PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOL KELOPAK BUNGA ROSELLA

ABSTRAK

PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOL KELOPAK BUNGA ROSELLA (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) TERHADAP KADAR KOLESTEROL HDL PADA TIKUS WISTAR JANTAN YANG DIBERI PAKAN TINGGI LEMAK Tan, Iie Tanang, 1210043, Pembimbing I : Dr.Meilinah Hidayat, dr.,M.Kes. Pembimbing II: Sijani Prahastuti, dr.,M.Kes. Latar belakang Dislipidemia merupakan salah satu resiko terkena penyakit jantung. Penggunaan Ekstrak Etanol Kelopak Bunga Rosella (EEKBR) mengandung anthocyanin yang dapat meningkatkan kadar kolesterol HDL. Tujuan Penelitian Mengetahui efek EEKBR terhadap kadar kolesterol HDL dan apakah setara dengan simvastatin dalam meningkatkan kadar HDL pada tikus Wistar jantan yang diberi pakan tinggi lemak. Metode Penelitian experimental sungguhan dengan rancangan acak lengkap. 30 ekor tikus Wistar jantan (n=6) yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif (KN), kontrol positif (KP), P1, P2, P3. Setiap kelompok diberi pakan tinggi lemak selama 50 hari. Pada hari ke 22 setiap kelompok diberi perlakuan dengan pemberian akuades, simvastatin, EEKBR 200 mg/KgBB/hari, 400 mg/KgBB/hari, 600 mg/KgBB/hari selama 28 hari. Parameter yang di ukur adalah kadar kolesterol HDL hari ke-22 dan 50 dengan metode CHOD-PAP. Data peningkatan kadar kolesterol HDL dianalisis dengan uji ANAVA satu arah dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Fisher LSD. Hasil KN dibandingkan dengan KP p=0,015 dan P1 p=0,03, menunjukkan hasil berbeda signifikan (p<0,05), bila dibandingkan dengan P2 dan P3, menunjukkan hasil berbeda sangat signifikan p=0,000 (p<0,01). KP dibandingkan dengan P1 menunjukkan hasil berbeda tidak signifikan p=0,745 (p>0,05). Simpulan EEKBR meningkatkan kadar kolesterol HDL dan EEKBR 200 mg/kgBB/hari mempunyai efek setara dengan simvastatin pada tikus Wistar jantan yang diberi pakan tinggi lemak.

Kata kunci : HDL, Rosella, Simvastatin

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Universitas Kristen Maranatha

ABSTRACT

THE EFFECT OF ROSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) PETAL ETHANOL EXTRACT ON HDL CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN MALE WISTAR MICE INDUCED WITH HIGH-FAT FEEDING Tan, Iie Tanang, 1210043, Tutor 1 : Dr.Meilinah Hidayat, dr.,M.Kes. Tutor 2 : Sijani Prahastuti, dr.,M.Kes. Background Dyslipidemia is one of cardiovascular diseases risk factor. The usage of Roselle petal ethanol extract (RPEE) contains anthocyanin that can increase the level of HDL cholesterol. Objectives To determine the effect of RPEE on HDL cholesterol level and whether it is equal to Simvastatin in increasing HDL level in male Wistar mice induced with high-fat feeding. Methods True experimental research with completely randomized design. The subjects were thirty male Wistar mice divided into five groups (n=6); those were Negative Control (NC), Positive control (PC), treatment 1(T1), treatment 2 (2), and treatment 3 (T3). Each group was given high-fat food for fifty days. On the 22nd day each group was given treatment as follows: aquadest, Simvastatin, 200 mg/KgBW/day RPEE, 400 mg/KgBW/day RPEE, and 600 mg/KgBW/day RPEE for twenty-eight days. Measured parameters were HDL cholesterol level on the 22nd and the 50th day with CHOD-PAP methode. Data was analyzed with one way ANOVA test and continued with Fisher’s LSD. Results NC compared with PC p=0.015 and T1 p=0.03, showed significantly different results (p<0.05), compared with T2 and T3, it was shown highly significant differences p=0.000 (p<0.01). PC compared with T1 showed insignificant differences p=0.745 (p>0.05). Conclusion RPEE increased HDL cholesterol level and RPE 200 mg/kgBW/day had an equal effect compared to Simvastatin on male Wistar mice induced with high-fat feeding

Keywords: HDL, Roselle, Simvastatin

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DAFTAR ISI

JUDUL ................................................................................................................... i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ................................................................................ ii SURAT PERNYATAAN .................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................v KATA PENGANTAR ..........................................................................................vi DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................... viii DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................. xii DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... xiii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar Belakang .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Identifikasi Masalah ..................................................................................... 3 1.3. Tujuan ........................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................ 4 1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ........................................................................................ 4 1.5. Kerangka Pemikiran ..................................................................................... 4 1.6. Hipotesis Penelitian ...................................................................................... 5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Lipid ............................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Kolesterol ....................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Biosintesis Kolesterol .............................................................................. 8 2.3 Lipoprotein ................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Metabolisme Lipoprotein ....................................................................... 14

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2.4 Hiperlipidemia ............................................................................................. 18 2.4.1 Klasifikasi Hiperlipidemia ..................................................................... 19 2.4.1.1 Klasifikasi Fenotipik ..................................................................... 19 2.4.1.2 Klasifikasi Patogenik .................................................................... 20 2.4.1.2.1 Hiperlipidemia Primer ............................................................ 20 2.4.1.2.2 Hiperlipidemia Sekunder ........................................................ 21 2.4.2 Pengobatan Hiperlipidemia ............................................................. 21 2.4.2.1 Pengaturan Diet ......................................................................... 22 2.4.2.2 Menghilangkan Faktor Risiko ................................................... 22 2.4.2.3 Pemberian Obat ......................................................................... 22 2.4.2.3.1 Asam Fibrat ......................................................................... 23 2.4.2.3.2 Resin .................................................................................... 23 2.4.2.3.3 Penghambat HMG CoA Reduktase (Statin) ........................ 23 2.4.2.3.4 Asam Nikotinat .................................................................... 24 2.4.2.3.5 Probukol .............................................................................. 24 2.5 Rosella ......................................................................................................... 24 2.5.1 Morfologi Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) ...................................... 25 2.5.2 Kegunaan Rosella .................................................................................. 27 2.5.3 Kandungan Kimia dalam Rosella .......................................................... 27 2.5.4 Kandungan Kimia dalam Bunga Rosella Yang Dapat Meningkatkan Kadar Kolesterol HDL .......................................................................... 29 2.5.4.1 Anthocyanin ..................................................................................... 29 2.5.4.2 Niasin ............................................................................................... 29 2.6 Tikus Wistar ................................................................................................. 30

BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN

3.1 Alat dan Bahan ............................................................................................. 32 3.1.1 Alat Penelitian ........................................................................................ 32 3.1.2 Bahan Penelitian .................................................................................... 32 3.1.3 Subjek Penelitian ................................................................................... 33

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3.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ...................................................................... 34 3.3 Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................ 34 3.3.1 Desain Penelitian ................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................................. 34 3.3.2.1 Definisi Konsepsional Variable ....................................................... 35 3.3.2.1 Definisi Operationale Variable ........................................................ 35 3.3.2.3 Penghitungan Besar Sample ............................................................. 36 3.4 Prosedur Kerja ............................................................................................. 37 3.4.1 Pengumpulan Bahan .............................................................................. 37 3.4.2 Persiapan Bahan Uji ............................................................................... 37 3.4.3 Penentuan Dosis Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Rosella .................................... 38 3.4.4 Persiapan Subjek Penelitian ................................................................... 38 3.4.3 Prosedur Penelitian ................................................................................. 38 3.4.4 Cara Pemeriksaan kadar kolesterol HDL ............................................... 41 3.5 Metode Analisis ............................................................................................ 41 3.5.1 Sumber dan Teknik Pengambilan Data serta Instrumen Penelitian ...... 41 3.5.2 Hipotesis Statistik ................................................................................. 41 3.5.3 Kriteria Uji ............................................................................................ 42 3.6 Aspek Etik Penelitian ................................................................................... 42

BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

4.1 Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................................ 43 4.2 Analisis Statistik .......................................................................................... 44 4.2.1 Tes Homogenitas Varian Data Levene Test ......................................... 45 4.2.2 Uji ANAVA Satu Arah ........................................................................ 45 4.2.3 Uji Fisher LSD ..................................................................................... 46 4.3 Pembahasan.................................................................................................. 47 4.4 Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................................ 49

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BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.1 Simpulan ...................................................................................................... 51 5.2 Saran .......................................................................................................... 51

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 52 LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................... 55 RIWAYAT HIDUP ......................................................................................... 73

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Kadar Serum Lipid Normal Menurut National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) ..................... 19 Tabel 2.2 Klasifikasi Frederickson Phenotype .................................................... 20 Tabel 2.3 Hiperlipidemia primer dibagi dalam 2 kelompok besar yaitu Hiperlipoproteinemia primer dan Hiperlipoproteinemia poligenik /multifaktorial ............................................................................................................................... 21 Tabel 2.4 Kandungan Senyawa Kimia Dalam Kelopak Bunga Rosella .............. 28 Tabel 2.5 Kandungan Gizi Rosella ...................................................................... 28 Tabel 4.1 Kadar Rerata Kolesterol HDL Serum Masing-Masing Kelompok ..... 43 Tabel 4.2 Hasil Uji Beda Rata-Rata Dengan Metode Fisher LSD ....................... 46

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Skema Konversi Asetil-KoA menjadi HMG-KoA Dan Mevalonat. 9 Gambar 2.2 Skema Konversi Mevalonat Menjadi IPP & IPP Menjadi Skualen............................................................................................ 10 Gambar 2.3 Skema Biosintesis Kolesterol ........................................................ 11 Gambar 2.4 Metabolisme Lipoprotein Jalur Endogen Dan Eksogen ................ 17 Gambar 2.5 Metabolisme HDL Dan Reverse Cholesterol Transport ............... 18 Gambar 2.6 Gambar Bunga Rosella .................................................................. 26 Gambar 2.7 Gambar Kelopak Bunga Rosella .................................................... 26 Gambar 2.8 Rattus norvegicus .......................................................................... 31 Gambar 4.1 Grafik Presentase Peningkatan Kadar Kolesterol HDL Serum Untuk Masing-Masing Perlakuan ................................................................................. 44

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1 Komposisi dan bahan untuk membuat pakan tikus standar ........... 55 Lampiran 2 Bahan dan cara pembuatan pakan tinggi lemak ............................. 56 Lampiran 3 Data Pengukuran Berat Badan Hewan Coba (Kriteria Inklusi) (mg/BB) ............................................................................................................. 57 Lampiran 4 Perhitungan dosis ........................................................................... 59 Lampiran 5 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .............................................................. 60 Lampiran 6 Hasil Kadar Kolesterol HDL Serum ...............................................64 Lampiran 7 Hasil Tes Homogenitas Varian Data Levene Test .......................... 66 Lampiran 8 Hasil Uji ANAVA Satu Arah Dan Hasil Uji Beda Rata-Rata Dengan Metode Fisher LSD ............................................................................................ 67 Lampiran 9 Surat Keputusan Persetujuan Komisi Etik Penelitian .................... 70

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PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOL KELOPAK BUNGA ROSELLA

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