. The book is intended to show not only how the brainwork but also what is harmful to the brain and what is positive to the brain. The main goal of the book is to help people understand themselves and not to rely on experts who help in the moment when problem occurs. When the problem occurs it is possible to fix it using medical care. However, the doctors and not only they agree with opinion that it is better when the problem does not occur at all. It is just better to avoid a problem at the beginning. I would compare the health to the porcelain cup that you destroy while you manage it not very carefully, for example into two pieces. You can fix such cup using super glue and you can use it again. In spite of that you can find it has lost something from its original beauty. Clearly it is not that original beautiful cup. It is crashed that is visible and it will be there forever. You can buy the new cup again in the most cases. The health you cannot buy and nobody can. It is similar with the health and life. It is always better when the serious diseases do not occur than when we have to cure it using complicated methods. We can sometimes cure some diseases. The clues always remain after such disease in the body. If the disease is easily curable consequences are either small or none. But if the disease is serious then the clues are permanent. The most typical diseases bringing permanent and irreversible changes in the body are the cardiovascular diseases. There belongs heart attack (heart infarction), brain attack (brain infarction), etc. Consequences of such diseases are always irreversible and they are always very serious. Therefore it is necessary to avoid them. This book describes function of the human brain. How it could of any help to the diseases of the body? Such question seems to be nonsense for the first view. Therefore it is necessary to realize that the human brain controls all body. 2 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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Without the brain would the whole body be nonfunctional. The brain is absolute ruler. Any dysfunction of the brain soon shows incorrect function of the body. Take care of our brains as we are only our brains are. Take care not only about you but take care also about brains of others who live with us or who are related to us any way. Everything we do for others is returned to us sooner or later. Let talk to ourselves how can I take care of others brains? I do not have any rights to this. It is not true, of course. We have not only right but it is our duty to take care about people around us. How we can do it? The answer to this question seems to be simple for the first view. Do not harm people around us. They will not mentally suffer. This will be our contribution to taking care about brains of other people including to our own brain. If other suffer from our activity very soon we will suffer from them. Sometimes it is intentional in the form of revenge whereas sometimes it unintentional as a change of form of behavior. If someone treats me somehow than hw/she expects me I will treat him/hem the same way I expect. Such person is not able to realize often that he/she started certain for of treatment or discussion. If the treatment is bad then it can be understood as an aggression from the originally affected side. And such person starts self-defense much harder or stronger comparing to the original attack. The people can originate closed circle of aggression. And it is very difficult to stop it. Understanding the function of the brain can help you to avoid many not good events in your life and it can help you to keep your mental stability and health in maximum possible way. Every one of us has a different ability to understand the function of his/her brain and to influence out own life so it corresponds with the newest knowledge about the brain function. It is needed to try at least to partially influence the life to the something better. Often it is not difficult. We would like to do knowing how. Therefore it is more than necessary to learn such natural laws. Only this will help us to save in front of the pity the nature can give to every one who breaks the natural laws. Breaking the natural laws is shown at men by the instability of the life. This will cause diseases or some type of unhappiness. This book is interested in how to program your brain and how to influence some events in your life so you could keep your life in better conditions regarding the mental and physical health. My goal was to show how brain controls life of a man. How it can help and how it can harm. There were many examples on the Earth when the control computer caused crash of the airplane and many other catastrophes. The human brain is also control computer controlling us not harm ourselves. In spite of that the brain can harm us when we do not take care about it. Everybody who decided to learn to understand his/her brain will effort to improve his/her soul and the health. Not every one will succeed to understand the brain, however, every one will profit from it that will try it and will learn control his/her brain at least in part. It is not possible to know everything about the brain. There exists no one on the Earth who would know everything about the brain. The pathway to the search for the truth about the brain is so interesting, exciting and suggesting that it is not possible to replace it with anything else. The stories conceived by people cannot be compared with fantastic feeling of the man who is involved in the gaining the information about himself/herself, about nature and the truth. I believe that this book can be of a use for you it will help you in troubles you can meet in life. The book can help you in better understanding how to keep your own health at least in the status you have it now or to improve it. I do not promise miracles. I assume only that understanding the brain function allows men to organize the life so you could prevent health problems that must be cured using strong medicaments or using operations. Strong medicaments have many undesirable side effects and operative treatment always mean some attack to the body that has always some consequences.
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Method of the soul understanding is safe in that everybody is healing himself/herself with no use of chemical medicaments. Practical no one can harm himself/herself. Understanding own soul becomes one of the most important ability for man who decided to do something with himself/herself. I am convinced that the book will bring substantial change of the life for some readers. Nobody will remain cool with an interest in these problems. These ones deal in the most important we have – our brain. I do not know a person who is indifferent to his/her spiritual abilities. Everybody is interested in himself/herself. Everybody wants to be better than the others. Many people assume in theirs pride they are the best ones. However, they are very distant from this. The interest in the brain function improves every person. All biggest churches evolve effort about it. Theirs main publications as Holy Bible describe the brain function in first. At present time also the science starts to be interested in the function of the human brain and soul. If you belong to the group of such people the book was intended for you.
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Contents 1. 2.
Introduction .........................................................................8 Characteristics of the Human Brain ..................................13 Body Movement......................................................................... 13 Memory...................................................................................... 13 Senses and Perception ................................................................ 13 Thinking ..................................................................................... 13 Capacity ..................................................................................... 14 Plasticity..................................................................................... 14 Sensitivity on Interactions.......................................................... 14 Talent ......................................................................................... 14 Soul ............................................................................................ 14 Sensibility a Extrasensory Perception ........................................ 15 Geniality..................................................................................... 15 Quality of the Brain.................................................................... 15
3.
Computers and the Brain...................................................17 Analysis of Pictures.................................................................... 17 Decision ..................................................................................... 17 Thinking ..................................................................................... 18 Computers and Thinking............................................................ 18 Analog Computers ..................................................................... 18 Digital Computers ...................................................................... 19 The Brain and the Computer ...................................................... 19
4.
Basic Building Elements of the Brain ...............................20 Neuron........................................................................................ 21 Axon........................................................................................... 22 Synapse ...................................................................................... 23 Dendrite...................................................................................... 24 Glial Cell .................................................................................... 24 Relations of Elementary Building Units of the Brain................. 25
5.
Basic Principles of the Human Brain Function .................26 Research the Human Brain......................................................... 26 Human Body and Cybernetics.................................................... 27 Heart and Brain Cells ................................................................. 28 Brain and its Function ................................................................ 29
6.
Generating Impulses in the Brain......................................31 Introduction................................................................................ 31 Heart and Brain .......................................................................... 31 Generating Impulses in the Brain............................................... 32 Model of the Neuron .................................................................. 33 Glial Cell .................................................................................... 34
7.
Spreading of Signal and Energy in the Neural Structures.36 Spreading of the Signal .............................................................. 36 Flow of the Energy..................................................................... 37 Soul and Energy ......................................................................... 38 Control of the Energy Spread in the Body and Brain................. 39 Selfcontrol.................................................................................. 40
8.
Movement and Stability ....................................................41 Stability ...................................................................................... 41 Discrepancies of the Static Stability Control.............................. 41 Movement .................................................................................. 42 Discrepancies of the Dynamic Stability Control ........................ 42 Oxygenation of the Brain ........................................................... 43 Philosophic Aspects ................................................................... 43 Conclusions about Stability and Movement............................... 44
9.
Memory .............................................................................45 Theory of the Function of the Brain Memory ............................ 45 Short-Term Memory .................................................................. 45
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Medium-Term Memory ............................................................. 46 Long-Term Memory................................................................... 46 Dynamic Memory ...................................................................... 47 Static Memory............................................................................ 47 Process of Memorizing .............................................................. 47 Process of Forgetting.................................................................. 47 Constructive Memorizing and Forgetting .................................. 47 Destructive Memorizing and Forgetting .................................... 48 Saving Information in the Brain................................................. 48 Recalling Information from the Brain ........................................ 49
10. Serial and Parallel Information Processing .......................50 Logical Thinking........................................................................ 50 Spatial Thinking and Feeling ..................................................... 51
11. Growth of the Human Brain..............................................52 Growth of Neurons, Dendrites, Axons and Glial Cells .............. 52 Number of Neurons.................................................................... 52 Axons ......................................................................................... 53 Theory of Neuron Creation ........................................................ 53
12. Processing of the Concrete and Abstract Terms ...............55 Concrete and Abstract Terms..................................................... 55 Feelings ...................................................................................... 56 Senses and Feelings.................................................................... 57 Visual Perception ....................................................................... 57 Perception by Hearing................................................................ 59 Perception by Olfaction and Taste ............................................. 59 Perception by Touch .................................................................. 60 Processing of Senses by Intellect ............................................... 60 Perception by Intellect – Abstract Thinking............................... 60 Feeling and Emotions................................................................. 61
13. Vibrations and Waves in the Human Brain.......................62 Waves......................................................................................... 62 Vibration .................................................................................... 62 Fear and Anxiety ........................................................................ 62 Releasing.................................................................................... 63 Efficiency of the Brain Function ................................................ 63 Positive and Negative Vibrations and Sensibility ...................... 64 Quality of Life............................................................................ 64 Positive Feelings ........................................................................ 64 Negative Feelings....................................................................... 64 Neutral and Combined Feelings ................................................. 65 Conclusions about Vibrations .................................................... 65
14. Inner Energy of the Human Being ....................................66 Generally about Energy.............................................................. 66 Thermal Energy in the Human Body ......................................... 66 Energy of the Brian .................................................................... 66 Energy of the Brain and Talent .................................................. 67 Cosmic Energy ........................................................................... 67 Overall and Average Energy of the Brain .................................. 68 Movement and Energy ............................................................... 69 Mental Energy of the Human Being........................................... 70 Characteristics of the Mental Energy ......................................... 71 Meaning of the Inner Energy and Its Control............................. 72 Conclusions about Inner Energy of the Human Being ............... 73
15. Extrasensory Perception....................................................75 Introduction to the Sensory and Extrasensory Perception.......... 75 Creation of Signals on the Body Surface ................................... 75 Perception of Signal Transferred from the Body Surface .......... 76 Perception of Signals on Distance and in Time.......................... 76 Conclussions to the Sensory and Extrasensory Perception ........ 78
16. Perception of Abstraction..................................................79 6 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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Goodness.................................................................................... 79 Soul and Hmota.......................................................................... 80 Beauty and Ultimatness.............................................................. 82 Love ........................................................................................... 84 Empathy ..................................................................................... 85 Citlivost, jemnost a vnímavost ................................................... 86 Ohleduplnost .............................................................................. 86 Pain and Suffer........................................................................... 86 Thinking and Intellect ................................................................ 89 Plasticity..................................................................................... 90 Character .................................................................................... 90 Creativity.................................................................................... 90 Wisdom ...................................................................................... 91 Greatness.................................................................................... 91 Talent ......................................................................................... 91 Geniality..................................................................................... 92 Personality and Strength of the Soul .......................................... 92
17. The Body and the Soul......................................................94 18. References .........................................................................95
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1. Introduction The human brain has been developing for many million years. The first it was as the brain of primates and lately as the brain of the new species – man. We do not know why it happened. Moreover we do not know why it happened that one of species started to develop different way. In spite of that it happened that contrary to all other living species that people have the best-developed brain of all animals on this planet. Some animals have well developed olfactory other have developed vision others are able to fly using their own wings. Others are able of fast running using their own legs. The man has the best-developed brain. As the brain is the main control system of the body we can see that some special abilities are joined with the brain that other animals do not have and they can never have these abilities at all as far as their brain remains. Contrary to the animal the people have thanks to the ultimately developed brain many advantages or disadvantages as well in theirs lives. The well-developed brain got the man in the position of the ruler of the animal empire. This gives the man advantage to rule the life on the planet Earth according its own rules. Theirs incorrect use and the excessive abuse can bring to the men and animals big problems and disadvantages as harms. Too strong dominance over all other animals makes people responsible for all that happens with all other species. The people must better understand such responsibility and to realize that everybody must first time understand human behavior to understand behavior of animals and the whole life on the Earth. There exists one advantage distinguishing people from animals. It is quality of the movement. Our movement is not as fast as we think comparing to the movement of some animals. The important difference is sensitivity and refinement of movement. For example it is possible to show this characteristic on the way of the limbs and fingers control. Neither the primates are able to make complex nor fine actions as people can do although the primates have fingers on the hands and legs. Primates are able to catch the grass stalk and to pull the insects from the hole and to use it as a tool to grasp the food. Grasping the subject – stalk – is so ham-handed that it is very difficult to imagine primates to be able to do complex activities as the composition of some technical devices, writing or to do some fine movements. The next difference is refinement of the vocal chords control. Humans have substantially more neurons dedicated to control vocal chords that other animals have. Only in that case we can talk. The animals are able to evolve numerous noises or sounds. These noises or sounds are typically like barking or so. The singing of birds is quite simple comparing to the speech of people. The big part of the brain is dedicated to control mimics of the human face. At first the control of the lips and their surround requires use of very big number of small muscles. The very big part of the brain is used for this purpose. In the last phase of the human development the thinking had occurred as the highest degree of the brain activity. The thinking was developed from movement. The brain of any animal has certain degree of ability of thinking. Often it is very primitive level of thinking. First-of-all it is gathering the food, self-defense, escape and finds a partner for reproduction, etc. At humans the thinking was developed on the substantially higher level that we can expect from animals. Therefore, the man became the most successful being on the planet. Probably the man is the most successful mammal. His/her intelligence enabled him/her ensure enough of food. Therefore the man can develop himself/herself in a different way. He/she could be engaged in activities that are not absolutely necessary for preservation of the descent or natural reproduction. Therefore the man started to develop in ability to gather the food and to develop himself/herself in many different domain of the life. In this spiral he/she gained so magnificent position that is impossible to threaten the man in it by other animals. 8 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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The development of people brings some problems and disadvantages as well. The people pay for theirs unlimited power with civilization diseases and overall deterioration of the genetic code. It is the only possibility to threaten the man from the natural point-of-view. The other danger is his marvelous power that can destroy all people and the Earth. To avoid such disaster it is necessary to study the human brain and control its behavior. It does not mean to be controlled by other but it means to control own brain. Self-control is one of the possibilities how to avoid negative way in the human life. Understanding the brain function is one of the most important goals of the modern science. The reason comes from the huge uncontrolled power of men that could cause destruction. The men become to be able to control themselves. People do not know function of the brain they are not able to control the most basic emotions and in spite of that or just therefore they want to control everything including all they do not understand. I have met people who are interested in psychology and the function of the brain not to improve them but to learn to control other people and to gain some profit. Some people want to control other only to harm them without having some profit from this. They want to harm other only. Such people always existed and they exist now. So far they used results of the practical psychology to control other people and to force them to behave according to their own goals. Such behavior is not only harmful for the controlled person but also for the harming person. Every person can detect he/she was mystified. The controlling person get talk to him/her it will be too late to do something. But people do not let such knowledge for themselves. They share it with others. So the controlling or harming person can get in the trap he/she baited to theirs. In case such person passed through the life without anything bad that would happen to him/her for his/her bad act something bad will remain afterwards. The whole life of such person will become for the future as sickening remainder. The whole achievement of such person is only negative. Understanding the function of the human brain will show people how it is necessary to behave according to the laws of nature and not to thing that only intellect can have a benefit for people. In the reality the laws of nature hold for the human brain as well. The natural laws have one very positive characteristic comparing to our laws developed by people. It is not possible to break natural laws without negative consequences. Therefore we have to understand ourselves and to learn how to live and to control our emotions. This will help us to get correct that will not act against us. Without understanding the brain function we effort in something and we make many useless mistakes. Such mistakes cost us many power to correct the consequences. Many people try to understand how the brain works. Mostly they are the experts on computer design who want to design computer function on the principles of the human brain. Some of these experts announced they would build such computer very soon. It is possible to assume that these experts overlooked some amount of important facts. They had only built complex computer systems that contributed to the development of the computer science. But they did not built brain like a brain. The nature creates many hundred thousand brains on the whole world every day. We are unable to build it in the form of very primitive functional sample. Modern intelligent computers do not have abilities of the primates moreover they do not have abilities of more primitive mammals. The main goal of this book is not to create manual describing how to build computer working on the principles of the human brain function. It is needed to look for the main goal somewhere else. The main goal is to teach people to understand their own brain to be able to improve own life and to esteem the life more. We are not able to create life. We are able easily to destroy anything not only by the weapons of any sort but also during the daily life the insensitive behaviour of people to other people and unscrupulous treatment with own life and life of other beings. N Modern time has removed believe in goodness and trust in God. In some parts of the World it did not happen so far. In the part of the World where it happened the people the emptiness occurred that caused people started to behave unbelievably cruelly to themselves and to others. There is no power of people to return believe in goodness and God to the souls of people. In the human community the 9 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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criminality is spreading and brutality of criminal offences increases. Many times such deeds are not punished; as they are not uncovered in many cases they are not evidenced. Many of propagators of the trust in God did offend against the philosophy they announced that they are unable to persuade anyone. The faith stopped to limit people to commit whatever bad. There is only one hope for people. It is the scientific understanding the human brain. Our brains created all what people created. It is the same with the faith in God. We have to understand why it happened. As far as we understand our brains we will not be able to blame God for anything or to relay on him. But we will blame only ourselves and we will have to relay only on ourselves. In all of important religions we have described certain fundamentals relations of goodness and evil. These relations we will have to find, as they are the certain sorts of natural laws that are described without required evidence. It does not change anything on the reality these laws hold. These laws were discovered by people of many generations. These people found out them and they forwarded us information about them in the form of religious rules of behavior and faith in God. These people do not have mostly experience with mathematics and other technical sciences. Moreover, the mathematics does not have apparatus that would describe such natural laws using exact methods so these laws would be reproducible and reliable. During the process of gaining understanding of the brain function I found out that when we are able to understand how the human works we will understand all about us and about these laws that we deny only because we do not understand them. What we can gain by this? We will gain huge understanding life and its principles and maybe the sense of life. The understanding the function of the human brain will be the great ridge in the human life. It will be possible to judge people for acts that we can deprecate only. There is a question whether we will judge someone. Or we will wait for the moment when the culprit judges and punishes himself/herself for everything bad he/she did to others. Understanding the human brain function will mean that we will see deeper in the human soul then ever before. Understanding the human soul will position us in front of new understanding of others. Such understanding will allow us to continue in the study of the human soul and brain. More important than only understanding anything is ability to change our own behavior in the profit of others and us. During the description of the human brain function we will have to get knowledge some important information about the brain structure. Without understanding the basic information about brain we cannot get to the higher levels of knowledge. The person who did not learn basics of the small multiplier cannot learn mathematical methods allowing solving complex mathematical tasks. In the next step I will try to come near to the function of the basic building elements of the human brain. Then we will get to the describing the human brain as whole. In the second half of this book I will be approach to describe higher forms of the brain function. The mentioned higher form is ability of the human brain to solve abstract terms and the spirituality at all. The animal brains are not able to solve abstract terms and they cannot be engaged in spiritual terms, as we know it at people. In spite of the book was written using joining many sciences as mathematics, computer sciences, medical sciences, psychology, etc., it will not push you to know all these sciences or mathematical formulas or complex methods that had lead me to write this book. The book is intended for all who want to know something about the brain to use this knowledge practically to own profit. Just junction of the mathematical, technical, biological and medical sciences reached understanding of the human brain in the measure that was not possible before. Mathematics comes to the psychology now where no one would await it. In case of biological sciences the reader can imagine that the human body works on the physical principles that are described using numerous mathematical methods. But here we start to consider many different contexts when the mathematics begins to describe psychical functions of the brain.
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These methods are in the beginning so far. In spite of that these methods lead to the very deep understanding of the brains and souls of people. Such deep understanding the brain and soul will open us path to the see that the ideas described in the most of big religions are not anything hypothetic. But they are the empiric knowledge having real base. We will not talk about that the God caused it. We will say we made it we are blamed for it as we have broken some law of the nature. The basic term belonging to the natural law is the crime and punishment. If I commit some crime I am punished for also it in case the crime is not discovered and the human law does not punish me. In case of such knowledge of the natural law the people will be pushed to revalue the norms of the behavior and assessment of their acts. In the final result it is difficult to imagine that one would want to abuse his/her knowledge against others. If I know I will be punished for everything bad I do and this punishment is more that sure I will not commit anything bad. I will bring one example from my life. When I was 18 I started to read the book How to gain the friends and how to influence the people by the American author Dale Carnegie. This book describes some psychological approaches how to influence and control the people. As I was very young and inquisitive I wanted to verify these methods. I tried them of course. When I saw how these methods work I was very surprised. On the second hand I realized when I would do something like this and I will influence a person in its non-profit so I am responsible for all happens to that person and I will be punished for it. As my verification never reached the level I would harm anyone I was not punished for it. Philosophy and methods of the Dale Carnegie are taught on many courses. People are abusing them without any scruples they harm other people. As I read the book by Dale Carnegie I am able to detect such people who know these methods as well and who abuse these methods. These are the people somehow affected. They want to show their prevalence over others. The do not foresee that they will ask themselves what I did to anyone that something like this happened to me. Now I only see the people who learn something little in the psychology and they hurry to harm others. They do not worry what will happen to others and how they will be hurt. Unfortunately, I am not able to explain such people what they do that they are cause of many badness. To persuade stupid person is impossible. For some people that knowledge is harming whereas for other it is exalting. If we realize to which group we belong it is useful. This book effort is to show how the brain work and how we influence our own life and how we can influence it for the future. By this we can gain more that some doubtful advantages over others. Firstly the understanding the human brain function will help us to change our behavior and our thinking. We will not destroy our own brain and we will not shorten and harm our life and its quality. As far as we will succeed it only in part we have done for us more that using other ways. Many years ago I took part on the course of assertiveness. Teacher taught us how to assert ourselves in the community of people. They taught us how to distinguish assertiveness from aggressiveness. May overall feeling was not persuading. I found out in the future that many people learn assertiveness to and they start to use it or rather abuse it to business purposes. The training brought something positive to me. I learnt that people are controlled by the feelings. Everything we do we do for our feelings. Some people effort to get rich to feel dominance over others to control other by money. Some people have feeling they do something good when give work to others that these others would not be able to survive without them or that they would live in poverty. Some people really make gook acts to feel to be good to bring goodness to others. Some people do it only to get to heaven that is promised them by some religion. 11 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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I do not know whether the heaven exists. I do not know who of us can get to heaven. There exists a lot of religions. Every of them have its own trust and believe. Let us look at this through the science. Everyone wants to feel well. And everyone does what he/she can. Many genetically given needs push us to do certain thing in our lives. For example we are pushed to find a partner to have children together. We are pushed by nature to the sexual activities, etc. As far as we trespass against it that nature pushes us to we are punished by nature. The punishment of the nature is shown by suffer and pain. Therefore we endeavor to do everything not to be punished by the nature for not fulfilling some genetically given duties. One of them is to have a good feeling in life. As far as we do not have it we are punished by depressions and overall harm to our mental health. It is therefore good to build good base for good life style that would lead us to the good in other directions. The next chapters of this book will show in details how to get a good feeling and how to improve the life.
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2. Characteristics of the Human Brain The characteristics of the human brain are depicted in this chapter for short. I have limited description on to the definitions corresponding with the content of this publication. Intentionally I do not use complex and detailed definitions, as they would complicate depiction of the human brain function.
Body Movement The most of animals have ability to move freely in the environment they live in. They are not tightly connected with outer environment. Plants are connected on the small region they live on. They are not able to change position. The movement of plants is not possible. Some exceptions exist of course. Animals are full autonomous organisms able to move freely and to control its position. They are supplied with limbs allowing them to move. They are also supplied with control system that controls their limbs to move in the required direction. The control system is the brain at mammals. For simpler animals it is mostly set of ganglia allowing simple movements. Animals have mostly visual system allowing them to find out their position in the environment and change it if required.
Memory The memory is ability of the organism to save information into the control system – brain or into the other parts of the body for the purpose of the later use in the change of the position and learning. The every animal must be able to remember where it was before a while not to move in the circle. It must be able to compare what it sees with the figure saved in the memory about it where it was while ago. The memory allows animals to return to the where it found the food.
Senses and Perception Senses are used to communicate with outer environment. Senses convert transfer information about quantitative and qualitative attributes of the surrounding where the animal live in. Senses are to inform animal about food, predator existence, prey existence and the prey about existence of predator. Main senses are:
• • • • •
Vision Olfactory Taste Hearing Touch
Senses will be discussed in details in the following chapters.
Thinking Thinking is the ability to find out relations among perceptions coming from senses and memory. The thinking is able to build complex result from different perceptions to assess their meaning according to the records in memory and to make correct decision. 13 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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Such decision is changed to the necessary action in form of movement or to create new record in the brain memory that will be used in another case.
Capacity The number of the neurons and other neural structures in the brain gives the capacity of the brain. More neurons I have the bigger potential capacity of the brain I have. Not all people can use this capacity. Some people can lose the capacity of the brain by the injury of the brain.
Plasticity Plasticity is the ability to form the brain. Plasticity is therefore also the ability of the brain to adapt to the new conditions the body is exposed. The level of plasticity is important for ability to learn and balance the changes of the surrounding.
Sensitivity on Interactions The every brain has the different sensitivity to the outer impulses. It is the measure of the ability to perceive outer impulses. There is the twofold ability. Firstly it is the ability to perceive outer impulses. Some animals have more sensitive senses than people have and they are able to perceive surrounding much better than we can. For example the dog has about one hundred time better olfactory system than people have. The second example is eagle with its excellent vision. Secondly it is the sensitivity of the perception by reason. In this the people are the best. The ability of human reason to assess the gentlest differences in the meaning is exceptional. The people are able to distinguish events in the nature and to assign them certain reason and characteristics. Thanks to this ability the man became the most successful species on the Earth.
Talent The talent is joined with exceptionally developed ability to some activity. It is always joined only with man and his/her ability. At animal we do not talk about talent. The example of the talent is the art talent to singing, playing some instrument or painting or sculpting, etc. There is also talent for mathematics and technical sciences or talent for sport. If somebody has some kind of talent he/she should use it. As far as the person does not follow the talent he/she is unhappy in the life. The talent for something brings lower abilities in activities typical for others. Such people often suffer from what they do not know instead of be happy what they know.
Soul The soul is mentioned in many religions as immaterial part of the human being. We are used to understand the computer as hardware and software. The soul is something like software of the human brain. It is only simplified understanding of the human soul. Its immateriality is much more clear than how it seemed before. Therefore all efforts to measure of weight of what have gone from died human body loses its sense. If something is immaterial that it does not have any physical dimension that we could measure or weight.
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In the sense of understanding of the human brain function we can understand the human souls like a set of abilities of the human brain to certain activities. More abilities we have the better soul we have. These abilities we can take by their count. It means more abilities we have the stronger is our soul. Or we can take abilities by their deepness. The deeper is our knowledge in some human activity the better is our soul. The deepness of abilities has bigger value than number of abilities as the deepness of abilities requires much bigger effort to reach it.
Sensibility a Extrasensory Perception Sensibility is exceptional ability for extrasensory perception. There exit some people having ability to perceive events although they do not use their five senses. The example can be ability to perceive what thinks another person few thousand kilometers distant. Such perception cannot be explained by any known physical method. So far it is mysterious for us that something like this is possible. It is necessary to say that such things exist and they are evidenced. Not to have such experience with such abilities I would not trust it. I must say that they exist and they are so real as well as perception by senses. They are joined with many mysteries. It is not queer as in the past times were many mysteries joined with the events that we have explained them using physics. Extrasensory perception will be explained and term sensibility will belong to current terms used in daily life.
Geniality Geniality is ability of man to do some exceptional activity that is unreachable for other people. It is probable that such act is joined with ability of extrasensory perception although it is not apparent for the first view. The people having abilities assessed by the term geniality have fewer abilities in other activities current for the average people. However, in their activity they are so exceptional over other that it is not possible for others to reach the similar result. It is important to help genial people in the use of their work and not to see theirs problems with thing that are ordinary for average people. The geniality is the figure of the power of the soul. In such case the power of the soul is exceptional to realize something great and exceptional.
Quality of the Brain The term quality of the brain is not very clear. It is not possible to precisely give what we can understand by the term the quality of the brain. Is it geniality or contrary is it ability to perfectly balance daily problems. From the previous explanation results that the quality of the brain is better when the soul is stronger. More and deeper abilities the person has the better brain it has. It is important to show that quality of the soul is decreased with everything negative that person makes during the life. Therefore if we want to improve the quality of our brain we have to endeavor to power our soul. We can reach it only through powering our abilities.
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Loosing time with anything negative leads us from that goal. When we realize that we live only one life then we should weigh how we use this unique life. Will we dive in negative feelings and during our life we will not make anything than we pass it somehow or we will live it fully and we will use it to make something useful for ourselves and for others? We have free will to make anything we want with our life. And we see that the big number of people spend their lives useless activities. Instead of using life to something good they loose it in conflicts with other people. The quality of the brain is manifested also in ability to use abilities to use the life for good things. I think that question of brain quality remain open so far to public discussion. It is not closed and solved.
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3. Computers and the Brain In the relation with the increase of the power of the digital computers and decreasing their size the efforts of comparing the function of the human brain and computers had occurred. Scientists come with many theories showing that computer is able to substitute the function of the human brain in many ways. In parallel with this conviction the differences between the human brain and computers become more visible. In the past it seemed to be clear that the brain and computer has similar structure. Now we know that the digital computer is not similar to the human brain at all and its function is not possible to compare with the brain function. The external demonstrations of data processing show some similarity but internal structure is not similar at all. The human brain can be considered as biological computer. Its structure and function is subject of the research of many experts all over the World. Now we know that it is necessary to use different principles while we do the brain research than we understand the function of the digital computers. Computers are constructed so they could substitute some functions of digital computers in practice. Computers are able to do the most of what the brain can do. However there are some activities that the computers are not able to do with same efficiency like a brain or they are not able to do them at all.
Analysis of Pictures The best know function the brain is doing permanently and efficiently is detection of objects on figures by eyes. Practically a daily we are pushed to observe the life around us and unintentionally we recognize objects we see. It looks implicit to us. In the reality it is not implicit at all. When we trying to build the computer program that would be able to recognize primitive figures we find it is very difficult. Recognition of the only one figure is so difficult problem that is not solved anywhere in the World. The only recognition of the written text is very complex problem. Much more complex problem is recognition of the human faces. From the previous text we can see that we know only little about the human brain function.
Decision Only a little we know about the process of decision. Digital computer can be programmed to do some decisions. In the most of cases the decisions are very simple and in many cases are incorrect. Contrary to the decision in the computer the decision made by human brain is very efficient. The brain is able to take into account all knowledge it ever gained at one time and according to them the brain make conclusion. It is surprising that conclusions made by the brain are in the most of examples better than the conclusions gained by the decision of the computer. Due to this reasons the computers serve to provide information to the people who make final decision. The decision is much better and more correct with quantity and quality of the information provided to the person who must make decision. Generally, the all decisions about the life of another person or more persons must not be done by a machine, as the no one would be responsible for serious mistakes. Contrary, we know now that there exists many cases when much decision was given to the computer. These are the cases when the human senses are too slow that they would make decision for too long time. The final result of such decision have no sense if it not done in time.
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Typically, it deals with function of technical devices used in the traffic. Some machines placed in cars are able to make decision itself without waiting for acknowledgement from man. Events in traffic go so fast that it is not possible to wait for human reaction to avoid the danger. Therefore, some decisions in the brake systems and other safety systems of cars were moved to machine. Dealing with the strategic decisions where the time does not play important role where the quality of the result is important the human brain makes the better decisions than the machine.
Thinking Process of thinking and decision has much common. The correct decision is always the result of thinking. The thinking is ability of the human brain. Other brains do not have this ability developed enough. Animals are able to make certain decisions coming from their basic life needs like a survival of the attack or finding the food. At the complex situations the animals are not able to make complex decision processes. The man is able to deceive the most of other animals and to win over them thanks to its abilities. The win is not reached by power or speed but by ability to conceive complex processes leading him/her to the success. Thanks to its prevalence in ability to think the man gets in the position that no animal can beat the man. I do not mean the attack of one animal to the man who entered the territory of that animal. I mean overall power of men when they use technical devices to reach the required goal. Now the human reason says to save all animals, as they have no chance to defend. Extirpation of animals would endanger the extinction of humans. Human reason get into higher level and it is able to think on more levels. There is not meant a concrete one human – hunter who hunts for his/her economical profit and he/she is not interested in anything else. The human as a species is meant in here. When we start reasoning about abilities of computer to think we will find-out that thinking is not natural for computer. Process of thinking requires connectivity of big amount of information in the process. Computers are not able of this so far.
Computers and Thinking Computers are able to make only what humans-programmers entered into them. Humans are able to build algorithms those are not determined as well as program algorithms in the computers. Any deviation from given algorithm is understood as an error. Human thinking is instead variable and any algorithm does not determine it. So far we were disusing only digital computers. However, also other than digital computers exist. They are called analog computers.
Analog Computers Before we had digital computers we had analog computers. Nowadays analog computrs are not used as they were pushed-out by the digital computers. The need for analog computers decreased with the power of digital computers. It is nice to describe analog computers. The reason of this is their similarity with functions of the human brain.
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How the name suggests, analog computers do not calculate using numbers but they use voltages. Contrary to the digital computers analog computers are used to solve differential equations. Only using these computers can help us to understand solution to the differential equations and principles of life. The life itself is dynamic process that it would be theoretically possible to describe using differential equations. The word theoretically I mean here, as it is not in the human power to do it so far. Analog computers serve to us to better understand processes of life. It is not absolutely necessary to reason about programming human behavior in the computer. Only understanding will be very useful for us.
Digital Computers Digital computers occurred after analog ones. But they have conquered the World. They are used practically everywhere. Also for the solving the differential equations the digital computers are used instead of the analog ones. The digital computers are much more reliable and they calculate with much higher precision. Today’s numerical method of the differential equation’s solution are good enough mathematical apparatus to solve differential equations without analog computers.
The Brain and the Computer Many years ago people assumed that it would be possible to simulate human behavior using computers after we enter data about humans into computers and we will be able to know everything about people. Now we know it is not so. Human brain is so complex that we do not know it in details. We only endeavor to understand some principles. And it goes much slower than we expected. I assume that we shall never be able to understand the human brain in all details. Only we shall be able to understand certain part of it. This part will be so wide that we will be able to change our lives to make it better. Computer will help us simulate processes of the human behavior. We will be able to know more about us from them. Results of these simulations will help us to organize our life.
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4. Basic Building Elements of the Brain In this chapter I shall try to describe basic properties of the basic building units of the brain. If you weigh up whether to omit this chapter and continue reading the next chapter then I would like to notify about that this chapter is very important to understand the function of the human brain. It is better to read this chapter. The new horizon of understanding shall open to you. You can gradually go on in better understanding the brain function. I would compare this chapter to small multiply. If one does not know it, it is not possible to continue with the big multiply and other levels of the mathematics. Or let us go little different way. If someone wants to build a house must know the basic elements of the house as bricks for example, etc. When we want to know the function of the brain we must know its basic building units as neurons, axons, dendrites, synapses, etc. As far as we know them by reading the other literature you can find in here some new knowledge you will not find anywhere else, Basic building units of the human brain are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Neuron Dendrite Axon Synapse Glial cell
The only glial cell does not take part in the brain functioning. Scientists suppose that its function is only supporting. Glial cell supports neuron with energy as scientists say. It is more opinion of some scientists then the verified theory. Ins pite of that the gial cell does not take part in the brain functioning. The basic function of the brain is neuron. The main functional unit of the brain is neuron. Thanks to the existence of neurons the brain can work. The neuron is the basic unit keeping humans and animal living. At substantial loss of neurons the brain and body start to die. Neurons exist not only in the brain but they can be found out in the spinal cord as well. Therefore when the brain dies the body can work during some time with the aid of neurons in the spinal cord. Natural and independent life is not possible without the brain. The most of people know that neurons generate impulses. Impulses are generated in sets in time when neuron is excited on one or more input fibers. These fibers are called dendrites. Dendrite is salient of the neuron. Dendrites are joined with axons using synapses. This is again way to the output from the neurons. I did go in the opposite direction to the natural signal processing direction. Therefore I would describe it again in the direction of the signal in the brain. Impulses are generated on the neuronal outputs in the place called axon-hillock. From this place only one neuron goes out. Axon is connected to the body of the following neuron or dendrite using synapse. Therefore impulses go directly to the neurons or to the dendrites. This description show that impulses generated by neurons return back to inputs of other neurons. After some time impulses return to the same neuron from which they were generated in certain cases. This principle is called feedback. Seeing this principle only technically or mathematically we can recognize whole science dealing with regulation and control. It shows us the brain as control computer of the whole body. We know it empirically but now we see that it is so. We also see principals used by nature to control our bodies. 20 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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The nature is unable to build computer as we know as digital computers from our homes or working places. The nature can build different systems working on different principles that we have not discovered so far. I would like to describe some of them in this publication and to show the relation to the human soul. I will not discuss principles of the organisms control by the brain in details using mathematics and systems control science. The overall description will be readable for those who want to understand the brain function without knowing the mathematics. It is sufficient to know that everything in this book come out of the knowledge based on science and precise mathematical theories.
Neuron I have quoted here that neuron is basic building unit able to generate impulses. However the information is little simplified. While studying the function of the brain scientists assumed for long years that the neuron is able to make some mathematical calculations similar to simple computers connected to very big computer networks. Now we know that it is not so. We know that neurons do not have these abilities that were approved by many scientists. The neuron is current cell similar to other cells. It has similar characteristics as well as other cell in the human body. It differs very little from the biological point-of-view. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Neuron is covered by cell membrane as well as other cells. Neuron generates impulses of the same size as well as other cells. Generating impulses comes from same principles in the body and the brain. Chemical substances responsible for neron function are same for all cells.
What are the differences of neuron and other cells? 1. Neuron is smaller than the most of other cells. 2. Neuron is able to generate impulse trains whereas other cells generate only one impuls. 3. Impulses generated by neurons are shorted that impulses generated by muscle cells for example. I had chance to understand during the research of the heart diseases. I was informed how the heart works and what is the function of the heart cell called myocite. I had realized that every person was build from one cell that divides. This cell was build of two cells but now it is only one cell that starts divide. However there are some differences among cells according to theirs final function. Genetic code in every cell gives it functionality. I would like to discuss only neuron and its function. There are two basic types of neurons. In real there are more groups of neurons. Division in two groups has its reason based on the functionality of neurons. Italian scientist Golgi divided cells in two groups. Golgi discovered that one type of neurons has bigger body and has output axon and generates impulses. Impulses are conveyed only one direction – from input to output. The first of these neurons was called Golgi neuron type I. The second one neuron has smaller body and in many examples it does not have axon or the axon is very short. The impulses are conveyed in two directions – from input to output and from output to input. Inputs also allow double-directional signal transportation. This is the Golgi neuron type II. The first of these two neurons (Golgi type I) is very well described in the literature. Whereas the second neuron type (Golgi type II) is only in seldom cases described.
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My experience with heart diseases has led me to the theory of the neuron Golgi type II creation. I used results of the healing of the heart infarction. Briefly I would describe occurrence of the heart infarction the following way. Heart attack arises in case of poor oxidation of the heart in one place. Lack of oxygen causes death of the heart cells. This death of the piece of heart is signaled with generally known pain on the chest overall loss of energy of a person, deteriorated breathing, etc. As far as the infarction is not very big, the person is healed after few weeks. If the big part of the heart is affected by the infarction, person dies soon. Healing of the infarction changes the heart wall in ligament. The ligament has one advantage and one disadvantage. The advantage is resistance to tearing. The disadvantage is that this part of the brain loses ability of contraction. It is completely inactive – died. This part of the heart cannot pump the blood. As far as the big part of the heart changes into ligament the amount of the blood transferred through the vein system is smaller. This decreases inner energy of such person. The human loses its original energy it is easier tired and in many cases it cannot do the work it was able to do before. Transport of the oxygen into all tissues is decreased that has consequence in worst functioning of the whole body. The human brain is the tissue consuming the most of oxygen received by the body. In spite of the human brain weights about 1.5 kg to 1.7 kg it consumes nearly on third of the oxygen coming to the body. With insufficient quantity of the oxygen neurons die faster. For better imagination the tissue having weight of 2% of the whole body consumes about 30% of oxygen. The brain is the biggest consumer of oxygen of all organs in the body. Therefore only small decrease of the oxygen to the blood can substantially influence the human behavior. The brain cells are much more sensitive to the lack of oxygen that muscle cells for example. They die sooner than other cells in the body. The dying of the brain is probably joined with transformation of the Golgi type I brain cells to the Golgi type II cells. This transformation is comparable to the transformation of the normal heart wall to the after-infarction heart wall – ligament. The next characteristic of the ligament is better ability of the electric current conduction. It leads electric current faster and all directions and easier that original heart muscle. The original heart muscle leads electric current slower and one direction only. However such current initiates heart contractions that pump the blood. At neurons it is the similar. Neurons of the first type (Golgi type I) are those living cells and functioning neurons those lead signals using chemical transmitters. Speed of the signal transfer is slow. These neurons are able to generate impulses. The neurons of the second type (Golgi type II) are similar to ligament. They lead electric signals electrically not using chemical transmitters. Therefore transport of signals is very fast. These neurons do not generate impulses at all. The neurons of the type 2 are probably died neurons of the type 1. The brain uses such neurons fort associative functioning. These functions will be discussed later in this publication dealing with memory functions. The death of the neuron is one of basic principles of memorizing information.
Axon When signal leaves the neuron it gets to the following neurons. It happens in one place on the neuron called axon-hillock where one “wire” is connected to. It is the axon. The word wire is not very precise. It could create imagination that the brain is created of same wires as our computers have. The computers have metallic wires leading impulses. The brain axons are neither metallic nor they can lead electric current same way as these wires.
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Contrary, the signals in axons are led chemically. Axons lead current using saltatory conduction. Saltatory conduction can be called conduction using short sections interrupted using Ranvier nodes. Signal is conducted from one node to another node. In every node it is refreshed to the original size to transfer it to the next step. The size of the signal between nodes is decreased substantially. If the distance between two nodes is bigger the some given value, axon stops conducting signals. I do not want to discuss problems of the signal conduction in all details. To simplify the signal conduction the sections are closed in the myelin sheath. It is packing similar to the packing in the paper that twists the axon. The Ranvier node are interruptions of the myelin sheath. Moreover, it is necessary to realize some things about brain function to understand it better. It is important the saltatory conduction of signals. The impulse running between two nodes of Ranvier is during very short time kept in axon as if it was dynamic memory. The dynamic memory saves data for a very short time until it is refreshed. After this short time interval overcomes the information must be refreshed otherwise it is lost. So we see that axon serves as memory. There in this chapter we shall not discuss memory characteristics of axons. This is left for other chapter dealing with memory in more details. I wanted to notify that axon is not only electric current conductor. Moreover it is important to show that axon is little pipe conducting chemical substances in it. The purpose of these substances is supplying neurons with energy. The every intersection between two nodes of Ranvier refreshes the size of impulse. And the every refreshment of the impulse requires certain quantum of energy. Such energy is delivered just via substances passing through out the axon. It is known that interruption of axon the neuron to which the axon goes can die if it is an only one axon coming to this neuron. Better said as far as the axon is an only one supplier of neuron and as far as we interrupt the axon the neuron dies. In case the neuron has more input axons more energy goes to it and neuron is more stable. It is less probable to destroy such neuron. There exists competition among neurons in the brain which is stronger this one can live longer that other those are weaker. More neuron inputs mean higher activity. Neurons with lower number of inputs die easier. Therefore we can deduce following idea. More active part of the brain is developing more and it becomes more stable. Higher activity of the brain gives it bigger number of connections and higher stability. The person loading the brain with higher workload can live longer that the person leaving brain in inaction. In the following chapters we become more familiar with this principle and with its confirmation. The whole book will convince you that is has sense to take care of your brain and that it has sense live according to the principles known from various religions. It is also important to understand the function of the human brain. In the next chapters we shall need it to understand better some parts of the brain.
Synapse Synapse is the place where axon touches the dendrite or another axon. As far as the axon connects to the body of neuron or to dendrite new element is created which is called synapse. Synapses used to be subject of detailed research. It is possible to read about them in many publications and papers dealing with function of the human brain. As synapses are connecting elements they were understood as the most important units influencing the function of the brain. Scientists assumed that synapses are able to connect and disconnect as switches and that it can control direction of electro-chemical signals. In such theory we miss one control signal conductor that would control synapse. However nothing such exists. Synapse has only input and output which cannot be used to switch the synapse. 23 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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I endeavored to understand how a synapse can be controlled. I realized that it is not controlled at all and it has not characteristics given to it. It cannot have them. The only principal that controls synapse is threshold function. It means that only signal having energy bigger than some level can pass the synapse. It means that only signal with certain level of energy and voltage can pass synapse. The level is given by threshold that must be overcome. Such characteristic is common to all cells in the brain. It means synapses do not differ from other cells. The main difference is in this. It is the place of the touch of two cells that did not arise side by side to the second one. By they were connected in process of connection of different places in the brain. The threshold voltage necessary to transfer signal is always higher then the voltage causing stopping signal transfer. After the bigger value is reached and overcome full-sized impulse is transferred. After the decrease of the voltage transfer is seized. Impulse is transferred only in case of voltage is again bigger than the higher of both voltage thresholds. Other words, there exist two threshold levels. One value is higher and the other is lower. The higher one must be overcome to start impulse transfer the second must be undergo to extinguish the signal transfer. This principle is called hysteresis in electronics. Maybe you have read about this term in physics about hysteresis of magnetic material. It is about anything else, however. I will not discuss hysteresis in this publication. Synapses are divided in two basic groups. They are either chemical synapses or electric synapses. The idea about origin of the electric synapse come to mind as well as about origin of the neuron Golgi type II. Is electric synapse died chemical synapse or not? It is probable that it is so. But I do not have enough material to confirm this idea. Synapses are elements allowing control flow of chemical substances throw-out the cleft or outlet that is either opened or closed according to activity of chemical substances or electric signal.
Dendrite Dendrite is salient of neuron to which axons are connected using synapses. Dendrites build widespread and richly branched trees of neural inputs. Contrary to one axon the dendrite has substantially bigger diameter. Dendrite does not conduct signal using saltatory conduction as axon does. Signal is conducted here similar was between two nodes of Ranvier. In spite of that there exists certain similarity because the places where dendrites are joined function similar way as nodes of Ranvier. We can see in here similarity of all structures in the brain and certain unity of function of parts that were named differently. Just naming of different parts of the brain and their classification in groups can cause confusion. Then the original coherence of differently named but functionally similar parts of one system can be lost. The brain or human body is the system with strong unity that must be understood this way. It depends only of the way of view on the problem.
Glial Cell The most of books, articles and papers describe glial cell as building element of the brain whose real meaning is not very clear so far. Theories say about glial cell is responsible for supply of neurons and other building cells with energy and nutriments. In the following text we can return to the function of the glial cells from the point-of-view of the theory of the human brain function first time described in this publication.
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Because of correct relations of ideas it is necessary to describe the function of glial cells after the function of the human brain is described.
Relations of Elementary Building Units of the Brain I suppose you have noticed certain coincidences and similarities of building elements of the brain. If not so read carefully following part of this chapter. It is shown for example that the axon-hillock, node of Ranvier, chemical synapse and touch point of the dendrite tree are functionally very similar. Similar characteristic of all these units is generating impulses. As far as the voltage on the input of these units overcome certain threshold level unit generates impulse or train of impulses. These units are distinguished be its position in the brain and some differences based on function of the cell. The next similarity we can find by comparison of the bodies of neurons with the part of axon between two nodes of Ranvier and dendrite. We find many similarities in here as well. All these elements serve as energy stock for impulses generated by units described in the previous paragraph. There is shown that the brain was built from one cell that started to separate according to genetic rules and code it started to build the brain as one unit. The same it is for the whole body. Similarity is evident. Based on these similarities I shall try to derive functional coincidences among parts of the brain in the following chapters of this publication including theirs influence on the function of the human brain.
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5. Basic Principles of the Human Brain Function Research the Human Brain The most of readers of this book would suppose that the description of the human brain function will be positioned in the end of the book as the function of the human brain is the goal of this book. In spite of that I decided to describe how the human brain works in the leading chapters of the book and ten to start describing the details of its function and using to confirm that is really so. It does not mean that in the beginning of the book the function of the human brain will be described in all possible details. Rather it is outlined roughly regarding possibilities we have so far. It is not possible to say that the explanation of the human brain function is final. But it is possible to describe the function of the brain how the modern science can see it. The details will be mentioned in the next chapters of the book. The function of the human brain is not known so far and it is not possible to expect that it will be revealed in the near future in details. The goal is to get as close to the function of the brain as it is possible regarding possibilities of the today’s science. These theories will be used by other experts to acquire practical information from the human brain research that will lean on this theoretical information. Some will be confirmed or evidenced other will be refuted. It is so in the science. No one has a goal to create only valid theories. Negative result is also result. Theories can be fault. Their evidencing or refute should be correct with no mistakes. The important is to acknowledge a mistake. I am not afraid of I made mistake. But I shall further ideas I am convinced about they are correct. This publication issues from already published and also from unpublished theories. These already published theories were verified many times and I did find the incorrect. Therefore I publish them again to derive other new theories using them. Gradually I near to the correct understanding of the human brain function. I feel that such path is correct and it leads me to the goal. I assume that the function of the brain will be described in details and it will be soon. It is not necessary to be afraid of that reveal. Rather it is better to look forward to it as this theory will bring much good to people. The scientists and not only they are interested for many hundred thousands year in how the brain works. It is necessary to accept that there are not many such people. Statistics estimate that about 80 to 100 thousand people are interested in the function of the human brain. We could expect that the interest will be much bigger. The reason of my presumption is overall importance of the function of the brain. As I depicted in this book it is obvious that whatever people had created was realized by the brain. No other part of the human body does have this ability. Many people are interested in the brain in spite of that. The complexity of the whole problem does not allow many people to be involved in it. I would not be interested in this problematic but the life had led me this way. In this chapter I would like to mention how it happened that I started to be involved in the problems of the human brain function. In the years 1976 to 1981 I studied the university in Brno (Czech Republic). It was university of electronics and the faculty of computers. Originally I started to study cybernetics. But after 2 yearss of study I transferred to computers. Today I can see that the difference in both sciences is minimal. The study of the human brain function nears to the cybernetics more than computers. From this study I have brought both – knowledge of computers and cybernetics and dynamic systems.
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Human Body and Cybernetics Human body is one of the most complex systems that are controlled by the brain. The cybernetics is interested just in it. Cybernetics includes everything dealing with dynamic and controlled systems. The main part of mathematics used to describe dynamic processes is solution of differential equations. While studying university I was not interested in the function of the human brain. Moreover I did not have direct interest in any biological or medical sciences. But medicine was fascinating me in despite of this. When I was child I liked to help others with any health difficulties. But I did not study medicine due to the problems that are difficult to understand. The study of computers was more open to me that anything else. At study I had big happiness as I got into laboratory of the analog and hybrid computers where I worked under control of Jiří Kunovský. I was interested in development of analog and hybrid computers and their transformation into digital computers having ability to solve differential equations. Shortly I would describe that analog computers are unknown term for many students. They are not taught in schools today. Analog computers do not use number for evaluation and computation. They use voltages. Analog computers are not very useful in practical life. Their usage deals with science and understanding function of the human brain. Analog computers solve differential equations. And it is all for what they are useful. Briefly I would say that the differential equations are mathematical apparatus describing dynamic processes other words movement. The result of theirs solution is not number but it is set of curves. Such apparatus is advantageous to describe systems changed in time. We know that life is movement and therefore to describe life and living systems we need differential equations. As the brain controls body we need to understand differential equations to understand function of the brain. The most important parameter of the body controlled in the human life is movement. The most primitive animals those lived on our planet many million years ago were able to move artfully and their movement was smooth. From the skeleton of dinosaurs we know that they were able to keep balance on two legs. Their control system was so good that they were able to move fast and catch the prey in the movement. Such movement is very complex regarding control. Animal having this ability must be supplied with ability of forecasting the movement of the prey. Attack has always the same scenario. Prey is typically disturbed by aggressor from its resting position. Prey’s defense is rapid escape. Aggressor must be able to catch in the fast escape reaction. It must know the position of the prey in which it will be in the next moment. Aggressor’s teeth or clutches must meet prey in one moment and on one place. The aggressor’s brain must be equipped with the ability to calculate trajectory of the prey’s movement. As far as the aggressor does not have this ability then it dies of hunger. The goal pf this publication is not to describe mathematical equations and methods leading the the brain function understanding. Many mathematical functions would limit number of readers who would read this publication. During the cooperation on the development of methods for new digital computers I succeeded to find out certain method for deferential equations solution. I will not describe it in details. Shortly after finishing study I visited Brno again. In one beautiful autumn day while standing on the bus stop I was thinking about how to use this method for the human brain description. I realized that the brain and its description using this method would be science having success as the most people are interested in the brain function. It was a problem as I did know about the brain very little. I did know that the brain is built of some cells possibly called neurons. It was clear to me only that the brain is parallel computational system. The level of my knowledge about the brain looks to be serene. But it was so. 27 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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After I finished study on the university I started to think about practical use of this method.
Heart and Brain Cells I was looking for something interesting on the expressions I discovered during time of my studying. In 1984 two medical doctors entered out office I worked in Prof. Boudík and doctor Stojan. They came with interesting method of the heart diseases analysis. They wanted our department to develop device having ability to analyze heart diseases from electrical signals. We started to develop such machine. We succeeded to develop this device. It was very useful but it has never been use in practice. Sudden death of Dr. Stojan finished all project. The whole project helped me to learn and understand part of medicine. From the medical point-ofview is the heart brain very distant. But there is a true that many similarities exist that helped me to acquire valuable knowledge and ability to think in the medical terms. Before this time I was able to think only it technical dimensions. The valuable on this project was junction of two sciences. I succeeded to join technical and mathematical knowledge with knowledge of medicine. I started to study publications dealing with function of the human brain. First of all in 1990 I had to leave professional scientific research and I started to do it on the private base. At working time I was working administrator of the IBM AS/400 computer. And after that I worked scientifically on the human brain research. The work on the computers was very distant from the science. I was many time very sad of leaving the science. But after many years I found out that disadvantage became advantage. I started to read numerous books of meaningful authors to find out any information that would negate my theory. I was not able to find any such information. Rather I was more and more persuaded about correctness of this idea. Therefore I decided to write whole theory in the publication. In 1994 I started to write the book. I did not think about success of this book. I trusted in it. Therefore I started to write it in English. I had intention to cooperate on the research with NASA and other organizations that could use it. The work was very hard and exhausting. It took 3 years. During that time I learnt Englich so my book became readable. I reached to describe whole method in details. However the book is useful for scientists more than for no-professional readers. The main reason was in too big complexity of the whole theme of the brain research. Ordinary readers do not want to be tired of reading of the very complex scientific literature. There is a lack of seriously interesting people in the brain research. I have met interest from NASA and organizations interesting in the brain research. The book met its goal. It was not end of the history of this book. In 2001 I received invitation to conference organized by WSEAS. Conference took part in Tenerife on Canary Islands. I have introduced my theory there in from of scientists from the whole World. The theory was accepted very positively. Despite some scientists were disputing the theory of the brian function after my paper that accepted it. I decided to write this publication contrary to the first publication. I want to near this book to the big number of readers. I do not want it to be used only by scientists or groups of people who would abuse it only. It is necessary to be interested in the human brain function. The brain function will be discovered in details soon. It does not matter when it becomes and I am sure it will happen. It is necessary to be ready to it and to be informed about it in advance. Only this way people can maintain their freedom. It is known that more educated people are freer. It holds about the brain function twice in comparison with any other knowledge. 28 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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The importance of out brain for our life is undeniable. Who will know the brain and understand it will be in advantage. Everything the people created on the Earth built our brain. Also the easiest manual work many times ironically said it is done without brain usage is done by the brain. No work can be done without the use of the brain. The movement is partially controlled by the spinal cord only. But the spinal cord cannot initiate any movement. Any movement is initiated and corrected by the brain.
Brain and its Function Let us look at how the brain works. In this chapter we will discuss the basic principles only. In the following chapters I shall describe brain function in more details. In this chapter I described that I started to study brain using mathematical methods of differential equations describing movement. If we realize what the movement is for us so we find it is the most important part of out life. The movement is life is part of the citations of many famous people. The nature decided to give us freedom by untying us from the ground and giving us free movement. The plants did not have such happiness. The nature decided to equip us with body parts allowing us to move. We had to learn how to control our position in the environment. The tissue having ability to control in the environment must be complex there is no doubt about it. Initially this ability was given to animals then to people. The movement is the base of our existence. The nature equipped us with the brain which is able to control our limbs so they would keep us standing and allow us to move in forward and backward. The brain is able to perceive body position by the eyes and to control it. Visual perception is to complex for our knowledge therefore it is important to understand the easier things. The people were assuming that they understand the movement control of the human body. I realize that it is not so. The people in real do not understand the basic principles of the movement by the brain. In my first publication I had depicted some theories. It seams that these theories are good candidates to describe movement control by the brain. In the first view it seems that only some unimportant problem is solved by this. Opposite is the truth. Just the movement is basic element in the human life and it is necessary to investigate it as well as possible in all details. Without such knowledge we will not be able to say we are able to build computer working similar way as the human brain works. The principal of the whole theory depends on how the human brain solves differential equations. Other words the theory shows how the brain is able to control our movement, body temperature stability and other variables in our body. I do not want to make this book the scientific publication. I want to show only that this theory start to be accepted by some experts in the World. I wanted show also that so missed out movement in the brain research is not as simple as it has been seemed. This principal is complex and it can be in details described only to experts. As far as the interest in this problem occurs that I can offer my previous publication Neural Computing and Neural Science: A Theory of Information Processing in the Human Brain. In this publication I studied movement and thinking. In the first view both seems to be very different processes in the human brain. In the real these processes are very near. In the certain book I found out that thinking was developed from movement. Deeper analysis of both processes suggests that it is probable. As far as scientists involved are in the brain research that they are interested in the vision, hearing, olfactory, etc. Listed functions belong to the group of higher neural functions and moreover they are the functions of senses. All are related to senses.
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The other groups of scientists are interested in problems of molecular biology. They are interested in single building elements of the brain mentioned in the previous chapters. The study of the brain elements is highly developed thanks to the electron microscopy, computer tomography and other sciences. Such research is unavoidable for the brain research. However, such approaches have not solved full function of the human brain. The function of the human brain in the higher level is solved by psychology and psychiatry. Psychology is interested in the function of the healthy brain whereas the psychiatry solves problems of the ill brain. Both sciences solve function of the brain using empirical experience. It is on the experiences with patients or client of psychological consulting room. To understand function of the brain the more theory will be needed. The big gap arisen between molecular biology and psychology was not solved so far. Molecular biology is interested I the neurons and their connectivity whereas the psychology is interested in the overall mental functionality of the brain. The gap between these big groups is tried to be filled by the scientists solving problems of vision, hearing, olfactory, etc. Also experts using computers are trying to fill this gap that use computers to simulate function of the human brain using genetic algorithms. In spite of that the gap exists and it is not filled successfully. The reason of that is complexity of all sciences used for this research. The person that learns to understand computer does not have enough energy to understand medicine. To understand the function of the brain it is necessary to join technical and biological sciences. And it is not sufficient. It is necessary to join all sciences in one big whole. Than we will be able to understand the function of the brain all details. We will not succeed this. Therefore we will try to understand at least part of the function of the brain according to our abilities. During the process of the brain cognition I used technical and biological and medical sciences. Thanks to this was developed theory suggesting that is possible to discover function of the human brain. In the next chapters I will try to near the results of my research in the readable and understandable form. It seems that the way to the brain function was found out. I cannot say I succeeded to solve how the brain works in all details. Such statement would be too self-confident or optimistic. I can say I discovered a lot of information about the brain function which is useable in many other sciences. Judge yourself whether I succeeded or not. I want to show that information described in this book is able to help people in life. I would consider as the success of this book if it helped to some people improve the health and to find balance in the life. I believe that this book has such power and energy. In the following text of the book I will clarify how it can be useful. During the time of the brain study I met much different information that filled me with fantastic experience that I cannot compare to anything else in my life. All secret nooks of the human brain function and their discovery looks to more interesting than the most magic stories I could ever see on TV. Discovering the undiscovered is the most beautiful activity in the human life.
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6. Generating Impulses in the Brain Introduction The most of people are not interested in are generated impulses in the body and brain. Mostly, for all considerations is sufficient that neurons generate impulses in the brain. The most of people do not think why that is so In this chapter you will find much of astonishing and unexpected information about your own brain. Also you will be informed how amazing is the discovering new and unexplored theories about brain. In many school books you can find how impulses are generated in the neuron. These publications describe just membrane ion channels through-out which ions are passing (potassium and sodium) Here is found out principle of impulse generating Publication describe way how ion channels are opened and closed. They are given in the direct coincidence with impulses creation. I have read some publications about the brain where I impinged on the description of impulse generation in neurons. It was curious that I do not understand it. Which energy or power opens and closes millions of ion channels at one time and in regular rhythm and according to body needs. I was missing here some control signal and its connection to the single channel to be able to control it. However, after time I realized that such signals do not exist. In the tiny organisms of the neuron kind we cannot account with leading of conductors inside of membrane and control of single ion channels. Lately I understood that the principal of opening and closing of ion channels and impulse generation works little different way than the most of publications describe. I can say only this gives me a sense where the energy is taken to control the ion channels. Described theory was not published in any book as far as I know. Therefore it is not possible to verify it using any other sources. Using consideration and on the base of many years lasting experience I matured to the opinion about function of neuron and the brain. I believe that this theory will be verified confirmed in all details and it will change view on the function of the human brain. The existing theories I proposed in my first publication were confirmed and I found their confirmation in the publications of some renowned scientific working teams in the World. As far as the experts who confirmed these theories did not meet my book than they come to the same opinion as me. It is not as important who discovered some theory as the first one and who was the first one informing the public about it. The more important is that I was not fault and the way I show in here leads us correct direction to the human brain function description.
Heart and Brain The base of my consideration is the function of the heart and the brain. The heart muscle function during of our whole life and we depend on its function. On the other side the essence of our spiritual being is the brain. The same way as the heart is the brain also the tissue we cannot live without. The heart can be transplanted but the brain cannot be. The brain creates our personality. As far as we were able to change the brain, after such transplantation the person would be awakened as a completely different being. It would be totally different person. Such possibility does not exist and it will not exist any time. The heart at its function pumps the blood into the whole body. The blood is pumped under the certain pressure. The most of us know its own blood pressure because while visiting doctor the pressure is measured. The blood pressure is one of the first measuring says much about person and its health. The heart creates pressure in the arteries and veins. The arteries lead blood containing oxygen to the whole body. The blood pressure is transferred into all tissues. It is clear that this pressure is transferred into 31 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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the cells. It means that it is transferred not only to the body cells but also to the brains cells – neurons, but not only to those cells. Many years I have been thinking about what is the motional power that initiates function of the brain. I was assuming as well as the most of people involved in the brain research that it is electrical and chemical activity of the brain. Now I realize that it can be the heart and the blood pressure transferred in the whole body. IT means that the brain is not only electro-chemical computer. This word looks horrible. It says only that the brain is on the first place mechanical computer and then it is chemical and finally electrical computer. In the previous chapters I have mentioned about axons are hollow fibers through out which the nutrition goes from one neuron to the second one. As far as the axon is interrupted and the following neuron has only this one source of nutrition, than this neuron dies. This was scientifically verified and described in details in [14]. It is evident that all movement inside of the human body is enabled by the blood pressure. I have on my mind the movement of substances as neurotransmitters those transfer neural excitations. The blood pressure changes with the impulses generated by the heart muscle contractions. However, in the cells it can be different. Pressure impulses created by the heart can disappear and the pressure is constant. Impulses created by neurons change this pressure and cause changes by neuron pulsations. Impulses going out of the neurons are not only electrical and chemical. They are also mechanical. Neurons change its dimension with impulse generation. They pulsate in the speed of which electrochemical-mechanical impulses.
Generating Impulses in the Brain For many years I have been thinking about how it is possible that neurons generate sets of impulses. How it is possible that sets of impulses are controlled by input signals. How it is possible that these are only such cells and no others. Next I have bee interested how the nature reached to create such complex structure as the human brain is that has ability of thinking that cannot be infinitely complex. The nature is not able to create digital computer similar to the computer we know from our working places and homes. The brain does work partially digitally at least it generates impulses. The principle of the brain is different from the principle of the digital computer, however. There exist many scientific publications of famous authors describing generating impulses in the neurons. I was reading such publications in details. In all of them dealing with such problematic, the description of membrane channels is depicted. These channels lead ions of chemical substance as potassium, sodium, calcium and/or chloride. The principles of closing of channels are described using miniature lids. Everything is described in such details that it is difficult to understand it. All this information is interesting. It has one weak point. They neither show nor explain where an origin of the energy that creates impulses is. Where origins the energy allowing transfer of ions through the cell membrane. Why the chemical substances flow among the neurons and why they transfer impulses. None of these theories show why ions flow into neurons and out of them via ion channels the way nit is described. While studying these principles something was missing to me. It is just this energy that is absolutely necessary to generate impulses. Therefore I started considering about the human brain function different way. I have taken into account flowing of chemical substances via neurons, dendrites and axons. This could show direction to the source of energy for generation of impulses. I realized that it is just the human heart that creates the pressure in the arteries and veins and in the whole body. The pressure is transferred from veins to the cells. The blood pressure is created in the impulses during the heart contractions or the heart beating. To the most distant places in the body – to the cells – the pressure gets as the permanent pressure without substantial changes. The pressure in the 32 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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cells must be controlled as the gaps in the brain function could happen as the result of the heart beating. Therefore flow of the nutrition in the neurons, dendrites and axons is continuous without impulses from the heart beating. However the flow of substances in the neurons is not continuous as we know. It is controlled by the fast impulses generated by neurons itself. As far as the impulses of the heat beating would be transferred into the neurons. The failures of the impulse generating would by very often. Therefore I assume it is important to stabilize the pressure in the brain. There is an only one problem. How impulses arise. The principal of the impulse creation must be very simple. The nature does not know complex solutions. Only people make their life complicated and they search for complex solutions. I was searching how to simulate mechanical principals of the chemical substances flowing in neurons, dendrites and axons. Now I realized that the ideal way how to explain and demonstrate is the ordinary wake balloon bought by children on the wakes and let to inflate it by hydrogen or helium. I took this balloon and inflated it by the air. I got a constant and stable pressure. Then released the outlet through which I inflated the balloon. I heard the vibrating noise. The balloon outlet works like a close having ability to vibrate. It is so called elastic close. Especially, the comparison of wake balloon and neuron has certain similarities we have notice. The neuron is relatively big in comparison to dendrites and axons. Substances leave neuron via small outlet called axon-hillock. It is very probable that when substances leave neuron vibrations are created as well as in the balloon. These vibrations change the pressure outside of neuron and inside of it according to the principal of action and reaction known from physics. These vibrations actuate membrane channels. Moreover every axon is split in many segments separated by Ranvier nodes. Each intersection is something like a miniature neuron with one inlet and one outlet. It generates impulses or rather is refreshes the impulse coming via inlet. It gives additional energy to an impulse. During opening and closing of inlets and outlets or synapses is used electric current, chemical substances and mechanical pressure. Neuron probably does not generate impulses. Impulses are not generated in the axon-hillock place. It is outlet point of the neuron. Impulses and their frequency are given by throughput of axon that leaves neuron. Neuron is only energy cache or store. The substances leave neuron continuously in the origin. When substances get in axon impulses arise. Measuring of the speed of impulse distribution in axon show following. Axons with bigger diameter can lead electric current faster than axons with smaller diameter. Theories of neuron function I could read before is not contradicted by this theory. It rather adds new ideas to the existing theories.
Model of the Neuron Before I assumed that neuron is voltage controlled generator of impulses. Higher voltage on the input gives the bigger number of generated impulses on the output of neuron. The most of neuron model is based on such principal. Such principal is generally accepted and described on the whole World. Especially the mathematical theories are based on such principal. Now it is clear to me that this model as some weaknesses and is not correct as a whole. In the publication [14] I read that neuron generates sets of impulses of the constant frequency. Only some of impulses are not generated they are missed. Neuron continues in generating so forth. There is only bigger distance between the pair of impulses but it exceptional. It was experimentally measured
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on neurons. Such information about neurons is more correct than theories of mathematicians describing neuron according how they would like to have and how it is in real. I shall rely on measuring of medical experts. As far as I give this theory in coincidence with theory of mechanical function of neuron I put in here I see there is the agreement. If neuron generates impulses only by vibrating of originally continuous current of ions then the only one frequency is the result of this process. If neuron does not enough substances in it to generate impulses some of them fail to be generated and distance between impulses increase. The size of the impulses set is given by the amount of substances in the neuron. If the substance is exhausted neuron interrupts its work until it has sufficient quantity of the substances to generate impulses. On the neuron outlet there are generated impulses mechanical, chemical and electrical there. It would not be fault in my considerations. I assume that these arguments are strong enough that the fault is not very probable. In my theory I use scientific results of other experts based on empirical measuring of famous experts from the whole World. This theory is based on it. It means that the theory is correct if these measuring are correct.
Glial Cell In this chapter I return back to the glial cells in the brain. The main function of glial cells is supplying neural structures with nutrition and energy. All sources are in agreement in it and they are not fault probably. Also they agree that real meaning of glial cells is not very clear so far. Mentioned publications the most important energy for neurons can be internal pressure. If the neuron function depends on pressure then it is necessary to stabilize pressure and keep on the certain level in case of pressure decrease or increase for short time. The blood pressure can vary according many different situations in life. The pressure in the brain must remain the stable on the same value. We all know that people having lower blood pressure than is normal suffer from giddiness or short term blackout. After they fail on the ground they return back to the better condition. Long lasting low blood pressure can cause negative influence on the activity of a person. Such person can fall asleep in the situations when it should not. Contrary the people having high blood pressure are very nervous and affected. The high blood pressure has negative influence on neural cells. Neurons live shorter than they should live. They die of overuse much sooner than is typical life cycle of these cells. It is more that evident that the pressure in the brain must be controlled. The difficulties rise when the pressure is changed for a long time when the brain is unable to balance such changes. I do not dare to allege that the glial cells surely control pressure in the neurons. From the theoretical point-of-view it is possible to control pressure in the brain this way. It must be controlled it can be considered as sure. The influence of glial cells is offered as only one alternative. It is possible to realize that scientific research did not bring satisfactory explanation of the function of the glial cells. Finally, I did not find out theory describing the internal pressure as one of the most important factors of the brain function. Therefore it is good to think about whether the pressure is not the very important factor determining the function of glial cells. I would take an example from technical devices. Although the brain is not as simple as devices constructed by people that same physical principals must hold in both. In it the brain is same as any other machine. The nature is the only one and only one laws hold in it. 34 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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The every machine dependent on pressure of air, steam, water or oil has stabilizer of such pressure. In case of gas brake of trucks the pressure is held using pressure vessel allowing car to stop in case its engine stops working. In such case the pressure in brake would decrease before truck would stop. The pressure vessel maintains the pressure as long as the truck stops. The brain must have such “pressure vessel” maintaining correct pressure in neurons and other neural structures. The glial cells probably server to it.
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7. Spreading of Signal and Energy in the Neural Structures Spreading of the Signal In publication [14] the trial confirming flow of substance in neural structures is described in details. It means that substances flow between two neurons – from outlet to inlet of the following neuron. It simply means the one. The pressure in the first neuron must be higher then the pressure in the second neuron. As far as it did not hold substances could not flow this direction. The water always flows from above down or from the place with higher potential energy to the place with lower potential energy. If we want water to flow up we must help it using higher pressure created by pump. At neuron it cannot otherwise. I case of neural system there is a one problem. Neurons are connected to cycles. Signal from one neuron can return back to the same neuron. In case of water it is not possible that water comes to the place of water source. Water gets back to its source in form of rain. Nothing similar exists in the brain. There must exist something similar that replace the rain in the nature. The regulation of the pressure in the neuron is present in the brain which maintains proper energetic level of neuron. And everything can be explained for example by the ability of neuron to pump the substances into the output structures – axons. To understand better function of the signal spreading among neurons we have to take a look on spreading of signals in the pair of neurons. Signal goes out of the transmitting neuron (neuron 1) and it arrives to receiving neuron (neuron 2). As far as the energetic level of the neuron 1 is higher than the energetic level of neuron 2, signal is transferred. As far as the both energetic level are the same after some time and neuron 1 is discharged to the energetic level of the neuron 2 or under its level, transfer of the signal is stopped. Signals do not start flowing opposite direction. But the flowing is stopped. Both neurons then wait some time for the change of energetic state to the original position where the neuron 1 had higher energetic level than the neuron2. Neurons during theirs life permanently change two basic states. The first state is generating impulses which discharging. The second one is is state of relax or charging of inner energy. State first: Neuron is charged and full of energy represented by many types of chemical substances. The concrete chemical substances will not be mentioned here. In the references it is possible to find literature solving it in details. As an example can be used publication [14], that contains very detailed description of events in the brain. It is not easy to study it for the amount of data in this book. State second: Neuron is charged and ready to receive energy from inlets – dendrites. Gradual charging of neuron with energy runs. Numerous chemical substances – neurotransmitters etc. – enter the body of neuron and they increase its inner electrical potential that we can understand as grows of the inner energy. It is not only electric charge that changes energy of neuron. The inner pressure in the neuron changes that also represents change of inner energy of neuron. As the neuron is charged to the energy of the certain threshold level it is ready to generate impulses. Generating impulses cannot start until the following neuron is discharged into which axon enters. 36 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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In time of fulfilling both conditions the generating of impulses starts it means transfer to the stat number 1.
Flow of the Energy The base of understanding of energy flow in neural structures is the idea described in the previous chapter. Substances flow in axons very slowly although signals are spread substantially faster. Rate of the signal spreading and speed of substances flow in axons is not contradiction. It is important to realize that both things are very different. Let us take the example of noise spreading in the fluids. The fluid does not move but noise is transferred very fast. The movement of the fluid does not have effect to the noise spreading. Same holds about impulses spreading in neural structures. Certain difference is here. Electrical excitations have certain contribution on contractions of parts of axon. It causes the movement of fluids in the axons. The flow of fluids in axons must be submitted to the basic laws of physics about direction of flow and energy of the environment. Fluids placed in the higher attitudes have higher potential energy that fluids placed in the lower attitudes. Same holds about fluid having higher pressure. Energy flows always between two neurons. The neuron 1 is the transmitting neuron; the neuron 2 is receiving one. This holds only for certain moment in the next moment the situation changes. The neuron that transmitted energy changes to the neuron receiving energy. For the neuron 2 holds that it changes from receiving neuron to the transmitting neuron. In every moment the situation changes according to the laws that are hidden to us so far. Processes in the brain are considered to be stochastic ones. Mostly when we do not know how to calculate some relations of the natural processes we use statistic calculations dealing with probability of occurrence of certain event and we talk about probability of occurrence. The brain is so complex that we do not have another possibility in some cases. In spite of that we get to the new discoveries that move us to the new knowledge how brain works. Theory of energy flow looks to be very acceptable way how to explain certain events in the brain that we start to understand. Energy in the brain flows in the cycles and it is controlled by out consciousness and will. We can direct energy to these places where we want to empower our brain. Therefore some parts of the brain are strengthened and other are weakened therefore they atrophy. We do not realize it when we are adult and our brains are stable and it change very little. At children it is different. Their brain is developed very rapidly and changes rapidly as well. Any change influences the brain with higher power. Therefore development of young person cannot be neglected. When it happens the imprints in the brain are very deep and strong. For example, when young person suffered from lack of positive stimulations in childhood it will never have positive life. Such person will see everything by negative eyes. The energy flow in the brain to the regions where we directed it ourselves or it was directed our near people. Education and learning cause directing of the energy in the brain to the regions that we want to use. These regions are strengthened and they will be able to utilize learnt and taught knowledge much better before learning. The flow of energy in the brain is not empty term only as we can assume while listening the people who are not involved in the energy flow in the brain. The flow of energy is very clear and physically evident event dependent on the flow of chemical substances in the neural structures.
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The flow of substances in pipes depends of the diameter of pipes and pressure of the fluid. It also depends on quality of internal surface of pipes. Surely we all know problems cause when coronary arteries are blocked at people suffering with jheart diseases. Deterioration of quality of internal surface of arteries cases decrease of the flow of blood in arteries and veins. The neural structures are similar ones. I am not sure that axons can be blocked as well as coronary arteries. It is not impossible. We know that the at strong We know that flow of blood via arteries and veins is bigger for physically strong people that at weak people. Their arteries and veins are able increase its diameter and relax so they can lead more blood into the whole body. The heart is able to create sufficient pressure to get blood into the body. At the brain it is the same. The brain is not strengthened by the physical training but it is strengthened by the mental training. The number of impulses increase generated by the brain and the flowage of axons is increased. Theirs diameter is increased to lead more energy to other neural structures. While investigating flow of energy in the brain and the whole body we get closer to the understanding of sensible people that were able to discover hundreds of year a lot about energy of human body. It is shown that they were not fault and it shown also that science was blind to see truth about events dealing with energy. Sensible person is often able to know much more it is possible to understand by the brain and to transfer information in the written form to other people. Feeling is so strong characteristic that we cannot appreciate it fully. It will be changed very soon. The scientific knowledge described in this book cannot be ignored and deprecated as they come from scientific discoveries already confirmed and accepted. I assume that many will do this. Nevertheless it is evident that they will never succeed. It is not possible block the truth or leave it forget. It will always come on light. Opening ourselves to the new scientific view on function of the human brain can bring us only positive impact to out lives and health. Just spreading of energy in the human brain and body is the most important that is taught by all meaningful religions.
Soul and Energy We get by this to the quite special and not fully typical combination of two terms. What is the relation of soul and energy? Does exist some? In the previous chapters I described how it is possible to control flow of energy in the brain using own consciousness. It is just that relation between soul and energy. We can with the use of our will and soul control size of the flow of energy in our brain as the whole and its parts too. We are getting to the most important in our life. We can control ourselves and quality of our life. You will be interested how you can do it. Again I would return back to the experience of generations. It is relation of goodness and evil. The good is that helps us to spread energy in our body and the brain. The bad is that blocks the energy spreading in the brain and body. The most of people know what is good and what is bad. We know somehow from our origins and we do not know why we know it. At some cases it is not very clear how it is in real. The explanation according to the energy spreading is clear for the most of people. Only it is not very clear how to organize our life according these rules to improve our life.
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Control of the Energy Spread in the Body and Brain We know that everybody can control himself/herself as he/she wants. Not everybody is able to do it. In the life we are controlled by longings and wishes. Advertising pushes us to rush for things we do not need mostly. Only a few people can realize what is important in the life and can follow it. I was many times caught by longings and wishes of that kind. Now I know how it is important to be controlled by what is important to us. I was engaged in understanding how to control myself and how to control own energy to my goodness. Many years ago I was training some relaxation exercises. I was not able to understand how relaxation functions. I understood it and would like to share it with all who want to help themselves and others. The main is to realize how negative thinking influences body. It is nice to sit at lazy chair and to watch our own body when we caught ourselves at negative thinking, for example when we have a fear of something regardless whether it is important or not. The fear is nearly the worst what we can meet in our life. However, we all meet the fear very often. Therefore every of us has strong experience with it and its manifestations. The main manifests are anxiety and overall tension. This tension is note related with skeleton muscles only but also the smooth muscles. The smooth muscles are the mostly controlled by our brain without use of our will. We are not able to control it. The fear and its manifestations cause unconscious tension of smooth muscles. When fear, anxiety and tension last for along time, for example days, weeks or months, malicious consequences will come. Such consequences are mostly heavy and big. Diseases of the arterial and vein system occur (heart attack, stroke). Others are cancer and mental diseases, for example. There are many such diseases. All are malicious for people. It is important to avoid all negative thinking and fear. Not only fear is responsible for the serious diseases. Also all other bad characteristics belong to it too. Here belong hate, jealousy, envy, etc. Also negative thinking as wishing anything bad to others belong to it and it case inner tension as well. Inner tension in the human body when lasts for a long time is fixed and it is difficult to remove it from the brain. Such tension decreases flow of energy to neural structures responsible for control of inner organs of the human body. Damage of the neural structures can cause occurrence of heavy diseases at people originally healthy. When we want to help ourselves we can do it by doing everything according the rule of goodness. We will be doing goodness and to wish good to others. We will not envy and hate anyone. It is only part of what we have to do for ourselves. Completely we have to relay our inner musculature. We can reach it via recreational sport or by mental training. I will not talk about recreational sport as it very simple but efficient way how to relax. However, it can have no effect when we remain in negative thinking. The only one correct way is to deny everything negative to make a time to sit in the chair listen to the relaxation music and start thinking about beautiful things. It is important to clear the soul. Such training does not work for the first time. It takes a long time. But it is worth to do it. I have spent hours listening good music and imagination only beautiful things. Any training has an effect when you start feeling deep happiness and pleasure. It cannot be buoyant pleasure but silent and happy. There is an important point to realize that we all are controlled by the nature and we cannot influence life in all ways. But we all can control ourselves to feel happy. Such feeling can fill us with happiness. The feeling of the inner happiness will give so much power that we will be surprised. 39 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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I can confirm that I already had such feeling. I got rid of all inner feelings of tension all other negative thinking. It helped me to overcome something critical in my life that could not influence.
Selfcontrol The self-control is on of the most important abilities we can acquire. It is difficult to be able to control other people but the self-control is more difficult. To change our life to the better one we must to learn how to focus our attention to the certain part of body and to feel it. We must feel some tickle in this part of body to which we focused out attention. When we succeed to reach we can focus the certain part of body we are on the best ways how to control it. Focus to the place called solar plexus. This place is under the chest on the stomach. Start breathing deeply. The breathing cannot be forced. It could be natural and calm. When you have focused correctly to the solar plexus then the breathing starts itself without your effort. When the deep breathing does not come itself try to breathe normally and think about relaxation. Repeat this exercise after some time. You will succeed onetime. Think calmly on your relaxation. Forget about anything negative that have net in your life. You can think on anything beautiful from your holiday on beautiful landscape, sea, sky, mountains. Clearly think on anything that will distance you from daily rush and tension. Do not thing about people who case you pain. Forgive to all people and to yourself that you other caused you and you caused others. Avoid everything evil.
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8. Movement and Stability In one of the previous chapters I have mentioned importance of movement and stability for the human life. In this chapter I would like to describe mechanisms of stability control and movement in more details.
Stability The one of the most important parameter of our life is stability of our organism and its smallest parts. The most of people will get idea that the most important is the control of the body temperature. Some animals do not have this ability. Therefore they must sleep during the winter. The people and all mammals have advantage that their body is able to control body temperature and to stabilize it. The body needing temperature stability must have own source of heat and possibility to drain it away from body to the outer environment. The brain must be able to control production of heat and its drain away from body. The human body has few mechanisms how to provide both. The one of the most important principles that controls our temperature is the control of clearness of arteries and veins. The arteries bring the oxygenated blood into body whereas the veins bring the blood with no oxygen back to the heart. The arteries lead the warm blood to the distant places in body where the blood is getting colder. The veins lead the colder blood back to the internal parts of body where it is heated again. The brain must be able to control the speed of flow so the blood would keep its temperature not very high or low. But it cannot happen that arteries would totally close. It would cause suffering from lack of oxygen in specific part of body. This control and regulation mechanism is absolutely necessary for us and it helps us to survive in the extreme temperature changes. Sometimes can body loose control and cause serious problems.
Discrepancies of the Static Stability Control The most of people would say that it is not possible the body would stop blood flow in any part of body and it caused harm to itself. Unfortunately, it is possible. The healthy body should not do something like this. But we all not healthy and the most of us have some health problem. Civilization brings with itself not only nice and good things to our lives. But it brings a lot of stress, depressions, anxieties and the lack of motion. It causes many problems, illnesses and diseases. Some people have such health problems that can destabilize their bodies. Then the problems with blood flow can occur that results in incorrect oxygenation of body parts. During the study of the human brain function I realized that the most of problems we have in our life is caused by incorrect brain function. The brain wrongly controls our body and it harms the body and brain. Therefore it is necessary to find out how the brain controls the certain functions of body and then to start with correction of these difficulties. Often, the people that had got in the serious psychical problems had many diseases. These ones occurred just due to blood flow decrease. Doctors distinguish diseases in numerous groups. One of them will be in our interest in coincidence with the brain function. They are the psychosomatic diseases. The body diseases caused by wrong function of the brain belong to this group. Mostly, they are the civilization diseases caused by body overloading. The deeper investigation of the disease occurrence reasons brought me an opinion that he most of diseases are caused by wrong function of the brain. Typically, the cardiovascular diseases belong to this group. These are the all diseases caused by blocking the arteries and veins with calcium and other substances. Consequences of this process are called heart attack, infarction, angina pectoris, etc. 41 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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The other group is built of disease attacking immune system of our body. Here belong allergic diseases as hay fever, hives, bronchially asthma, etc. I will try to describe some of these difficulties and how they occurred in the following chapters.
Movement The movement is controlled similar way like stability. Whilst the stability of body is controlled rather statically the movement is controlled dynamically. The mathematical apparatus for both purposes is the same. It is solution of differential equations. We shall not discuss this science in details. The important is the following. Control of movement and stability is done using similar principals. This shows us direction of development and “wisdom” of nature and its ability of using one principal for many solutions of problems. The control of movement will be discussed here not to overload reader with details and complex mathematical equations. The main goal is to show basics of the movement control. The basic principal of the movement control is limb muscle contraction which is done by increased number of impulses coming to muscle from brain. Take a look onto your arm. Command your arm to near to your face. Notice that muscle above contracted. It decreased its size, whilst the bottom muscle was commanded to relax and increase its size. This motion was initiated by increased number of impulses came to the muscle above your arm. The muscle in the bottom of your arm did not receive any impulses or only minimum of them. Taking a look to rhythmic motion of arm while walking, we see that the process of contraction and relaxation goes automatically and rhythmically in both arms. We do not need to thing about it. In spite of that we move arms correctly; and not only by them. In the same rhythm we control legs, chest muscles, shoulder muscles and muscles of the rest of body. It is necessary to realize that such movement control very complex. And the brain is able to process it reliably and without errors. The brain controls all muscles as the one whole system. It is synchronized by one centre. Such control is typical for computers that solve differential equations as it is the mathematical apparatus for solving analog processes. I started to be involved in the solution of differential equations on analog computers in 1977. Just these computers have led me to the understanding of the human brain. The basic idea of my work comes from the brain control of the whole body movement. The movement is described using differential equations. The basic operation for solution of differential equations if integration. Therefore it is clear that the brain is able to solve integration although the neuron is not able of doing this itself. The connection of neurons in the brain is such that the whole neural network solves differential equations. As the number of equations that the brain can solve is huge and we cannot know how many of the equations are solved by brain, we have to ask about stability of the brain. It is no matter of static stability but it is the dynamic stability. The difference of static and dynamic stability I would show on two processes. The first process is stabilization of temperature which is static stability. The second example is stabilization of the blood flow in the arteries and vein which is the dynamic stability as the controlled parameter is dynamic one – speed.
Discrepancies of the Dynamic Stability Control The discrepancies of the brain stability are very often and they are serious. It is possible to distinguish two groups of stability discrepancies according it is static or dynamic. I have already mentioned some discrepancies of static stability. Now I would show some dynamic stability discrepancies. 42 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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The discrepancies of the dynamic stability are by the brain function discrepancies in the area of psychical health. As far as we are more nervous and affected the brain must solve lot of useless things that mostly cannot be solved at all or theirs solution is time-consuming and the long-term one. The brain gets to the regime in which it is unable to control some vital functions of body. The discrepancies of blood flow and air flow in the lungs occur. In the both cases it leads to the deteriorated oxygenation of cells in the body and brain. This deteriorates dynamics of the blood flow and air flow. Therefore the supply of the body with oxygen is worsening.
Oxygenation of the Brain The every part of the human body has different sensitivity to the lack of oxygen. Therefore some people suffer from psychical illnesses or diseases; some have problems with liver, lungs, stomach and many other parts. Also the diseases of joins can be caused by worsen oxygen supplying of the body. Although the brain weights from 1.5 to 1.7 kilograms (from 3.30 to 3.75 pounds), it consumes about 20 to 30 percent of oxygen coming to the body. This ratio in the oxygen consumption with other organs in the body means increased sensitivity of the brain to the lack of oxygen. The brain reacts to the lack of oxygen by the worsening mental stability, stress or depressions. If the oxygenation of the brain is worsened for a long time, irreversible changes of the brain occur with serious consequences that people in many cases do not overcome. While lacking the oxygen the neurons in the brain die faster. It seams that the brain can build some neurons, but this theory is not confirmed so far. If it would not happen this way the person having some mental problem would never become healthy again. For the most of current depressive statuses it is possible to say they improve after some time. At very serious mental diseases we cannot expect improvement. In such cases it is probable that the number of died neural cells is so big that it is not possible to correct them using medicaments or it is not possible to expect that the brain will create neurons that would correct or replace damaged cells or their connections.
Philosophic Aspects If you will study the most of philosophic work of ancient antic philosophers as Socrates, Platon and other or contrary some religious philosophers or prophets as Jesus Christ, Muhammad, Buddha or others, you will find that everything they were writing was about oxygenation of brain. Proclaiming the philosophy of goodness, calm, peace, amenity, not harming others, love to others, it is better to be harmed that to harm and many more ideas are in agreement with what is good for mental stability of the human brain. Other words, all what these philosophers were proclaiming is in agreement with mental hygiene of the person. Everything creates one system that is agreed in science, philosophy and in mental. Everything is nearly the same regardless of angle of the view. The goodness for any person is correct oxygenation of the brain. And why just for the brain? It is necessary to realize that the death of a person is given by the death of the brain, not by the death of the body. For the first view it seams to be senseless to separate death of the body and the brain. It is not senseless. I have been persuaded on the example from my family that it can happen that the brain dies and the body lives. It is possible to keep body living under control of doctors and very expensive devices. In such case it is possible to consider that body lives but the brain not. It can happen in case of asthmatic attacks, for example. The lack of oxygen coming to the brain causes the death of the brain as the body can survive with smaller amount of oxygen than the brain. Finally the body will have to die too as it cannot live without brain.
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Keep in mind that the good is only that is good for our brain. When we will live in useless stress because of gain of money, we will lose our brain piece by piece. And it is what is bad for us. We can physically live and move. However our mental life becomes limited. This is the origin of advices of scientists, philosophers and priests. Take care of our brains as we are only what our brains are. Whole religions are dealing with brains although they speak about God only.
Conclusions about Stability and Movement You can see yourself where we could get in our considerations about stability and movement. Everything in the brain is connected together more complex way than it can be seen by us. It is not possible to neglect any information about the brain as it can have substantial meaning for us and our life.
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9. Memory The goal of this chapter is to show the function of the human brain memory. Description of memory comes from mathematical theories about memory as a principal of saving or holding information in living or non-living objects. The ability to save information is the basic function of the human brain. Therefore, the way of how information is held in the memory or memorizing or recalling is one of the basic parts of this book. Contrary to the saving information is forgetting. It is also very important for human brain. If we did not forget some kinds of information it would take uselessly certain part of the brain and we would not have lack of brain capacity for useful information that we need in our life. Firstly, let us take a look on the existing theories of the human brain memory. Then we shall discuss new theories of the brain memory in the human brain and body.
Theory of the Function of the Brain Memory Types of the human brain memory were distinguished in three basic groups: 1. Short Term Memory – STM is the first type of the memory in the brain. Information can be saved only for a very short time – seconds and minutes. 2. Medium Term Memory – MTM is the second type of memory. Information can be saved tens of minutes, hours and days. 3. Long Term Memory – LTM is the third type of memory. Information can be saved many days, months, years or forever till the end of life. I assume that it is difficult to find strict borders among these three types of memory and distinguish them correctly as the brain works on analog processes. The people have certain sense for what is shortterm or long-term memory. In spite of that it is difficult to define both border types of thee memory. Principals of holding information in the memory are different. Therefore I think it is better to investigate principals of how information is held in the memory and then to evaluate whether concrete type of memory belongs to the concrete group according to the time length of memory record in the memory.
Short-Term Memory Short-term memory memorizes events for few seconds or minutes. There exist many theories how this type of memory works. Only few of them are based on verified research. The research of such processes is difficult just because of information is held in the brain for very short time. Therefore it is difficult to investigate how it is saved in the memory. The short-term memory does not leave any structural changes in the brain. Information is saved as well as in the dynamic memory. It means that it is lost after some time. As I have mentioned in the previous chapters the transfer of information in the brain goes on the principals of saltatory conduction. It means that impulse generated is transferred from one segment of axon to another segment of axon. The following axon segment is separated by node of Ranvier. The impulse is refreshed in it and it is forwarded to the other segment in the full size. Similar process we know from sport how athletes forward relay pole. When the impulse is transferred from one segment to another one the new impulse can come to the first segment that is now free. This is principal of dynamic memory in computers. If we realize that this process function this way in the whole brain it is evident that it is possible to save some information this way for a short time. After certain time information is lost although it can 45 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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run in cycles in the brain. Connectivity of neurons in the brain guarantees that information is lost from the brain. If the information would not cycle in the brain it would be saved maximum for 100 to 300 milliseconds. As far as the information cycling is not lost, which happens sometimes, it would cause overload of neurons in the cyclic connectivity and death of neurons. It would initiate occurrence of longer-term memory record.
Medium-Term Memory Medium-term memory is able to hold information longer than the short-term memory. If I estimate it, it can be tens of minutes, hours, days or weeks. Contrary to the long-term memory, information is lost from medium-term memory. This type of memory was described in the book [9], where is described research on the sea worm called Aplysia. Scientists were exciting body of that worm using impulses of water stream. Trials were made after application of the impulse of the water to the worm’s body and they measured reaction of worm’s neurons in its brain. The brain of that big worm is very primitive. It has about 23 ganglions controlling basic functions of the primitive organism. The neurons are big too. Therefore, connectivity of electrodes to these neurons is quite easy. During the repeated trial with water stream it was found out that neurons are less active after application of many impulses that they were after application of small number of impulses. Overall sensitivity of neurons to the external excitations decreased with application of impulses of water. After certain time after trial were finished sensitivity returned back nearly to the original values. The time between the first trial and last one was about few days. Scientists found out this way that neuron in the brain of that worm Aplysia forgot about excitation done few days ago. Forgetting is not complete. After they renewed trials neurons were able to habituate easier to the impulses from outside. The process of desensitization is much faster. The neuron memorized that they were excited and they become more sensitive to excitations to the same impulses. This increased sensitivity causes their faster decreased activity while excited by water stream impulses. The human brain works similar way. But it works on much higher level. The function of neurons at people and the worm is nearly the same. The people have much bigger number of neurons than the worm. Therefore the response to the excitations of neurons at people is much more complex than it case of worm. The time of information is held in the brain is nearly the same for people and worms as it depends on neuron and on its connectivity. The structural changes occur in the neuron that was excited. And it is memory record of the mediumterm interval.
Long-Term Memory The long-term memory is able to hold information longer than the medium-term memory. The upper limit of the long-term memory is the length of the human life. The long-term memory is able to hold information of the whole life and it is not forgotten while losing some neurons. The long-term record arises from the medium-term memory record by fixing it in the brain structures. If the medium-term record was built up by structural change in the neuron is the long-term record created by structural change in the whole brain. Some neurons die others are created. The similar it is with connectivity of neurons. The long-term memory is done by structural changes in the brain. 46 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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Dynamic Memory The dynamic memory was described as a part of short-term memory. It is memory able to create memory records permanently moving in the neural networks. The information is saved here in neurons and axons. The axons are built by line of segments – nodes of Ranvier. Each of these segments functions like neuron with one input and one output. Each segment works also like unit that refreshes size of transferred impulse. Information capacity of the brain is not given by number of neurons only. But it is given also by number of segments of all axons in the body. It means not only in the brain but really in the whole body. The dynamic memory is built of all neurons and axons in the body. Information running from the brain to the most distant place in the body in a limb or so is returned back to the brain. It is somehow modified but the important is that it returns and it closes the cycle. At loss of consciousness by the hit to head or so all such information is lost.
Static Memory The static memory is created by structural changes of the brain. It is the memory able to hold information for a longer time interval. The memory does not need to be refreshed. After it loses impulses flow it is renewed and information can be acquired again. During the loss of consciousness is all information available again. It is not lost. The medium-term memory and long-term memory are both static memories although some records can be lost after some time.
Process of Memorizing Information firstly comes using human senses to the brain. Then it gets to short-term memory automatically as all neural pathways in the brain are built of neurons and axons. If the information is interesting or important for a person it processed more times by the same neurons and their connections. The first weak structural changes occur in the brain. This way it gets to the medium-term memory. If the information is important or very serious, the structural changes in the neurons are deepened. Information is held for along time and it is fixed inside neuron and changes neurons’ connectivity. The record becomes the long-term memory record. As the changes of connectivity can be created using new connections that have risen or by connection that have been lost we can distinguish memory records as constructive and destructive.
Process of Forgetting The process of forgetting of useless information is for the brain as important as memorizing new information. If we did not forget and if we memorized everything we would exhausted memory capacity and we would live shorter. The brain would so exhausted that it would die very soon and we with it.
Constructive Memorizing and Forgetting The constructive memorizing is process of memory record occurrence. New structures are built. Either new neurons or new connections are created. 47 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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The constructive forgetting is process of loss of information by creation of new memory record using constructive way. Together with the creation of new record is another record forgotten by overmasking it. Both processes the constructive one and the destructive one are typical for learning. Creation of the new structures is always more time-consuming that the loss of existing structures. Therefore permanent work and learning creates new structures in the brain. This work should be done at calm without stress and depression. The feeling of hate to the work makes, that such work is not positive as it should be. It is necessary to make work with love. If it is not possible and the work is done as necessity then it should be done with intension it is necessary I will avoid it and therefore I will suffer by doing it. In such cases is influence of work and learning the constructive process.
Destructive Memorizing and Forgetting The destructive forgetting is the process at which brain loses records due to loss of neural structures. It is quite clear that while losing neurons and their connections for example by overuse of alcohol or otherwise some information is lost from the brain. Mostly the loss of information is not complete only some part of information is lost. We do not notice it because we memorize the most of it. Often we do not realize the loss of information as we do not think about everything that we had memorized in the past. Mostly we recall information when we need it. We remind in correct time. The destructive memorizing is the process at which the new record is created while losing neural structures. Here belong process, that create permanent or long-term memory record very fast and therefore it is destructive. Such events are very important for people and mostly they are very tragic. For example presence of a person at traffic accident is that case. It does not depend on whether the person is direct participant of that accident or if it is only witness. In both cases the person memorizes everything in details for the rest of the life. The memory record has been created in the brain it is sure. The brain could not have time to memorize this information by creation of new neurons or their connections. There exists mechanism therefore, that allows building memory record about new information by structural change of the brain. It is always important to avoid destructive processes. But unfortunately in many cases it is not possible as they happen unintentionally. We cannot avoid events as traffic accidents especially if we are not blamed for them. We cannot influence death of our near family members. Often we would wish to have enough power to bear all troubles of life bravely with no suffer. It is easier to give such advice than to overcome it. The brain is supplied with ability to overcome big suffer. If such suffer overcomes the certain level mental discrepancies can occur that can be cured with difficulties. Many of them cannot be corrected at all. It is very individual and it depends on mental power of every person to overcome suffering of life. It is very important to keep brain in good condition not to annoy myself or others. Suffer caused to other is returned back after some time. People lose their inner power by annoying. Then they do not have enough power to overcome own troubles.
Saving Information in the Brain Information is saved in the brain the ways it was not disclosed. Scientists study the ways of information structures in the brain. Their study goes many different ways. One of them is to use a rat. Scientists taught rat to pass the maze. Then they removed it part of the brain about which they assumed it is responsible for memory. After removal of piece of memory they let rat pas the maze again. They were surprised that the rat was able to find the correct path in the 48 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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maze although it lost substantial part of memory. It was able to memorize path with one sixtieth of the memory. The research shows that memory records are not saved in one place but to the whole brain. Information is not saved here as well as in the computer on one place. This type of memory is often called holographic memory. Holography is the science dealing with recording pictures to the photographic board using laser. While looking to this board without laser light we cannot see anything. After it is enlightened by laser we can observe recorded figure. The term holographic memory is not correct. It only partially shows that the information is spread in the whole brain and not only in the part of the brain. The loss of any part of brain does not influence acquired abilities that have been memorized before. Let us come back to the trial with rat passing the maze. This trial was not finished only by definition that the rat is able to memorize path in the maze with one sixtieth of the brain. Scientists tested what is going to happen with ability to learn the path in the maze after they remove some parts of the brain to it. They have found out that the loss of 5 percent of memory amount strongly limits the ability to find path in the maze. Other words we can say that decrease of the brain memory has strong effect on learning of new things but the small effect to recall of already memorize information.
Recalling Information from the Brain Forgetting is mostly caused by over-masking existing information in the brain coming during life with learning and acquiring new experience. Memory records are not forgotten completely. Only the part of them is lost. It is difficult for the brain to renew the lost information to use it for complete recall of some event or object. The object is thought here person, person’s face, building, city, landscape, vehicle, etc. Whilst the computer memory saves information always precisely the human brain always saves information non-precisely. Neither immediately after viewing some figure we can memorize it precisely. If we should recover it in all detail we memorize something and something not. And what we memorize is so distorted that it is not possible to compare it with computer memory connected with camera. The brain is pushed to fix the information coming from memory according to reality. Let us take an example of holographic memory. Reading information from memory where it is spread in whole mass of memory requires having mechanism that would activate all neurons. Complexity of the brain is so big that we cannot acquire details about how information is recalled and recovered from the brain memory.
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10. Serial and Parallel Information Processing Many scientists do the research how the brain processes information. One of the questions these scientists are interested in is way of information processing. Is the brain rather the serial computer or parallel multiprocessor system? The answer is very simple. The brain is able to process information both ways, in parallel and serial ways as well. The example of serial processing is processing of talk using hearing. The words and sentences come to the ears in series. The brain receives them in series too. It can decode them and it assigns a sense to them. Contrary, while processing vision the brain works like parallel computer. At one moment it is able to process whole figure as a whole object not like ordinary computer that must process figure like a big set of pixels. The brain perceives all picture pixels like one big complex that is processed at one moment. It does not deal with details but it perceives all relations in the picture without looking for relations in time series. While driving car the brain processes long series of permanently changing figures. The brain processes each figure in one moment. In the movement it must process series of pictures or one continuously changing one figure. While watching movie in the cinema or on TV the brain processes long series of pictures. From this comes out that the brain is really serial-parallel computer. It is able to order parallel operations in long series. This is not the end of chapter although I have shown in the beginning how it is with serial and parallel processing of information in the brain. It is not so easy. We have to take a look together onto the whole sequence of operations that the brain processes and how it processes them. The important is where we will find parallel processing and where the serial processing. Both types of processing have different impact onto the brain and its structure.
Logical Thinking Typically, at the research of thinking we take into account only logical thinking. Therefore we will be interested in it firstly and then we will discuss other types of thinking. The logical thinking is based on decision condition. The decision condition can be expressed mathematically following way: IF (Condition) THEN (Action if it is fulfilled) ELSE (Action if it is not fulfilled). As an example we can use the following condition: IF (I have enough money with me) THEN (I will take a lunch in restaurant) ELSE (I will buy something in fast food). This is the example of the simplest condition that people solve in life. More complex conditions having a lot of logical condition must be solved in life. I will give an example composed of two parts. IF (Some thing will be nice enough AND I will have enough money) THEN (I will buy it) ELSE (I will not buy it). This operation contains operation AND. In this case the thing will be bought only if both part of condition are fulfilled. Similar way we can show condition containing operation OR. IF (I will like some thing OR my wife will like it) THEN (I will buy it) ELSE (I will not buy it). I have shown function of the brain wile processing simple operations of logical thinking.
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On the first view it is seen that logical thinking is typical serial operation. Firstly the brain must process decision condition according which it is given selected operation. It is will be operation after THEN or after ELSE. The logical thinking is used to process decision operation. It is principally perception of surrounding by the reason. The logical thinking is responsible for perception of “concrete” World. The abstract terms are only judged by logical thinking.
Spatial Thinking and Feeling Spatial thinking and feeling is included in the group of parallel perception of the outer World. The brain does not deal with particularities. It perceives not only figures but everything as a whole. At such way of work of the brain the feeling is taken into processing. The feeling for somebody or something is mentioned here. There is a question how to define what the feeling is. I will not use any concrete definition. Rather let us take a look to the spatial perception and feeling as one common phenomenon. I assume that feeling is only another term for parallel perception of space. Perception by feeling is always parallel perception. The person always receives information the way it influences whole brain and body. The brain must be preset to not be involved in concrete details and to create conditions and their context. Whilst the logical perception is joined with conscious process perception by feeling is only little consciousness. Rather we talk here about subconscious perception. The feeling works with very low decision thresholds while it solves conditions. Mostly, the conditions are not included at feeling at all. For example we perceive certain person by feeling we see it either in a good light or in the bad light. Of course, all levels of shade are used between both border values. We have some feeling about some person and we do not why. We do not have any concrete information about what that person has done or about its life. Just we have some feeling about it. The brain is switched to the spatial perception of the whole. After the time we find out whether our feeling was correct or incorrect. Parallel spatial thinking and feeling are responsible for abstract terms perception. The concrete objects are perceived using parallel thinking. The abstract terms cannot be perceived using logical thinking. Parallel spatial thinking and feeling are included in the term perception.
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11. Growth of the Human Brain While we se the scull of died person from inside it is possible to see imprint of the brain in the scull bone. It is very interesting. The brain is very soft comparing to the bone. In spite of that it is imprinted in the hard bone. Also it is possible to notice the brain of small child is much smaller than the brain of the adult person. From both notices we can see the following. The brain grows during the life. And it grows fast with such energy that scull bone is unable to grow fast enough as it would be necessary for the brain. So the brain presses to the bone and it increases its size. The growth of the brain is necessary to take into account and add it to other parts of the research of the brain. Based on this consideration we can derive other considerations. How it is possible that the brain grows? As far as I remember I was informed about one thing only. The brain is developed at birth time and only connections are changed during its life. The number of neurons decreases only and no neurons arise. Then there is a question. How it is possible that the brain grows and how it develops. Which structures grow and which does not. Is the truth that number of neurons does not increase? Or everything is otherwise? There are only few questions that come to me while I reason about brain’s growth. There in this chapter we are going to see to the problem of the human brain growth in details. Why it happens, which structures can grow and which cannot. What is the reason of their growth? We could generate much bigger series of questions. It is necessary to limit to some of them and to try to find answer to them.
Growth of Neurons, Dendrites, Axons and Glial Cells One of possibilities of the brain growth is increase of the neural structures. It is possible and probable that the size of these structures increase. Together with human body size increase from the birth it is probable that the size of neural structures increase as well. It would be curious if it was not so. Higher dynamics of the adult brain would suggest it. The brain produces in time of adolescence and adulthood more impulses than in time of childhood. When we realize that axons and dendrites are pipes in the principle conducting numerous chemical substances enabling and supporting brain work it is easy to imagine that with the growing age especially in childhood the number of substances increase. The diameter of axons and dendrites increase and consequence of that the size of neurons should increase as well. The bigger axons, dendrites and neurons work faster than the smaller ones. This causes growth of size and speed of processing. Not used neural structures decrease its size to free the space for those more used. The growth and disappearing of neural structures is transferred to the whole brain parts. The more used regions of the brain increase its size whilst less used regions decrease or they disappear. The very active people have the brain growing thanks to numerous activities. The brains of others do not increase or it decreases its size.
Number of Neurons The research of the brain encounters many changes in understanding the brain as a whole including the cognition of new characteristics of the brain. Refutation or at least infirm of not fully verified realities is joined with it. Thesis about non-growing number of neurons in the brain I consider for little investigated and I do not believe that we could live for the whole life with once given set of as sensitive cell as neurons are. Let 52 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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us realize that neurons are relatively small cells that are very sensitive to the lack of oxygen. They are easily vulnerable by the lack of oxygen or by poisonous chemical substances that enter our body by our will or without it. The chemical substances that are noxious to our brain are sometimes used. These substances are alcohols for example. I could observe drunken people. Their brain must have been so intoxicated that it was wonder they were living. Some people are caught by police while driving drunken with the amount of alcohol in blood that is deadly for others. In spite of that these people survive and after they get sober they are quite in normal. As far as they stop using alcohol their problems stabilize and partially improve. If the use of alcohol is very strong then the status of these people is irreversible. According this I would suppose that the brain is able to renew neurons at least partially. In the higher age the overall renewal of the body is more difficult and it slows down. I suppose that it is similar for brain too.
Axons Axons are thin fibers going out of the neurons. Each neuron can have only one output and more inputs. As it has been mentioned few times in this book, axons lead signals using saltatory conduction. Each axon is encapsulated by myelin sheath or it is enfolded in myelin sheath as when you enfold carpet. This myelin sheath is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier in the whole length. The myelin sheath limits growth of axon’s diameter. I have not found out in literature whether it is possible that diameter of axon can increase. It is only sure that some axons are thin whereas some are string or they have big diameter. It is possible to judge that diameter of axons can vary according to the use of axon. More used axons will be stronger than these that were used less. The genetic predefinition of axon size will be used here which axons are to be thin and which are to be strong. But the relation between usage of axon and its diameter can be applied too. As far as it is so, the big number of axons in the brain can influence the growth of the brain size with the brain usage. The growth of average size of axons in the brain could influence also the speed of the brain processing.
Theory of Neuron Creation While the existing theories asserted that the number of neurons does not increase these same theories were saying that the size of axons increase and new axons are created that build new connections. These theories have weakness in that axons and neurons are in principal built using the same way. It is difficult to believe that axons would grow and number of neurons would remain the same without possibility to grow. It does not look to be probable that the destiny of neurons is only to die. I will try to describe possibilities of neuron growth. I would start at free axon that has already been created in the brain and it either comes out of neuron or from another axon from which it was split by branching. This axon increases it size and searches for new place where it could catch new connection to neuron or dendrite or axon. If axon does not complete it in time and if this axon is supplied with substances enough the last segment starts to increase its size into the shape of ball or any other shape called potato. The axon ended this way cannot connect to any other neuron or axon. It will start functioning like neuron. Therefore new axon starts growing from it. This on continues searching new destination.
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The neuron arisen this way has only one input and only one output. Gradually other axons connect to this neuron and will create new inputs. Dendrites will start arising. The neuron will become new building element of the brain. The second theory of the new neuron origin comes out of the reality that axon searching for new neuron does not find and it will connect to another axon. In the connecting point the relatively big object is created that starts increase its size. The one output axon does not suffice to drain chemical substances coming to the same place. Such object is the base for the birth of the new neuron. It is possible to find out many new theories about the brain’s growing. In real the whole process is possibly little different, but not substantially. It is possible to find out the correct way how the neurons origin in the brain using similar theories.
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12. Processing of the Concrete and Abstract Terms Concrete and Abstract Terms The human brain is the most developed tissue existing on the Earth. As it has been described in the previous chapters it is composed of particles like neuron, axons, dendrites, synapses, etc. The brain can perceive objects, save them in the memory. We can imagine this because we can build devices that can save information in memory. It is different memory than this one that the human brain has. The brain may not only perceive material object but it can build also new objects with the aid of the body. It is also possible to create new objects non-existing in nature on the base of existing objects. It is therefore imaginable that the brain is able to process material objects. In worse it is imaginable that the brain can process non-material objects. The material objects I understand here such objects having material substance. These are the objects of natural and non-natural substance. It means objects created by nature of by people. But I include here also sound spread in the air. The sound is only vibration of the material particles of the air. The light has also material substance or wave substance. In both cases it is something that we can touch or perceive by measuring or vision. The material objects are all the objects we can perceive by our senses. In some cases we have to help our senses by devices. In the final result the output of all these devices is perceived by senses. Contrary to it we have objects of the non-material character that have no representation in the material World. They are the expressions showing such events that we cannot imagine as something that would exist in the material World. For the non-material objects I consider everything we cannot perceive using our senses neither using the most complex devices. Such objects are abstract terms as love, hate, jealousy, will, creativity, wisdom, etc. These terms are processed exceptionally by the brain. They do not enter to the brain in the form of signals or stimulations. Only they leave the brain in the form of behavior or talk using wich we describe them. In spite of that the brain is able to use such terms, work with them, save them in the memory, and recall them from memory when we need to use them. I derive from this that the brain is able to save non-material abstracts terms in the material form of neural structures or neurons’ connections. I consider whether it is possible that the brain saves information about abstract terms in the form of words and sentences or if it is totally different. Definitely the brain is able to save words in memory and recall them in the correct order and built sentences from them. The brain memorizes also whole sentences. Or it memorizes motives allowing building sentences. It means neither words nor sentences but something between them. At abstract terms it is practically the same. The brain uses abstract term as if it had concrete meaning. It can create using it sentences and motives for building sentences. The brain memorizes the abstract term the same way as any word having concrete meaning, but how it is with memorizing the meaning of the word. The brain has one very interesting characteristics. It is possibility to save in the memory meaning of words and imagination about meaning of the words. The word is memorized in the brain in the phonetic (how the word sounds), and also in the character form (how the word is written). Both shapes are memorized separately. It is possible to document it by the ability of some people to speak whereas these people cannot write and read. Also there are people
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those do not hear and speak but they can read and write. They cannot memorize noise or phonetic content of the word. The brain is able to memorize meaning of a word regardless of the source. For the words having content of the concrete object it memorizes shape and size of the object or certain characteristics of the given object. Details are added in time the word is used. For the words with abstract meaning the problems can be encountered with recording of the abstract meaning of word. Let us take the example of words like love and beauty although we do not know correct definition of both these terms. In spite of that we use both these words. If we shall solve problem of abstract terms processing for words like love and beauty we have to solve problem of processing of feelings by the brain.
Feelings Processing of feelings in the brain is extremely interesting science developing fast. It will become one of the most important sciences at all. Let us take a look why is that so in this chapter. As it has been mentioned, scientists discovered two regions in the brain. One is responsible for perception of pain and the second one is responsible for perception of delight. These characteristics were investigated on mouse and rats. The research was done the following way. Scientists placed electrode in the region perceiving pain. Then they excited it using electric current. They found out that rat defend activation of that signal for any price. Then they placed electrode in the region activating delight. The rat required excitation of this region. They placed rat in the box with installed handle that could activate delighting region in the brain. They did show what the handle is doing to the rat. The rat started to activate handle permanently. It stopped receiving food. It was activating handle only. These two regions exist at people too. On the base of this information we can derive certain presumptions and to effort find their evidence. We can some result for new knowledge without use of the same methods that have been used on rats. Firstly we have to show why these two regions exist in the brain. Both these regions are necessary for survival of one individual or all species. Indication via pain shows us what we should avoid, what is noxious for us. Indication of delight shows us what we have to do to survive. For example receiving food and doing sexual activity must bring for us pleasure feelings or delight. Without these two basic activities we would die of hunger or we would die out at all. The second case is known on example of Panda bears. They are dying out due to very low sexual appetence. The first case is known from example of bulimia disease. The people suffering from this disease often die of malnutrition. For receiving food, the principle of perception of pain is used while the lack of food is detected by body. This feeling pushes individual to search for food. The sexual activities are also necessary to be done. Body pushed everyone to do it. On these two examples we can demonstrate how important both these regions are. However, we would be too low if our brain would be able of the activities and way of perception I have described above. As our brain was developed substantially higher than the brain of rats we can show for some more gentle differences in behavior of people and animals. At first the human brain has more neurons than the brain of animals. Therefore its complexity is much higher than for the brain of animals. With complexity goes hand-in-hand refinement and sensitivity during perception of feelings. And here is the important element of the brain function we shall deal with. It is just perception of feeling by the human brain regarding it huge complexity. At the perception of feelings we have two border points – feeling of pain and feeling of delight. However, there is nothing either black or white only in our life. Always there exist shades of both these colors and/or many colors exit moreover. With characteristics of feelings it is similar as with 56 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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colors. We can move anywhere between two border points of pain and delight and we can see how it is possible to move between them.
Senses and Feelings People have 5 basic senses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Vision Hearing Olfactory Taste Touch
All these senses are connected to the brain using nerve fibers – axons. Senses serve to us input gates of signals transferred to the brain. Signals are transferred to the regions specialized to process the concrete type of signals. Besides, the signals are conducted to the both regions that process the feelings. Everyone knows that touch can be pleasant or unpleasant or painful. Same it is with taste. Something is tasteful and something is not and something is repulsive to us. The same it is with other senses like vision, hearing and olfactory. All this is known and it does not seem to be curious. All these things can be processes by senses of animal – mammals above all.
Visual Perception Where is the difference between us and animals? The difference is in quality of processing of signals. In here, the main and the most important sense is the vision. With the use of vision we perceive beauty very sensitively and gently. Let us take an example of visual art or painting. We know we like some picture whereas we dislike other one. For example abstract pictures having no concrete objects displayed on it are interesting. The eyes perceive just combinations of colors. These combinations are either pleasant or not. It means that some color combinations influence more feelings of delight whereas some influence feelings of refusal. Some signals coming to eyes from the brain are connected to the region of delight perception others to the region where the pain is processed. In the small, the pain is perceived as refusal to something. It can be perceived like something ugly. It is difficult to say how it is at animals as they are unable to share their feeling with us. It is possible to judge from animals’ behavior that they do not have developed sense for perception beauty as far as they can se colors. The one extend at perception by vision is perception of colors and their combinations. The next extend is perception of shapes. Whole formations and their relations play important role in it. For example it was discovered that people perceive shapes as nice if their relation correspond with the “Gold Cut” ratios. These ratios of the “Gold Cut” are important for perception of beauty of sculptures and buildings. It is of course problematic why that is so. Why people perceive this ratio as nice and others are ugly. Probably it is because the whole body corresponds with this ratio. People perceive human body as nice and everything that correspond to it. Ratios in the human body were developed according to the law of evolution according to the needs and efficiency for life and survival of individual in the World. It would be difficult to solve questions of evolution of species in this book dealing with the brain only. The brain perceives the beauty of shapes and their ratios possibly therefore that the brain itself has been created according to the same rules as well as the whole body. And certain ratios of sizes and distances will correspond in the brain with the same laws as they hold for body. In general, such idea 57 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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would give a sense. Therefore I can say I have not investigated such relations in the brain and I do not have confirmed it. Concrete details of perception of visible objects by eyes I would leave to other authors from these sciences or arts that can provide better results. In this publication I would rather deal with idea of procession of visual data in the brain in form of feelings. It is just very interesting. It is necessary to realize that the brain is able to classify and distinguish perceptions so they can excite emotions. I assume that visual emotions rise by transferring parts of figures into the delight region and parts of figures are transferred to the region of pain. These characteristics of the brain allow choosing partners according to the certain signs and body shapes. Therefore some woman is liked by men other is not. Similarly it holds opposite way, men are liked by women. The every person has built its own connections in its own brain. The structure of the brain is different for every individual. It is unrepeatable and unique for each person. Therefore every one of us has different criteria for selection of partner. It is interesting that when man judges the figure of woman he is sometimes excited by it and sometimes he remains in calm. It is caused just by this that this picture and its motives are transferred in the region of delight whereas others are transferred in region of pain. Similar way it works for the cases of processing figures of certain parts of body. As far as we analyze the most of types of arts we can find out that it is based on principal of automatic connectivity of visual perceptions to the region of delight. But it is not only this that causes activation of the region of delight. At research of sexual behavior of individuals we would sink into single-sided concept of apprehension of life as sole sexual communication among people that was typical for psychologist Sigmund Freud. There exist also other pictures in the World activating region of delight the different way. I remind my feelings during the perceiving the picture called Apollon and Marzias by Tizian, which is exhibited in the Kroměříž castle in the Czech Republic. This picture does not initiate any sexual perception and it does not influence region of delight the way it is typical for pictures with sexual content. This picture evokes feeling of astonishment and greatness. The influence is extremely strong. The one stays in from of this picture and perceives strength of colors and shapes influencing in the picture. How to imagine influence of such figure? Is it influence of region of delight or pain? I would show another example of figure that impacted me strongly. It is picture of young queen ???, who ruled only about one week or 9 days only before her head had been hewed down. The picture is exhibited in the national gallery in the Trafalgar square in London. I could see the figure many years ago and see it in my soul so far. In the figure the young queen kneels in front of executioner block and her eyes are bounded. Her chamber-maid sits next her with the consternation in her eyes from the death of such beautiful girl – queen. The expression of the figure is so powerful that it invokes extremely strong emotions. In this case that this picture caused activation of the region of pain rather that the region of delight. Maybe, the picture activates both regions but different way. And in spite of that or just therefore it is seen that the picture is really beautiful. There is the deepness of feeling and consternation herewith. It is unforgettable. Unforgettable is also the story related to the picture. But if we compose together description of figure with the figure as is the emotion is the result of product of real feelings and elucidation by reason. In such case the situation is more complicated and I will mention it in some of next chapters where I will describe processing of information by reason. Some artists are able to capture or record in theirs work more that the elementary figure of person or object. They are able to enter the power of energy that gives the value of event it presents. Sometimes the figuring this energy is done by chance. Sometimes artists are able to create these figures according to their wish. The big artists are able to pain such pictures without waiting for chance or coincidence of circumstances. These artists know or feel at least how the human brain works and they create the 58 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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picture according it. It is about sensitivity of the artist. It she/he is sensitive enough she/he creates excellent picture without knowledge of the brain function. It is the most often this way. It is very difficult to imagine concrete connection of neurons that would do the described functions. It is evident of course that the brain works the way that is not well investigated. It is also evident that we are able to distinguish nice, non-nice or ugly pictures. We could discuss hundreds of pictures and to judge theirs inner meaning and to investigate it in details.
Perception by Hearing It is similar with perception of sounds and noises. Let us take as an example the music which is the example of beautiful or ugly tones or their combination or consonance. There is the problem to judge what is beautiful and what is ugly. We know that some combinations of tones are melodious which is called consonance. Others are non-melodious, which is the dissonance. From here we know that some combinations of tones are directed to the region processing feelings of delight other to the region of pain or resistance. For the human brain does not play important role only combinations of tones in static figure of accord. The human brain is able to perceive also time dependent sequences of tones as beautiful or contrary ugly. When we compose perception of beauty of combinations of tones and their sequences in one complex we can see that it is not easy to decide how the brain perceives what is nice or not in the music. The brain is able to switch the spreading of signals between of both regions fully continuously. Only the parts of information are sent to the first or to the second region. The brain apprehends the whole information as beautiful or ugly according to what was prevalent in the information. As one piece of information we can take for example one song. When the nice motives prevail in the song it is understood as nice. When the non-nice motives prevail it is non-nice. But it is not so easy. Sometimes one person feels the song as nice whereas the other person feels the song as ugly. Each person has different building of the brain and therefore the redirection of the motives of songs is different.
Perception by Olfaction and Taste People perceive lot of stimulation by smell – scents. The smell play also important role in the life of people. Therefore it is processed by the brain very sophisticated way. Also here as well as in the both previous examples we can meet with distinguishing different scents and their meaning for individual. We all know that some scents are pleasant for us others are les pleasant and others we hate. The pleasant scents fragrances these unpleasant are odors. Some odor we hate strongly other we bear and some can be accepted by us. In real the odor is not only different quality of scent for us. The olfaction is not from the site of this publication very interesting as there is no substantial difference comparing to animals. Maybe there is one difference that animals have better smell than people in the most examples. For the perception of the taste I would say the same as well as for olfaction. The meaning of taste for this book is limited. There is small difference of human taste and the animal taste. In the both examples as for smell as for taste the information from chemical receptors is transferred to the brain. Both types of receptors influence emotions very strongly.
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Perception by Touch Contrary to the smell and taste the human touch is developed quite well. The touch influences human emotions what is important for people. For the touch holds; there is no very specific importance dealing with distinguishing objects regarding their quality. Therefore I will not discuss the touch in details.
Processing of Senses by Intellect So far I described perceiving of concrete objects using human senses and their influence on emotions. Now I will discuss how people perceive using reasoning. The reason was developed on the highest level at people comparing to all animals. In real it is evident that no other animals are able to do such complex activities that people have to do in everyday practice. The most complex that was done by people is leaving our planet with successful return back. We have to realize that no other animal species is able to do similar to this. In despite of such unrestrained and excellent progress in all sciences one important thing remains hidden to us. It is the function of the human brain. The reason is what distinguishes us from animals mostly. Information received by the brain via our senses is processed by the brain which holds for animals as well. Human brain processes it much more complex way than at animals brains. The reason allows us to amplify information or to weaken it or to turn its meaning upside down. For example I would view of a man to a beautiful woman. That view can raise longing to meet this woman or sexual longing moreover. If he get information about her spoiled reputation all longings are turn in contempt. Same holds also in opposite direction when we change man and woman. This was an only one simple example showing how reason can turn and influence acting of signals coming into the human brain from senses.
Perception by Intellect – Abstract Thinking The human brain is able to work with information that came to it via senses. It is information that did not rise in the brain and after it enters the brain it remains in it. This information have rise on the base of sense perceptions. The primary sense perceptions were reworked, however, by the brain into completely new shape. And the brain works with this derived information as if it was the primary one. Such information can be called abstract term. The mostly used abstract terms are love, hate, jealousy, etc. Typically these terms describe human emotions. Also the word can be considered as abstract term as it is difficult to define the reason and to find its material base. I would be possible to list a lot of abstract terms and expressions that we use currently and we are not able to imagine life without them. Human intellect is able to create abstract terms and to assign some meaning to them and to combine abstract terms with the terms having concrete meaning. These words have no material meaning. In spite of that they have its base in concrete connectivity of neurons. And it is the only one material base they have. It is similar to the computer. The program does not have any material base. However, it can exist only in material computer. Without the computer the program has no meaning. Connectivity of neurons in the brain is done by material elements (neurons, axons, dendrites and synapses). In spite of that the meaning of connectivity can be understood as abstract term.
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Feeling and Emotions The words emotion has rise form the work motion. It would be possible to understand the word emotion as a motion of the mind. It is something having dynamic sense for our brain. It is possible to understand it as ability to perceive events by feeling. The feeling has rather static meaning. It means that we feel love that does not change.
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13. Vibrations and Waves in the Human Brain About vibrations in the brain we are often informed by people involved in mental energy and some spiritual activities that are neglected by scientific institutions as non-scientific theories that are not useful. However, these people remain in their position to this. They perceive certain energies in form of vibrations. They use terms like positive vibrations and negative ones. I have met these people and I started to investigate why that is so. Is it real vibrations and how to understand their positive and negative meaning for people? There exist many human activities dependent on empiric experience that were not possible to approve and scientifically describe. Let us take a look how vibrations rise in the human body. What is their meaning and also to the problems they are causing. Vibrations are typically called waves. Therefore waves and vibrations in the human brain narrowly depend. However there is some difference between both terms.
Waves Neurons generate series of impulses. The higher excitation the series of impulses is longer and the frequency of impulses is higher. The change of neuron excitation changes the number of impulses in the series and it frequency. As far as the neuron is rhythmically activated using slowly changing waves and the slow change of frequency are these waves called Alpha waves. As far as the neuron is activated by rapid input waves the change of frequency is big and rapid. These waves are called Beta, Gamma, Delta, etc. In real only the Alpha waves are regular. All others are irregular as their regularity is disturbed by the brain activity.
Vibration Disturbances of Alpha waves are either regular or irregular. The regular disturbances rise during positive thinking or relaxation, whereas the irregular disturbances rise during inner tension or negative thinking. There is evident relation between waves and vibrations as these terms are use by people. Release and relaxation causes small muscle tension. The neuron generates small number of impulses in regular rhythm. In contrast there is tension or in stronger meaning it is anxiety. This state creates high number of impulses. The big amount of impulses increase muscle tension, which exhausts human body. If tension increases onto the very high level false release comes on. It is caused by overstrain of muscles. The muscles cannot strain more therefore they slack. It is defense mechanism against self damage. During the false release the body is more exhausted. It is caused by too big number of impulses coming to muscles initiating rhythmical straining and releasing muscles. This releases strain so the muscle is not interrupted. However the big amount of energy is exhausted.
Fear and Anxiety All animals have defense reflex allowing survival. This reflex is call fear. Thanks to this reflex the animal starts to defend by escape or counter-attack while it sees predator. In every case, the strong
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reactions are initiated in form of strong generation of impulses into the body. Impulses are transferred to muscles to actively contribute to salvage of individual. The people are exposed to different situation. The human being is not pushed to escape with the use of muscles while exposed to fear. The fear is provoked more by psychological than by physical attack. The human is threatened but it is not obliged to escape. Moreover in many cases it cannot defend at all. It must continue doing something although it is threatened. This threatening is related its position in the job or it is intimated or it is exposed to certain psychological pressure, etc. The necessity to escape in front of predator is lost but defense reflex remains. Therefore people have strong inner vibrations that are noxious for them. The noxious negative vibrations occur.
Releasing During release the brain is activated minimally and therefore Alpha waves are generated. These waves exit in the brain as an activation safety. When the neuron is not activated for longer time it starts to die. Only one night of brain inactivity would mean the death of the brain. The brain creates slow impulse trains that keep brain in the minimal activity also in time when the brain is not activated by any activity from outside, which means also during sleep. Impulses are spreading in the brain gradually in the waves. Therefore slow and long Alpha waves are created. As these waves are to keep individual living during the sleep they are the most typical sign.
Efficiency of the Brain Function As far as the person is in the open-eyed state and in spite of that it has slower waves in the brain than it get into the relaxation state. It is different from sleep. The brain functions effectively this way. It creates only so many impulses which is necessary and it sends them in the places where they are needed. Moreover there is another problem. It is control of inner organs of the body. Inner organs are built of the smooth musculature (except of heart). These organs are controlled by the brain automatically with no chance to be controlled by will. If the brain is incorrectly activated by tension or anxiety the distortion of the work of inner organs begins. We have only one brain with all parts connected in one huge and complex network. Therefore, one important rule holds here. Whatever happens in any part of the brain it will get sooner or later into all other parts of the brain. Therefore the way of activation has important impact on the musculature controlled by will and also to the musculature we cannot control by will. Discontenting of work of inner organs that cannot be controlled by will is difficult to return back into the original position. Long-term discontenting of inner organs becomes normal for behavior and it becomes “correct” state. The work correct I have enclosed in double apostrophes because this state is not correct but for body it starts to look as if it was correct. The organ overloaded this way is exhausted more and more that will cause disturbance of working. It will result in disease. The people living in permanent fear and anxiety destroy their health. In the most of cases they do not realize it as this process is very slow and it takes many years especially in case of originally healthy people. In real such big disturbance of health occurs that it is impossible to cure. Often such people die sooner than the people living in relaxed state. Sometimes people are not warned by the disease. In some cases people have serious diseases of blood circulatory system. The typical example is heartattack, infarction, angina pectoris, cerebral apoplexy, etc. The next example of disease caused by incorrect function of body is cancer. 63 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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There exists also another group of diseases causing allergies. These diseases are not deadly in the most of cases. But the most typical allergic disease – bronchial asthma – is deadly. Three mentioned groups of diseases belong to the group of psychosomatic diseases. The psychosomatic diseases are the diseases of body caused by the psychic, which is in substance by disturbance of the brain function by the influence of negative thinking. Contrary, the people living in relax with feelings of love are not so overloaded by so serious diseases can live longer that the people living in hate to everything and everyone. There do not hold any strict rules. The substantial differences can occur among people. Therefore we cannot rely on one example as if it was evidence of something.
Positive and Negative Vibrations and Sensibility In every case there exist vibrations positive and negative for the people. Every person has its own vibrations. These vibrations depend on his/her overall position to the life and immediate status. Every person radiates these vibrations. Also small changes are visible on a person. Some people can perceive these vibrations. Sensitivity to these vibrations is called sensibility. This phenomenon is known and it occurs at many people all over the World. Many people do not know about their abilities as they are not able to compare themselves with others. They think their abilities are absolutely normal. In substance they are right. Perceiving other people by something else than only by intellect is normal. But not all have well developed this ability. Some people have developed this ability better than the others. People are able to perceive vibrations from the surrounding. It is one of indicator why some people are pleasant to us and others are not. We perceive these vibrations and we compare them with what we know from our childhood. Therefore some can have pleasant also bad person and for other only good person is pleasant.
Quality of Life As far as person lives with good feelings for a long time the positive view about life is built at this person. The activation of its body is influenced by this and body is not overloaded by wrong thinking. The state of mind is built up that does not overload the brain with non-senses. In such case the quality of life in improved. This quality of life cannot be bought for any money. It is necessary to cultivate it by long lasting positive thinking.
Positive Feelings The main positive feeling is love. There is not mentioned here the sexual love but the general love. From this feeling of love to another person issue other positive feelings and understanding, empathy, sympathy, etc. The people oriented this way do not hesitate to help others.
Negative Feelings The main negative feeling is hate. From the hate have result envy, jealousy, meanness, and many other feelings. The people oriented this way do not hesitate to harm anyone.
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Neutral and Combined Feelings One feeling looks like positive o the first view. But in real it is rather negative feeling. It is longing. The longing have brought for people much goodness and evil. The longing for power and richness brings people to the feelings of tension, stress and depression. The longing for love brings people to the wonderful feeling of goodness and understanding. But longing to the concrete person can be also destructive and it often leads to suicide. The longing to accomplish great creation can be positive and negative. If is this longing joined with longing for fame, power and money, it is negative feeling. If is this feeling is free of these relations, it is positive feeling.
Conclusions about Vibrations According to the description of vibrations in the human brain and the body is clear that the people who are involved in spirituality and vibrations regardless whether they are non-professionals or professionals are not distant from truth. The positive and negative vibrations exist and they strongly influence our life. Some people are able to perceive it others are not. The physical substance is substantial. It is not about only our perception. The people are able to perceive these vibrations as well as other things. Some are more talented than the others. It is not clear why these vibrations can be spread to the huge distances. It is quite clear that it is so. However there is the lack of information that would show onto the physical principals confirming such spreading. I believe it will be discovered although it is not evident when it will happen.
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14. Inner Energy of the Human Being Generally about Energy The people involved in vibrations and inner energy of human beings have noticed long time ago that it exists. We know that every person is different regarding it. In spite of that there are no many materials describing inner energy of people scientifically. We do not know where to look for this energy and why is that for that we are different. In substance, there is no wonder that we are different regarding this when we are different in all other ways. Rather it is important to find out why that is so and where to look for the inner energy. Let us take for aid current physically easily explainable events in nature. Let us take a house and its heating using central heating system based on the heating by water. The size of heaters and diameter of pipes have been stabilized on the certain values and consider that it is not so and we can choose everything. How we will go on designing it? Firstly we will measure the size of the rooms we will have to heat. According to some tables we define how much of thermal energy we will need to heat all this space. From this we will calculate sizes of heater and diameter of pipes. In substance holds the following. The size of the heaters and the pipes’ diameters is proportional to the size of space we have to heat. I thing it is clear.
Thermal Energy in the Human Body For human being it is the same. The bigger body must be heated by the bigger amount of blood as the blood is the fluid heating the body and controlling its temperature. The body controls its temperature by some ways. One of them is the control of flowage of blood in arteries and veins by the change of the diameter or internal diameter of arteries and veins. The human body is able to change internal diameter of arteries and veins with the aid of control ability of the brain. The higher number of generated impulses in the brain means the smaller internal diameter of the arteries and veins. Or with higher number of impulses that musculature is contracted and therefore the arteries and veins are pushed down that decreases the mount of blood coming to the muscles. The thermal energy in the body is created during digestion and processing of food. The food is transformed into energy. The bigger amount of energy produced by the body more such energy must be radiated by the body. During overproduction of energy the body removes it by increasing the size of arteries and veins by which it transfer the energy to the distant parts of body. And from here it is transferred to the surrounding environment.
Energy of the Brian The human brain work the same way as the human body in this sense. The brain is interwoven by veins and arteries and it is heated the same ways as all other parts of body. Contrary to other tissues the brain is interwoven by the huge amount of axons and dendrites. The axons and dendrites are pipes, in substance, of microscopic diameter. The blood does not blow through out them but the fluids contain neurotransmitters. They are substances having ability to transfer electric and chemical impulses among neurons either by its own conductivity or by the charge in the chemical substances.
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During the description of the brain energy the important is chemical transfer of electric charge. Here hold s same rules as well as for all other parts of the rest of body. The bigger diameter of pipes the bigger amount of substances transferred and the bigger speed of electric charge transfer among neurons. It would not be possible if we all had the same diameter of axons and dendrites in the brain. Rather it is more probable that we all are different. The differentiation of the brain structure is bigger that it holds for human bodies. Therefore it is probable or possibly sure that the different people have different diameters of axons and dendrites and the building their brains are differing substantially. Let us compare two brains. The one has small internal diameter of axons and dendrites, whereas the second one has much bigger internal diameter of both mentioned building elements. Then it holds that the speed of motion of signals in the brain with bigger diameters of axons and dendrites is bigger that for the first brain. During the higher speed the bigger amount of information is transferred among neurons. Therefore the overall electric and chemical energy is bigger that it is for the brain with smaller diameters of axons and dendrites. This idea is very simple. I do not have any concrete evidence about it. But it is evident that from the point-of-view of mathematics it cannot be otherwise. The basic ideas I come from are so clear that it not necessary to evidence them.
Energy of the Brain and Talent Let us have two brains. One with the small average diameter of axons and dendrites and the second one with big average diameter of axons and dendrites, The person with first brain is les powerful that the second person. The first person is slower in thinking and all works it does worse. Whilst the person with the brain number 2 does all the work better way and the thinking is faster for it. It has the good judgments and it solves mathematical tasks and life situations easily. In real it is not so easy, however. The average diameter of axons and dendrites does not evidence anything about real abilities of any person. The mostly is important the average diameter of axons and dendrites in the concrete region of the brain. It is probable that different parts of the brain will have different diameters of axons and dendrites. Just the brain regions determine performance of people in the certain branch of human activity. Some regions control speech, others vision, others mathematical thinking, etc. The development of some region of the brain has impact on the real abilities or talent of the concrete person.
Cosmic Energy In the present time we typically meet in literature the term cosmic energy. This term dissembles empiric description of certain type of energy that interposes some phenomenon of our life that is difficult to explain. Here belongs telepathy, telekinesis, healing using hands, etc. I have my personal experience with telepathy which I never wanted to carry on. In spite of that I had found out that I know information I should not to know as no one transmitted me this information via ordinary ways of senses. In spite of that I was able to perceive some things for the very big distance. The distance was so big that there was no chance to transfer signals the ways typical for transmitters and receivers of electromagnetic signal. As far as the person receives idea from another person in the certain time and it is evident that it was not by chance, some energy must have been working here that provided the transfer of signal. It is not 67 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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possible to describe such energy in details so far as the substance of such energy is unknown. Therefore such energy is called cosmic energy. Although we know only a little about this energy and we have to rely only on empiric experience, we cannot deprecate information about it. It is necessary to realize that the most of present knowledge come from empiric experience and research that was not trusted in the beginning. The theories were delivered to the empiric knowledge later. Sometimes it is opposite direction. The theory sometimes forecasts existence of events we do not know. Such discoveries are less typical and less often.
Overall and Average Energy of the Brain Overall mental energy of the brain will depend on the average power of the brain - thus on the number of impulses transferred in the full dimension of the brain in the certain time interval. For the person having big number of impulses in the brain it is big mental power of the person’s brain. Such person radiates big amount of energy from its body and it has as rule a big mental abilities in everything he/she wants to do. How to get big mental energy? Is it possible to get it by will or it is an only innate disposition? As well as for all human characteristics it was developed at birth time. It is thus innate disposition that can be developed. Human is born with the certain distribution of brain parts but it is possible to control the development of the brain. How to control development of the brain? It is similar to the development of the musculature. Let us take an example of body-building. It is the clearest example of the development of musculature. By the correct and regular loading some muscles it is possible to reach their enlargement on the required size. Also it this human activity holds that the talented people have it easier than the others. But these are paths of people and it is necessary to put up with it. With the brain it is the same. When we train the brain it is developed. When we laze away and when we spend life by the rest only the brain does not develop. It can also die out. Those who endeavored from their childhood to work mentally and who did not neglect anything have developed their brain more than those who swindled teachers by cribbing and by being prompted fro schoolmates. Here works justice. Who endeavored that one has developed brain well the others have not developed it well enough. It is evident that it is necessary to develop brain from childhood. It is not useless to start with development in adultness but it is not possible to reach such results as well as when we start in early childhood. Again I will provide example from sport. It is known that athletes when he/she wants to be successful in top sport he/she must start in childhood. Otherwise he/she has a pity and he/she will never become top athlete at all. The development of the brain is same in this regard. When one wants to reach success in the field of science it is important to develop brain from childhood. I would warn about the brain is very sensitive organ and it is not good to overload it during the childhood and to commit more harm that the use. Overloading can cause serious mental diseases. It is important to develop brain with no enforcement and to let the brain develop itself. This overall mental energy has meaning during the research of inner energy from the spiritual pointof-view. At bigger inner energy the brain is more sensitive to the outer stimulations. More developed brain is more sensitive.
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Movement and Energy We al know or we should know at least that our bodies are in permanent movement and they are permanently changing. During our life we are never in complete rest. Permanently the something is moving in us according to given tasks which is the life. For every person the movement has different size and speed. It is possible to say that our body has certain inner energy I have already mentioned here. Full dynamics of the body determines size of the inner energy of person. Everyone has different energy and generally everyone has non-zero inner energy. Only after the death the inner energy of person decreases to zero. There is only one problem. The physical laws holding here are mass conservation law and energy conservation law. The mass cannot arise and cannot lose. It can only transfer to the other form of mass. There is only one exception. It is nuclear energy where the mass changes to energy. Thus, in this example mass transforms into energy. The mass is destroyed completely and it is transformed into energy given by famous equation created by Albert Einstein.
E=mc2
(16.1)
The meaning of the equation is in it shows relation between mass and energy. When we take energy conservation law then it holds that energy cannot arise and cannot lose. Only it can be transformed into another form of energy except of the example of transformation the mass into energy. Now we know how to transform mass into energy but we do not know how to transform energy into the mass. This type of transformation has never been described. The direction of transformation is one way only. The mass is transformed into energy but it is not possible opposite direction. Ten there must hold that mass is not lost but it transformed in energy. There is one simple question. How is it with inner energy of people? When human dies it inner energy goes out of its body. But it cannot lose from the World however. According to this simple physical law energy must exist outside of the body. During our life we all radiate certain energy. First-of-all it is redundant thermal energy that must radiated to keep thermal stability – not to overheat itself. Further it is electric energy that is created as basic medium or resource of life. Movement of all particles in the body represents meaningful kinetic energy. Although we do not move substances in us move. Their movement represents big energy. Al these energies arise from food that we receive and we can transform it onto energy. In time of death all this energy is lost suddenly. There is a question here. Where it goes to and where we can look for it. Size of inner energy of human being can be understood as power of the human soul. We have some important reasons for such understanding. It is possible to show that immediate loss of inner energy is transformation of human into after-death life, if such life exists at all. Thus certain form of energy lives only. We cannot see it but this energy is ready here to be transformed. I would compare the end of life to the stopping of fast going a vehicle or a train. To stop vehicle or train and other motion energy is needed. If such energy is not available then the movement lasts and never ends. Here in the Earth it is friction that consumes energy of motion. Therefore moving vehicle stops if no energy is given to it. During the movement in the space friction is not available. Therefore already initiated movement does not need energy tot continue. Energy is necessary for change of speed or
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direction of movement. When we want to accelerate Space Shuttle we have to fire engines. The same energy we need to stop or decelerate it. As we all life on the Earth we will no discuss life in the Space. Energy of moving vehicle is transformed into thermal energy at braking. The brake disk or brake drum is heated. Its cooling means radiation of thermal energy into the space. This heat is not lost in the space. It is so small that it is dissipated and it is not perceptible. Theoretically, this thermal energy exists and cannot lose from the Earth.
Mental Energy of the Human Being The mental energy of human being cannot lose completely. It exists permanently outside of our body. For the first view is seems that this is very weak energy that cannot change anything. It is not so really. People create very specific form of energy that is not withering away but it influences other generations. The mental energy of human has different form from thermal or electrical energy. It is so far unknown form of energy. It will be necessary to investigate better it in the future. Now we know it exists and we know its influencing from empiric knowledge. Some theory is missing so far. From many philosophies and many cultures we know that touch of two people has strong meaning for psychological development of both individuals – who is touched and who is touching. It sound not very typically but shortly speaking hold following. When one man touches a woman, it is important for him as well as for her. Opposite way it is the same. The better is when both people touches themselves. The result of mutual influence is better. Sometimes, many years ago I have heard presentation of one psychologist about how important is mutual contact of people. Many psychological works have been written about this theme. The results show that mutual touch is very positive mentally. During the mutual touch both individual have profit from it. Of course, the touch must be wanted. The most striking meaning of touch is among parents and their children. The small children are very sensitive and perceptive to contact with parents. As far as the parents touch the children so they smooth them and play with them, the children are more relaxed and they better overcome all wrongs from their schoolmates and other people. The mostly it does not help to say children we love them. It is necessary to prove it. And the best proof is the touch by smoothing on the head. Also this theme has been described in many scientific works that show unambiguously the meaning of the touch among people. The contact between parents and their children must never be sexual. This would have devastating impact on children. Thus the contact between parents should be sexual. This has positive impact on their psychics. But non-sexual contact among adult people is useful. This is what I would mention here. As the contact among people has big and strong impact on psychics of people, there some force or energy must exist that is transferred among people by hand touch. We do not know where the origin of such energy is but we know that it exists. This way I wanted to get to describing meaning of mutual touch of people and its meaning for human being. Not long ago I have been informed about that some people have better ability or force than the others. We are not all the same. And we do not have the same abilities. It is possible to say that whatever we do is submitted to our abilities to do it. Someone is talented more other one is talented less. Same it is regarding the mutual touch of people. Some one produce smaller energy but other one produces the bigger one. There exist the people having bigger inner energy that they can transfer to other people. Their touch has such power that they can heal other people by touch.
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Characteristics of the Mental Energy So far we do not know how and why the positive influence between parents and children works. Also we do not know why works transfer of inner energy among people that can heal. We all have this energy in us. Every one of us can use it and uses it although we do not know about it. Every one of us has its inner energy that every one uses to keep on living. Without it there would be no life on the Earth. Just inner energy of human is the power allowing us to live. Therefore its meaning is so dominant. And therefore it is necessary to stop at this power and to discuss some of its characteristics in details. We can judge that size and quality of inner energy of human being is different for each individual. The size of inner energy is not dependent on the age of human but on its soul. In the same way the quality of this energy is not determined by the age or by some measurable characteristics of the human body. The both are dependent on acts and quality of the human soul. The better are acts of a person more inner energy it has. Every bad act removes the inner energy and it changes its characteristics. The good acts bring goodness whereas the bad ones bring evil. There is only one rule with which not all agree. But the reality is so. Often we do not know what good or bad we did to anyone. The mostly we forget about it. The mostly we forget what we have done and often we do not realize that it was good or bad. Therefore we are unable to judge the meaning of what it happen us in our life. Mostly, we do not get immediate revenge for good or bad but everything it decides and happens after longer time then we do not remind what we did. Everything we do is saved in our consciousness and sub-consciousness and it remains there during our life. According this is determined our future life. Our inner energy is either increased or decreased. Overall status of our inner energy is reflected in our behavior. Other people subconsciously perceive size of our inner energy and they behave to us according it. Let us take an example from nature. One of the most basic examples is the mutual relation and behavior of prey and predator. The predator typically attacks the individual somehow weakened and ill. The main task of predator is to kill individuals that could not compete in the nature or that would mean worsening genetic code of the species. Some individuals are born very weak or some are injured during life. In such cases the nature must get rid of such individuals. To this purpose the predators were developed those can clear it from individuals have weak inner force. Predators are supplied with a special sense allowing them to differentiate healthy individual from the ill or weakened one. The typical sign is to ability to escape from predator. The lack of power means weakening. In some cases predator is controlled by the perception of inner energy of prey. According to this energy it decides whether to attack it or not. Let take an example of behavior of people and sharks. Many years ago I read about story of one Russian sailor who was ejected by the big wave from the ship’s board to the sea full of sharks. He has occurred in the shoal of sharks. His colleagues found out he is missing after one hour of sailing. They turned ship back and they returned for him. It took them again one hour. They found the sailor; put him out of the sea without any injury. The sailor was swimming for two hours with sharks while waiting for the ship. He did know very well that it has no sense swim fast that it is not possible to escape from shark in the sea. Therefore he was swimming stilly and he was doing only necessary movements. He was saving his energy to live in the sea for as long as possible. Also he did know that sharks react to the rapid movements that normally mean ill individual. Only those ones are killed by sharks; not the healthy ones. This story shows that animals are supplied by ability to recognize inner energy of other individual regardless of if it is prey or individual of the same species. The human is developed comparing to the animals. By its development it lost much and many of what it had from nature before. In this case it did not happen. Perceiving of inner energy of other people remained and it belongs to the most important equipage that helps to survive and to orientate among other people.
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The second example is the duel of individual of the same species for position in the community and for prevalence over others to get the biggest number of females or to win the battle for one female. In such cases it is more about inner energy than about manifestation of physical power. The inner power is demonstrated on the external power. And it sin not only about physical power only but it si also mental power. The mental power is more important for people than the physical power. Every person passes periods when the inner energy is on the culmination or by period when the inner energy is down or it is in the transfer periods of increase or decrease of inner energy between these two limit positions. Therefore one never can be permanently happy or unhappy. One cannot have only success or non-success. And it is not all. Every one of us has different average inner energy. Therefore we all have different positive or negative culmination of our inner energy. Their difference gives us some average value around which we move during our life. The value of the upper and lower culmination depends on us only. This we can preset by our behavior to other people. We can influence how big will be our happiness or our pity. Everything that happens to us depends on our inner energy. I will give the example from my life. Twenty years ago when I was student I had to submit to operation of blind gut (appendix). Before the after operation incision was cured I had to travel by train home to visit my mother. I traveled by express train and I had to change as it did not travel in the station I had needed. That time I was standing on platform while waiting for train. Suddenly three boys stepped nearer tome and pushed me aside not to be seen much. It was a white day and was not alone on the platform. These boys wanted some money. I gave them money without any hesitation. I was not able to defend myself. I was weakened after operation. The incision was not cured. If I would try to do something I could die by to be hit by hand to the incision. It never happened to me either before or after. I had realized that these boys felt that I was weakened and I am easy prey for them. They knew well I am not able to defend. I had only little money. They did not take all my money. They wanted relatively little money only. It was lesson for me teaching how important the inner energy is.
Meaning of the Inner Energy and Its Control Every one is builder of his/her happiness which is old Czech proverb translated to English here. It is often used and truthful moreover. It is like a mirror that can show us that whatever we do, it is returned back to us. And let us look to this proverb through out theory about inner energy we see it is not fault. Often we doubt about it as we see a lot of injustice in our lives. I assume that we more often see injustice than the justice. We do not know where to look for the justice. For the most of us is the main justice financial profit. More precisely said how much money a person has on its bank accounts. In real it is different. Let us realize that person strongly oriented to goodness has much more. The person oriented to evil has only money in its life but it cannot redeem itself by money. Firstly we will discuss status of inner energy at people that have more evil than goodness in them. These people have strongly accelerated generation of impulses in the brain and body. Impulses are generated so that they act against other impulses. Therefore they do not generate either movement or idea. These people feel strong fear of their property and money. They suffer from strong and cruel hate to other people. They have a fear of the other people want to harm them and to take them something. They annoy so strongly that they suffer from insomnia and effort to revenge for unimportant things that cannot harm them. If nothing else then this feeling and permanent hate to all is the biggest punishment. These vibrations exhaust body and brain and they take ability to perceive environment correct way. 72 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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Such people agonize and they annoy all in theirs surround. They harm although they are not harmed. They suffer by this that they have lost inner energy and they have only fear. The person having sufficiency of inner energy is not afraid of others and it wishes other well as it has enough of well. The fear is precursor of something not good. Every person is able to perceive it own destiny. Some one is able to do it better other worse. The feeling of fear is created by ability to perceive that something bad will happen. And this bad will happen to a person just for the lack of inner energy. Material richness cannot guarantee enough of inner energy. Moreover it does not depend on quality of food such person eats; neither quality of holidays spent at seaside or mountains is important. The inner energy loses from human being by evil and incorrect vibrations. It is very good to get rid of fear by cleaning the life and to live according to all rules of strengthening inner energy. Then it is possible to expect this inner energy will give a person enough power to avoid fear. Then the hate and all negative feelings will lose. People can relatively easily control its inner energy. It is important to relax and to start thinking positively only, to wish other people well and to wish to itself too. It can seem to be easy to correct it but the most of people are unable to do it at all. They persist on their attitudes and they wait that sometimes will be well. They wait in vain. Never will be better times as far as they never avoid their feelings of evil. When they avoid it then it is guarantied that better times will come. Too many vibrations intercept people perceiving signals coming from outside. These are much weaker than the person get from inside. Therefore, people do not perceive beauty. Some people endeavor to perceive signals from outside and these signals must over beat the inner signals. As these inner signals are bad and strong, the outer signals must be stronger yet than these inner ones. And very strong signals are rather bad than the good ones. It is not visible for the first view. After the time one will find that everything he/she was doing was all bad. Such person tries to over beat by the bigger yet evil whilst he/she thinks it is goodness. In real it is not goodness. Of course the addition of two evils gives only bigger evil. How to imagine what it described above? It is easy. The person overloaded with battle with competitors needs feelings of love. He goes to look for this love to prostitutes where he cannot find it. He finds short-term forgetting about problems that have led him here. But he cannot find love of a person that can return it back to him. Such person remains in the closed circle from which it cannot escape. After long time when such person lives in hate only it loses ability to feel anything else. Sometimes big suffer can help such person that he/she can meet. As far as the person has at least a little of goodness in it, he/she realizes how he/she was living his/her life and changes the life. As far as the person does not have any piece of goodness in it; it will find some one it thinks is responsible for his/her suffers. Then he/she start to harm such person with strong cruelty. Such person will never understand that its suffering was only a test or possibility to get out of the closed circle. Instead of knowledge of itself such person starts commit even worse evil. And the cycle is closed. Such person can never be helped. It will spend the rest of life in hate and suffering. It will never recognize anything beautiful. In substance such person will spend its life for money that it acquired mostly unfairly or others have made this money for that person.
Conclusions about Inner Energy of the Human Being This way we have got from scientific understanding of the brain research to the spiritual one. We can see that there exists firm junction. That the spiritual approach to the function of the brain and the human soul has its warrant. It is not non-scientific approach. It is empirical approach that will require completion of the scientific theory. This book just brings scientific approach to this concept of the human brain function and soul. According to this publication it is evident that it is not possible to deny the spiritual approach. It is 73 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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necessary to accept it with humbleness and to endeavor to find out corresponding theories to the existing ones empiric knowledge. It is easy to deny all by the word it is non-scientific. With the similar approach we had met is the middle age when astronomers were burned to death for scientific opinion. In substance the church activists were not able to accept scientific truth. Now we are in front of opposite problem. The people interested in faith and human soul, bring truthful empiric knowledge into our life. And the scientists are those who stay against such knowledge. They are unable to understand that non-scientists can be true. Long time ago they were fault in the questions of moving of Space bodies – planets. But now they are not fault in the question of existence of the human soul and existence of inner energy.
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15. Extrasensory Perception Introduction to the Sensory and Extrasensory Perception In the previous chapters I discussed processing of concrete and abstract terms, perception of vibrations and inner energy of people. In this chapter I will discuss extrasensory perception of surrounding events. The chapter about vibration suggested how it is with different-way perception than it is only by human senses. And the chapter about inner energy contributed to understanding how it is with sensitivity of the brain. The extrasensory perception is so concrete and evident as well as perception by senses. We know about it but do as if we would not rather want to hear about it. It looks to us as non-scientific and in whole having no sense although the people exist here having such abilities. They are able and ready to show their abilities. Every one can see it that they are successful but sometimes not. Then we can see such abilities as non-reliable that happened by chance only. Or it sometimes succeeds as a rule but sometimes not. Some people do not want to accept existence of this. I believe that after this book is read many people will start to reason about existence of such wonderful phenomenon as extrasensory perception. The extrasensory perception is not as precious as perception via human senses. It is submitted to the big error during reconstruction of what the perceiving person could see in its inward. In spite of that we cannot say it is non-sense as in many cases it cannot be by chance or by trick. I had many such situations in my life when I clearly could know something in advance or I could know that is happening just now but very distant from me and it is clear to me that it is not by chance. I know that transfer of ideas exists and it is necessary to account with it. We have chance such existence disclaim and to deny it. In spite of that it does not matter about it how we see it or whether we perceive it. Transfer of ideas simply exists and we have possibility to know it or ignore it. As far as we ignore it then we lose much, especially in such case of extrasensory perception.
Creation of Signals on the Body Surface In this publication I depicted some basic ideas that I will repeat in here again. It is important to realize some realities that will create complete figure about theory of extrasensory perception. Forst of all it is important to repeat that neuron generate impulses and those are spread over the whole brain and body. The brain creates trains of impulses in dependence of activation of neurons. As far as we watched spreading of exitations from one neuron or from the small group of neurons (the group of neurons we can watch will always be very small comparing to the neurons existing in the brain) we would necessarily found out that sequences generated by neurons do not give a sense. We would see that the sequence is randon train of impulses. When we see neuron as a part of the huge ensemble creating whole brain we can see that the trains are not random and they give a sense. As far as we would study it carefully in details we would found out that they hide all information about individual whom the brain belongs. When we realize that these impulses are spread by the whole body of the human being via long connecting conductors (axons) we can imagine that these conductors are antenas. Such imagination is not far from the truth as the each conductor is also antena. It issues from the laws of physics that were discovered by English physicist Maxwell. The long and big axons are placed inside the body and signals going out of them to the surface of the body via thinner conductors – axons that inervate superficial body cells. Contrary tp the long axons are these shorter ones placed over the whole surface of the body and inside as well. This way signals reach the surface of the body different way than it is inside the big axons 75 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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inside the body. Signal on the surface of the body are spreaded by the parallel way as a waves going out the body at one time. These ways are called in literatue as corona. Some authors of publication oriented more spiritually call corona radiation of energy from the human body. The change of the speed of signal spreading in the human body changes also the radiation of energy. Changes of the waves spreading in the human body depend on the concrete health status of the human body. All this information can be verified using special measuring devices allowing to measure signals from the body surface at one time. I cooperated on the development of such device. Its purpose was to detect heart diseases with higher precission than other devices can. This measuring devide convinced me that human body radiates signals about itself into the surrounding space whislt it does not matter how we call them (eg. corona or other way).
Perception of Signal Transferred from the Body Surface Some people have abilities to perceive signals transmitted by another person. In the chapter Inner energy of the Human Being I have depicted that the brain is able to perceive signals better if its inner energy is better. The people with such brain are able to decode information coming to their body. There will work very interesting principal here probably. The very person is able to perceive itself, better said the surface of its body. Under the influence of numerous discrepancies of signal spreading, under influence of disease or incorrect thinking the signal on the body surface is defective. The brain reacts by unpleasant feelings or or by pain. As far as the signal spreading is correct due to correct thinking person does not feel pain from the body surface. The brain easily perceives signals coming from outer environment and it tries to place them where they belong. When we imagine some person then we always turn its body in our imaginations so it correspond to the position of our body regardless to the differences of positions of both bodies. Then the signals coming from head are directed to head and the signals from legs are directed to legs. Perceptive person is able of such transformation of perceived body position according to its body position. Then based on the feeling in its organs it can perceive another person.
Perception of Signals on Distance and in Time Easily we can imagine that people transmit signals that other people are able to receive and process and evaluate. As the signals transmitted by a person are very weak the distance of distribution is small. Therefore the people are able to evaluate for example health status of other people at near or distant contact. There exist people here who are able to perceive spreading of signals from people on distance. It is necessary to say that the distance is really very big. It can be also thousands of kilometers. In such case we cannot reason about direct transfer of electric signals from one individual the second one. In spite of that there must exist some physical principal allowing distant signal transfer. We do not know it. I believe it will be discovered. It is necessary to realize that person knowing anything about other person must get information by transfer of information using some physically explainable way. It is reality that there is much of what we are not able to explain so far. It is evident that some principal of data transfer for the big distances exists. It is also possible that sensitive person in some cases can recreate by speculation what another person does and how it can think which is based on experience. In such case the transfer of energy between both individuals is not necessary to exist. I do not keep this in my mind. Rather I consider about case of real transfer of information between two individuals that could not be finalized by the brain itself of 76 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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anyone of them. It deals with cases of transfer of concrete and specific information among individuals. Such information must be unique and unmistakable. There must not be possible any representation of this transferred information than how it is. Then it is evident that it was the transfer of the completely concrete information via extrasensory perception on the distance aiding so far unknown cosmic energy. As far as there exists hitherto non-described principal of energy transfer among people (cosmic energy), then it is possible to reason the following way. The people are probably all connected to some energetic network. The every one can communicate with anyone. There exists condition of knowing the concrete person. The level of necessary knowing depends on sensitivity of every person. Then more sensitive individuals can only to see photo of other person or to have a piece of suit or to have some subject used by this person. For some people it is necessary to know that perfectly and then the transfer starts to work. And people having very little sensitivity have suppressed such ability so they do not perceive other person using extrasensory perception. These people are dependent on their senses only. If such transfer among people exists then it is probable that environment allowing relation of any person on any other person has its own memory. Everything we do is memorized in this memory. I consider about it following way. Every person is able to memorize everything that this person did during the life. Some things are forgotten but when reminded by anyone they are recalled back. The human memory is not only the part of the brain but it is the matter of the whole body. The whole body is able to memorize certain information. Every part of the body memorizes different part of the information. The brain memorizes something else than muscles of limbs. But it is possible to say that every cell of the human body is able to hold certain information and to memorize it. As far as we move this consideration onto unknown spatio-temporal space we can also reason about in this dimension. Uvedu jeden zajímavý příklad. Byl jsem jednou na prohlídce nějakého hradu. Již si nepamatuji, který to byl a ani nevím, kdy to bylo, neboť jsem viděl již mnoho hradů a konkrétní detaily se mi začaly již vytrácet z paměti. Na této jedné prohlídce mě zaujal výklad průvodkyně, která uvedla příběh ze svého života. Říkala, že při prohlídkách tohoto hradu říkávala o jisté místnosti historku, že v ní byl někdo zavražděn. Jednou se stalo, že jeden z návštěvníků jí řekl, že to není možné, že v této místnosti nikdo nikdy zavražděn nebyl. Pak ale přišli do vedlejší místnosti a onen návštěvník řekl, že někdo byl zavražděn právě v této místnosti a ukázal i místo, kde se vražda odehrála. Této průvodkyni bylo divné, že to tento návštěvník tak přesně věděl. Proto začala pátrat v historických knihách uložených na hradě.Knihy jí potvrdily, že tento návštěvník měl pravdu. Sám mám zkušenosti ze svého života, že na některém hradě je mi velmi dobře a rád tam jezdím, na jiném hradě je mi přímo zle a nechci tam jezdit. Jsou místa, která vyzařují velmi pozitivní energii, jiná vyzařují energii negativní. Mohl bych zde uvést místa s pozitivní energií a místa s opačnou energií. Není účelem této publikace seznámit čtenáře s konkrétními lokalitami a jejich energiemi. Účelem této publikace je ukázat na existenci a význam takových míst. To vše znamená jediné. Hmota je schopná si zapamatovat události, které se v její blízkosti dějí. A pamatuje si to dlouho. Události, které se na hradech staly se datují do období starých i několik staletí. Dokonce lze říci, že čas zde velkou roli nehraje. Význam této skutečnosti je nesmírně zajímavý. Je zřejmé, že existuje nějaký prostor, který je schopen přenášet informace a tyto informace si pamatovat. Tímto se dostáváme k existenci věčného života. Tento věčný život nemá již schopnost něco měnit, má schopnost pouze si pamatovat, co jsme udělali za svého života. Člověk může události utvářet a měnit. Pokud člověk přestane existovat, již nemá tuto možnost. Pouze zanechá ve hmotě ze svého okolí nesmazatelné stopy, které zde zůstanou věky. 77 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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Conclussions to the Sensory and Extrasensory Perception V kapitole o mimosmyslovém vnímání jsem chtěl pouze nastínit existenci jiných sil a energií, o nichž se věda zatím obecně nezmiňuje. Jde o takové vlastnosti mozku, které naznačují, že existuje ještě mnoho, o čemž nevíme dostatek, abychom o tom mohli psát s vědeckou přesností. Dosavadní empirické zkušenosti v současnosti nemůžeme popsat s pomocí matematiky. Matematika je měřítkem vědeckosti přístupu. Čím je v oboru více matematiky tím více je tento obor vědou.
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16. Perception of Abstraction V této kapitole se budu zabývat tím, jak vnímáme abstraktno. Tedy jak vnímáme a zpracováváme některé abstraktní pojmy, které běžně v životě používáme. Abstraktních pojmů používáme velmi mnoho. Není účelem probrat zde úplně všechny. Vybral jsem pouze několik nejdůležitějších dle mého mínění. Ty jsem se rozhodl popsat a ukázat, jak jsou vnímány z hlediska funkce lidského mozku.
Goodness Nejdůležitějším abstraktním pojmem pro život člověka je slovo dobro a také jeho opačný význam zlo. Pojmy dobro a zlo se zabývá prakticky většina knih patřících do skupin beletrie a také pohádky pro děti. V televizi můžeme nalézt mnoho pořadů, které řeší pojem dobra i zla. Jsou to především různé detektivní příběhy, kde většinou ti dobří zvítězí apod. Ve skutečnosti to však tak jednoduché vždy nebývá. Pojmy dobro a zlo cítíme a vnímáme nějak podvědomě. Nikdo nám nemusel vysvětlovat dopodrobna, co je, a co není dobré nebo naopak špatné. Je nám vrozené vnímat, co je pro nás užitečné tedy dobré a čemu bychom se měli vyhnout, co nám může uškodit, tedy je pro nás špatné. Toto vnímání je součástí pudu sebezáchovy. Pokud bychom nebyli schopni toto odlišovat, asi bychom nebyli schopni žít dlouho. Určitě bychom udělali brzy nějakou chybu, která by nás stála život. Přitom bychom si ani nemysleli, že to byla chyba. I vlastní odlišení, co je a co není chyba vychází z vrozeného vnímání dobra a zla. Vnímání dobra a zla nám bylo dáno do vínku již v dobách, kdy člověk člověkem dnešního typu ještě nebyl. V době, kdy se ještě podobal spíše lidoopům než současnému člověku. Uvědomíme-li si, že i zvířata musejí mít v sobě zakódovanou informaci o tom, co je pro ně dobré a co nikoliv, musí nám být zcela zřejmé, že tento vjem musí u každého jedince existovat od samého prvopočátku existence života na Zemi. Na rozdíl od zvířat se člověk rychle vyvinul. Především se u člověka nesmírně rychle vyvinul orgán, který jej od zvířat odlišuje. Tím je samozřejmě jeho mozek. Prudký rozvoj kapacity a výkonnosti mozku znamenal pro člověka nejen pozitivní ale také negativní význam. Jistě bychom zde mohli vyjmenovat celou škálu pozitivních stránek rozvoje lidského mozku. V této kapitole mě budou zajímat spíše ty negativní. Mozek člověka se vyvinul a umožnil mu změnit život kolem sebe mnohem rychleji než jak se příroda dokáže s takovou změnou vyrovnat. Tím se stalo, že se pro člověka změnil žebříček hodnot. Co bylo pro člověka sice částečně zůstalo dobrým, ovšem ne u všeho. Problémem je to, že některé z věcí, které byly pro člověka dobré se staly špatnými a naopak, co bylo špatné se stalo dobrým. Člověk v takových případech není schopen vnímat, že je pro něj něco dobré, neboť má ve svých genech zakódováno, že to je dobré. Stejně tak naopak. Co bylo dříve špatným, a geny určují, že se tomu člověk má vyhnout, je nyní dobré a člověk by to měl chtít. Jelikož se u člověka vyvinul rozum, měl by být schopen rozumu použít k tomu, aby správně rozeznal, co je v současné době pro něj dobré a co je nedobré nebo dokonce špatné. Ne každý je ovšem nadán tak silným a kvalitním rozumem, aby pochopil, co je dobré pro něj dobré a co nikoliv. Často si člověk myslí něco a až časem se dozví, že je vše jinak. Síla genů je tak veliká, že je velmi obtížné ji překonat. Člověk by chtěl si najít správnou cestu životem. Ovšem právě geny nám ji ukazují mnohdy nesprávně. Proto vždy budou existovat lidé, kteří se sice budou snažit udělat pro sebe to nejlepší, ale udělají opak.
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Hlavním hlediskem pro člověka moderní doby by mělo být následující tvrzení. Pro člověka je dobré to, co prospívá mozku. Toto tvrzení sice není ověřené, ale zkusme společně uvažovat nad tímto tvrzením, je-li správné nebo ne. Především se podívejme společně na některé příklady toho, co je pro lidský mozek prospěšné, a co je škodlivé. Hlavním měřítkem by mělo být toto. Jelikož délka života našeho mozku určuje délku života celého těla, je dobré se chovat k mozku tak, aby žil co nejdéle. Je zde i jiná otázka. Je pro nás dobré, abychom žili co nejdéle nebo je nám to jedno. Zde si myslím, že odpověď je snadná. Neznám jediného člověka, kterému je jedno, jak dlouho žije. Většina si ani nepřipouští, že jednoho dne musí zemřít. Na smrt lidé povětšinou ani nemyslí. Lidé dokonce namyslí ani na svoje zdraví, jak by měli. Jakékoliv poškozování mozku poškozuje i zdraví člověka. Trvalým a pomalým poškozováním mozku si člověk nepřivodí většinou náhlou a rychlou smrt. Spíše jde o pomalé umírání ve formě přibývajícího počtu nemocí. Jen některé jsou smrtelné, některé nikoliv. Ale všechny mají společné to, že přispívají ke zkrácení života člověka. Myslím, že se shodneme na tom, že každý z nás chce žít co nejdéle. Proto budeme chtít, aby i náš mozek žil co nejdéle. Proto bychom se měli snažit hledat, co mozku prospívá a co mu škodí. Hledání toho, co je pro mozek je určitě potřebné a nutné. Ovšem nebudeme-li schopni svůj život změnit tak, že odstraníme vše škodlivé pro mozek, pak zřejmě naše snaha o získání vědomostí o mozku se mine účinkem. Tato kniha není určena k tomu, aby nabídla úplný návod, jak si svůj život zlepšit. Myslím, že ani neexistuje jednoznačný návod. Spíše se kniha pokouší nabídnout několik teorií, které povedou k lepšímu poznání nás samých. A teprve pak snad najdeme, co je pro nás ve skutečnosti dobré a co nikoliv. Do té doby bude žít, jak jsme žili a žijeme. Budeme se orientovat podle toho, co nás příroda naučila. Ale ani to není špatné. Život člověka se tak jak tak prodloužil od dob, co se stal člověkem. Takže velkou chybu neuděláme ani tak. Již malá snaha řídit se některými zásadami, které nás vedou k omezení nesprávných životních kroků vedoucích ke zlému pro nás jsou užitečné. Jistě nemá cenu se jakkoliv stresovat, že neděláme vše dokonale. Stačí již něco, a i to je dobré. Nyní se ještě podíváme, jak mozek vnímá, co je pro něj dobré, a co nikoliv. Již jsem zmínil vliv genů při vnímání dobra a zla. Dobré nám má působit rozkoš nebo slast, to zlé naopak bolest a utrpení. Stavba našich genů nám ukazuje jisté věci a děje pro nás dobré tím, jak propojila vnímání těchto věcí a dějů na obě oblasti, vnímání slasti a bolesti. Lidský rozum má takové schopnosti, že může zapojené mozku ovlivnit tak, že se vnímání obojího změní. Co bylo vnímáno jako dobré je po zásahu rozumu vnímáno jako zlé a naopak. Z uvedeného výkladu dobra a zla je patrné, že oba termíny jsou sice abstraktní, ale mají zcela konkrétní hmotnou reprezentaci v mozku v podobě propojení neuronů. Přesto vlastní termíny nemají hmotnou podstatu ani v tom případě, že jejich vnímání je reprezentováno hmotným propojením neuronů v lidském mozku.
Soul and Hmota Zde vidíme, jak nehmotná myšlenka určuje tvar hmoty. Jistý nehmotný termín je reprezentován hmotným propojením. Jiným slovy nehmotný výraz určuje, jak bude hmota vypadat po té, co se vytvoří propojení. Vezměme celou obrovskou sadu abstraktních termínů a výrazů, které jsme schopni ovládnout jedním mozkem. Celá tato sada nám definuje propojení významného počtu neuronů v mozku. Tomuto propojení říkáme duše člověka. Toto je vlastně duše vložená do hmoty. Pokud očekáváme, že duše je něco hmotného, co z člověka odejde ve smrti, pak jsme na omylu. Duše jako taková není hmotná.
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Pouze existuje ve hmotě. Je součástí hmoty. Duše ve hmotě zůstává i když je tato hmota neživá. Pouze aktivita hmoty nazývaná život může v sobě obsahovat aktivní duši, které může něco měnit. Jak je zřejmé z předchozí kapitoly, duše člověka daná souborem všech abstraktních pojmů, které člověk zvládne definuje strukturu mozku, tedy strukturu hmoty. Tato změna struktury je daná životem a snahou člověka se učit nové a stále nové. Se smrtí člověka z něj odejde aktivní forma duše. Propojení neuronů zůstane až do doby než se celé tělo rozpadne. Zůstává pouze to, co člověk ve svém životě udělal. Ať to bylo to, co udělal svýma rukama nebo svým mozkem. Vlastně vždy je to pouze mozkem, neboť ruce jsou mozkem řízeny. Důležité je také to, co udělal svými slovy. Svými slovy člověk předává část svojí duše jiným lidem. Ti pomocí svých smyslů přijímají informace a ukládají si ji do mozku. Společně s informace si vkládají do svých mozků i část duše toho člověka, který se o svoji duši podělil s ostatními. Podělit se o svoji duši ovšem neznamená o něco přijít, jako když se dělíme o hmotné statky. Právě naopak. Pokud se podělíme o svoji duši s jinými, získáváme zase něco od nich a vlastně tím duševně všichni bohatneme. Pokud jednou zemřeme, naše duše žije v lidech, s nimiž jsme se o ni podělili. Není to již život fyzický, na nějž jsme byli zvyklí. Je to jiná forma života. Je to posmrtný život. Tělo sice zemřelo, ovšem duše žije dále. Pokud chápeme náš současný život jako život našeho mozku a tělo je pouze podružným nositelem tohoto mozku, dodavatelem energie pro mozek nebo jako nutnou hmotnou schránkou pro mozek,je pro nás základem života duše. V živém těle duši budujeme a měníme. Vytváříme ji a zapisujeme její obraz do všech a všeho v našem okolí. Určitě naši duši předáváme lidem okolo nás. Svému partnerovi, s nímž žijeme, svým dětem, svým rodičům, blízkým přátelům a známým, svým žákům, jsme-li učitelé a v neposlední řadě komukoliv s nímž se potkáme. Toto je přenos prvního řádu. Tím mám na mysli přenos, který my realizujeme přímo. Pak existuje i přenos druhého a vyššího řádu. To je přenos realizovaný člověkem, kterému jsme my předali část svojí duše a on či ona předává takto nabytou část naší duše dále svým přátelům, známým nebo blízkým. Žák, jenž se naučil něčemu od svého učitele, později své vědomosti předává svým žákům nebo podřízeným v zaměstnání. Předávání duše z člověka na člověka nebo i živého tvora je zcela pochopitelné. Již méně je pochopitelné předávání duše z člověka na neživé věci. Již jsem v této publikaci uvedl případy, kdy se duše člověka, který spáchal zločin zapsala nesmazatelně do místa, kde byl zločin spáchán. I v tomto případě jde o předání duše, ale je to již předání ze člověka na nehmotné věci. Musím přiznat, že k tomuto nemohu uvést nic konkrétního, abych tento jev nějak podrobněji vysvětlil. Snad bych mohl jen uvést obsah jedné zprávy uvedené v televizních novinách o jednom japonském vědci, který zkoumal vliv jistých druhů hudby a způsobů popisu lahviček na krystalizaci destilované vody po jejím zmrazení. Pokus prováděl následovně. Vzal několik lahviček s destilovanou vodou. Na ně napsal popisky se slovy jako je láska, nenávist, zloba apod. Pak nechal na lahvičky působit silný chlad, aby destilovaná vody v nich zmrzla. Po opakování pokusů zjistil, že voda v lahvičkách krystalizuje jinak pro případy, kdy je na lahvičce napsáno slovo významově pozitivní nebo slovo významově negativní. Obdobně uvedený pokus opakoval i s hudbou. Vystavil lahvičky působení hudby vážné nebo klidné, a také působení hudby moderní s vysokým stupněm tvrdosti této hudby. Zjistil také vliv na krystalizaci vody při zmrznutí. To je vše, co jsem stačil pochytit z krátké zprávy v televizi. Jelikož jsem si nemohl uvedenou zprávu nahrát na video, nemohl jsem si ji ani zopakovat. Přesto se pokusím vyvodit závěr z této zprávy ve formě úvahy. Pokud je výzkum pravdivý, je tedy možné, že pozitivní i negativní působení se zapisuje do hmoty. Jelikož voda je podstatnou součástí celého hmotného těla, je vliv působení vody na život velký. Vždyť
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lidské tělo obsahuje asi 80 procent vody v různé formě. Vlastní uhlovodíky, z nichž je naše tělo vybudováno jsou chemicky především voda a uhlík. Uvedený výzkum, pokud je pravdivý ukazuje, že působení lidské duše se zapisuje i do hmoty neživé. Proto to, jak jednáme a mluvíme se zapisuje do všech věcí, které používáme. A na rozdíl od předání duše živým bytostem, zůstává předání duše neživé hmotě mnohem déle. Mnozí jistě namítnou, že je to pouze neověřená spekulace. K tomu bych uvedl pouze to, že jsem uvedený příklad neuvedl ve formě důkazu, o nějž bychom se mohli vědecky opřít a brát jej za neotřesitelný fakt. Tato myšlenky je zde uvedena jako námět k diskusi. Někteří velmi citliví lidé jsou schopni vnímat místa s takzvanou pozitivní i negativní energií. Sám mám zkušenost, že na tom něco je. Není možné se těmto lidem posmívat. Oni vědí, o čem hovoří. Místa působící pozitivně nebo naopak negativně existují. A nejsou to pouze místa s geopatogenními zónami. Jsou to i místa ovlivněná lidskou činností. Celou úvahu o duši bych uzavřel tím, že zřejmé, že člověk je schopen svoji duši předávat jiným lidem a živým bytostem jako jsou zvířata. A je velmi pravděpodobné, že člověk je schopen svoji duši předávat i neživé hmotě.
Beauty and Ultimatness Třetím nejdůležitějším abstraktním pojmem pro život člověka je slovo krása. Často jej používáme, proto jsem se rozhodl jej probrat. Krásu vnímáme, aniž si to uvědomujeme. Pro každého z nás je krásné něco jiné. Ovšem existují obecné principy ukazující, že něco je krásné bez ohledu na pozorovatele. Jakých vjemů se slovo krása dotýká? Řekl bych, že se týká téměř všech. Jde o smyslové vjemy i o myšlenkové procesy. Prostě téměř vše může být krásné nebo škaredé. Vše můžeme chápat jako krásné, byť to nevnímáme svými smysly. Již Albert Einstein se zajímal o funkci lidského mozku a zabýval i pojmem krása. V jeho době byla výpočetní technika v naprostých začátcích. Proto nebylo z čeho vycházet při výzkumu funkce lidského mozku. Právě poznatky ze zpracování informace na počítačích přispěly i k bližšímu poznání pojmu krása. V oblasti výzkumu mozku udělala i medicína značné pokroky díky možnosti použít dokonalé nejmodernější přístroje umožňující „nahlédnout“ do lidského mozku i při plné aktivitě člověka, aniž jej poškodí. Výzkum poznání funkce lidského mozku v medicíně byl za dob života Alberta Einsteina také velmi nedokonalý. A není divu, že v jeho době nebylo možné uvažovat o možnosti hlubšího poznání funkce mozku. Proto vnímání pojmu krása bylo nesmírně obtížné hlouběji pochopit a lépe je definovat. V kapitole Zpracování konkrétních a abstraktních pojmů jsem se zabýval vnímáním konkrétních objektů pomocí lidských smyslů. O slově krása zde nebylo ani řeči, neboť jde o pojem abstraktní. V této kapitole se budeme zabývat pojmem krása poněkud blíže a obecněji než tomu může být v kontextu vnímání lidskými smysly. Krása je vnímána lidským mozkem bez ohledu na to, jak se do mozku signály dostaly. Lépe řečeno bez ohledu na konkrétní lidský smysl, jímž podnět přišel do mozku. Dokonce krásná může být i myšlenka nebo teorie nebo cokoliv, co do mozku vůbec nijak nepřišlo, pouze se v mozku zrodilo. Je mnoho myšlenek, které jsou považovány za krásné. Některé podněty přicházející do části mozku rozhodující o kráse jsou převedeny do té části, která aktivuje pocity slasti, jiné podněty jsou převedeny do části aktivující bolest. Ale až tak jednoduché to není. Vnímání pojmu jako krása je velmi složité je třeba se mu věnovat podrobněji. Domnívám se, že podstatnou součástí vnímání pojmu krása je genetická výbava jedince. Genetický kód v sobě nese
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mnoho informace o stavbě lidského těla. Také v sobě nese informaci o tom, co je pro každého jedince dobré a co nikoliv. Pokud se shoduje skutečnost s tím, co je pro nás dobré a pozitivní, považujeme ji za krásnou, pokud se neshoduje s naším vnitřním cítěním, považujeme ji za nekrásnou, ale ještě ne za škaredou. Pokud se tato neshoda zesílí a začne v nás vyvolávat jistý odpor, začneme ji vnímat jako škaredou. Vidíme-li člověka, jehož rysy tváře odpovídají správným a daným proporcím, vnímáme jej jako krásný. Pokud vidíme tvář člověka, která neodpovídá správným proporcím, vnímáme ji jako nehezkou. Někteří malíři se pokusili kreslit obličeje různě zpitvořené tím, že změnili poměry velikosti určitých útvarů na tváři člověka. Tyto kresby nám ukazují na příklad toho, že vnímáme takové tváře jako škaredé. Také zde může hrát roli vnímání tváří lidí, které jsme viděli po narození nebo v útlém dětství. Lidé, které jsme si zvykli vidět, nám připadají jako normální a tudíž krásní. Ostatní lidé nám mohou připadat škaredí. Výzkum popularity Hollywoodských herců ukazuje, že herec je tím oblíbenější čím má symetričtější tvář. Čím více se levá polovina obličeje podobá pravé, tím je herec u diváků oblíbenější. Výzkum porovnával rozdílnost tváří sestavených ze dvou levých a dvou pravých polovin tváře. Čím jsou si takto sestavené tváře podobnější, tím jsou si podobnější obě poloviny hlavy a tím je takový člověk oblíbenější u většího počtu diváků. Dále člověk při pohledu na tvář jiného člověka vnímá jeho vnitřní energii. Čím je jeho vnitřní energie větší, tím krásnější se nám takový člověk jeví. Pak již nemusí platit shodnost levé a pravé poloviny tváře. Je otázkou, jak ale vnímáme vnitřní energii jiného člověka. Zde je několik ukazatelů. Je známé, že ovládání mimických svalů tváře zabírá v mozku největší část neuronů ve srovnání se všemi ostatními oblastmi lidského těla. Proto tvář je velmi kvalitním ukazatelem naší nálady i vnitřní energie. Například nenucený úsměv na tváři ukazuje větší vnitřní energii než smutek ve tváři. Někdy vidíme pouze široce rozevřené oči, jejichž otevření je způsobeno uvolněním svalů ovládajících oční víčka. I toto je ukazatelem celkové pohody a větší vnitřní energie. Vidíme-li člověka s větší vnitřní energií, vnímáme jej jako krásnějšího než člověka s nižší vnitřní energií. V případě vnímání krásných výtvarných děl ani toto není přesné. Výtvarné dílo může v sobě obsahovat všechny prvky, o nichž jsem se zmínil při popisu vnímání krásy lidského obličeje vnímaného přímo bez jakékoliv nepřímého zobrazování. Proporce tváře i těla jedince mohou být na obraze buď správné nebo nesprávné. Pak osobu nakreslenou na obraze vnímáme jako krásnou nebo škaredou. I obraz v sobě může nést jistou vnitřní energii. Není zřejmé, jak se stane, že některý obraz ji v sobě má a jiný nikoliv. Ani nejlepší světoví malíři nejsou schopni toto ovlivnit tak, aby dokázali namalovat obraz obsahující tuto energii vždy. I u nich se ukazuje, že někdy namalují obraz obsahující velkou vnitřní energii, jindy se jim to nepodaří tak dokonale. Nejlepším malířům se daří obrazy s velkou vnitřní energií malovat častěji než těm ostatním. Tímto se také odlišuje geniální malíř od malíře průměrného. Jak se stane, že některý obraz obsahuje velkou vnitřní energii a jiný nikoliv. Zde je nutné uvést, že kdybychom toto věděli, měli bychom pouze geniální malíře a žádné průměrné. A genialita by se stala průměrem. Při vnímání krásy hudby je situace obdobná. Také existují umělci, kteří jsou schopni zkomponovat díla obsahující velkou vnitřní energii a proto je vnímáme jako krásná, a ta ostatní jako průměrná, případně až škaredá. V hudbě bych uvedl jako příklad krásné hudby skladbu Óda na radost od Ludvika van Beethovena. Jen několik málo tónů seřazených do poměrně krátké sekvence. A nikdy se nám nezprotiví. Tato 83 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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krátká sekvence tónů dokáže opravdu v člověku vyprovokovat pocit radosti. Název skladby se plně shoduje s vlivem na posluchače. Mozek jako by se v tomto případě dostal do konsonance neboli souznění s hudbou. A taková hudba nám připadá nádherná. I v případě hudební tvorby odlišujeme geniální skladatele a ty ostatní. Geniální skladatelé dokáží do hudby vložit mnoho energie a tu předat posluchačům. Zde je jisté vysvětlení, proč se mladým lidem líbí jistá moderní hudba, ač tato rozhodně není libozvučná. Sám pozoruji již delší dobu oblíbenost některých skupin prezentujících moderní tvorbu. Jde především o velmi tvrdou hudbu, která mě zajímá z těchto výzkumných důvodů. Zjišťuji, že tato hudba není ani hezká, ale má něco v sobě, co k ní přitahuje především mladé posluchače. Moderní hudba má stejně jako hudba klasická v sobě silnou vnitřní energii a nebo také nikoliv. Pokud ji v sobě má, posluchači ji berou za krásnou. V opačném případě ji neberou. U hudby nejde pouze o kompozici ale také o interpretaci. I když je kompozice hudby dobrá a obsahuje v sobě hodně vnitřní energie, pokud ji interpret předvádí se slabou vnitřní energií, je vnímána špatně, tedy jako nehezká. Krása myšlenek je tím snad nejzajímavějším na světě vůbec. Kdysi někdo moudrý řekl: „Nic nemá větší sílu, než správná myšlenka ve správný čas“. Studoval jsem vysokou školu technického zaměření. Při studiu mě nejvíce ze všeho zajímala matematika. Zajímala mě proto, že se mi líbila. Matematika je prostě krásná věda. Je krásná proto, že je dokonalá. Většina čtenářů se mnou asi nebude souhlasit. Matematika a krásná? Vždyť to přece nejde dohromady. U vědy jako je matematika, má slovo krása úplně jiný význam než v případě uměleckých oborů. Ve vědě i v umění platí staré rčení, že v dokonalosti je krása. Krásné je to, co bude jakýmkoliv dalším zásahem vždy horší. Krása přírody je v její dokonalosti. Vraťme se ale k matematice. Matematika popisuje dění v přírodě. Čím je popis jednodušší, stručnější a výstižnější, tím je i krásnější. Při studiu matematiky jsem si uvědomil, že některé formule a vzorce jsou prostě krásné a jiné nikoliv. Ty krásné byly vždy dokonalé. Již nebylo možné k nim cokoliv přidat, ani od nich cokoliv ubrat. Prostě musely být takové a jenom takové, jak byly. Schopnost vnímat krásu znamená schopnost vnímat dokonalost. Každý z nás má schopnost vnímat dokonalost v nějakém jiném oboru lidské činnosti.
Love Dalším důležitým abstraktním pojmem pro život člověka je slovo láska. I jeho opak nenávist je důležitý, neboť používán velmi často a dlužno dodat až příliš často. Lidé pravděpodobně více nenávidí než milují. To je ale chyba, neboť si tím sami sobě kazí život, a nic dobrého jim to nepřináší a také ani nepřinese. V této kapitole se podíváme na pojem láska a proč je pro nás tak důležitá. Kde lásku hledat a jak ji praktikovat, abychom si v životě co nejvíce prospěli. Tato kniha není žádnou sexuologickou příručkou a o sexuální lásce zde nebude řeč. Jdou pouze o lásku obecnou bez sexuálního pojetí. Lásku lze definovat různými způsoby. Pokusím se zde uvést jednu definici, která mi připadá nejvýstižnější. Láska je potřeba krásy a dokonalosti. Také bychom mohli říci, že láska je pochopením krásy a dokonalosti. Pokud pochopíme, krásu jistého člověka, zamilujeme si jej. Stejně je to i s uměleckými díly. U pozitivně laděného člověka se lze setkat s přirozenou potřebou hledat krásu a dokonalost ve všem, s čím se v životě setkají. To neznamená hledání dokonalost za každou cenu, ale hledání i dokonalosti v nedokonalosti. Život i příroda je zcela dokonalá. My si ovšem pouze myslíme, že je nedokonalá a 84 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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musíme se snažit ji napravit. Taková náprava většinou končí tím, že se přesvědčíme o její dokonalosti. Příroda je vytvořena tak, že v ní nelze nic změnit bez toho, abychom udělali chybu. Umíme-li dokonalost pochopit, zamilujeme si ji. Vidíme-li na člověku, že není dokonalý, a začneme-li jej za to odsuzovat, nic jsme nepochopili. Člověk byl přírodou vytvořen tak jak je. Je vždy tvorem chybujícím. Je ovšem schopen chyby napravovat. To je ta dokonalost. Nemůžeme dosáhnou toho, že nebudeme dělat chyby, ale můžeme dosáhnout toho, že chyby, které uděláme, také napravíme. Lásku pak chápu jako schopnost pochopit svoji vlastní dokonalost či nedokonalost a schopnost odpustit druhým jejich nedokonalost. Ten, kdo pochopil, že sám není schopen se vyhnout dělání chyb, snáze odpustí chyby jiným. Setkáváme se ovšem většinou s lidmi, kteří hledají chyby pouze u druhých. O svých raději nepřemýšlí vůbec, anebo když již začnou, pak si myslí, že oni jsou dokonalí a bez chyb. Takoví lidé také nedokážou lásku pochopit, a vůbec již nejsou schopni ji provozovat. Těmito lidmi se ale zabývat nebudeme. Jde mi ohledání lásky, nikoliv o hledání a vymítání zla. Zlo v této publikaci raději přejdeme, jakoby neexistovalo. Budeme se snažit hledat jen to dobré, zlo se pak ztratí samo, aniž bychom o tom věděli. Zmínil jsem se o provozování lásky.Jak si představíme tento termín? Již na počátku této kapitoly jsem odvrhnul vztah k sexuální lásce. Ona sama láskou vlastně ani moc nemusí být ve všech případech. Pokud je sexuální láska spojena se skutečnou láskou člověka k člověku, pak lze to úvah i sexuální lásku zahrnout. Lásku provozuje ten, kdo hledá dokonalost v nedokonalosti. Ten, kdo je schopen se vcítit do duše jiného člověka, porozumět mu a pochopit jeho radost i bolest. Je to člověk, který dokáže jinému pomoci, a nic od něj neočekávat. Dokáže pomoci i po té co byl zrazen, a jeho pomoc byla obrácena proti jemu samému ve zlém. Provozování lásky je program člověka pro život, kdy je třeba odpustit jinému provinění proti sobě. Má taková láska vůbec smysl? Vždyť logicky vzato ani přece nemůže mít. Vezmu-li, že mi někdo ublíží, já mu odpustím a ještě pomohu. Dává to vůbec nějaký smysl? Na první pohled ne. Z dlouhodobého pohledu však ano. Při pohledu na některé události svého života jsem zjistil, že dobré, co jsem udělal se mi v dobré obrátilo. To zlé se ovšem obrátilo ve zlé. Zpravidla lidé provozující lásku jako svůj životní cíl, si lépe prožijí život než ti, kdo trápí jiné i sebe. Je lépe mít v životě radost než stále myslet na to, kdo mi ublížil a komu mám ublížit, abych se pomstil. Jde o čas. Ten máme vyměřený jen jednou. Nevíme, kolik jej máme, a jak dlouho zde budeme. Je důležité tento čas neztratit. Čas má pro každého člověka nesmírnou hodnotu, neboť jej nelze koupit. Ztracený čas je jednou pryč a nevrátí se již nikdy zpět. Lidé, kteří dokáží milovat nebo mít rádi sebe i jiné, tento čas neztrácejí. Užívají si jej, jak jen mohou. Mnozí jej vymění za pochybný zisk a peníze. Láska je pro nás důležitá právě jako vodítko k tomu, jak máme trávit čas a nemrhat jím zbytečně.
Empathy Jedním ze základních vodítek k lásce člověka k člověku je schopnost se vcítit do pocitů druhého člověka. Každý z nás v životě prožívá mnoho dobrého a mnoho zlého. A nejen to. Také každý z nás udělal mnoho dobrého i špatného jiným lidem. Většinu dobrého nebo zlého si dělají lidé mezi sebou. Jen málo je toho, co vznikne samo od sebe a nikdo za to nemůže. Ve velké většině případů se dá říci, že to či ono dobré nebo naopak zlé udělal jistý konkrétní člověk.
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Mohl to udělat buď úmyslně nebo neúmyslně. Jde mi o to, co lidé dělají úmyslně. To totiž formuje jejich duši. Pokud člověk udělá něco pro jiného člověka, pak to dělá vždy proto, že se pokusil se vcítit do jeho pocitů a snažil se je nějak ovlivnit. Někdy pozitivně jindy negativně. Snaha druhému člověku ublížit je vedená vcítěním se do jeho role trpitele. „On bude trpět a já to tak chci.“ Je v podstatě pocit člověka, který ubližuje jinému. Snaha pomoci je vedená také vcítěním. Ovšem pocit je tvořen potřebou zbavit někoho jeho utrpení. Někdy takový čit vede člověka zcela bez popudu jiného člověka, jindy je to na požádání o pomoc. Prostě schopnost se vcítit do pocitů druhého člověka vede buď ke snaze pomoci nebo ke snaze ublížit. To vždy závisí na schopnostech a duši každého z nás.
Citlivost, jemnost a vnímavost Schopnost vcítit se do jiného člověka je závislá na schopnosti vnímat jeho pocity. Každý člověk vnímá jiného člověka svými smysly i mimosmyslově. Podle toho, jak podrobně dokáže vnímající vnímaného pochopit a poznat, pak hovoříme o jeho citlivosti nebo jemnosti. Lidský mozek má schopnost zesilování vjemů. Každý jedinec je různě citlivý na vnější podněty, neboť zesilovací konstanta je pro každého člověka obecně různá. Lze uvést, že citlivost člověka je závislá na průměrném průměru axonů. Z toho vyplývá, že závisí na rychlosti myšlení člověka. Tedy čím rychleji člověk myslí, tím je i celkově citlivější. Citlivější lidé jsou i vnímavější a jemnější.
Ohleduplnost Ohleduplnost je výsledkem větší citlivosti člověka a jeho pozitivního ladění. Pokud je člověk velmi citlivý a je-li laděn negativně, pak nejde o člověka bezohledného. Bezohledný člověk je necitlivý a málo vnímavý. Jde spíše o člověka krutého. Ohleduplný člověk je citlivý natolik, že pochopí bolest druhého a nemá zájem ji prohlubovat. Spíše se snaží ji mírnit.
Pain and Suffer Ačkoliv jsem se rozhodl v této knize zabývat se především pozitivními lidskými pocity, také se nemohu ubránit uvést i popis pocitů negativních, byť pouze na první pohled. Ve všem pozitivním je i něco negativního a ve všem negativním je i něco pozitivního, je jedna ze základních moudrost, kterou je dobré se řídit. Z předchozích kapitol je již zřejmé, jak člověk vnímá bolest a utrpení. Je to elektrochemickou aktivací oblast mozku určené k vnímání bolesti. Vnímání bolesti je jedním z hlavních mechanismů zajišťující přežití člověka v přírodě. Bolest se nelze proto vyhnout je nutné se naučit ji snášet a překonávat. Není žádným problémem použít silné medikamenty omezující vnímání bolesti. Problémem může být spíše omezení jejího vnímání na takovou míru, že si člověk sám sobě ublíží a nepociťuje to jako něco nesprávného. K čemu je nám bolest dobrá je již poněkud více zřejmé. Přesto je dobré se podívat na více detailů týkající se užitečnosti bolest a utrpení pro člověka. To hlavní je uvědomit si, že vnímání pocitu bolesti a utrpení vyvolává v člověku sebeobranné mechanismy, které mají zajistit jeho přežití. V tom nejjednodušším případě se často uvádí uhnutí končetiny při dotyku na horký povrch. Člověk se chrání tak, že velkou rychlostí uhne s končetinou z místa, které pro něj znamená poškození těla vlivem vysoké teploty nebo mechanického poškození říznutím, apod. 86 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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Pokud se člověk spálí poprvé, vnímá bolest velmi intenzívně a někdy i s pláčem. Při opakovaném kontaktu s horkým povrchem již pouze uhne. Ale poučí se a příště si dá větší pozor. Tento mechanismus je velmi jednoduchý a myslím, že většině lidí je velice dobře známý. Uvádím jej pouze proto, abychom se snadno dostali ke složitějším reakcím mozku na bolestivé podněty. Důležité je vidět, že při opakovaném kontaktu s bolestí, je bolest vnímána jako menší. Vlivem mechanismu senzibilizace a přivykání se zmenší vnímání bolesti. U některých lidí tomu může být i naopak. Jde především o lidi slabší nebo nemocné. Lze také říci, že člověk se posílí. Pochopí, že jistá bolest jej nezničí a proto se pro něj stane snesitelnější, není-li tato bolest spojená s nebezpečím smrti. Ale i v případech ohrožení života se člověk stane silnějším a přestane si takového nebezpečí všímat. Nelze říci, že by chtěl zemřít, ale prostě se přestane bát o život. U lidí slabších může velké nebezpečí vyvolat spíše duševní nemoc a strach o život přímo patologický. Silný jedinec se naopak přestane bát. Je zde patrný rozdíl mezi silnějším a slabším jedincem. Příroda provádí automatickou selekci a odlišení silnějších a slabších jedinců. Pro člověka je proto velmi důležité naučit se překonávat nejen bolest fyzickou ale i duševní. V dnešní době člověk prožívá mnohem více duševní bolesti a utrpení než té fyzické bolesti. V moderním civilizovaném světě již není tolik fyzického násilí jako tomu bylo v dřívějších dobách, kdy lidé spolu často bojovali. Zákony buď neexistovaly nebo bylo obtížné je vymáhat. Dnes je mnoho zákonů omezujících fyzické násilí a poměrně málo zákonů omezující duševní násilí. Proto toho duševního násilí je mezi lidmi příliš mnoho. Příliš silná vazba lidí na peníze je činí psychicky velmi zranitelnými. Duševní bolest je vnímána člověkem stejně jako bolest fyzická. A její následky mohou být jsou také zničující i posilující. Podíváme se společně, co se děje s mozkem při vnímání bolesti a utrpení. Bolest se v lidském těle projevuje jako sada impulsů generovaná v místě, kde bolest vznikla. Tato sada impulsů je pak přivedena do oblasti mozku vnímající bolest. Čím více je impulsů, tím více je bolest vnímána. Čím delší dobu bolest trvá tím více se bolest vnímána jako utrpení. Utrpení je bolest vnímaná delší dobu. Při vzniku bolesti si člověk vytvoří záznam v paměti o detailech vzniku této bolesti. Záznam je především destruktivního typu. Vytvoří se několik propojení v mozku vlivem zničení několika neuronů a jejich propojení. Toto se stane především u fyzické bolesti například při popálení o horký povrch plotny sporáku. Při utrpení nastává ale poněkud jiná situace. Jelikož bolest při utrpení je dlouhodobá, není možné, aby v mozku začaly mizet neurony trvale ve velkém množství. Přesto lze ale předpokládat, že neurony mizí rychleji než v případě spokojeného života bez utrpení. To by ukazovalo na to, proč někdy vznikají duševní poruchy u lidí dlouhodobě trpících. Pokud utrpení trvá dlouhou dobu. Mozek sám začne fungovat tak, aby se bránil vlastnímu sebezničení. Silně vytěžovaná propojení se začnou posilovat a začnou se hromadně vytvářet nová propojení, která nahrazují utrpením zničené neurony i jejich propojení. Vlivem vzniku nových propojení začnou vznikat i nové neurony. Jak jsem uvedl již v předchozích kapitolách, propojení neuronů která jsou více využívána zvětší svůj průměr, čímž zrychlí přenos signálů. Rychleji se začnou tvořit nová propojení. Axony začnou rychleji růst a tím se začnou rychleji tvořit neurony. Mozek se začne automaticky regenerovat především u silných jedinců. U slabých jedinců se mozek může i zhroutit. Zhroucení se dá ale předejít. Pro člověka je proto třeba se připravovat na možnost vzniku bolest a utrpení tím, že si stále v životě posiluje mozek nějakou duševní činností. Při vzniku dlouhodobého utrpení se nejprve člověk dostane dolů. Mozek trpí ztrátou neuronů a celkově ztrácí svoji vnitřní energii. Po určité době nastává regenerace a mozek se začíná zbavovat bolesti i utrpení. Bolest takzvaně přebolí a utrpení zeslábne. Celkově se člověku zlepší nálada a mozek se dostává do režimu vlastní obnovy. 87 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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Funguje to tejně jako zahojení rány. Pokud se říznete, nejprve cítíte palčivou bolest. Ta brzy přebolí a nastává období trvalejší, ale slabší bolesti. Pak nastává období hojení rány. Při konečném zhojení již neteče krev, rána nebolí, ale jsou zde vidět stopy zhojení. I ty po dlouhém čase někdy vymizí, někdy ovšem mohou zůstat až do konce života. To závisí na velikost rány a na způsobu jejího vytvoření. Obnova mozku musí fungovat podobně jako je tomu i u jiných částí těla. Bylo by velmi divné, kdyby tomu bylo v zásadě úplně jinak. Při dlouhodobém utrpení se na jedné straně mozek částečně poškodí, ale na druhé straně se mozek také regeneruje. Proto člověk mnoho věcí při takovém utrpení zapomene a mnohému novému se naučí. Při regeneraci mozku se u mnoha lidí vytvořila neobyčejně velká vnitřní síla, která lidem umožní dosáhnout neobyčejných výsledků na poli vědy, umění i jiných oborů. U mnoha lidí se vytvořila neobyčejná vnitřní síla, která jim umožnila stát se léčiteli a umožnila jim léčit jiné lidi pouhým dotýkáním se rukama. U jiných pak tato regenerační síla znamená vznik osvícení známého z buddhistického náboženství. Někteří lidé pak mohou mít schopnosti vidět události, které se dějí někde mimo nich nebo události, které se doposud nestaly. Lidem, žijícím v dlouhodobém utrpení, se zpřístupní jistý druh energie, který není ostatním přístupný. Dnes o tomto víme jen velmi málo, a proto je obtížné o tomto cokoliv konkrétního napsat. Určitě není ale možné tyto jevy ignorovat a stavět se k nim jako k něčemu nesmyslnému. Tyto jevy existují i přesto, že jim nerozumíme. Lidé žijící již před mnoha tisíci lety o nich mnoho věděli a popsali je do různých významných knih jako je bible, korán a další. K těmto jevům je třeba vzhlížet s úctou a hlubokou pokorou, neboť jejich síla je tak mocná, že ji nejsme schopni překonat žádnými prostředky, jimiž jsem schopni vládnout. Bolest a utrpení jsou pro člověka nesmírně důležité pocity. Člověk se musí naučit s nimi žít a ovládat je, aby jimi nebyl ovládán a přemožen. Pokud se mu podaří je ovládnout, může díky bolesti a utrpení mnoho získat. Pokud se mu to ale nepodaří, pak mnoho ztrácí. Mnoha lidem se často nedaří zvládat bolest a utrpení. Často se proto utíkají k lékařům i psychiatrům, aby jim pomohli. Pak teprve se jim podaří takové pocity ovládnout. Dlouhodobé utrpení může někdy lidský mozek vyčerpat a unavit. Mozek pak nezvládá vytvářet dostatek chemických látek nutných k jeho funkci. Dodáním obdobných látek pomocí léků umožní člověku překonat nejhorší období přetížení a vytvořit nová propojení, která jej uvedou do správného režimu fungování. Někdy lidský mozek při dlouhodobém utrpení se dostane do velmi zvláštního stavu a je schopen vytvořit geniální dílo. Zde bych jako příklad uvedl geniálního sochaře jakým byl Michelagelo Buonarotti. Tento génius byl schopen vytvořit svá nejgeniálnější díla pravděpodobně díky utrpení, které prožíval po celý život. Nedostatek peněz a stálý tlak papeže Pia dvanáctého způsobil, že vytvořil neobyčejná díla, jejichž význam trvá až dodnes. Samozřejmě bez geniality, která mu byla vrozená by se mu to nikdy nepodařilo. Utrpení mu pravděpodobně pouze pomohlo dosáhnout naprosto neobyčejných výsledků. Určitě není možné chápat život tak, že pouhé utrpení je nutnou podmínkou k vytvoření geniálního díla. Musí být splněna ještě podmínka schopnosti obnovy mozku. Bez této schopnosti mozek více ztrácí než získává. Problematika bolesti a utrpení je velmi složitá a nelze ji detailně probrat v jedné publikaci. Je přesto zřejmé, že je to jedna z nejdůležitějších částí našeho života. Schopnost jejího zvládnutí určuje kvalitu našeho života.
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Thinking and Intellect Myšlení je schopnost člověka logicky zpracovávat vnější i vnitřní podněty rozumem. Pomocí myšlení je možné také tyto vnější podněty zpracovávat a měnit. Taková definice je jistě platná, ale je neúplná. Mnohem lepší je chápání myšlení jako mechanismu umožňujícího tvořit a formovat naši duši. Všichni víme, že pomocí logického myšlení se můžeme rozhodovat, můžeme pracovat a tvořit, což nás odlišuje od zvířat. Tohle všechno je součástí naší duše. Proto myšlení tvoří naši duši. Myšlení rozhoduje o tom, co bude uloženo do naší paměti a jak bude informace do paměti vložena. Je mnoho událostí, které se vloží do paměti bez rozhodnutí rozumu, tedy myšlenky, ale pouze samy o sobě jsou do paměti uloženy bez možnosti se rozhodnout. Pokud ale můžeme o jistých věcech přemýšlet a zpracovat je rozumem, pak se nám uloží do paměti ve formě, kterou určil rozum. Můžeme stejnou věc či událost vnímat mnoha různými způsoby. Právě náš rozum určí, jak budeme co chápat. Dosavadní zkušenosti uložené v paměti formují také to, jak budeme chápat nové podněty do mozku přicházející. Je mnoho způsobů chápání, které jsou nám vrozeny. Máme je uloženy v souboru genetických informací, jejichž nositelem je každá buňka našeho těla. Pak je ale mnoho informací, které jsme v době našeho života získali. Ty jsou zcela specifické a vznikají buď náhodou nebo shodou okolností. My je přijímáme do našich mozků a stále podle nich se formujeme. Informaci o nových zkušenostech si uložíme do mozku a podle nich posoudíme další nové události. Velmi záleží na tom, jak události přijmeme a jak je potom uložíme do mozku. Pokud si lépe uvědomíme tento proces je nám jasné, že jedna myšlenka formuje tu budoucí doposud neznámou. Pokud si tedy jistou myšlenku uložíme do mozku nesprávně, pak tu následující si na jedné straně můžeme uložit správně, a nebo také ne. Pokud následující myšlenka je v příčinné vazbě na myšlenku předchozí, je větší nebezpečí, že pokud ta první byla uložena nesprávně, bude i ta druhá (následující) uložena také nesprávně. Tato vazba je silnější pokud vzniká již odmalička. Pokud rodiče svému dítěti vštípí do mozku nesprávné postoje k životu, pak ve vyšším věku s tím již mnoho nenadělají. Pokud člověk již odmalička vidí, že rodiče kouří, připadá mu to normální a správné. Pak i samo začne spíše kouřit než člověk, jehož rodiče nekouří. To by bylo to nejjednodušší chápání časové vazby mezi myšlenkami u člověka. Ve skutečnosti je to složitější než se nám může zdát na první pohled. Vezměme si do úvahy pojem lež. Lež je vlastně obrácení významu tvrzení. Tvrdím, že jistý čin je správný. Je-li tento čin vskutku správný pak je to pravda. Lež vznikne tím, že nesprávný čin chápeme jako správný. Tím si vlastně nalháváme. Mozek je schopen obracet významy tvrzení. Pokud je někomu vštípeno do hlavy, že krádež je správný čin, pak takový člověk bude krást a vlastně ani nepochopí proč jej ta „zlá“ policie pronásleduje. Vzniká tak zcela pokřivený obraz o tom, jak chápat dobro a zlo. Stačí si do mozku vštípit, že zlá věc je ve skutečnosti dobrá a život člověka se celkově změní velmi podstatně během několika let. Na jednu špatně uloženou myšlenku se naváží další a všechny budou špatné. Vytvoří se zápis do mozku, který člověka přivede tam, kde si nepřál nikdy být. Všiml jsem si, že lidé velmi často nemluví pravdu a nebo dokonce úmyslně lžou, aby dosáhli nějakého prospěchu. Vůbec si přitom neuvědomují, jak si tím mění svůj charakter k horšímu. První lež bývá často následovaná další lží a po několika takových krocích již nelze ze lží vůbec vybřednout. Problém je v tom, že se na sérii lží vždy přijde a člověk není schopen z nich vybřednout. Pak velmi často končí špatně. Ale i kdyby špatně neskončili, zatěžují si mozek velkým množstvím nesprávné informace, která je zavádí do bludných kruhů, v nichž se pohybují a v životě nestačí udělat žádné užitečné věci. Možná, že jim o to ani nejde, aby vytvořili cokoliv užitečného. Prostě chtějí pouze žít a trápí sebe i své okolí nějakými nesmysly 89 Copyright 2006 – Aleš Grmela
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Jedním ze základních přání člověka je prožít šťastný, spokojený s plnohodnotný život. K naplnění tohoto přání nestačí získat bohatství. Je nutné ale umět vyrovnat se s bolestí a utrpením, které k člověku přichází ať je bohatý nebo nikoliv.
Plasticity Lidský mozek je velmi variabilní orgán, který se dokáže přizpůsobit mnoha složitým a velmi rozdílným situacím. Této variabilitě lidského mozku říkáme plasticita. Plasticita je vlastně schopnost člověka formovat svůj mozek učením. Člověk se za svůj život dokáže naučit mnoho více či méně užitečných věcí. Podíváme-li se na různé lidi, uvědomíme si, jak rozdílné jsou zájmy lidí. Někteří se věnují umění, jiní technice a další se zabývají historií. Někteří lidé jsou schopni dokázat mnoho ve sportu, jiní naopak jsou neschopni jakéhokoliv fyzicky náročného pohybu. Jedni mají dokonale vyvinutý mozek schopný vytvořit velká umělecká díla, jiní jsou schopní spíše objevovat nové zákony přírody. Tak si můžeme uvědomit jak jeden lidský orgán dokáže sebe zmodifikovat pro mnoho naprosto odlišných činností. Nelze tuto schopnost chápat tak, že jeden konkrétní člověk bude schopen dělat vše nebo aspoň mnoho z vyjmenovaného na vynikající úrovni. Myslím, že takovou míru plasticity nemůžeme od člověka očekávat. A nebude to možné ani v budoucnu. Na plasticitu musíme pohlížet jako na schopnost mozku se přizpůsobit tomu, co chceme, aby dělal. Jak se jednou mozek něčemu naučí, je schopen to dělat. Je ale horší se přizpůsobit něčemu jinému. Například ze sportovce se nikdy nestane úspěšný vědec a úspěšný vědec nikdy nebude vynikajícím vrcholovým sportovcem. Je zřejmé, že některé činnosti, jimž se mozek naučí nedovolí, aby se mohl mozek naučit jiným dovednostem. Pokud porovnáme schopnosti člověka se schopnostmi zvířat se modifikovat pro různé činnosti, musíme konstatovat, že v tomto směru jsou lidské schopnosti neporovnatelně větší. Jistý druh zvířat má svůj jistý zaběhnutý životní styl. A všichni jedinci tohoto druhu se chovají velmi podobně. Lze říci, že jejich chování je téměř shodné ve srovnání s odlišnostmi v chování lidí si i velmi blízkých. Například dva sourozenci u lidí jsou mnohem více od sebe vzdáleni, co se týče svých schopností než je tomu u zvířat. Zatímco jeden ze sourozenců se věnuje vědě, druhý pak má talent na umění. Tím je jejich chování významně odlišné. Zatímco srovnáme-li dva jedince ze stejného vrhu u zvířat, pak jsou si poměrně velmi podobní ve svém chování i přesto, že i u nich lze vystopovat různé povahové rysy.
Character Každý jedinec ať jde o člověka nebo o zvíře je svým způsobem jedinečný a neopakovatelný. Příroda je schopná tvořit prakticky nekonečně mnoho téměř stejných a přitom odlišných jedinců. Jedinci stejného druhu se vzájemně liší jak fyzicky tak i psychicky. Každý má poněkud jinou stavbu těla i jiné chování. Typem chováním jedince nazýváme povahu. Povaha je ale něco trochu více než jen typ chování.
Creativity Jednou z vlastností mozku, kterou lze přiřadit pouze mozku lidskému a žádnému jinému, je tvořivost. Pouze lidský mozek je vybaven schopností vytvořit něco takového, co doposud v přírodě neexistovalo. Pouze lidský mozek je schopen na základě dosavadního poznání vytvořit nové tvary a motivy, které by jinak nemohly být v přírodě vytvořeny.
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Není snadné si vysvětlit, jak lidský mozek chápe a vnímá již existující termíny a objekty. Ale je to stále snadnější než si představit, jak je možné vytvořit něco úplně nového, co nebylo doposud uděláno ani vytvořeno ani objeveno. Víme pouze jediné. Lidský mozek toho je schopen, a vidíme to takzvaně na každém kroku. Podívámeli se všude kolem sebe vidíme plno lidských výtvorů, které vnímáme jako zcela normální. Nijak se nepozastavujeme, že existuje vše to, co jsme byli schopni vyrobit. Chápeme to jako naprostou samozřejmost. Ale ve skutečnosti to vůbec samozřejmé není. Ale vše, co jsme byli schopni vytvořit za tisíce let celé existence lidstva, vzniklo díky tvořivosti lidí. Díky schopnosti lidského mozku vytvářet nové tvary na základě poznání tvarů již existujících. Tvořivost je abstraktní pojem. Výsledek tohoto pojmu je však zcela konkrétní. Uvědomění si toho, co lidé udělali, nás vede k ještě většímu úžasu nad dokonalostí lidského mozku. Také nás přesvědčuje, že poznání sebe sama nebude pro lidský mozek jednoduchým úkolem.
Wisdom Moudrost budeme chápat jako míru schopnosti člověka poznat sám sebe a své okolí. Odtud také vychází vybudování si správného postoje k životu. Při poznávání lidského mozku si lidský mozek klade za úkol poznat sám sebe. Na základě poznání sebe pak mozek poznává své okolí. A může vůbec nějaký systém poznat sám sebe? Má dostatek inteligence, aby sám sebe poznal? K poznání čehokoliv je třeba aspoň taková inteligence, jaká je zapotřebí k vytvoření toho, co chceme poznat. Poznáme a pochopíme pouze to, co jsme schopni zvládnout. Tedy inteligentnějšího člověka než jsme sami nikdy nepoznáme dokonale. Naším limitem je naše schopnost poznání a to je naše inteligence. Má-li mozek poznat sám sebe musí být inteligentnější než je sám. A to není možné. Proto lidský mozek sám sebe nikdy nepozná zcela dokonale. Vůbec to ovšem neznamená, že nemá smysl se snažit o poznání funkce lidského mozku. Smysl je v tom, že poznáme aspoň část a i to nám pomůže se lépe vyznat sami v sobě. A poznání sebe nám pomůže být lepší jeden k druhému, neboť budeme lépe schopni vcítit se jeden do bolestí druhých, což nám pomůže se více přiblížit k ideálům hlásaným a šířeným většinou světových náboženství. Snáze se dostaneme a přiblížíme k moudrosti, neboť míra pochopení vlastního bytí bude mnohem větší.
Greatness Velikost a malost nejsou pojmy konkrétní v tomto smyslu slova. Nejde o rozměry těla člověka. Jde o termíny čistě abstraktní, znamenající duševní schopnosti člověka. Jak si vysvětlit termíny jako je velikost a malost. Jak oba termíny chápat v souvislosti s poznáním funkce lidského mozku.
Talent Míra talentu člověka je mírou schopnosti vnímat dokonalost v daném oboru. Talentovaný člověk je schopen pojmout určitý obor do té míry, že je schopen pochopit, co je na tomto oboru podstatné. A je schopen dosáhnout v tomto oboru určitých mimořádných výsledků, což není ostatním lidem jednoduše možné.
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Talentovaný člověk je schopen v daném oboru vykonávat práci mnohem rychleji a efektivně než lidé nemající talent pro daný obor činnosti. Takový člověk je schopen se v oboru vyvíjet a je-li jeho píle dostatečná, může dosáhnout až na nejvyšší stupně dosažitelné v tomto oboru. Vlastní talent k jistému oboru ale není genialitou, neboť talent nezaručuje schopnost dosáhnout absolutní dokonalosti v poznání skutečnosti.
Geniality Je-li talent člověka je schopností vnímat dokonalost v daném oboru, je genialita dosažením této dokonalosti. Genialita je schopnost vytvořit takovou myšlenku nebo objekt, že k němu nelze nic přidat ani od něj odebrat. Je to prostě dosažení samé podstaty problému. Geniální člověk je nebo byl schopen vytvořit takovou myšlenku, která přežije i staletí. Na této myšlence nelze nic změnit, lze ji pouze rozšířit. Příkladem je celá Newtonovská mechanika. Newtonovská mechanika je součást fyziky popisující pohyb těles. Jejich rychlosti, sčítání a odčítání rychlostí, výpočet ujetých drah, apod. Ve své době to byla myšlenka zcela geniální. Až Einsteinova teorie relativity ji změnila tím, že ji rozšířila o speciální rovnice popisující děje při pohybu velmi velkými rychlostmi blížícími se rychlosti světla. Obě myšlenky jsou geniální, neboť ani jedna nebyla a nemůže být vyvrácena. Ukazuje se, že každá z nich platí při dodržení jistých podmínek.
Personality and Strength of the Soul Pojmem osobnost rozumím jistou vlastnost člověka, která jej odlišuje od ostatních. Je to význam člověka pro ostatní lidi. Řekneme o někom, že je osobnost proto, že je pouze populární? To určitě ne. Osobností se člověk stává a má ji teprve dosáhne-li v jistém oboru velmi velkých úspěchů trvalé hodnoty. Člověk může být talentovaný i geniální a přesto není ještě osobností. Osobností se člověk stává po té, co vykoná jednoznačně pozitivní velký čin, který zpravidla ukazuje na nezpochybnitelné kvality člověka. Zde jsem uvedl spíš význam slova osobnost ve smyslu ohodnocení člověka. Slovo osobnost lze chápat také jako vlastnost nebo sílu duše člověka. Duše člověka je abstraktní pojem nemající konkrétní význam. Ovšem při pohledu na různé lidi, vidíme, že se duševně liší. Některý člověk má silnější duši, jiný slabší. Jak si ale představíme pojem síla duše. Silnější duši mají zpravidla lidé, kteří dokáží vydržet více duševní zátěže. Tím není myšleno vydržet pouze více utrpení způsobeného jinými lidmi, ale je tím především myšlena duševní zátěž vyžadovaná ke tvorbě a práci. Čím více toho umíme, tím silnější máme duši. Sílu duše lze pozitivně ovlivnit trvalou klidnou duševní prací. Nezáleží ani tolik na našem majetku a čeho jsme dosáhli ekonomicky, ale spíše na tom, čeho jsme dosáhli svojí duševní prací. Tvořivá práce vyžaduje od člověka, aby vydal velké množství energie, chce-li něco kvalitního vytvořit. U většiny lidí se setkáváme s uvadnutím zájmu jde-li o složitý problém, který by vyžadoval velké duševní vypětí. Člověk se silnou duší je schopen se koncentrovat i na úkoly, které jiným připadají složité natolik, že ještě dříve než začnou problém řešit jej odsoudí do role neřešitelného problému. Zpravidla lidé nechtějí ztrácet čas zabýváním se neřešitelnými problémy. Chtějí dosáhnout snadno a rychle řešení, které by vyhovělo.
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Někteří lidé si naopak libují v řešení velmi složitých až neřešitelných problémů. Pouze v takovém případě lze vyřešit něco užitečného a někdy i svým způsobem nalézt „velké“ řešení. Čím je nalezení správného a jednoduchého řešení obtížnější, tím bývá také jeho nalezení významnější. Během svého života jsem si všiml, že čím více práce vložíme nebo jsme nuceni vložit do řešení nějakého problému, tím má toto řešení větší hodnotu. Obtížně se hledají příklady takových řešení. Možná toto neplatí vždy za všech okolností, ale obecně ve většině případů to platí. Lidé k tomu, aby byli schopni se zabývat nejsložitějšími řešeními, musejí mít také správně vyvinutý a uzpůsobený mozek. Celkově musejí mít silnější axony a více neuronů. Celková vnitřní energie člověka musí být větší. Nalézání nových myšlenek a objevů vyžaduje velké množství energie, které když člověk nemá, nemůže objevit zpravidla nic, co by stálo za povšimnutí.
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17. The Body and the Soul Tělo a duše – dvě stránky jednoho celku. Celou touto publikací se prolínají dvě základní stránky našeho bytí. Je to stránka hmotná a stránka nehmotná. Co je hmotné váže se k tělu, a to nehmotné se naproti tomu váže k duši. Toto je zřejmě pravda. Přesto je třeba si ukázat trochu více z pojetí vazby tělesného a duševního. Již v předcházejících kapitolách jsme si ukázali, že naše tělo by nemohlo existovat bez duše a duše by nemohla existovat bez těla. A je tomu tak? Nebo je tomu jinak? Na to se podíváme společně v této kapitole. Tělo si lze přirovnat ke hmotě a duši k energii. Tedy duše představuje energetickou část naší bytosti, kdežto tělo představuje část hmotnou.
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