Peningkatan Sifat-sifat Fisik Kertas dari Albedo Markisa Konyal (Passiflora ligularis)
SKRIPSI
Iis Fatmawati Munazim 10504043
PROGRAM STUDI KIMIA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG 2008
Abstract Indonesia produces sweet granadillas (Passiflora ligularis) abundantly. Utilization of this fruit is extensive but not its albedo, eventhough such part of the fruit has been known as rich in fiber. Use of albedo as source for paper production comes to mind since at the other end, paper consumption is keep increasing without being supported by adequate wood resources. This research is a continuation of previous research that focused on paper production from sweet granadilla’s albedo by acetosolv. In this research, such method is further modified by producing the pulp without firstly undertaking lipid removal. Addition of certain additives such as chitin, chitosan, and jelly is carried out in order to optimize its physical properties. Without removal of lipid, the resulted paper shows positive improvement of strength, elasticity, and water resistance. Addition of 1% (w/w) chitosan solution in acetic acid at the beginning of pulping process shows that chitosan is homogenously adsorbed and succeeds in improving its mechanical strength. Chitin adsorption is not homogenous, whilst jelly and carrageenan have been failed to be utilized as additives due to their gel properties.
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Abstrak Indonesia termasuk penghasil terbesar markisa konyal (Passiflora ligularis). Limbah kulit buah ini belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal, padahal albedonya memiliki jaringan kaya serat yang sangat memungkinkan diproses menjadi kertas. Di sisi lain, konsumsi kertas terus meningkat tetapi tidak diimbangi ketersediaan bahan baku sehingga memerlukan alternatif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kertas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lanjutan yang fokus pada pembuatan kertas dari albedo markisa konyal dengan metode acetosolv tanpa tahap penghilangan lemak, penambahan aditif kitin, kitosan, agar-agar, dan karagenan untuk mengoptimasi sifat-sifat fisiknya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kertas yang diproses tanpa tahap penghilangan lemak bersifat kuat, tahan terhadap air, dan jauh lebih elastis. Penambahan kitosan pada awal pulping setelah dilarutkan dalam asam asetat dengan konsentrasi optimum 1% (b/b) terhadap massa albedo sampel, menunjukkan kitosan teradsorpsi pada kertas secara homogen dan berhasil meningkatkan kekuatan mekaniknya. Adsorpsi kitin tidak homogen pada permukaan kertas, sedangkan agar-agar dan karagenan tidak dapat digunakan sebagai aditif pada pembuatan kertas ini.
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untuk Mama. dan rumah pepohonan yang selalu mengajarkan Al-Qur’an
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Program Studi Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Institut Teknologi Bandung
Menerangkan bahwa Skripsi yang disusun oleh: Nama : Iis Fatmawati Munazim NIM : 10504043
telah disetujui sebagai persyaratan untuk mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Kimia
Bandung,
Juni 2008
Pembimbing
Dr. Megawati Santoso NIP 131667731
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Ucapan Terima kasih Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin Segala puji bagi Allah SWT yang senantiasa menjaga kita dengan cinta dan kebaikan. Shalawat serta salam semoga tercurah kepada Rasulullah SAW. Hanya atas izin dan pertolongan-Nya penulis bisa menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Penulis mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu. 1. Ibu Dr. Megawati Santoso 2. Ibu Dr. Deana Wahyuningrum 3. DIKTI, TPSDP, beasiswa yang mendukung belajar di ITB 4. Siti Maemunah. Mama adalah satu-satunya alasan buat tetap bertahan. “Karena Iis sayang Mama, lebih dari siapapun.” 5. Iyan Rahmawati Munazim, saudara dan sahabat terbaik yang membantu menemukan rumah terindah dari surga. 6. Wazim Priyanto Ilyas. “Semoga Iis hanya mimpi kehilangan Bapa dan masih akan menunggu Bapa pulang sore ini…” 7. Keluarga besar di Bandung 8. Keluarga besar di Purworejo, Jawa Tengah 9. Nur Enny Oktarina, Erythrina Stavila, Nurhani Aryana, Ratih Paramita. Janji bahwa bintang akan selalu menyala, bukan? 10. Velianti, Sry Dewi Hujaya 11. Fahriansyah, Daniel, Maria Mardiastuti, Betania, Fendy 12. Pak Toyo, Teh Nila, Teh Wiwin, dan semua di Lab Sintesis & Biorganik 13. Pak Aminudin Sulaeman, Pak Wandi, Bu Entin, Febrinaldo, atas segala bantuan dan karakterisasi 14. Pak Wikanda dan Pak Wawan di PPGL 15. Kak Rosalina Wisastra, Kak Dani 16. Harrys Valiant Alexander dan sekotak coklat yang buat aku lebih baik 17. Teh Diah Ayu 18. Teman-teman Kimia 2004 19. Seluruh dosen dan staff Kimia FMIPA ITB
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20. Teman-teman LFM, teman-teman sekolah, teman-teman maya, serta tetangga-tetangga dengan doa dan pesan ”semangat!” 21. Pihak-pihak lain yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu. Karena Allah SWT pasti membalas setiap kebaikan dengan kebaikan yang berlipat ganda.
Bandung, Juni 2008 Penulis
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Daftar Isi Abstract.................................................................................................................................... ii Abstrak.................................................................................................................................... iii Ucapan Terima kasih .............................................................................................................. vi Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................................... viii Daftar Tabel ..............................................................................................................................x Daftar Gambar ........................................................................................................................ xi Daftar Lampiran.................................................................................................................... xiii 1
2
Pendahuluan .....................................................................................................................1 1. 1.
Latar Belakang......................................................................................................1
1. 2.
Rumusan Masalah.................................................................................................2
1. 3.
Tujuan ...................................................................................................................2
1. 4.
Ruang Lingkup .....................................................................................................3
Tinjauan Pustaka ..............................................................................................................4 2. 1.
Markisa Konyal (Passiflora ligularis) ...................................................................4
2. 2.
Selulosa.................................................................................................................5
2. 3.
Aditif.....................................................................................................................7
2.3.1.
Kitin dan kitosan ...............................................................................................7
2.3.2.
Pektin ................................................................................................................8
2.3.3.
Agar-agar dan karagenan ..................................................................................9
2. 4.
3
Pembuatan Kertas ...............................................................................................11
2.4.1.
Pulping............................................................................................................11
2.4.2.
Bleaching ........................................................................................................12
2.4.3.
Percetakan dan Pengeringan ...........................................................................12
Metodologi Penelitian ....................................................................................................14 3. 1.
Penghilangan Air ................................................................................................15
3. 2.
Pulping ................................................................................................................15
3. 3.
Bleaching ............................................................................................................16
3. 4.
Pencetakan dan Pengeringan Kertas ...................................................................17
3. 5.
Penambahan Aditif .............................................................................................18
3. 6.
Uji terhadap Kertas .............................................................................................21
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3. 7.
4
3.7.1.
Alat..................................................................................................................22
3.7.2.
Bahan ..............................................................................................................22
Hasil dan Pembahasan....................................................................................................24 4.1.
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Kertas Tanpa Aditif ................................................................................................24
4.1.1.
Pembuatan kertas ............................................................................................24
4.1.2.
Karakterisasi ...................................................................................................28
4.2.
5
Alat dan Bahan....................................................................................................22
Pembuatan Kertas dengan Penambahan Aditif dan Karakterisasinya ....................30
4.2.1
Kitin ................................................................................................................30
4.2.2
Kitosan ............................................................................................................32
4.2.3
Agar-agar ........................................................................................................38
4.2.4
Karagenan .......................................................................................................39
Penutup...........................................................................................................................41 5.1.
Kesimpulan .............................................................................................................41
5.2.
Saran .......................................................................................................................41
Daftar Pustaka ................................................................................................................42
Lampiran A Data Pengamatan Proses Pembuatan Kertas ......................................................44 Lampiran B Uji Tarik .............................................................................................................45 Lampiran C Spektrum Inframerah ..........................................................................................47
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Daftar Tabel Tabel 2-1 Produksi markisa di Idonesia....................................................................................5 Tabel 4-1 Hasil uji tarik kertas tanpa aditif ............................................................................29 Tabel 4-2 Data spektrum inframerah kertas tanpa aditif.........................................................30 Tabel 4-3 Hasil uji tarik kertas dengan aditif kitosan .............................................................36 Tabel 4-4 Hasil uji ketahanan terhadap air .............................................................................38
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Daftar Gambar Gambar 2-1 Buah markisa konyal ............................................................................................4 Gambar 2-2 Struktur selulosa ...................................................................................................6 Gambar 2-3 Struktur lignin.......................................................................................................6 Gambar 2-4. Struktur Kitin .......................................................................................................7 Gambar 2-5. Struktur kitosan....................................................................................................8 Gambar 2-6 Struktur pektin ......................................................................................................8 Gambar 2-7 Struktur agar-agar .................................................................................................9 Gambar 2-8 Struktur karagenan..............................................................................................10 Gambar 2-9 Mesin Kertas.......................................................................................................13 Gambar 3-1 Diagram alir penelitian .......................................................................................14 Gambar 3-2 Diagram alir penghilangan air ............................................................................15 Gambar 3-3 Diagram alir pulping...........................................................................................16 Gambar 3-4 Diagram alir bleaching .......................................................................................17 Gambar 3-5 Diagram alir pencetakan dan pengeringan kertas ...............................................17 Gambar 3-6 Diagram alir penambahan kitin ..........................................................................19 Gambar 3-7 Diagram alir penambahan kitosan ......................................................................20 Gambar 3-8 Diagram alir penambahan agar-agar dan karagenan...........................................21 Gambar 3-9 Diagram alir uji tarik terhadap kertas .................................................................22 Gambar 4-1 Perubahan warna pelarut selama proses pulping ................................................25 Gambar 4-2 Usulan mekanisme reaksi pada proses pulping ..................................................26 Gambar 4-3 Pulp.....................................................................................................................26 Gambar 4-4 Hasil bleaching kertas tanpa aditif .....................................................................27 Gambar 4-5 Hasil SEM permukaan bawah kertas tanpa aditif...............................................28 Gambar 4-6 Hasil SEM permukaan atas kertas tanpa aditif ...................................................28 Gambar 4-7 Kertas dengan aditif kitin 1% dengan metode penambahan jalur A...................31 Gambar 4-8 Kitin tidak larut di larutan LiCl - DMAC ...........................................................31 Gambar 4-9 Kertas dengan aditif kitin 1% dengan metode penambahan jalur C ...................32 Gambar 4-10 Kertas dengan aditif kitosan 1% dibandingkan kertas tanpa aditif...................33 Gambar 4-11 Hasil SEM permukaan atas kertas – kitosan.....................................................34 Gambar 4-12 Hasil SEM permukaan bawah kertas – kitosan ................................................35 Gambar 4-13 Hasil SEM penampang melintang kertas – kitosan ..........................................37
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Gambar 4-14 Kertas dengan aditif agar-agar melalui metode penambahan jalur C ...............39 Gambar 4-15 Kertas dengan aditif karagenan melalui metode penambahan jalur C..............40
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Daftar Lampiran Lampiran A Data Pengamatan Proses Pembuatan Kertas.......................................................44 Lampiran B Uji Tarik..............................................................................................................45 Lampiran C Spektrum Inframerah..........................................................................................47
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