Pengukuran Pendapatan Nasional / output domestik Pengertian /bagaimana GDP didefinisikan Pengukuran /bagaimana GDP diukur Pendekatan dalam pengukuran Nominal vs Riil Indeks Harga Contoh PDB Indonesia Kelemahan Konsep GDP
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Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome
• Pengertian : •Total market value •All final goods •and services •Produced •In a given year
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Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome • Pengertian : • A Monetary Measure • Avoiding Multiple Counting (Final goods ; Value Added) • Excludes Non Production Transactions ( Financial Transactions : Public transfer Payments; Private transfer Payments; Stock Market Transactions) and ( Secondhand Sales)
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Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome •Pendekatan/Approach : •Spending/Expenditure Approach – Personal Consumption Expenditures ( C ) – Gross Private Domestic Investment ( I ) – Government Purchases ( G ) – Net Exports ( Xn) ; ( X – M) GDP = C + I + G + ( X – M )
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Pengukuran GDP (domestic output) dan National Icome
•Pendekatan/Approach : •Income Approach – – – – –
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Compensation of Employees Rents Interest Proprietor’s Income Corporate Profits
Mengapa pendapatan total dari suatu perekonomian sama dengan pengeluaran totalnya ? • GDP dapat mengukur pendapatan total setiap orang dalam suatu perekonomian serta pengeluaran total atas seluruh out put (barang dan jasa) dari perekonomian yang bersangkutan. Karena pendapatan dan pengeluaran merupakan dua sisi dari suatu mata uang yang sama. Bagi sebuah perekonomian secara keseluruhan, pendapatan harus sama dengan pengeluarannya. • Dalam diagram aliran sirkuler nampak sebagai berikut : Rumah tangga membeli berbagai barang dan jasa dari perusahaan, sedangkan perusahaan menggunakan penerimaan atau hasil penjualannya tersebut untuk membayar upah, pekerja, membayar sewa bangunan, membayar deviden dan sebagainya. GDP sama dengan jumlah total yang dibelanjakan oleh rumah tangga di pasar barang dan jasa. GDP juga sama dengan total upah, sewa, dan laba yang dibayarkan perusahaan di pasar factor produksi.
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Diagram aliran sirkuler Penerimaan ( = GDP)
Pengeluaran (= GDP) PASAR BARANG DAN JASA Pembelian barang dan jasa
Pengeluaran barang dan jasa
PERUSAHAAN
RUMAH TANGGA
Input untuk produksi
Tenaga kerja, tanah, dan modal PASAR FAKTOR PRODUKSI
Upah, sewa dan laba (= GDP)
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Pendapatan (= GDP)
The Circular Flow Revisited Resource Market Resources
Expenditures Goods & Services
Businesses
Goods & Services
Government Net Taxes
Net Taxes
Expenditures
Goods & Services
Product Market FE-UK PETRA
Households
Hubungan antara GDP, NNP, NI, PI dan DI • Gross Domestic Product
12,487
– Consumption of fixed capital
• Net Domestic Product
- 1574
10,913
– Statistical discrepancy + Net foreign factor income
• National Income
+
10,904
– Taxes on productions and imports – Social security contributions – Corporate income taxes – Undistributed corporate profits + Transfer payment
• Personal Income – Personal Taxes
• Disposable Income FE-UK PETRA
43 34
- 917 - 871 - 378 - 460 + 1970
10,248 - 1210
9,038
Two Approaches to GDP Expenditure Approach
Income Approach
Consumption by Households
Wages
Investment by Businesses
Rents
+ +
Government Purchases
+
Expenditures By Foreigners FE-UK PETRA
G = D= P
+ + + +
Interest Profits Statistical Adjustments
Expenditure Approach • Personal Consumption Expenditures
C
– Durable Consumer Goods – Nondurable Consumer Goods – Consumer Expenditures for Services
• Gross Private Domestic Investment – Machinery, Equipment, and Tools – All Construction – Changes in Inventories – Noninvestment Transactions FE-UK PETRA
Ig
Expenditure Approach Gross Investment Depreciation = Net Investment
-
Gross Investment
Net Investment Depreciation
Increased
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Stock of Capital
Consumption & Government Spending
January 1
Year’s GDP
Stock of Capital December 31
Expenditure Approach • Government Purchases
G
– Expenditures for Goods and Services – Expenditures for Social Capital
• Net Exports Xn • Xn = Exports (X) – Imports (M)
Putting It All Together: • GDP = C + I + G + Xn • GDP= $8,746 + 2,105 + 2,363 - 727 = $12,487 in 2005 FE-UK PETRA
GDP Approaches Compared Accounting Statement for the U.S. Economy, 2005 in Billions Allocations Income Approach
Receipts Expenditures Approach Personal Consumption (C)
$ 8746
Gross Private Domestic
Compensation
$ 7125
Rents
73
Investment (Ig)
2105
Interest
498
Government Purchases (G)
2363
Proprietor’s Income
939
Net Exports (Xn)
-727
Corporate Profits
1352
Taxes on Production and
917
Imports National Income
$10,904
Net Foreign Factor Income Statistical Discrepancy
-34 43
Consumption of Fixed Capital Gross Domestic Product FE-UK PETRA
$ 12,487
1574
Gross Domestic Product $ 12,487
The Income Approach • • • • •
Compensation of Employees Rents Interest Proprietor’s Income Corporate Profits – Corporate Income Taxes – Dividends – Undistributed Corporate Profits – Taxes on Production and Imports
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The Income Approach • From National Income to GDP – Net Foreign Factor Income – Statistical Discrepancy – Consumption of Fixed Capital
• Other National Accounts
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– Net Domestic Product (NDP) – National Income (NI) – Personal Income (PI) – Disposable Income (DI) DI = C + S
The Income Approach Income Relationships – United States, 2005 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Consumption of Fixed Capital Net Domestic Profit (NDP) Statistical Discrepancy Net Foreign Factor Income National Income (NI) Taxes on Production and Imports Social Security Contributions Corporate Income Taxes Undistributed Corporate Profits Transfer Payments Personal Income (PI) Personal Taxes FE-UK PETRA Disposable Income (DI)
$ 12,487 -1,574 $ 10,913 -43 34 $ 10,904 -917 -871 -378 -460 +1,970 $ 10,248 -1,210 $ 9,038
X-M
ALL OTHER COUNTRIES Compensation of Employees
PI
Rents
DI
NI
Interest Dividends Proprietor’s Income
GDP
Corporate Income taxes
Corporate Income taxes Undistributed Corporate profit Taxes on productions and imports Social Security Con tributions
Undistributed Corporate profit Taxes on productions and imports Consumption of fixed capital
Personal Taxes Transfer payments
NNP
Consumption of fixed capital
Business
I FE-UK PETRA
Government
House hold
G
C
Penghitungan GDP riil dengan tahun dasar, tahun 1 Year
Unit Of Output
Price of Pizza per unit
Price Index ( year 1=100)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP
1
5
10
100
50
50
2
7
20
200
140
70
3
8
25
250
200
80
4
10
30
-
-
-
5
11
28
-
-
-
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Penghitungan GDP • HARGA DAN KUANTITAS • •
Tahun
Harga Kuantitas Hotdog Hotdog
Harga Hamburger
• • •
2001 2002 2003
$1 2 3
$2 3 4
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100 150 200
Kuantitas Hamburger
50 100 150
GDP Nominal, GDP Riil, dan GDP Deflator • • • • •
PERHITUNGAN GDP NOMINAL Tahun 2001 ($1 per hotdog x 100 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 50 hamburger) = $ 200 2002 ($2 per hotdog x 150 hotdog) + ($3 per hamburger x 100 hamburger) = $ 600 2003 ($3 per hotdog x 200 hotdog) + ($4 per hamburger x 150 hamburger) = $ 1,200
• • • • •
PERHITUNGAN GDP RIIL ( Tahun dasar 2001 ) Tahun 2001 ($1 per hotdog x 100 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 50 hamburger) = $ 200 2002 ($1 per hotdog x 150 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 100 hamburger) = $ 350 2003 ($1 per hotdog x 200 hotdog) + ($2 per hamburger x 150 hamburger) = $ 500
• • • • •
PERHITUNGAN GDP DEFLATOR Tahun 2001 $ 200 / $ 200 2002 $ 600 / $ 350 2003 $ 1, 2000 / $ 500
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X 100 X 100 X 100
= 100 = 171 = 240
Nominal GDP, Real GDP and GDP Price Index, Selected Years Year
Nominal GDP, Billion of $
Real GDP, Billion of $
GDP Price Index (200 = 100
1980
2789.5
5161.7
-
1985
4220.3
6053.7
69.7
1990
5803.1
-
81.6
2000
9817.0
9817.0
100.0
2003
10,971.2
-
106.3
2005
12,487.1
11,134.8
112.1
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Penghitungan GDP deflator • GDP deflator GDP Nominal
GDP deflator
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X 100 GDP riil
Contoh PDB Indonesia menurut lapangan usaha • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
STRUKTUR PRODUK DOMESTIK BRUTO INDONESIA MENURUT LAPANGAN USAHA TAHUN 2002 DAN TAHUN 2003 (Persentase) LAPANGAN USAHA 2002 2003 (1) (2) (3) 1. Pertanian, Peternakan, Kehutanan dan Perikanan 17,09 16,58 2. Pertambangan dan Penggalian 11,06 10,70 3. Industri Pengolahan 25,44 24,65 4. Listrik, Gas dan Air Bersih 1,89 2,22 5. Bangunan 5,83 6,00 6. Perdagangan, Hotel dan Restoran 16,49 16,32 7. Pengangkutan dan Komunikasi 5,76 6,25 8. Keuangan, Persewaan dan Jasa Perusahaan, 6,84 6,88 9. Jasa-jasa 9,59 10,39 PDB 100,00 100,00 PDB TANPA MIGAS 89,03 89,27
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PDB MENURUT PENGGUNAAN • PDB MENURUT PENGGUNAAN ATAS DASAR HARGA KONSTAN 1993 (Triliun Rupiah) • Jenis Penggunaan
2002
2003
Pertumbuhan (persen)
• • • • • • • •
(1) 1. Pengeluaran Konsumsi Rumahtangga 2. Pengeluaran Konsumsi Pemerintah 3. Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto 4. Perubahan Stok 5. Ekspor Barang dan Jasa 6. Dikurangi Impor Barang dan Jasa Produk Domestik Bruto
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(2) 296,6 35,4 95,4 -17,7 101,7 118,9 426,9
(3) 308,5 38,8 96,7 -19,5 103,7 123,7 444,5
(4) 4,02 9,84 1,36 1,96 4,04 4,10
Shortcomings of GDP • • • • • •
Nonmarket Activities Leisure Improved Product Quality The Underground Economy GDP and the Environment Composition and Distribution of the Output • Noneconomic Sources of Well-Being
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