PERJALANAN HIDUP DAN UPAYA MEMBANGKITKAN KEMBALI SENI OPERA BATAK TILHANG SERINDO

PERJALANAN HIDUP DAN UPAYA MEMBANGKITKAN KEMBALI SENI OPERA BATAK TILHANG SERINDO Esra Parmian Talenta Siburian Abstrak Suatu fenomena menarik yang ada di tanah Batak Sumatera Utara, yaitu keberadaan kesenian tradisional Opera Batak yang pernah mengalami kejayaannya dan kini hampir mengalami kepunahan. Kesenian ini mengalami masa surutnya, bahkan jarang terdengar sejak tahun 1980-an. Kesenian Tradisional Batak ini muncul pada tahun 1925 yang saat kejayaaannya sering dipentaskan secara berkeliling dari desa ke desa bahkan dari kota ke kota. Masyarakat Batak pada masa itu selalu mengharapkan kehadiran Opera ini untuk dipentaskan di desanya Opera Batak adalah salah satu jenis kesenian rakyat yang terdapat dalam masyarakat Batak yang mempunyai nilai-nilai tradisi dan memiliki unsur seni musik, tari, vokal dan drama. Kondisi masyarakat Batak pada saat itu tidak memiliki seni pertunjukan, kecuali yang menyatu dalam upacara dan yang mempunyai fungsi tertentu dalam masyarakatnya. Opera adalah karya musik panggung yang besar yang didasarkan sesuatu cerita drama, atau suatu drama yang dimusikkan. Opera Batak Tilhang Serindo memiliki hubungan erat dengan masyarakat Batak itu sendiri, yaitu masyarakat yang kokoh memegang adat dan kepercayaan nenek moyang. Pertunjukan seni Opera Batak sangat digemari oleh pendukungnya, pertumbuhannya tidak hanya subur di daerah asalnya namun merambah ke daerah-daerah sekitarnya serta sering mengadakan pertunjukan keliling ke berbagai daerah antara lain Tapanuli, Sumatera Timur, perbatasan Aceh, bahkan pernah diundang ke Istana Negara pada masa Presiden Soekarno, dan tidak jarang Opera ini di tampilkan pada pertemuan-pertemuan berskala internasional. Namun sekitar tahun 1970-an pertunjukan Opera Batak ini mengalami kemunduran yang drastis. Munculnya industri-industri rekaman, siaran radio, dan televisi yang menyuguhkan cerita-cerita menarik yang mampu menyerap daya tarik penonton sehingga Opera Batak ini kehilangan para pendukungnya. Marsius Sihotang sebagai pengarah lakon Opera Batak Dosroha tidak pernah lagi melakukan pertunjukan sejak tahun 1981. Kata Kunci : Opera Batak, Tilhang Serindo, Revitasisasi.


!,5+(/;3;(5 5>?=5>1
21>7;9D>I1
;5=21<9 C5>9
DB149C9
41>
EC181EC181
E>DE; =5=25B41I1;1>
291C1>I1 498E2E>7;1>
45>71>
;1D1 QB5F9F1<9C1C9R
=5=21>7;9D;1> ;5;E1D1>
;5=21<9
1D1E
B5F9F1<9C=5 I1>7
1BD9>I1
=5>7894E@;1>
;5=21<9 )1BD?>?
!1BD?49B4:?

 
1D1E ;521>7;9D1>
;5=21<9

95D5B
F5BC )81B?>
)949AE5

 !?>C5@;?>C5@
9>9
291C1>I1 49;19D;1>
45>71>
81<81<
I1>7
25BC961D ;5171=11>
!?>C5@;?>C5@
<19>
I1>7 =5BE@1;1>
@5B25411>@5B25411>

>E1>C1
I1>7
D941;
2579DE
25C1B
41<1= 1;D9F9D1C ;5171=11>
1>D1B1
<19> <090A,7
@5=2181BE1> #0=?<209.0 ;521>7;9D1> #01:<8?7,>4:9 @5=25>DE;1>
E<1>7
41> <0/4=.:@05=E1>
;5=21<9
(5F9F1<9C=5 =5>EBED
95D5B
F5BC
41>
)81B?> )949AE5
@141
81;5;1D>I1
141<18 CE1DE
E@1I1
E>DE;
=5B5CDBE;DEB9C1C9 =1C1
<1<E
I1>7
<5298
B5<5F1>
45>71> C9DE1C9
;?>D5=@?B5B
!1B5>1>I1
9CD9<18 D5BC52ED
D941;
B5<5F1>
E>DE; 49D5B1@;1>
41<1=
BE1>7
<9>7;E@ ;5171=11> #0@4@,74=80
=5=@E>I19 31;E@1>
I1>7
<E1C
&5=E>3E<1>

2

;5=21<9
C5>9
DB149C9
%@5B1
1D1; *9<81>7
)5B9>4?
41<1=
25>DE;>I1 I1>7
21BE
I1>7
D5<18
49C5CE19;1> 45>71>
;52EDE81>;52EDE81>
=1C1 ;9>9 #0@4@,74=80
141<18
=5BE@1;1> B51;C9
1D1E
D1>D1>71>
D5B8141@ =?45B>9C1C9
41>
B1C9?>1<9C1C9
)531B1 89@?D5D9; <0@4@,74=80
25B6E>7C9
C521719 =5;1>9C=5
E>DE;
=5>EBE>;1> ;535=1C1>
1;921D
D5;1>1>
C?C91< 5;?>?=9
41B9
=?45B>9C1C9
41> D5;1>1>
9>9
C1>71D
49B1C1;1>
?<58 ;5<1C
=5>5>718
@5B;?D11>
#5<1<E9 @B5C@5;D96
;52E41I11>
C5>9
41@1D 49@1>41>7
C521719
5<5=5>
C9CD9=1D9; I1>7
D941;
41@1D
49@9C18;1>
41B9 C9CD9=
;52E41I11>
&141
1G1<>I1 =1>EC91
41<1=
=5=5>E89 ;52EDE81>>I1
=5>39@D1;1>
C5CE1DE I1>7
49C52ED
45>71>
;52E41I11> *1@9
<1=1
;5<1=11>
;52E41I11> 9DE<18
I1>7
=5>71DEB
;5894E@1> =1>EC91
)5CE>77E8>I1
D941;
141 ;52E41I11>
491=
49
41<1=
;51411> I1>7
CD1D9C
!52E41I11>
1;1>
D5BEC 25B;5=21>7
C5CE19
45>71> @5B;5=21>71>
J1=1>
21719
19B
I1>7 =5>71<9B
=5>5<ECEB9
1<EB
@5B:1<1>1> I1>7
@1>:1>7
;141>7
25B91;
41> 25B75:?<1;
41>
D5B;141>7
D5>1>7
!5C5>91>
C521719
C1<18
C1DE E>CEB
@5>I1>771
41<1=
CE1DE ;52E41I11>
I1>7
25B;5=21>7 =5>EBED
;?>49C9
J1=1>
=5BE@1;1> CE1DE
@B?C5C
I1>7
25B;5=21>7
41B9 G1;DE
;5
G1;DE
)5>9
141<18
D941; <19>
141<18
@5>?7
41<1= =5=181=9
;5=ECD189<1>
41> ;5=E>7;9>1>
=1>EC91
45>71>
31B1 I1>7
<5298
219;
C589>771
<5298
D?<5B1> 41>
41@1D
=5=181=9
894E@
45>71> 31B1
I1>7
<5298
:5B>98
!5C5>91> B1;I1D
41@1D
492541;1>
=5>EBED E>CEBE>CEB
C5>9
I1>7
49D?>:?<;1> C5@5BD9
C5>9
D1B9
C5>9
=EC9;
C5>9
CE1B1 41>
C5>9
4B1=1
1D1E
=5BE@1;1> 712E>71>
41B9
E>CEBE>CEB
D5BC52ED

%@5B1
1D1;
141<18
C1<18
C1DE
:5>9C ;5C5>91>
B1;I1D
1D1;
I1>7 =5=@E>I19
>9<19>9<19
DB149C9
41> =5=9<9;9
712E>71>
E>CEBE>CEB D5BC52ED
*5D1@9
C531B1
;5C5<EBE81> E>CEB
4B1=1
<5298
=5>?>:?<
41<1= @5=5>D1C1>
%@5B1
1D1;
9>9 *5?B9
6E>7C9
#1<9>?GC;9 25B1>7;1D
41B9
@5=9;9B1>
218G1 =1>EC91
141<18
=18<E;
29? @C9;?I19
E>CEB 29?7
25BE@1
B171
1D1E
69C9; D5D1@9
C5;1<97EC
:E71
=5=@E>I19 E>CEB
@C9;? #1<9>?GC;9
25B1>771@1>
218G1 C5D91@
E>CEB
;52E41I11>
I1>7 D5B41@1D
41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D
D941;
<19> 141<18
E>DE;
=5=5>E89
;52EDE81> 894E@>I1
219;
29? @C9;?71>
@5>75BD91>
C5D91@ E>CEB
;52E41I11>
9DE
25B6E>7C9
E>DE; =5=5>E89
;5G1:921>
E>DE; =5=5>E89
Q900/I 45=9
;5<1>7CE>71> 894E@
=1>EC91
>D9>I1
41<1=
D5?B9 6E>7C9
I1>7
49;5=21>7;1> #1<9>?GC;9
141<18
41<1=
;5791D1> 25B;5C5>91>
41<1=
C52E18 ;52E41I11>
141<18
81>I1
E>DE; =5=E1C;1>
;52EDE81>
>1<EB9 @B92149>I1
!5C5>91>
141
81>I1 ;1B5>1
4?B?>71>
;52EDE81>
=1>EC91 1;1>
B1C1
;59>4181>
I1>7 499>79>9>I1 1<1=
C9DE1C9
@5BE2181>
C?C91< I1>7
C541>7
D5B:149
C11D
9>9 @1>41>71>
6E>7C9
#1<9>?GC;9 =5>75>19
6E>7C9
B5<979
E>DE; ;52EDE81>
@C9;? 49@5B7E>1;1>
E>DE;
=5=181=9
171B D5D1@
25BD181>
C5BD1
6E>7C9
D5>D1>7 CE1DE
;52E41I11>
41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D 219;
C521719
=18<E;
29? @C9;?I1
E>7C9?>1<9C=5 #1<9>?GC;9
49C9>9
1;1>
49@1;19
E>DE; =5<981D
41>
=5=181=9
6E>7C9
E>CEB ;52E41I11>
I1>7
25BC961D
B5<579EC
41> 892EB1>

*5?B9
6E>7C9
I1>7
D5B41@1D 41<1=
DE<9C1>
)?5B41BC?>?
:E71
41@1D =5=21>DE
=1C1<18
9>9
41<1= =5>71>1<9C9C
I19DE
6E>7C9
@B9=5B
41> 6E>7C9
C5;E>45B
E>7C9
&B9=5B
492179 =5>:149
D971

)521719
C1B1>1
B9DE1<  
)521719
892EB1>
@B92149   )521719
@B5C5>D1C9
5CD5D9C
)541>7;1> 6E>7C9
)5;E>45B
D5B49B9
41B9
C5=29<1>
 
)521719
@5>79;1D
C?<941B9D1C ;57;9D
B1C1
C?<941B9D1C
21>7C1  
)521719
=5491
;?=E>91;C9
21>7C1  )521719
=5491
@B?@171>41 ;5171=11> 
)521719
=5491 @B?@171>41
@?<9D9; 
)521719
=5491 @B?@171>41
@B?7B1=
@5=5B9>D18  )521719
=5491
=549D1C9 
)521719 C1B1>1
D5B1@9 
)521719
@5B1>7C1>7 @B?4E;D9F9D1C &1>41>71> 6E>7C9?>1<9C=5
;52E41I11>
9>9 =5>77E>1;1>
@B9>C9@
218G1
C5D91@ @5B14121>

141D

;5291C11>
945
1D1E 7171C1>7171C1>
C5B1D
;5@5B31I11> 8149B
E>DE;
=5=5>E89
6E>7C9
C5BD1 DE71C
D5BD5>DE
41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D>I1 1<1=
;?>D5;C
DB149C9
;5C5>91>
@141 E=E=>I1
=5=@E>I19
6E>7C96E>7C9 C521719
25B9;ED
C521719
C1B1>1 @5BC5=2181>
@141
I1>7
CE@B1>1DEB1< 7192
C521719
@5B<5>7;1@1>
E@131B1 141D
@5B<5>7;1@1>
E@131B1 ;5171=11>
41>
C521719
C1B1>1 892EB1>
@5B71E<1>
41>
C521719 D?>D?>1>


#,50 +(3(4
(9>(8(2(:
(:(2 $6)( #1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
I1>7
571<9D5B D941;
=5>75>1<
CDBE;DEB
;5B1D?> C5@5BD9
/?7I1;1BD1
1D1E
)EB1;1BD1 I1>7
=5=9<9;9
C5>9
;8ECEC
;5B1D?> I1>7
49@E@E;
41<1=
D5=2?;
9CD1>1 !5C5>91>
1D1;
*?21
CE418
C5:1;
<1=1 49;5>1<
?<58
?B1>7
21>I1;
218;1>
49 ;1<1>71>
21>7C121>7C1
1C9>7

C521719
;5C5>91>
I1>7
=5=9<9;9
>9<19 >9<19
141D
C5BD1
2E41I1
=C1I1B1;1D 1D1;
)571<1
:5>9C
;5C5>91>
I1>7 4939@D1;1>
41B9
1;1<
41>
2E49 =1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
*?21
C5<1<E =5=@E>I19
=1;>1
D5BC5>49B9
I1>7 D5BC5=2E>I9
49
21<9;>I1 1;D?B61;D?B
I1>7
25B@5>71BE8 @141
;5C5>91>
41>
2E41I1
1D1;
*?21 141<18
61;D?B
1<1=
41>
;51411> @1<9>7
;E1D
@5>71BE8>I1
@141
=EC9; 41>
<17E<17E
1D1;
;1B5>1
45>71> ;51411>
1<1=
I1>7
@5>E8
45>71> 21DE21DE
41>
CE1C1>1
C5@9
49
<141>7 <141>7
=1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
=5=@E>I19 ;5291C11>
=5>I1>I9
E>DE;
=5>7892EB 49B9
41>
=5>71D1C9
;5C5@91>
!?>49C9 1<1=
415B18
1D1;
I1>7
CE<9D =5=5B<E;1>
;5D571B1>
E>DE; =5>78141@9
D1>D1>71>
894E@
#EC9; 41>
<17E
2179
?B1>7
1D1; =5BE@1;1>
5;C@B5C9
:9G1
=5B5;1 E>DE;
29C1
=5>5B9=1
;5>I1D11> 894E@
171B
<5298
D571B =5>78141@9>I1
9>771
;9>9
?B1>7 1D1;
D5B;5>1<
C521719
CE;E
21>7C1 I1>7
@1>419
41<1=
=EC9;
41>
25B:9G1 =EC9;
!1B5>1
=EC9;
141<18
CE1B1 I1>7
41@1D
=5=E1C;1>
@5B1>1>
41> =5>771=21B;1>
9C9
:9G1
5;C@B5C9 (19>5B
1B<5
@E>
25B41C1B;1> @5>71=1D1>>I1
C5<1=1
25BD18E> D18E>
49
)E=1D5B1
+D1B1 25B;5C9=@E<1>
218G1
?B1>7
1D1; 141<18
CE;E
21>7C1
I1>7
25B:9G1 =EC9;
41>
=5>EBED
491
81<
9DE
:E71 49C5212;1>
?<58
;51411>
1<1=
I1>7 CE<9D
CE1C1>1
415B18
I1>7
C5@9
41> D1>D1>71>
894E@
I1>7
CE<9D 1;D?B
141D
41>
;5@5B31I11> =5BE@1;1>
61;D?B
25B9;ED>I1
I1>7 C1>71D
25B@5B1>
41<1=
=5=25>DE; :9G1
C5>9
C5?B1>7
CE;E
1D1;
%B1>7 1D1;
=5>39@D1;1>
=EC9;
C5=E<1 49DE:E;1>
;5@141
81<81<
I1>7
D1; 41@1D
4931@19
?<58
@1>31
9>4B1
I19DE >1 =:
<,
4/,
*E81>
1D1E
5G1

C961D>I1
B9DE1<
%B1>7
1D1; ;8ECEC>I1
1D1;
*?21
I1>7
<5298
;E1D ;5@5B31I11>>I1
D5B8141@
C5CE1DE ;E1C1
I1>7
D941;
>1=@1; 0-,>, ?7,5,/4
,
:7:9
25B@5>41@1D
218G1 =EC9;
1D1;
49141;1>
2E;1>
81>I1 E>DE;
25B8E2E>71>
45>71>
I1>7 >1=@1;
D5D1@9
45>71>
I1>7
D941; >1=@1;
C5@5BD9
I1>7
291C1
49<1;E;1> 41<1=
C5D91@
E@131B1
141D
1;D?B 141D
41>
;5@5B31I11>
D941;
81>I1 =5=@5>71BE89
=EC9;>I1
C1:1
D5D1@9 :E71
25B@5>71BE8
@141
35B9D1 B1;I1D>I1 

7,8(
(:(2 %@5B1
141<18
25B1C1<
41B9 2E41I1
;<1C9;
/E>1>9
I1>7
25B25>DE; C5>9
4B1=1
%@5B1
I1>7
141
49
D1>18 1D1;
=5BE@1;1>
C1<18
C1DE
C5>9 DB149C9
I1>7
25B;5=21>7
45>71>
D941; C5>71:1
I1>7
=5>41@1D
@5>71BE8
?<58 2E41I1
<E1B
!1D1
%@5B1
141<18 @5=25B91>
41B9
C5?B1>7
@1CD?B
I1>7 41D1>7
;5
D1>18
1D1;
41<1=
=9C9 ;5171=11>
1> C5D5<18
=5>I1;C9;1> ;5C5>91>
B1;I1D
1D1;
I1>7
25B>1=1 HI1; @5BC1=11>>I1
45>71>
;1B1;D5B9CD9; ;5C5>91>
%@5B1
49
1B1D

%@5B1
1D1; =5BE@1;1>
C5>9
@5BDE>:E;1>
@5>D1C ;5<9<9>7
@5BD1=1
49
D1>18
1D1; 5>DE;
;5C5>91>
%@5B1
1D1; @141
E=E=>I1
=5=@E>I19
5=@1D E>CEB
49
41<1=>I1
I19DE
35B9D1
D1B91> =EC9;
41>
<17E
1>
C5>9
D51D5B
<5298 25B@5B1>
41<1=
@5BDE:E;1>
%@5B1 1D1;
9>9
5>DE;
;5C5>91>
%@5B1
@141 E=E=>I1
=5=@E>I19
5=@1D
E>CEB 49
41<1=>I1
I19DE
35B9D1
D1B91> =EC9;
41>
<17E 
  1<1=
@5BDE>:E;1>
C5>9
%@5B1
1D1; *9<81>7
)5B9>4?
35B9D1
I1>7 49D1=@9<;1>
141<18
=5BE@1;1>
35B9D1 B1;I1D
I1>7
5B1D
8E2E>71>>I1 45>71>
<1D1B
25<1;1>7
2E41I1 =1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
$1=E>

D941;

:1B1>7
:E71
=5>1=@9<;1>
35B9D1
41B9 5D>9C
<19>
I1>7
=5>71>4E>7
>9<19>9<19 ;5894E@1>
;5@5B31I11>
B5<979 <575>41
@5>4949;1> )  1<1=
C5D91@
@5BDE>:E;1> %@5B1
1D1;
*9<81>7
)5B9>4?
C5<1<E =5>1=@9<;1>
C52E18
D5=1
I1>7 =5BE@1;1>
945
ED=1
41<1= ;5C5<EBE81>
@5BDE>:E;1>
9DE
1<1= C5D91@
D5=1>I1
491=29<
41B9
35B9D1 B1;I1D *5=1
25BCE=25B
41B9
=1C1<18 =1C1<18
I1>7
45;1D
45>71> ;5894E@1>
C581B981B9
;8ECEC>I1 I1>7
=5>I1>7;ED
45>71>
141D
41> DB149C9
=1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
%@5B1
9>9 <189B

41B9
Q2094?=
7:.,7R
=1CI1B1;1D 1D1;
9DE
C5>49B9
!5C141B1>
218G1 C5>9
25B6E>7C9
C521719
21791>
41B9 DB149C9
5;C@B5C9
5=?C9
41B9 =1CI1B1;1D>I1
DE=2E8
;E1D
@141 @5>759 *  &
1<EB
35B9D1 1D1E
;5B1>7;1
I1>7
=5=21>7E>
41B9 ;5C5<EBE81>
35B9D1
D5BC52ED
&9 =5>I1>7;ED
;1B1;D5B

4I
)54I1G1D9 =5>71D1;1>
R218G1
1<EB
35B9D1
DB149C9 291C1>I1
49;E1C19
@?<1
@5=2121;1> D5BD5>DE
141
14571>
@5=2E;11>
41> @5>EDE@1>
141
EBED1>
2121;
I1>7 D5<18
49D5>DE;1>
141
21791>21791> C521719
@5>I5<9>71>
14571>
&?<1 @5=2121;1>
9>9
41@1D
25BE218
C531B1 9>D5B>1<
=9C1<>I1
;1B5>1
@5BE2181> DE>DED1>
D5>D1>7
<1=1>I1
D?>D?>1> I1>7
49;585>41;9
149
2121;2121; I1>7
141
41@1D
49@5BC9>7;1D
1D1E 4989<1>7;1>
171B
D941;
=5>9=2E<;1> ;5:5>E81>
2179
@5>?>D?>R
&7 E=E=
41<1=
%@5B1
1D1;
491G1<9 45>71>
@5<E;9C1>
@5B1> =?D96
<1;?> 45C;B9@C9
CE1C1>1
I1>7
=5>:149
<1D1B 25<1;1>7
@5B9CD9G1
C1=@19
D5B:149

@E>31;
@5B9CD9G1
41>
491;89B9
45>71> @5>I5<5C191>
I1>7
=5>71>4E>7
>9<19 =?B1<
I1>7
219;
C5CE19
45>71> >?B=1>?B=1
I1>7
141
41<1= =1CI1B1;1D
1D1; +  )5DD9>7
41<1=
@5BDE>:E;;1> %@5B1
1D1;
141<18
@5B<5>7;1@1> @1>77E>7
I1>7
C1>71D
@5>D9>7 @5B1>1>>I1
171B
@5=5>D1C1>
=1=@E =E>3E<
C521719
@5B9CD9G1
I1>7
>I1D1 !1B5>1
35B9D1

499<81=9
41B9

;5:1491> 41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
=1;1
C5DD9>7 I1>7
E=E=
49@1;19 141<18
71=21B <9>7;E>71>
DB149C9?>1<
=1CI1B1;1D 1D1;
49
C52E18
@5B;1=@E>71> 1I1 45;?B
>1DEB1<9C
141<18
I1>7
C5B9>7 49@1;19
41<1=
@5=5>D1C1>
%@5B1 1D1; ,  1<1=
@5BDE>:E;1>
%@5B1
1D1; *9<81>7
)5B9>4?
I1>7
4?=9>1> =5>77E>1;1>
2181C1
415B18
1D1;
*?21 D5D1@9
D5B;141>7
=5>77E>1;1>
2181C1 >49>5C91
1<1=
CDBE;DEB
<1;?>
491:1E
41B9
4E1
C579
I19DE
C579 5CD5D9C
41>
C579
D5;>9C
)579
5CD5D9C
141<18 21719=1>1
4911B9; 9>418
@<1CD9C
C589>771
=5=9<9;9
>9<19 <9D5B1DEB5
I1>7
D1>@1 =5BEC1;
@

  )541>7;1>
41B9 C579
D5;>9C
141<18
49=1>1
491
45>71>
:5<1C
9>D?>1C9
I1>7 D5@1D
C5CE19
>9<19
@5C1>
41<1=
491
#EC9;
9DE
=5>71>4E>7
21>I1; @5>75BD91>
I1>7
C1>71D
<E1C
C5212 =EC9;
D5<18
=5>:149
C1<18
C1DE
21791> 41<1=
;5894E@1>
=1>EC91
=EC9; :E71
D5<18
497E>1;1>
E>DE;
E@131B1 141D9CD9141D
C521719
1<1D
;?=E>9;1C9 41>
892EB1>
C5<5@1C
=5<1;E;1> ;5791D1>
C581B981B9
$9<19>9<19 B5<579EC
@C9;?
C?C?971D
=5=@5>71BE89
=EC9; =1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
>9
41@1D
D5B45>71B

45>71>
>141>141
I1>7
4981C9<;1> ?<58
1<1D
=EC9;>I1
I1>7
D5B@EDEC @EDEC
>1<E>7E><E>7E>
=5>71<E> 1<E>
45>71>
@5B1C11>
C5498
&1>45 $I?=1>
:5B?
&B1=1>1



 #EC9;
@5BDE>:E;1>
%@5B1 1D1;
*9<81>7
)5B9>4?
141<18 1>C1=25< &9492?9492,9
,=,;4
41> 1>C1=25< :9/,92
$,-,92?9,9
#EC9; 9>9
25B6E>7C9
=5>79B9>79
D1B91>
>:>:< 41>
>I1>I91> 09/0

1<1=
81<
9>9 =EC9;
C1>71D
=5=@E>I19
@5>71BE8 @5>D9>7
41<1=
%@5B1
1D1;
E>7C9 =EC9;
9DE
2E;1>
81>I1
C521719 @5>79B9>7
D5D1@9
:E71
=5=21>7E> CE1C1>1
I1>7
49;585>41;9
35B9D1 =5=@5B;E1D
;1B1;D5B
<1;?>
41> C521719
892EB1>
D5BC5>49B9
2179 @5>?>D?>



 1<1=
=1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
D1B91> 49C52ED
45>71>
Q>:<>:7;1> Q8,9:<>:1B9
!1D1 >:<>:< 41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D 1D1;
25B1BD9
D1B9 I1>7
=5=@E>I19
1BD9
;8ECEC
I19DE D1B91>
I1>7
C961D>I1
B9DE1< 
  "17E
B1;I1D
=5BE@1;1>
<17E DB149C9?>1<
I1>7
=5>771=21B;1> ;5894E@1>
=1CI1B1;1D>I1 1<1= %@5B1
1D1;
*9<81>7
)5B9>4? >I1>I91>>I1>I91>
I1>7
49 @5BDE>:E;1>
141<18
>I1>I91>
I1>7 4939@D1;1>
?<58
*9<81>7
C5>49B9 #5>EBED
;5@5B31I11>
=1CI1B1;1D 1D1;
G1B>1
89D1=
=5BE@1;1> C9=2?<
41B9
>141>141
I1>7
=5B4E 49C52ED I9,=4:6=4:6R
45>71> @5B1C11>
G1B>1
@ED98
C9=2?<
41B9 ;5C54981>
49C52ED H9,7?92?97?92?9R ;5C54981>
41>
G1B>1
=5B18
C9=2?< 41B9
;5=1D91>
49C52ED H9,3?74=3?74=R =5>1>79C


(2:68(2:68
'(5.
,5>,)()2(5 7,8(
(:(2
$03/(5.
#,805+6 ,5.(3(40
,7;5(/(5


&5>I5212
41B9
894E@
=1D9>I1 C52E18
C5>9
@5BDE>:E;1>
141 25B=131==131=
41
I1>7 49C5212;1>
?<58
@5BE2181>
I1>7 D5B:149
41<1=
2941>7
@?<9D9;
141
I1>7 49C5212;1>
?<58
=1C1<18
5;?>?=9 141
I1>7
;1B5>1
D5B:149
@5BE2181> C5<5B1
=1CI1B1;1D
@5>9;=1D
41>
141 @E<1
I1>7
;1B5>1
D941;
=1=@E 25BC19>7
45>71>
25>DE;25>DE; @5BDE>:E;1>
<19>>I1
)5<19>
9DE @5B;5=21>71>
C5>9 @5BDE>:E;1>
29C1 @E<1
49<981D
41B9
C91@1
I1>7 =5>I1>41>7
41>1
@B?4E;C9>I1 525B1@1
25>DE;
C5>9
@5BDE>:E;1> I1>7
25B6E>7C9
B9DE1<
C521719 @5>I1>41>7
41>1>I1
141<18 =1CI1B1;1D>I1 .:88?9,7
=?;;:<> 41
C5>9
@5BDE>:E;1>
I1>7 @B?4E;C9>I1
49D1>77E>7
?<58
>571B1 2:@0<9809>
=?;;:<>
C5=5>D1B1
9DE 141
I1>7
81>I1
49291I19
41B9
81C9< @5>:E1<1>
;1B39C
41B9
@5>?>D?> .:880<.4,7
=?;;:<>
(#)?541BC?>?


 !5@9>4181>
%@5B1
1D1; *9<81>7
)5B9>4?
;5
1;1BD1
49C5212;1> ;?D1
1;1BD1
=5>EBED
C5?B1>7
C1B:1>1 C5>9 
,93;5BC
41B9
ECDB1<91 =5>I52ED>I1
C521719
Q",<,/4=0 <0,>0/R
1D1E
Q)EB71
9@D11>R
!?D1 =5DB?@?<9D1>
491>771@
=1=@E
E>DE; =5=@5B219;9
C579
;5894E@1>
41<1= C571<1
2941>7
I1>7
491>771@
41@1D =5>:1>:9;1>
CE1DE
;5894E@1> 5;?>?=9
I1>7
<5298
<1I1;
&5>759
=5>71<1=9
;5CE<9D1> D5BED1=1
;EB1>7>I1
CE=25B
41I1 =1>EC91
21>I1;
@5=19>
I1>7 25B;E1<9D1C
1D1E
1>41<1>
89:B18
;5 1;1BD1
E=<18
=1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
49 1;1BD1
I1>7
3E;E@
25C1B
=5>:149 @1C1B
I1>7
=5>:1>:9;1>
2179
;5C5>91> DB149C9?>1<
9>9
1;1BD1
49=1>1
E1>7 25B541B
<5298
21>I1;
41B9
@141
49 415B18
C589>771
41@1D
=5BE218 ;?>49C9
5;?>?=9
=5>:149
<5298
219;

)5@5BD9
21>I1;
;5C5>91>
DB149C9?>1< <19>>I1
;5<5=181>
;5C5>91> D1B49C9?>1<
%@5B1
1D1;
141<18 <5=18>I1
@B?C5C
B575>5B1C9
C589>771 ;5D9;1
75>5B1C9
DE1
D941;
141
=1;1 1;1>
CE<9D
41<1=
=5>31B9
75>5B1C9 I1>7
21BE
#1C1<18=1C1<18
I1>7 498141@9
;59
9>9 <1=1
;5<1=11>
=5=2E1D
1>77?D1 =5>31B9
11D96
<19>
C521719
CE=25B @5>7894E@1>>I1
>6<1C9
@141
CE1DE >571B1
I1>7
25B1BD9
;?>49C9 @5B5;?>?=91>
>1C9?>1<
1;1> 25B@5>71BE8
@141
1;D969D1C
;5894E@1> 25B;5C5>91>
=1CI1B1;1D>I1 ;8ECEC>I1
@141
;59
I1>7 D941;
569C95>
1=5C
(
B1>4?> D5B:5=181>
(#
)?541BC?>?




 !5=E>4EB1>
C5>9
DB149C9?>1<
9>9 41@1D
49<981D
41B9
E;EB1>
@5>?>D?> 1D1E
@5>4E;E>7
I1>7
C5=1;9> 25B;EB1>7
+;EB1>
@5>?>D?>
141<18 61;D?B
I1>7
C1>71D
25B@5>71BE8
@141 C5D91@
@5BDE>:E;1>
C5>9
DB149C9?>1< 5C1B
;539<>I1
@5>?>D?>
D5B71>DE>7 @141
B5@ED1C9
C52E18
@5BDE>:E;1> I1>7
=5>1B9;
@1CD9
1;1>
=5>I54?D @5>?>D?>
I1>7
<5298
25C1B
41B9
@141 @5BDE>:E;1>
I1>7
D941;
49;571>
C5B9EC
5C1B
;539<>I1 @5>?>D?>
D5B71>DE>7
@141
13E1> 25B1@1
:1E8
@5>?>D?>
81BEC =5>7141;1>
@5B:1<1>1>
E>DE; =5>31@19
754E>7
@5BDE>:E;1>
;1B5>1 ;?>49C9
=1CI1B1;1D
@545C11>
I1>7 C1>71D
D5B21D1C
45>71>
C1B1>1 DB1>C@?BD1C9
5C1B
;539<>I1
@5>?>D?> :E71
D5B71>DE>7
41B9
141>I1
E1>7 1D1E
D941;
;1B5>1
;5894E@1> =1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
I1>7
141
49 @545C11>
141<18
25BD1>9
81BEC =5>E>77E
81C9<
@1>5>
I1>7
D941; C5G1;DEG1;DE
141
5C1B
;539<>I1 @5>?>D?> C1>71D
=5>5>DE;1>
81B9
1@1 @5BDE>:E;1>
9DE
49141;1>
@141 =1<1=
=9>77E
1;1>
<5298
21>I1;

?B1>7
I1>7
=5>?>D?>
41B9
@141 =1<1=
C5>9>
#1;1
41@1D
49@1CD9;1> :E=<18
1>77?D1
=1CI1B1;1D
I1>7 =5>31B9
892EB1>
;5
<E1B
BE=18
1;1> =5>9>7;1D #1CI1B1;1D
>4?>5C91
141<18 =1CI1B1;1D
I1>7
C541>7
=5>71<1=9 =1C1
DB1>C9C9
)521719
CE1DE =1CI1B1;1D
I1>7
C541>7
=5>E:E
;5 =1CI1B1;1D
=?45B>
41>
>571B1 >4?>5C91
C5>49B9
=1C98
41<1=
D181@ Q@5B9?45
@?CD
17B1B9CR
I1>7
=5>E:E ;5
@B1
9>4ECDB9
&5>71BE8
=?45B>9C1C9 I1>7
D5B<981D
41<1= @5>I521B1> 9>6?B=1C9
D58>?7
C5B21
31>7798
&5BE2181>
@141 =1CI1B1;1D
;?D1;?D1
25C1B
49
C5<EBE8 >4?>5C91
:E71
D5B<981D
@141 =1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
1<1=
=1;>1 @B92149
I1>7
=5>71<1=9
CE1DE @5BE2181>
41<1=
D1D1>1>
41>
D1D1 894E@
C581B981B9 &5>71BE8
7E>:E;;1>
=1CI1B1;1D
>4?>5C91 =5>9;=1D9
25B21719
25>DE;
C5>9 @5BDE>:E;1>
=5<1<E9
*5<5F9C9 ?=@13D
9C3

,949?
?=@13D 9C3
,
41>
1>D5>1
@1B12?<1
I1>7 41@1D
49>9;=1D9
C531B1
<1>7CE>7 =5B5;1
<5298
CE;1
=5>78129C;1> G1;DE>I1
4945@1>
<1I1B
;131
41B9 @141
=5>?>D?>
@5BDE>:E;1>
I1>7 81BEC
=5>75<E1B;1>
E1>7
E>DE; =5=25<9
;1B39C 1<1=
@5B:1<1>1>
;5894E@1>
%@5B1 1D1;
*9<81>7
)5B9>4?
D5B71=21B 45>71>
:5<1C
@5BE2181>
C?C9??=9C
25B41=@1;
@141 ;52E41I11>
CE1DE
=1CI1B1;1D )52E18
DB149C9
:E71
25BE218
;5D9;1 25B141
49
41<1=
75>771=1>
?B1>7 ?B1>7
I1>7
=5>5B9=1>I1
%@5B1 1D1;
*9<81>7
)5B9>4?
=5>78141@9 =1C1<18
25B1D
E>DE; =5=@5BD181>;1>
894E@>I1
:ECDBE C5D5<18
D1B16
;5894E@1> =1CI1B1;1D>I1
=5>9>7;1D
C5CE19

D181@1>
9>4ECDB1<9C1C9
1<1=
81< D5BC52ED
D5B:149
@5B75C5B1>
EBED1> @B9?B9D1C
I1>7
C5=E<1
@5>D9>7 =5>:149
;EB1>7
@5>D9>7
41> C521<9;>I1
1D96
=5491
=1CC1 =?45B5>
I1>7
25B21C9C
D5;>?
=1B1;>I1 29?C;?@
45>71>
;1B1;D5B9CD9;>I1 I1>7
=EB18
=E418
4941@1D;1> =1=@E
=5>I9>7;9B;1>
%@5B1 *9<81>7
)5B9>4?
41B9
@B9?B?D1C 25B;5C5>91>
=1CI1B1;1D
1D1; 
;5.90
7,8(
(:(2
(.0 (9>(8(2(:
!,5+;2;5.5>( %@5B1
*9<181>7
)5B9>4?
C5<19> 25B6E>7C9
C521719
892EB1>
:E71 25B6E>7C9
C521719
C1B1>1
;?=E>9;1C9 6E>7C9
C9=2?<9;
I1>7
25B9C9;1>
>?B=1 >?B=1
;5894E@1>
C?C91<
2E41I1
I1>7 =5>:149
<1D1B
25<1;1>7
1B18
C5BD1 D5BGE:E4>I1
CE1DE
25>DE;
;5C5>91> I1>7
=5>:149 D1D1
>9<19
;5894E@1> I1>7
25B<1;E
41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D J1=1>>I1
)5@1>:1>7
@5B:1<1>1> C5:1B18
@5B14121>
=1>EC91
49
4E>91 9>9
C5>9
2E41I1
C521719
5;C@B5C9 @5B1C11>
=1>EC91
=5BE@1;1> ;52EDE81>
I1>7
25B;5=21>7
C5CE19 45>71>
;5894E@1>
=1>EC91
41> <9>7;E>71>>I1
%@5B1
1D1;
=5=9<9;9 6E>7C96E>7C9
I1>7
;?=@<5;C
2179 =1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
  ;5.90
9:,:02 )521719
C5>9
@5BDE>:E;1>
I1>7 =5<9@ED9
25B21719
25>DE;
C5>9
C5@5BD9 C5>9
=EC9;
C5>9
D1B9
C5>9
F?;1<
C5>9 4B1=1
%@5B1
1D1;
25B6E>7C9 =5=5>E89
81CB1D
5CD5D9;1 =1CI1B1;1D>I1
#5<1<E9
G1418
9>9 @5=5<981B11>
>9<19
41>
>?B=1
41<1= 141D

2E41I1
1D1;
41@1D
D5B@5<981B1 &5G1B9C1>
>9<19>9<19
=5<1<E9
C1B1>1 ;5C5>91>
C5B9>7;1<9
<5298
565;D96 +>CEB
892EB1>
D1>@1
@1;C11>
2181C1 I1>7
9>418
141<18
=5BE@1;1> ;5=1C1>
I1>7
565;D96
E>DE;

=5>I1=@19;1>
@5C1>
@141
C5=E1 ;57C9
9>9<18
I1>7
1;1> =5>5>DE;1>
<1>775>7
D941;>I1 C52E18
;5C5>91>
41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D 1CB1D
25B;5C5>91> =1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
41<1=
25B21719 2941>7
C5>9
C5@5BD9
C5>9
CE1B1
C5>9 @5B1>
C5>9
C1CDB1
C5>9
BE@1
41@1D 495;C@B5C9;1>
=5<1<E9
%@5B1
1D1; D1>@1
81BEC
=5>9>771<;1>
;5894E@1> 141D
I1>7
;E1D
E>7C9
5CD5D9;
I1>7 C5:1<1>
45>71>
6E>7C9
C?C9?:149 ;5C5>91>
DB149C9?>1<
I1>7
<5;1D 45>71>
=1CI1B1;1D
@5>4E;E>7>I1 

;5.90
64;502(90 &1B1
@5=19>
%@5B1 =5>781B1@;1>
@5>?>D?>
=1=@E =5=181=9
<1;?><1;?>
I1>7 49C1=@19;1>
41>
41B9
@B?C5C @5=181=1>
9>9
C571<1
945945 D5BD5>DE
;5@5B31I11>
5=?C9
41@1D 49;?=E>9;1C9;1>
;5@141
=1CI1B1;1D 1D1;

)E1C1>1
;?=E>1<
I1>7
1;B12 =5=2E1D
C52E18
;5C5>91>
D941; =5>:149
=9<9;
@B92149
>1=E> =5BE@1;1>
=9<9;
25BC1=1 =1CI1B1;1D>I1
I1>7
49=1>611D;1> 25BC1=1
45=9
;5219;1>
25BC1=1
41B9 =1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
!?>C5@
@5=9<9;1> 41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D
DB149C9?>1<
D5BC52ED D1=@1;>I1
=1C98
<5CD1B9
41>
C961D ;5@5=9<9;1>
;5C5>91>
DB149C9
;1B5>1 @141
41C1B>I1
;5C5>91>
DB149C9
D941; 49;5>1<
C521719
@5=9<9;
@B92149
D5D1@9 =5>:149
=9<9;
25BC1=1
=1CI1B1;1D 49CE1DE
415B18
4I
)54I1G1D9
  E>7C9
;?=E>9;1C9
;5C5>91> %@5B1
1D1;
*9<81>7
)5B9>4?
C1>71D 565;D96
;5D9;1
C1B1>1
9>9
=1=@E =5>7;?=E>9;1C9;1>
=1C1<18 =1C1<18
I1>7
141
41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D 1D1;
D5BED1=1
;5@141
81<81<
I1>7 D941;
41@1D
49;?=E>9;1C9;1>
C531B1

D5B2E;1
41<1=
6?BE=
49<E1B
;5C5>91> ;1B5>1
491>771@
D941;
C5CE19
45>71> DB149C9
141D
41>
>9<19
2E41I1
$1=E> ;5D9;1
>9<19>9<19
141D
41>
2E41I1 =5>:149
771B
565;D969D1C
6E>7C9 ;?=E>9;1C9
%@5B1
9>9@E>
1;1> =5<5=18
18;1>
@141
:1=1> ;5=5B45;11>
@E>
C5>9
DB149C9?>1< %@5B1
1D1;
9>9
C1>71D
565;D96 25B6E>7C9
2179
=1CI1B1;1D
1D1; ;1B5>1
C11D
9DE
1BD9
;1D1
Q=5B45;1R @E>
D941;
49=5>75BD9
?<58
C521791> =1CI1B1;1D
I1>7
D9>771<
49
@545C11> #1;1

@5BDE>:E;1>
%@5B1
1D1;
9>9 =1CE;
C521719
C1B1>1
2179 @5=5B9>D18
E>DE;
=1=1CE;;1> @B?7B1=@B?7B1=>I1
;541<1= @5BDE>:E;1>
%@5B1
1D1;
9>9 )521719=1>1
-1I1>7
I1>7
141
49 1G1
45=9;91>
:E71
45>71>
%@5B1 1D1;
C521719
6E>7C9
;?=E>9;1C9 41@1D
=5B56<5;C9;1>
@5C1>@5C1> @5=5B9>D18
=5<1<E9
C5>9
9>9 ?>D?8
@5C1>
I1>7
C5B9>7 49C1=@19;1>
=5<1<E9
=5491
%@5B1 1D1;
141<18
C5@5BD9
41<1=
;9C18
)9 :
71=21B1> E@1I1

=5>7EB1>79
;5894E@1>R ;1G9>
@1;C1R
I19DE
D5>D1>7
4E1
C5:?<9 I1>7
D5<18
=5>79;1D
:1>:9
E>DE; C5894E@
C5=1D9
>1=E>
?<58 ?B1>7DE1>I1
4981BEC;1>
E>DE;
;1G9> 45>71>
@1B921>>I1
C1E41B1
41B9
92E ;54E1
9>C1>
9>9
49@5B8141@;1> 45>71>
4E1
@9<981>
!5D9;1
=5B5;1 =5<981D
45>71>
@B5C@5;D96
141D
=1;1 =5B5;1
1;1>
=5>79;ED9
@5B;1D11> ?B1>7DE1>I1
I1>7
81BEC
;1G9> 45>71>
@1B921>
>1=E>
:1>:9
I1>7 D5<18
49E31@;1>
D941;
41@1D
499>7;1B9 !1B5>1
C5@5BD9
@5@1D18
I1>7
141 41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
R%:2?
?<,>
94 -?7?
%:2?
9,
94/:694
?3?8
>:2?,9 94/:694
;,/,9R
E;E=
141D
I1>7 =5>781BEC;1>
=5B5;1
;1G9>
45>71> @1B921>>I1
D5D1@9
:1>:9
I1>7
D5<18

49E31@;1>
D941;
=E>7;9>
41@1D 499>7;1B9 >D1B1
Q?3?8R
41>
Q;,/,9R =5BE@1;1>
49<5=1
2179
=1CIB1;1D @141
C11D
9DE
9
C1DE
@981;
8E;E= I1>7
=5>71D1;1>
81BEC
8?B=1D ;5@141
?B1>7DE1
D5D1@9
49
@981;
<19> ;,/,9 =5BE@1;1>
;5C5@1;1D1>
I1>7 <189B
41B9
81D9
I1>7
@1<9>7
41<1=
2179 ;54E1
9>C1>
I1>7
D5<18
=5>79;1D :1>:9>I1
E>DE;
894E@
C5=1D9
&141 =1C1
<1=@1E
1@129<1
1>1;>I1 @5B5=@E1>
1D1E
<1;9<1;9
CE418
=E<19 =5>79>:1;
45G1C1
=1;1
;521>I1;1> 41B9
?B1>7DE1>I1
D5<18
=5=@E>I19 @9<981>
E>DE;
49:?4?8;1>
;5@141
@B91 <19> 

;5.90
#04)6302 )9=2?<
?<58
*EB>5B 494569>9C9;1>
C521719
C5CE1DE
I1>7 491;E9
25BC1=1
=5<1=21>7;1> =5G1;9<9
1D1E
=5>79>71D;1>
C5CE1DE =5<1<E9
@5=9<9;1>
C961D
I1>7
1>1I1D11> 1D1E@E>
7171C1>
#5<981D
C9=2?< 41<1=
CE1DE
=1CI1B1;1D
41@1D =5>7E>7;1@;1>
1@1
I1>7
141
4921<9; C9=2?<
5>71>
=5>7E>7;1@;1>
1@1 I1>7
141
4921<9;
C52E18
C9=2?<
1D1E 4921<9;
CE1DE
@5B2E1D1>
C9=2?<9; 25B1BD9
;9D1
81BEC
=5>31B9
=1;>1
I1>7 =5<5;1D @141
@5B2E1D1>
C9=2?<9;
1D1E @141
C9=2?<
D5BC52ED !5C5>91>
%@5B1
1D1;
*9<81>7 )5B9>4?
C521719
C1<18
C1DE
;B51D969D1C 2E41I1
=1>EC91
41<1=
894E@>I1 C571<1
25>DE;
41>
6E>7C9>I1
25B;19D1> 5B1D
45>71>
=1CI1B1;1D>I1
49=1>1 ;5C5>91>
9>9
DE=2E8
41>
25B;5=21>7 49
415B18>I1
41>
;54E1>I1
D5B:1<9> 8E2E>71>
D9=21<
21<9;
!5C5>91>
9>9 41@1D
49=1>611D;1>
=1CI1B1;1D 1D1;
C541>7;1>
;5C5>91>
C5>49B9 25B;5=21>7
45>71>
=1CI1B1;1D C521719
CE=25B
9<81=
I1>7
D1;
8129C 8129C>I1 
%7(>(
",<0:(309(90

#1>EC91
41>
;52E41I11>>I1 C5>1>D91C1
=5>71<1=9
@5BE2181> C59B9>7
25B21719
61;D?B
I1>7
25BE218 !5C5>91>
C521719
CE2
C9CD9=
41<1= ;52E41I11>
@E>
=1E
D1;
=1E
81BEC =5>78141@9
;5>I1D11>
218G1
91 2E;1><18
CE1DE
C9CD9=
I1>7
25B49B9 C5>49B9
>1=E>
=5>:149
;?=@?>5> 41B9
C52E18
C9CD9=
41C1B
I1>7 ;?=@<5;C
+=1B
!81I1=
 25B@5>41@1D
218G1
C5D91@
=1CI1B1;1D 2521C
=5<5CD1B9;1>
=5>7E218 218;1>
=5>39@D1;1>
71I1
21BE
41<1= C571<1
25>DE;
;5C5>91> =1CI1B1;1D>I1
1<1=
@5B;5=21>71> J1=1>
I1>7
494?B?>7
?<58 =?45B>9C1C9
41>
7 I1>7
D5B@1;E
@141
@?<1@?<1
41>
31B1 25BD9>41;
DB149C9?>1<
1;1>
C5=1;9> 31>77E>7
41>
CE<9D
2179>I1
41<1= =5>78141@9
@5B;5=21>71>
J1=1> 41<1=
C571<1
2941>7
+=1B
!81I1= 
 )5>9
@5BDE>:E;1>
C521719
C1<18
C1DE 1C@5;
I1>7
@5>D9>7
41<1=
;5894E@1> =1>EC91
@5B;5=21>71>>I1
C1>71D 49G1B>19
?<58
25B21719
61;D?B
>?>
C5>9 41>
I1>7
@1<9>7
C97>969;1>
141<18 61;D?B
@?<9D9;
C?C91<
41>
5;?>?=9 !5D971
61;D?B
D5BC52ED
C1>71D =5>5DE;1>
8149B>I1
C52E18
75>B5 1D1E
218;1>
25>DE;
C5>9
@5BDE>:E;1> 41<1=
;5894E@1>
=1CI1B1;1D>I1 !5D971
61;D?B
D5BC52ED
;141>7;141>7 61;D?B
@?<9D9;
I1>7
<5298
=5>?>:?< ;141>7;141>7
61;D?B
C?C91<
D5D1@9 C5B9>7
@E<1
61;D?B
5;?>?=9
I1>7 C1>71D
=5>5>DE;1>
1D1E
218;1> ;5B1@
D5B:149
@5B@14E1>
1>D1B1
4E1 1D1E
;5D971>I1
!5D971
61;D?B
D5BC52ED 2E;1>
C1:1
=5=@5>71BE89 ;52E41I11>
49
>4?>5C91
D5D1@9
2?<58 49;1D1;1>
;5
C5<EBE8
@5>:EBE
4E>91 )521719
C5>9
;?<5;D96
%@5B1 1D1;
*9<81>7
)5B9>4?
1G1<
25B49B9>I1 49
D18E>
 
25B6E>7C9
C521719 @5>:171
>9<19>9<19
141D
41>
2E41I1

=1CIB1;1D
1D1;
5B9D135B9D1
I1>7 4921G1;1>>I1
=5>71>4E>7
>9<19 >9<19
C?C91<
I1>7
25BDE:E1>
=5>4949; I19DE
41<1=
=5=25>DE;
;5@B921491> C5BD1
G1D1;
=5>7181B719
894E@
41> ;5894E@1>
=5=25B9
D5<141>
D5>D1>7 C9;1@
C1DB91
I1>7
25B:E1>7
E>DE; ;525>1B1>
41>
25B1>9
=5>78141@9 D1>D1>71>
&5BE2181>
?B45
@?<9D9; I1>7
25B1BD9
@E<1
@5BE2181>
25B21719 ;529:1;1>
@5=5B9>D18
49
C571<1 2941>7
=1E
D1;
=1E
=5=21G1 @5>71BE8
@141
;5894E@1>
41> ;5791D1>
=1CI1B1;1D
>4?>5C91
&141 =1C1
@5>:1:181>
5<1>41
41>
5@1>7 =5<1<E9
%@5B1
1D1;
9>9
25B21719 ;B9D9;
C?C91<
49C1=@19;1>
41>
49;5=1C 41<1=
<1;?><1;?>
I1>7
141
41<1= 35B9D1
141D
41>
2E41I1
=1CI1B1;1D 1D1;
+@1I1
9>9
49<1;E;1>
45>71> ;5C141B1>
@5>E8
41B9
@5>7591> DB149C9?>1<
I1>7
<189B
41B9
;52EDE81> B1;I1D
C5D5=@1D
;5C5>91>
9>9
=5=9<9;9 ;5G1:921>
E>DE;
=5>71BD9;E<1C9;1> C571<1
DE>DED1>
41>
;52EDE81> =1CI1B1;1D>I1
45=9
C52E18 @5BE2181>
I1>7
25B1BD9
$1=E>
D941; 81>I1
@5>757 C141B
1;1>
6E>7C9
@?<9D9;
C52E18
C5>9 @5BDE>:E;1>
DB149C9?>1<
I1>7
45;1D 45>71>
B1;I1D>I1
1<1=
81<
D5BC52ED D5B:149
@5B75C5B1>
EBED1>
@B9?B9D1C I1>7
C5=E<1
@5>D9>7
=5>:149
;EB1>7 @5>D9>7
41>
C521<9;>I1
1D96 =5491
=1CC1
=?45B5>
I1>7
25B21C9C D58>? =1B1;>I1
29?C;?@
45>71> ;1B1;D5B9CD9;>I1
I1>7
=EB18
=E418 4941@1D;1>
=1=@E
=5>I9>7;9B;1> %@5B1
*9<81>7
)5B9>4?
41B9 =1CI1B1;1D
1D1;
=1CI1B1;1D @5>4E;E>7
ED1=1>I1 5>?=5>1
21>7;9D>I1
;5=21<9 C5>9
DB149C9
41>
EC181EC181
E>DE; =5=@5B41I1;1>
;5C5>91>
9DE
C5<1<E 498E2E>7;1>
45>71>
;1D1

QB5F9F1<9C1C9R
1D1E <0@4@,74=85
I1>7 =5=9<9;9
@5>75BD91>
=5>7894E@;1> ;5=21<9
&141
81;5;1D>I1
B5F9F1<9C=5 1D1E
;521>7;9D1>
;5=21<9
141<18 CE1DE
E@1I1
E>DE;
=5B5CDBE;DEB9C1C9 =1C1
<1<E
41<1=
25>DE;
I1>7
B5<5F1> 45>71>
C9DE1C9
;?>D5B=@?B5B !1B5>1>I1
9CD9<18
D5BC52ED
=5BE@1;1> 9CD9<18
E=E=
41>
C11D
C5;1B1>7
9>9 21>I1;
497E>1;1>
41<1=
41> 49D5B1@;1>
49
<E1B
<9>7;E@ ;5171=11> (5F9F1<9C1C9
=5>71>4E>7 E>CEB
>?F1C9
C5<1<E
49;19D;1>
45>71> @5>77E>11>
D58>?
1D1C C52E18
945
I1>7
1;1>
=5>781C9<;1> @B?4E;
21BE
I1>7
49<1;E;1>
9>49F94E 41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D>I1
1;D?B61;D?B D5B:149>I1
9>?F1C9
494?B?>7
?<58 2525B1@1
81<
1>DB1
<19>
1
;5C141B1> C5D91@
9>49F94E
1;1>
;5;EB1>71> 41<1=
;52E41I11>>I1
2
=EDE
41B9 ;518<91>
9>49F94E
I1>7
25BC1>7;ED1> 3
141>I1
C9CD9=
@5B1>7C1>7
41<1= =1CI1B1;1D
I1>7
=5>4?B?>7
=EDE 4
141>I1
;B9C9C
41<1=
=1CI1B1;1D !?5>D:1B1>9>7B1D
  (?I
-17>5B
:E71
=5>:5<1C;1> 218G1
9>?F1C9
41<1=
25B;5C5>91> 41@1D
49<1;E;1>
45>71>
4E1
?B95>D1C9 &5BD1=1
=5>713E
@141
1DEB1>
1D1E ;?>F5>C9
I1>7
25B<1;E
!54E1
25>DE; 9>?F1C9
I1>7
=5=21G1
@5BE2181> >?F1C9
49<1;E;1>
41<1=
B5F9F1<9C1C9 @141
%@5B1
1D1;
*9<81>7
)5B9>4? I1>7
@5BD1=1
49<1;E;1>
9>?F1C9
;5 41<1=
49/4209:?=
41>
81C9<>I1
C5CE19 DB149C9
41>
;?>F5>C9
I1>7 25B<1;E 41>
=5>71B18
@141
;5<1>:ED1>
DB149C9 &5BE2181>
9>9
C5B9>7
491>771@ C521719
Q@5B219;1>R
&5BE2181> ;54E1
141<18
I1>7
=5>713E
@141
81< 81<
I1>7
25B<1;E
49
<E1B
DB149C9 0B:209:?=
291C1>I1
81C9<>I1
25B2541 45>71>
;?>F5>C9
I1>7
141 =5=@5B<E1C
;1G1C1>
@1B1

@5>4E;E>7
DB149C9
>?F1C9
I1>7 49<1;E;1>
1>D1B1
<19>
41<1=
81<81< C521719
25B9;ED
 
#EC9;

>?F1C9
49<1;E;1> =5>77E>1;1>
1<1D
=EC9;
45>71> D58>?7
<5298
21BE
=9C1<>I1 60C-:,,<
74=><46
:<2,9
1D1E
1<1D 1<1D
=EC9;
<19>
I1>7
418E<E
D941; =5>:149
21791>
1<1D
=EC9; @5>4E;E>7
)5;1<9@E>
1<1D1<1D =EC9;>I1
25BE218
45>71> @5>1=2181>
9>CDBE=5>
;5
41<1=>I1 >1=E>
9B1=1
41B9
=EC9;
1D1; C5CE>77E8>I1
D5D1@
=5>71>4E>7
39B9 ;81C
#9C1<>I1
41<1=
@5>1=@9<1> =EC9;
?>41>7
I1>7
=5>71>4E>7 >9<19
=179C
49
41<1=>I1
C5?<18?<18 D5B1C1
E>CEB
@5=E:11>
D5B8141@ 1BG181BG18
>5>5;
=?I1>7

 *1B91>
 &141
1G1<>I1
D1B91>
I1>7
49@1;19 41<1=
@5BDE>:E;1>
141<18
D1B91> DB149C9?>1<
I19DE
D?BD?B
;5=E491> @5BE2181>
49<1;E;1>
45>71> =5>1=@9<;1>
D1B91>
DB149C9?>1< I1>7 49=?4969;1C9
=5>:149
D1B91> 6:9>08;:<0<
C589>771
;5<981D1>
<5298 25BF1B91C9
41B9
@141
@1;5=
D1B91> C525<E=>I1 
"17E
"17E
I1>7
4921G1;1> C525<E=>I1
=5BE@1;1>
39@D11> *9<81>7
E49B9
D5D1@9
C5D5<18 =5>71<1=9
@5BE2181>
=E<19 =5=1CE;;1>
<17E<17E
@?@E<5B
@141 =1C1
9DE
*58>9;
<17E
I1>7 4921G1;1>
45>71>
39B9
;81C
71I1 25B>I1>I9
@141
CE;E
1D1;
25BE@1 ,9/?92,9/?92
25B>I1>I9
45>71> CE1B1 /4,C?9,C?9
=1C98
41@1D
49<981D 41<1=
@5BDE>:E;1>
I1>7
CE418 =5>71<1=9
@5BE2181> 
5;?B1C9
&1>77E>7

>?F1C9 49<1;E;1>
45>71>
=E<19 =5=@5B7E>1;1>
25B21719
C1B1>1 @5>4E;E>7
C5DD9>7
I1>7
25BE@1 21B1>721B1>7
5<5;DB?>9;
41>
21B1>7 21B1>7
2E1D1>
<19>>I1
C5@5BD9
<1=@E

C?B?D
I1>7
=5>77E>1;1>
@5B1<1D1> =ED1;89B
C5@5BD9
<1=@E
C?B?D
I1>7 25BG1B>1G1B>9
C?E>4
C9CD9=
I1>7 41@1D
=5>4E;E>7
CE1C1>1
%B>1=5> ?B>1=5>
@1>77E>7
<19>>I1
C5=E1 49C5CE19;1>
45>71>
;?>49C9
1;DE1< =1C1
;9>9
)5>9
@5BDE>:E;1>
I1>7 ;?<5;D96
81BEC
41@1D
=5=E1C;1> 9>4B1
45>71B
9>4B1
@5>7<981D1>
C5BD1 B1C1
41B9
@5>?>D?>
C5@5BD9
D5B<981D 41<1=
;?CDE=
I1>7
497E>1;1>
?<58 @5=19>  5B9D1

9<1;E;1>
@5= 2181BE1>
35B9D1
;8ECEC>I1 =5>71>7;1D
=1C1<18
I1>7 =5B56<5;C9;1>
;?>49C9
=1CI1B1;1D EB21>
D941;
<179
C5;541B
=1C1<18 B9DE1<
41>
141D
;DE1<9C1C9
35B9D1
9>9 =5>41@1D
C1=2ED1>
@?C9D96
41B9 75>5B1C9
=E41
>1=E>
=5>41@1D ;B9D9;
41B9
;5<18
C5CE1DE
I1>7
CD1D9C
41> C5<1<E
49@5BD181>;1>
>1=E> 89<1>7>I1
>9<19>9<19
2E41I1
CE1DE =1CI1B1;1D
1;1>
=5>71;921D;1> =1CI1B1;1D
D5BC52ED
D5B312ED
41B9
1;1B 2E41I1>I1
=5C;9@E>
C1>71D
CE<9D E>DE;
=5>I52ED;1>
29<1
=1>1
CE1DE ;52E41I11>
49=E<19
41>
;1@1>
41@1D 49C5<5C19;1> 
#1>5:5=5>

&5BDE>:E;1>
 &981;@981;
I1>7
D5B;19D
41<1=
@B?C5C B5F9F1<9C1C9
=5>I141B9
;529:1;1> ;529:1;1>
;5C5>91>
25B;19D1>
45>71> ;529:1;1>
@1B9G9C1D1
)9=2?<
I1>7 D5B5@B5C5>D1C9;1>
41<1=
%@5B1
1D1; D941;
<179
=5BE@1;1>
C52E18 ;B51D9F9D1C
C5>9
=EB>9
>1=E>
CE418 =5>71@4?@C9
41I1
:E1<
@1B9G9C1D1 =5>:149;1>
%@5B1
1D1;
C521719 ;5C5>91>
DB149C9?>1<
I1>7
=5>:149 21791>
;?>D5;CDE1<
49
D5>718 ;?=E>9D1C
1D1;
I1>7
=?45B>
141<18 DE:E1>
41B9
B5F9F1<9C1C9 
!145B9C1C9


&B?C5C
B575>5B1C9 =ED<1;
49<1;E;1>
=1;1
@141
D18E> 
49<1;E;1>
@5<1D981>@5<1D981>

E>DE;
=5>31B9
2929D2929D
21BE
+C181 9>9
2E;1><18
CE1DE
81<
I1>7
=E418 E>DE;
49<1;E;1>
&141
D18E>


;54E>7
C521719 =?45<
%@5B1
1D1;
41B9
81C9< B5F9F1<9C1C9
=5>7141;1>
C5B1>7;191> @5=5>D1C1>
!521>7;9D1>
;5=21<9 C5>9
DB149C9?>1<
%@5B1
1D1;
*9<81>7 )5B9>4?
9>9
141<18
D5B;19D
45>71> ?D?>?=9
415B18

49=1>1
@B?7B1= @5=5B9>D18
49
41<1=
=5>7894E@;1> ;5=21<9
C5>9 DB149C9
I1>7
81=@9B 49D9>771<;1>
I1>7
=5BE@1;1> G1B9C1>
>5>5;
=?I1>7
@141
CE;E 1D1;
&5=5>D1C1>
I1>7
494E;E>7 ?<58
21>I1;
@981;
9>9
49141;1>
49 25B21719
;?D1
1>D1B1
<19>
)9@?8? "17E2?D9
41>
&5=1D1>7
)91>D1B =5>41@1D
41B9
@5>4E;E>7
;5C5>91> DB149C9?1><
D5BC52ED
&5=5>D1C1>
9>9 49<1>:ED;1>
45>71>
G?B;C8?@
7E>1 =5>1B9;
=9>1D
41B9
75>5B1C9
=E41 @1>9D91

25;5B:1C1=1
45>71>
2525B1@1 C5;?<18
=5>5>718
E>DE; =5=?29<9C1C9
C9CG1>I1
41<1= =5>I1;C9;1>
@5BDE>:E;1>
%@5B1 1D1;
G1<
I1>7
49=E<19
41<1= B1>7;1
=5>31B9
2929D
21BE
9>9
D5B>I1D1 =5>41@1D
C1=2ED1>
@?C9D96
41> 1>DEC91C
41B9
=1CI1B1;1D @5>4E;E>7>I1
(575>5B1C9
9>9
49 ;8ECEC;1>
2179
75>5B1C9
=E41 ;1B5>1
75>5B1C9
=E41
=5BE@1;1> 81B1@1>
21>7C1
75>5B1C9
=E41 =5BE@1;1>
D5>171
@5=2181BE +@1I1
B5F9F1<9C1C9
D5B8141@
%@5B1 1D1;
9>9

=5<921D;1>
21>I1;
@981; D5B=1CE;
@5:121D@5:121D
&5=5B9>D18 15B18
)E=1D5B1
+D1B1
/1I1C1> C?C91<
=1CI1B1;1D
1;145=9C
D?;?8 D?;?8
141D
C5BD1
41B9
21>I1;
@981; I1>7
@54E<9
45>71>
;5C5>91> DB149C9?>1<
  !,5;:;7 +@1I1 B5F9F1<9C1C9
%@5B1 1D1;
I1>7
49
E@1I1;1>
C5<1=1
9>9 =5>E>:E;;1>
218G1
C5>9
DB149C9?>1<

%@5B1
1D1;
D5BC52ED
49=1C1
<1<E>I1 =5=@E>I19
6E>7C9
D5BD5>DE
41<1= =1CI1B1;1D>I1
+C181
B5F9F1<9C1C9 I1>7
49<1;E;1>
C1>71D
25B1D

;1B5>1 ?@5B1
9>9
=5=@E>I19
=E1D1>
>9<19 >9<19
>?B=1>?B=1
141D
9CD9141D
41> D1D1>1>
C?C91<
2E41I1
=1CI1B1;1D 1D1;
9<1
EC181
B5F9F1<9C1C9
9>9 25B81C9<
4981B1@;1>
%@5B1
1D1;
9>9 41@1D
=5G1B9C;1>
1D1E
=5>5BEC;1> >9<19>9<19
2E41I1
1D1;
>9<19>9<19 2E41I1
1D1;
>?B=1>?B=1
C5BD1 141D
9CD9141D
1D1;
@141
E=E=>I1 *5B41@1D
4E1
@5>41@1D =1CI1B1;1D
I1>7
25B2541
=5>75>19 =?D9F1C9
41<1=
EC181
B5F9F1<9C1C9 D5B8141@
%@5B1
1D1;
&5>41@1D @5BD1=1
41B9
7?71>
DE1 =5>785>41;9
171B
%@5B1
1D1;
9>9 49@5>D1C;1>
C5CE19
1C<9>I1
C5@5BD9 ;5D9;1
1G1<
41B9
D1=@9<1>>I1
D1>@1 141>I1
@5BE2181>
;1B5>1
9DE
141<18 G1B9C1>
2E41I1
41B9
>5>5;
=?I1>7 CE;E
1D1;
&5>41@1D
;54E1
D5B49B9 1>7;1D1>
=E41
I1>7
=5>785>41;9 141>I1
@5=2181BE1>
41<1=
%@5B1 1D1;
D5BC52ED

Upaya revivalisasi yang dilakukan melalui program inovasi belum membawa hasil optimal dan baru lebih dirasakan sebagai sarana memenuhi kebutuhan nostalgia akan seni Opera Batak yang pernah ada. Daftar Pustaka <691>
*
2B189=

7ECDEC
 $05,<,3
/,9
"0<8,=,7,3,9
,=, 494

&941D?
&5>7E;E81>
121D1> EBE
5C1B /?7I1;1BD1 +>9F5C9D1C
14:18
#141 =1>98ED$
41>
&1B4545
 $05,<,3
"0<608-,92,9
,<2, 8,<2,
,>,6
1<975>4B1 1>45=

#145
41>
)1<
#EB79I1>D?

 %0,>0<
,0<,3
9/:90=4, 5>@1C1B

1>45=

#145
41>
)1< #EB79I1>D?

 %0,>0<
,0<,3 9/:90=4,
5>@1C1 B1>4?>(
1=5C


 05,6505,6
$094 "0<>?95?6,9
/4
=4, %0922,<, 1>4E>7
&)*
+&

Dieter Evers, Sharon Sidique, Religious Revivalism in Southeast Asia dalam Sojourn, Social Issues in South east Asia no.1. Febuary, 2: Institut of Southeast Asian Studies, (Chicago : 1979), 20 Edy Sedyawati, Perkembangan Sen iPertunjukan, (Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1981), 26 55BDJ
<966?B4
 %,1=4< 0-?/,C,,9/?7I1;1BD1!1>1C9EC E7
 
,743,9 ,
>:7?
47,4
?/,C,
$?6?
,>,6 #541>

B=1>41 1B181@
1CIB1<

41>
?D=1> )91811>
!<409>,=4
47,4 47,4
?/,C,
,>,6 1;1BD1)1>771B
-9<<5=
C;1>41B 1B4:1>1
>4B5
 0.09/0
48,=
,>,92
,7,8 :9>06=
0-?/,C,,9/?7:1;1BD1 )$

Harimawan, Dramaturg, (Bandung: CV Rosda, 1998), 34-35 1BI=1G1>
(#
 <,8,>?<24 1>4E>7
,
(?C41

James R Brandon, Jejak-jejak Seni Pertunjukan di Asia Tenggara, terjemahan R.M. Soedarsono, (Bandung: P4ST UPI, 2003), 331 !1@<1>
1F94
41>
<25BD

#1>>5BC

 %0:<4
?/,C,
/?7I1;1BD1 &ECD1;1
&5<1:1B !1B<
4=E>4

 $05,<,3
?=46 '/?7I1;1BD1
) !?5>D:1B1>9>7B1D
 
,9?=4,
/,9 0-?/,C,,9
/4
9/:90=4, 1;1BD1:1=21D1> #1>9;
"925BDI
 $?6?
,>,6
092,9 :9/,92
,>,69C,
#1:1<18 &5>9>:1E*18E>
,$?


#5B91=
<1>
&
 %30
9>3<:;:7:2C :1
?=4.
$?BD8G5CD5B> $?BD8G5CD5B>
+>9F5BC9DI
&B5CC #E814:9B$5?>7


 0>:/:7:24 "09074>4,9 ?,74>,>41/?7I1;1BD1(1;5 )1B1C9> #EB79I1>D?
)1<


 %<,/4=4
/,9
9:@,=4 0-0<,;,
,=,7,3
%,<4
/4 9/:90=4, 1;1BD1
-541D1=1 -94I1
)1CDB $19>77?<1>
)1B9
1:1B9>9
 !;0<, ,>,6
%473,92
$0<49/:
?/,C, ,>,6
%:-, );B9@C9/?7I1;1BD1 ) &14=?41B=1I1
&B1=1>1
 %,>, ,9
%03946
"09>,=
1;1BD1 1<19
&ECD1;1

Pande Nyoman Djero Pramana, Sang Hyang Jaran, (Surakarta: Cinika, 2004), 15 &1C1B92E
5> %,2,9492
,>,6
%:-, $?,>?
,54,9
,7,8
:9>06= :9/,92 $,-,92?9,9
);B9@C91; )1CDB1
+>9F
)E=1D5B1
+D1B1 &1C1B92E5>
#


 (,A,=,9
$094
,9 ,=C,<,6,>
9/:90=4,4
)9<12EC 1<E
)1CDB1 +>9F5BC9D1C
$575B9
#541> &EB21
!B9C=EC


 !;0<,
,>,6 %473,92
$0<49/:I"09246,>
?/,C, ,=C,<,6,>
,>,6
%:-, /4
,6,7E>
!1<9;1 (?8949
(?85>49
41>
*:5D:5@


 0=094,9
,7,8
"09/06,>,9 0-?/,C,,9
,9/?92
)*) )1>7D9
1D1B1
 $05,<,3
,>,6
,7420 !1B<
)91>9@1B

Sartono, Kartodirdjo, Ratu Adil, (Yogyakarta : PT Gramedia, 1994), 10 )1BD?>?
!1BD?49B:?
 
#,>?
/47 *:2C6,<>, 1;1BD1

&*
B1=5491 )54I1G1D9
49
 "0<>?8-?3,9
$094 "0<>?95?6,9
1;1BD1 )9>1B 1B1@1>

)91811>
!
   %473,92
!-0<749 ?7>:8
1;1BD1 5@1BD5=5>
& 41>
!( )91811>
$1?=
  /,>
,743,9
, %:7?"<49=4;
/,9 "07,6=,9,,99C, 1;1BD1
B169> )9>171



 H%:<>:<
,>,6
,9 ,69,9C,R
#1:1<18 !52E41I11>
1D1;
1<981>
$1 *?<E *18E>

$?
 )?541BC?>?
(#


 $094
"0<>?95?6,9 9/:90=4,
4
<,
7:-,74=,=4 /?7I1;1BD1
14:1
#141 +>9F5BC9DI

&B5CC )?5D1B>?


 ,8;,6
",<4A4=,>, %0<3,/,;
$094 "0<>?95?6,9)EB1;1BD1&1C31 )1B:1>1
)*) )DB1EC
<1E45
"5F9
 ?6?9
/,9 $434<
/?7I1;1BD1
!1>9C9EC *1;1B9
#E81=14
 #:922092 07,C?
$?8,>0<,
?>,<,
*5C9C &1C31C1B:1>1
+>9F5BC9D1C 714:18
#141
?7I1;1BD1 *1=2E>1>
>77EB
&
 ,8?= ,3,=,
,>,6
%:-, 9/:90=4, 1;1BD1
&EC1D &5=29>11>
181C1
5@1BD5=5> &5>4949;1>
1>
!52E41I11>

Thoha

Miftah, 2000. Perilaku Organisasi, Konsep Dasar Dan Aplikasi Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada

*?29>7
>41B
 9/03:9
, 0-,>, &5=1D1>7
)91>D1B !?<@?BD1C5
!& *?29>7
&89<9@
"
 %30
$>?<0
:1 %:-,
,>,6
07401
49
%30 423 :/ =CD5B41=

13?2
F1> 1=@5>

Turner, Victor , 1967. The forest of symbol: Aspect of ndembu ritual Ithaca: Cornell University Press Umar Khayam, Seni tradisi masyarakat,(Jakarta : Sinar Harapan, 1986), 18

Zulhizah, 1996. Islam dan Kesenian relevansi Islam dan Seni Budaya. Jakarta: Pustaka Kanisius