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Postbus 513 5600 MB Eindhoven Telefoon (040) 247 91 11 Bezoekadres Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven
Uitreiking Prijzen 20 juni 2007 Mignot Afstudeerprijs UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs ASML Promotieprijs
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Uitreiking Prijzen Mignot-UFe/Océ-ASML Voorwoord
De Technische Universiteit Eindhoven staat voor hoogstaand en vernieuwend onderzoek. De universiteit vindt het ook belangrijk deze kennis over te dragen naar het bedrijfsleven en is een partner in allerlei samenwerkings- en researchprojecten met de hightech industrie. Wij werken nauw samen met vooraanstaande en innovatieve bedrijven als Océ Technologies BV en ASML. De Mignot Afstudeerprijs, de UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs en de ASML Promotieprijs onderstrepen het belang van deze samenwerking. De genomineerde afstudeerwerken, ontwerpopdrachten en promotieonderzoeken maken aanschouwelijk dat het delen van kennis veel oplevert, zowel voor de wetenschap als voor het bedrijfsleven. Ik nodig u uit door dit boekje te bladeren en kennis te maken met veelbelovende genomineerde ingenieurs, technologische ontwerpers en promovendi. Dit zijn de mensen van de toekomst. Zij zullen de komende decennia een belangrijke rol spelen in het aanjagen en vormgeven van nieuwe ontwikkelingen in wetenschap én industrie. De prijsuitreiking wordt mogelijk gemaakt door de donateurs van de prijzen: de familie Mignot, Océ Technologies BV, het Universiteitsfonds en ASML. Dankzij hen kunnen wij jaarlijks deze drie prijzen uitreiken, een traditie die onze universiteit graag nog lang wil voortzetten. Namens de TU/e wil ik alle winnaars van harte feliciteren met hun voortreffelijke prestatie. Ik hoop dat deze prijs een stimulans is voor een succesvolle loopbaan. Prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn Rector Magnificus
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Inhoud Mignot Afstudeerprijs UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs ASML Promotieprijs
Mignot Afstudeerprijs Juryrapport ir. K. van Ommering ir. L. Cacace ir. M.R. Hamers ir. M. Heisen ir. J.L.G. Janssen ir. M.F.P. van ‘t Land ir. R. Lavrijsen ir. P.G. van Leuven ir. M. Meeuwse ir. G. Mulder ir. E.T. van Rest ir. J. Voermans ir. D. Witvoet
Technische Natuurkunde Werktuigbouwkunde Werktuigbouwkunde Biomedische Technologie Elektrotechniek Technologie Management Technische Natuurkunde Elektrotechniek Scheikundige Technologie Biomedische Technologie Technologie Management Bouwkunde Bouwkunde
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Software Technology Design and Technology of Instrumentation Architectural Design Management Systems Process and Product Design Logistics Management Systems User System Interaction
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Technologie Management Werktuigbouwkunde Scheikundige Technologie Technische Natuurkunde Biomedische Technologie Industrial Design Scheikundige Technologie Technische Natuurkunde
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UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs Juryrapport ir. M.C.B. Verdonk PDEng. ir. J.J.M. Bontemps PDEng. drs.ir. T.J.P. Goossens PDEng. I. Ichsan MSc.PDEng. G.G. Nellar MSc.PDEng. Y. Zhang MSc.PDEng.
ASML Promotieprijs Juryrapport dr. A.K. Alves De Medeiros dr.ir. S.H.A. Boers dr.ir. E.H.A. Beckers dr.ir. B.H.P. Broks dr. P.Y.W. Dankers dr.ir. J.W. Frens dr.ir. R.A.H. Niessen dr.ir. Gerrit Oosterhuis PDEng.
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MIGNOT Afstudeerprijs Voor het beste afstudeerwerk en -verslag aan de TU/e
De Mignot Afstudeerprijzen zijn in 1985 ingesteld. Deze prijzen worden jaarlijks uitgereikt aan de afgestudeerden aan de TU/e met het beste afstudeerwerk en -verslag uit het daaraan voorafgaande kalenderjaar. De prijzen worden beschikbaar gesteld door Mignot & de Block. De eerste prijs bedraagt 5.000 euro en de tweede prijs bedraagt 2.500 euro. De uitreiking vindt jaarlijks plaats. Iedere afgestudeerde aan een van de faculteiten van de TU/e kan meedingen, mits het rapport actueel, vernieuwend en relevant is voor één of meer bedrijven. Er zijn voor dit jaar dertien afstudeerwerken genomineerd uit zeven verschillende faculteiten.
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MIGNOT Afstudeerprijs Juryrapport 2007
Voor de Mignot Afstudeerprijs 2007 zijn dertien afstudeerprojecten genomineerd, uitgevoerd bij zeven faculteiten. De jury heeft de afstudeerprojecten beoordeeld aan de hand van de volgende criteria: • het afstudeerverslag dient vernieuwende en innovatieve elementen te bevatten; • het verslag dient een goede theoretische onderbouwing te bevatten en van een toetsbaar goed wetenschappelijk niveau te zijn; • de resultaten van het afstudeerwerk moeten in principe publiceerbaar zijn in (internationale) wetenschappelijke vaktijdschriften; • het afstudeerwerk dient verricht te zijn met een grote mate van zelfstandigheid van de student; • het verslag dient duidelijk geschreven te zijn, bij voorkeur in de Engelse taal. Op grond van deze criteria heeft de jury de volgende twee afstudeerprojecten als prijswinnaars geselecteerd.
1e prijs
De eerste Mignot Afstudeerprijs is toegekend aan ir. K. van Ommering van de faculteit Technische Natuurkunde met haar afstudeerproject getiteld “Magnetic properties of sub-micrometer superparamagnetic beads used for biosensors”. Afstudeerhoogleraar: prof.dr.ir. B. Koopmans Afstudeerbegeleider: prof.dr. M.W.J. Prins
Tijdens haar afstudeerproject heeft Kim van Ommering zich beziggehouden met magnetische biosensoren. Haar afstudeerproject maakte deel uit van een samenwerking tussen de TU/e en Philips Research op dit gebied. Magnetische biosensoren zijn sensoren waarin magnetische nanodeeltjes gebruikt worden om gevoelig en snel biologische stoffen te meten. Voor een optimale werking van deze sensoren is het belangrijk om de magnetische eigenschappen van individuele magnetische nanodeeltjes te kunnen meten. Met bestaande technieken is dit niet mogelijk. Tijdens haar afstudeeropdracht heeft Kim van Ommering een techniek ontwikkeld waarmee dit wel mogelijk is. Om de magnetische eigenschappen van individuele nanodeeltjes te meten is het noodzakelijk kleine magnetische velden te combineren met grote veldgradiënten en kleine verplaatsingen te meten tegen een achtergrond van grote thermische fluctuaties. Om dit mogelijk te maken construeerde Kim van Ommering een magnetische val op een chip. De val wordt opgewekt door middel van lithografisch gedefinieerde stroomdraden, die kleine velden en toch voldoende grote veldgradiënten leveren. Optisch bepaalde zij heel nauwkeurig het gedrag van individuele nanodeeltjes in de val en liet zien dat de veranderingen van de thermische fluctuaties een goede maat vormen voor de magnetische susceptibiliteit van de individuele nanodeeltjes. De techniek die Kim van Ommering tijdens haar afstudeeronderzoek heeft ontwikkeld vormt een compleet nieuwe benadering in dit veld van onderzoek. Haar afstudeerproject is zo vernieuwend en van een zodanig hoge kwaliteit dat het heeft geresulteerd in een artikel in het internationale vaktijdschrift Applied Physics Letters. Dit artikel heeft de aandacht getrokken van de redactie van het Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology, die het vervolgens ook publiceerde. Beide publicaties vormen een duidelijke erkenning voor de originaliteit, het
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uitstekende wetenschappelijke niveau en de brede relevantie van het onderzoek van Kim van Ommering. Zij is een getalenteerd onderzoeker en werkt op dit moment aan een vervolgonderzoek als promovendus bij de nieuwe onderzoeksgroep Moleculaire Biosensoren voor Medische Diagnostiek (MBx) van prof.dr. Menno Prins, dr. Leo van Ijzendoorn en dr.ir. Arthur de Jong bij de faculteit Technische Natuurkunde.
2e prijs
De tweede Mignot Afstudeerprijs is toegekend aan ir. L. Cacace van de faculteit Werktuigbouwkunde met zijn afstudeerproject getiteld “Development of a nanometer accuracy non-contact probe for NANOMEFOS”. Afstudeerhoogleraar: prof.dr.ir. M. Steinbuch Afstudeerbegeleider: dr.ir. N. Rosielle
Lennino Cacace leverde met zijn afstudeeropdracht een belangrijke bijdrage aan het NANOMEFOS project. Binnen dit project werken de TU/e, TNO Industrie en Techniek, het Nederlands Meetinstituut en het Engelse National Physical Laboratory, samen aan het ontwikkelen van een geschikt systeem voor het meten van free-form optische oppervlakken. Free-form optische componenten worden veel gebruikt in high-end optische systemen, zoals telescopen, ruimtevaartinstrumenten en lithografische systemen omdat de optische kwaliteit veel hoger is en de componenten veel kleiner en lichter. Dit soort high-end systemen vereisen echter nanometernauwkeurigheid en bestaande meetinstrumenten hadden daarvoor niet de juiste specificaties. Daarom ontwierp Lennino Cacace een contactloze taster die de absolute vorm van een oppervlak tot op de nanometer nauwkeurig kan meten, zonder het oppervlak te beschadigen. Deze taster zal een essentieel onderdeel vormen van de uiteindelijke NANOMEFOS meetmachine. Dat Lennino Cacace met zijn onderzoek de Corus Young Talent Graduation Prize van de KNAW in de wacht sleepte, geeft aan hoe hoog de kwaliteit van zijn onderzoek is. In het uitvoeren van dit project heeft Lennino Cacace een zeer grote mate van zelfstandigheid aan de dag gelegd. De jury was onder de indruk van zijn gedegen wetenschappelijke aanpak en vaardigheid in het uitvoeren van experimenten. Lennino Cacace werkt momenteel via zijn eigen bedrijf AC Optomechanix aan projecten voor het bedrijfsleven op het gebied van precisie technologie, optomechanica en (opto)mechatronica. Eindhoven, 20 juni 2007 De jury van de Mignot Afstudeerprijs: Prof.dr.ir. J.H. Blom, voorzitter Prof.dr.ir. J.C. Fransoo, lid Prof.dr.ir. J.J.H. Brouwers, lid
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Technische Natuurkunde 1e Mignot Afstudeerprijs 2007 Kim van Ommering (1982) studeerde in 2006 cum laude af aan de faculteit Technische Natuurkunde van de TU/e. Haar afstudeerwerk is gepubliceerd in Applied Physics Letters. Momenteel vervolgt zij dit werk bij Philips Research in een promotieonderzoek. In haar vrije tijd is ze graag bezig met koken en yoga. ir. K. van Ommering
Magnetic Characterization of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles for Application in a Magnetic Biosensor Magnetic biosensors have a promising future in the domain of handheld sensors that can rapidly detect very low concentrations of molecules in body fluids such as saliva, urine, and blood. This can greatly improve medical diagnostics, for example in the field of cardiac health. In a magnetic biosensor, molecules are labeled with superparamagnetic particles and detected with a sensor, for example a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor. For accurate detection it is essential to know the magnetic properties of the particles, down to a single particle level.
Optical Monitoring of Particles on a Chip In this graduation project I measured the magnetic susceptibility of individual nanoparticles with a diameter of 150 - 450 nm. The particles were suspended in a fluid on a chip with integrated current wires that induce magnetic fields. The motion of the particles was monitored with a high magnification microscope. The particle susceptibility was derived in two ways: using the existing technique of magnetophoretic analysis and using a new technique based on the analysis of confined Brownian motion of the particles.
Magnetophoretic Analysis Magnetophoretic analysis is based on measuring the speed of a particle in a magnetic field gradient. For particles smaller than 1000 nm very high field gradients are needed to obtain speeds significantly higher than the Brownian motion. I used current wires in the chip surface to pull particles over the surface. Differences in particle susceptibilities of a factor of two were observed. A new chip has been designed which is even more suitable for magnetophoretic measurements. However, the accuracy of this technique remains limited due to the disturbance of Brownian motion.
Confined Brownian Motion Analysis I developed a new technique that exploits the Brownian motion and is therefore more suitable for smaller particles. The particle susceptibility is calculated by analyzing the confined Brownian motion of the particles trapped in a magnetic potential well generated by a current wire on a chip. Differences in particle susceptibility of a factor of ten were observed. An advantage of this technique compared to magnetophoretic analysis is that the susceptibility is measured independent of the hydrodynamic radius of the particles, and is therefore more accurate.
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Werktuigbouwkunde 2e Mignot Afstudeerprijs 2007
ir. L. Cacace
Lennino Cacace graduated in 2006. He currently works on projects through the company he founded during his MSc. project, AC Optomechanix. With his work he won the prestigious Corus Young Talent Graduation Prize of the Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen. His personal interests include photography, backpacking, and playing the drums.
Development of a Nanometer Accuracy Non-contact Probe for NANOMEFOS Free-form optics are used in high-end optical systems like telescopes, space-going instruments, and lithography systems. Their use is growing at a rapid pace because in many cases the use of free-form optics, compared to traditional optics, enables the realization of lighter and smaller optical systems while achieving higher performance. However, at present, a universal high-precision measurement tool for such free-form optics is lacking. Therefore, the TU/e, TNO, and NMi VSL have started a joint project to develop NANOMEFOS, a coordinate measurement machine to satisfy this need. NANOMEFOS relies on the use of a non-contact distance measurement probe with nanometer accuracy at large acceptance angles. No existing probe, commercial nor experimental, has been found which meets the required combination of specifications. For this reason, a new type of probe has been developed. Requirements of the probe are, among others, 5 mm measurement range, 1 nm resolution, and a 2σ measurement uncertainty of 10 nm at 0° surface inclination and 35 nm at 5° surface inclination. The measurement system is based on a differential confocal principle of which the objective lens is scanned by a servo to increase range. The servo loop is made using the signal of the differential confocal system while distance measurement is obtained by adding the confocal and interferometer signals. Existing single-point optical probes suffer from the phenomenon that distance measurement is dependent on surface tilt. To solve this problem two separate solutions were invented which work in synergy. Due to an application for a patent, however, they can not be covered here. Analytical models describing the differential confocal system have been developed. On the basis of these models, numerical calculations and simulations have been performed allowing for optimization of system properties. A test set-up for the differential confocal system has been designed and built to validate the models. Results obtained using the set-up are, among others; a sensitivity of 8 V/µm and 0.1 nm electrical resolution. Furthermore an optical layout incorporating a differential confocal system and interferometer into a compact integral optical design was developed. At present a working probe for NANOMEFOS is being realized in hardware.
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Werktuigbouwkunde Martijn Hamers was born on in Oss, in 1981. He received his MSc. degree (Cum Laude) in Mechanical Engineering in 2006. He now works at the Mechatronics Department of Philips Applied Technologies. His hobbies are travelling, skiing, field hockey, model trains, and autonomous robots. ir. M.R. Hamers
Modeling of Actuator-Related Servo Error Sources in a New 6-DOF Planar Actuator Introduction Philips Applied Technologies performs research on the control design for highperformance electromechanical systems. A new planar actuator technology is being developed for high-accuracy stage applications. The schematic top view of such a new type of planar actuator is depicted in Figure 1. Four separate actuators, above a permanent magnet array, deliver a main force in horizontal and vertical direction (indicated in red). Together they form a 6-DOF frictionless electromechanical actuator that can be operated in a vacuum. Due to imperfections in the actuation chain of the actuator, such as amplifier errors, commutation errors, and a non-ideal magnetic field distribution, the mapping from desired controller forces into physical actuator forces is not equal to identity. Hence, these imperfections disturb the intended force profile and therefore induce so-called ‘actuatorrelated’ servo errors. Accurate knowledge of the disturbance sources and their underlying physics is required to improve the servo behavior of the actuator.
Approach First, analytical (two-dimensional) and numerical (three-dimensional, FEM) techniques, based on the Maxwell equations, are used to characterize and quantify the effect of actuation chain imperfections on the force production of the actuator. Subsequently, a detailed model of the actuation chain is synthesized in Simulink to compare and validate the disturbance models with observations from an experimental planar actuator setup. Using the insights obtained during the modeling phase, several compensation and calibration procedures are proposed. A novel, extended, commutation algorithm, to cope with the non-ideal magnetic field distribution, is derived. The analytical expression of socalled ‘dive-torques’ generated by the planar actuator is used to derive a simple but effective compensation scheme.
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Figure 1: The planar actuator layout, based on four symmetric three-phase actuators consisting of three coils each [1]. Permanent magnets (with magnetization direction as indicated) are placed in an array with a checkerboard configuration which is rotated over 45 degrees with respect to the actuator coils.
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Results & Conclusions
Bibliography [1] Compter, J.C., Electro-dynamic planar motor, Precision Engineering, 28(2):171-180, April 2004.
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The dive-torque compensation scheme is validated on an experimental planar actuator setup and the result for one DOF is presented in Figure 2. The original servo behavior clearly shows low frequent disturbance behavior introduced by the actuator dive-torques. With the model based compensation scheme a reduction of 60% in absolute servo error can be achieved. It is shown that with the new and detailed insight to the effect of actuation chain imperfections on the force disturbance produced by a 6-DOF electromechanical actuator, the servo behavior can be improved considerably.
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Figure 2: Scaled servo error without (blue) and with (red) model based dive-torque compensation.
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Biomedische Technologie Image analysis, signal analysis, modeling, or MR imaging techniques? Luckily, I found a project combining all of these fields. Additionally, this research may deliver a small contribution to the quality of breast cancer diagnosis. I have worked on it with great enthusiasm and I am still doing so, as a PhD. student. ir. M. Heisen
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Breast Images MRI in Breast Cancer Screening MRI is becoming an important modality for the screening of women at high risk to develop breast cancer. These women should enter a screening program at a young age. As conventional X-ray screening shows a reduced sensitivity due to the high breast-tissue density in young women, MRI is the modality of choice, allowing early detection and thus, hopefully, better treatment prospects.
Imaging Cancer Tumor malignancy is often accompanied by a high vascularization and a high vessel-wall permeability caused by angiogenesis. As a result, once the contrast is administered, more of it will flow into these suspicious regions and will leak from the blood stream into the tissue. This is why suspicious regions show up brightly during a dynamic contrastenhanced (DCE) MR image series (Figure 1). In this research, the contrast-agent uptake as a function of time was investigated. It was already known that by visual inspection diagnostic information can be derived from contrast-agent uptake curves, but it was unclear if more sophisticated analysis techniques could lead to further improvements. For this purpose, we investigated mathematical (pharmacokinetic) modeling of contrast-agent uptake curves.
Towards More Reliable Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Figure 1: A. Exchange of contrast agent between bloodstream and tumor tissue. B. DCE-MR image series reveals tumors as brightly enhancing regions. C. Local tissue properties can be extracted from pixel-specific enhancement curves.
Methods from literature were compared and common assumptions were put to the test. We performed experiments in a controlled simulation environment to unravel the different factors that influence the appearance of the contrast-agent uptake curves and thereby their classification. These experiments demonstrated the limitations of conventional classification methods that are currently applied in clinical practice. We expect pharmacokinetic modeling to overcome these limitations due to its imagingprotocol independency. It also returns more meaningful parameters that reflect physiological tissue properties. This holds the promise of a reproducible analysis and a better tissue classification. The prerequisites for its reliable application in a clinical setting were determined as well. As part of a Computer Aided Detection (CAD) system, parameters estimated with a pharmacokinetic model form the basis for meaningful visualizations, supporting radiologists in detecting and classifying tumors (figure 2).
Figure 2: Example of a color overlay reflecting physiological tissue properties and showing the extent of the tumor.
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Elektrotechniek Jeroen Janssen was born in Boxmeer, in 1982. In 2006 he received his MSc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Eindhoven University of Technology. Currently, he is pursuing a PhD. degree with the Electromechanics and Power Electronics group at the TU/e, on the subject of electromagnetic damping.
ir. J.L.G. Janssen
Design of Active Suspension using Electromagnetic Devices Introduction A major goal for the automotive industry is to provide optimal road holding and passenger comfort for a large variety of road conditions and vehicle maneuvers. This is obtained by maintaining optimal contact between road and tires, hence maximum handling, whilst simultaneously minimizing accelerations and roll of the vehicle body, ensuring passenger comfort. Fully passive suspension systems provide a compromise between handling and comfort. Optimal vehicle suspension may be achieved by implementing electromagnetic devices, which, compared to present hydraulic or pneumatic (semi-)active systems, excel in high bandwidth, and are likely to exhibit low power consumption and energy recuperation. General requirements for such an active suspension have been obtained by literature research, mechanical modeling and extensive experimental measurements. Two topologies are considered feasible for the application under research.
Figure 1: Derivation of the rotating 2D equivalent model (right side) from the conventional axisymmetrical model (left side) of the tubular actuator.
Tubular Actuator A tubular actuator, parallel to a mechanical spring, may be used to provide the dynamic suspension force, where the spring provides passive gravity compensation. A feasible topology has been obtained by size optimization, using a combination of both Lorentz and differential methods. A novel 2D representation of the tubular actuator is introduced, and, using conventional axisymmetrical modeling, verified using the key output parameters of several sub-models, as shown in Figure 1. This 2D model enables separation of cogging force components, which is subsequently used to reduce this cogging force by skewing the structure. Feasible skewing topologies for the tubular actuator are proposed, after which the Multilayer 2D method is used to simulate the effects of skewing on the output parameters.
ELMASP A novel tubular ELectro MAgnetic SPring (ELMASP), based on reluctance force, is proposed to replace the conventional passive strut in automotive suspensions. It exhibits passive gravity compensation, active variation of the spring stiffness and high bandwidth. Extensive analytical and numerical models are derived for a simplified ELMASP and verified by measurements on a prototype, shown in Figure 2. Good agreement is found between the measurements and the predicted forces, which provides the fundamental verification for the innovative design of a full-sized ELMASP. Further, the conceptual study on this device has led to a patent filing. Figure 2: The ELMASP mounted in the test set-up with force sensor, and a conventional rear suspension strut of the BMW 545i
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Technologie Management Maurits van 't Land is momenteel werkzaam bij Vodafone als Customer Insights Specialist. De affectie met telecommunicatie heeft hij opgedaan tijdens zijn afstudeerstage bij Telfort, waar hij de consumenten acceptatie van innovatieve diensten heeft onderzocht. De resultaten van zijn onderzoek zijn succesvol gepubliceerd in een wetenschappelijk artikel. ir. M.F.P. van ‘t Land
Improving Consumer Acceptance of Third Generation Mobile Services Development and Empirical Validation of the Technology Readiness Acceptance Model Basic mobile telecommunications services, voice and text messaging, have proven to be a massive success for the second generation (GSM) services [UMTS Forum, 2003]. However, these services have reached market saturation, and telecommunication providers recognized that growth potential lies in innovative third generation (UMTS) services. In response to this changing market situation, several European governments decided to auction the UMTS licenses needed to provide these third generation services. The Dutch government was amongst them and collected an estimated 2.7 billion euro by auctioning five UMTS licences. However, the uptake of the data services based on UMTS did not meet the expectations of the mobile operators. One of the most important reasons for the disappointing uptake of m-commerce is the failure of firms to understand customer value creation [Shankar et al., 2003]. It appears that the added value of wireless services currently being marketed lacks the advantages needed to create a market ‘pull’. In fact, it seems that the adoption and diffusion of these services is illustrative of a classic case of technology ‘push’ [Basso, 2001]. To successfully move beyond the technology push of mobile data services, Kleijnen et al. [2004] state: ‘a deeper insight in the factors driving consumers’ acceptance of mobile services … is needed.’ Emanating from these principles, the following research assignment is drafted:
Figure 1: TRAM, both services, only significant relationships are shown.
Research Assignment Analyze the acceptance of the third generation mobile services among the Dutch mobile telecommunication users, in order to gain a better understanding of the drivers that influence acceptance and their relative importance.
Results To comply with the research assignment, a new model was devised: the Technology Readiness Acceptance Model. Two services have been selected as target services: ‘Video Telephony’ and ‘Mobile TV’. The target market of this research is the Dutch consumer market and the post-paid mobile telephone users in particular. A total of 10.000 consumers of both Telfort and KPN were asked to participate in this research and more than a thousand responses were collected (yielding a response rate of 10.5 %). The data from this study are analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling or SEM. This technique enables simultaneously examination of the validity of measures associated with constructs and the relationship between the constructs. Satisfactory discriminant and convergent validity results were obtained and the model reported satisfactory fit indexes for both services. Figure 1 shows the results of this analysis. Cluster analysis (a combination of hierarchical clustering in combination with K-means cluster analysis) is used in order to realize the segmentation based on Technology Readiness, the result of this analysis is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Cluster analysis results, both services, based on the taxonomy of Technology Readiness PU=Perceived Usefulness, PEOU=Perceived Ease of Use, SN=Subjective Norm, IMA=Image, ENJ=Perceived Enjoyment.
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Technische Natuurkunde
ir. R. Lavrijsen
Reinoud is a person to whom the Dutch saying: “wisdom comes with the years” certainly applies. Starting as an average student at the Mavo in 1996, slowly his interest for research grew due to internships at SUNY, Albany USA and CERN, Geneva Switzerland. A recent milestone was obtaining a MSc. degree and starting a PhD. at the TU/e in the exciting field of NanoSpintronics. This has caught his full attention.
The Key to Future Magnetic Memories and Sensors
How do we keep pace with our ever in-creasing hunger for information and well-being, always and everywhere? The answer can be found in the exciting and expanding field of nano-spintronics. In this field devices are small, typically at the scale of a nanometer. More importantly, by not only using the charge of the electron but also its magnetic moment (spin), an extra degree of freedom is obtained. A perfect example of a device within this research field is a Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) (figure 1). This is a device that separates two ferromagnetic electrodes with an insulating barrier. By making this barrier extremely thin (~1 to 3 nanometer) electrons are able to tunnel from one electrode to the other. The magnitude of the tunnel current (or resistance) is dependent on the relative magnetization orientation of the two ferromagnetic electrodes, i.e. in (anti)-parallel orientation a (high) low resistance is found. By using MgO as the tunnel barrier the magnitude of this effect, which is called Tunnel Magnetoresistance (TMR), can be increased to more than 500% as compared to conventional MTJs (70%). Due to their extremely high sensitivity to magnetic fields, such elements can be used in a multitude of applications, ranging from magnetic memories to hard disk read heads and superior magnetic biosensors.
Novel Effects of MgO as Tunnel Barrier The enhancement of the TMR effect in MTJs with a crystalline MgO barrier stems from the electronic properties of MgO when used in combination with certain magnetic electrodes. MgO acts as a filter for specific electron states. These states are characterized by the symmetry of the electron wave function; it turns out that the highly symmetric states can tunnel more efficiently through the barrier than states of lower symmetry. By exploiting this effect, an extremely high degree of spin polarization can be effectively obtained, leading to the enormous TMR effects. Fabricating these high- quality barriers and adding to the understanding of the physics behind the TMR effect are the key ingredients of this research work.
Figure 1: Measured curve of the resistance (left axis) and TMR (right axis) as function of the external applied magnetic field. A negative (positive) field means that it points to the left (right). For the curve shown the magnetic field is swept from a large negative to a positive field. At 2.5 (6) kA/m the magnetization direction of the top (bottom) electrode switches, as shown by the red arrows. We thus obtain a parallel and anti-parallel magnetization alignment of the electrodes, reflected in the low and high resistance, respectively.
Figure 2: From a single MTJ element to the basic implementations and final products, showing the enormous potential of these nano-devices.
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Elektrotechniek In 2005 Peter van Leuven conducted research on integrated antenna shielding at the Catholic University of Leuven, where his interest in electromagnetic analysis was aroused. After receiving his MSc. degree (cum laude) in 2006 from the TU/e, he started his PhD. research on efficient electromagnetic analysis of micromachined structures. ir. P.G. van Leuven
Shape Sensitivities of Perfectly Conducting 2D Objects and Inverse Scattering Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering
Sensitivity Analysis For efficiency purposes, we choose to model the scattering problem in terms of an integral equation. For the sensitivities we have obtained the following results: • The sensitivities also take the form of an integral equation. • The integral equations only differ from each other in their forcing term. • The corresponding numerical systems only require additional computations for the forcing term. • No extra matrix inversion is needed. In Figure 1, the sensitivity of the radiation pattern for a perfectly conducting trapezoid is shown for a varying bottom width.
Shape Reconstruction The shape reconstruction has been applied to two perfectly conducting objects: a circular cylinder and a trapezoid. The circular cylinder has been used to verify the numerical model, since an analytic expression for the sensitivity with respect to its radius is available. The trapezoid is typical for wafer-monitoring purposes. For the trapezoid, three shape parameters have been studied, the top width, the bottom width, and the height. A successful shape reconstruction with additive Gaussian white noise is demonstrated in Figure 2. This reconstruction employs multi-frequency data to improve the convergence and resolution of the reconstruction algorithm.
Figure 1: In red, the bottom width sensitivity of the radiation pattern for a perfectly conducting trapezoid is shown, for an incident wave coming from the right. The corresponding geometrical change of the trapezoid is indicated in blue.
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In inverse scattering, a known electromagnetic field illuminates the object under study and the field scattered by the object is measured. From the measured data, one attempts to reconstruct the shape of the object. Such techniques are useful when a non-invasive, nondestructive measurement technique is required, for instance for wafer monitoring in the fabrication of integrated circuits. In case of monitoring, we are interested in tracking small changes in the geometry of the object and the inverse scattering problem is typically nonlinear. A suitable approach is then to employ Newton-type optimizers, which require the computation of sensitivity (gradient) information with respect to the parameters that define the shape of the object. Such information can be obtained via finite-difference approximations, but this is time-consuming and often unreliable. These difficulties have been circumvented by constructing an analytical formulation for these sensitivities.
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Figure 2: Relative error with respect to the object’s true dimensions under influence of 2.5% noise. The red vertical lines indicate the transition to a higher frequency to increase the resolution.
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Pagina 14
Scheikundige Technologie Marco Meeuwse was born in Kapelle (Zeeland) in 1983. He studied Chemical Engineering at the Eindhoven University of Technology. He likes to play volleyball and to run. He was secretary of volleyballclub Tamar, and chairman of the congress committee of student association Japie. In 2006 he started his PhD. project at the TU/e. ir. M. Meeuwse
Mass Transfer in Solid Foam Packings
Many chemical processes involve a gas and a liquid that react over a catalyst on a solid support. The overall production rate of these processes is not necessarily determined by the reaction kinetics. Especially for fast reactions, the mass transfer rate of the gaseous reactant to the liquid and subsequently to the catalyst on the solid support, limits the overall production rate. In those cases, a higher mass transfer rate decreases the required reactor volume. This decreases the investment costs of the industrial process. The lower reactor volume also improves safety; the explosion hazard and spill hazard are reduced. The gas-liquid mass transfer is proportional to the product of the liquid mass transfer coefficient kL and the gas-liquid interfacial area per unit volume available for mass transfer, aL. Open-celled solid foam packings have a high surface area per unit volume, dependent on the cell size of the foam. The high surface area increases aL, and thereby the gas-liquid mass transfer. This report describes the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient kLa for the solid foam as a function of the foam cell size and the gas and liquid superficial velocities. At low gas velocities, large gas bubbles rise upwards through the foam, at higher gas velocities it moves in slugs that span the whole width of the foam. Gas-liquid mass transfer only occurs at a gas-liquid interface, i.e. at the outer surface area of a bubble and at the wetted foam inside the bubble (Figure 2). Therefore the mass transfer increases at increasing gas flows, more bubbles are present and the mass transfer rate correspondingly increases. The mass transfer coefficient kL also increases with increasing gas velocity but also with increasing liquid velocity. aL increases with decreasing foam cell-size, but kL decreases proportionally, resulting in a foam cell size independent kLa. The observed trends are predicted by a mass transfer model.
Figure 1: Surface area per unit volume as a function of empty space (voidage) of different packings. A higher ppi number of the solid foam means a smaller cell size. In the top a picture of 10 ppi solid foam with a millimetre scale.
The measured gas-liquid mass transfer of solid foam packings is higher or comparable to conventional packings. The relatively low capital and variable costs make the solid foam packing an attractive alternative for the chemical industry.
Figure 2: Bubble flow through foam, dark spots are the bubbles. On the right a schematical drawing of bubble with wetted foam inside.
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Pagina 15
Biomedische Technologie I obtained my MSc. in Biomedical Engineering and have been active in various student organisations. One of the highlights was my internship in New Zealand. My graduation project was the beginning of a cooperation between the TU/e and Philips Medical Systems on risk assessment of cerebral aneurysms. The project got a follow-up in the form of my PhD. work. ir. G. Mulder
The Velocity Field in a Cerebral Aneurysm Model: PIV Measurements and CFD Analysis Introduction Cerebral aneurysms are localized, thin walled dilatations of the arterial wall in the brain. The major risk involved is rupture of the aneurysm, resulting in a cerebral haemorrhage. The decision whether or not to operate on an unruptured cerebral aneurysm is based on the balance between risk of rupture and risk of intervention. Currently, no reliable method to estimate the rupture risk is available. The analysis of intra-aneurysmal flow patterns may lead to a more reliable risk assessment. A new approach is the use of X-ray systems (Figure a) to analyze flow in an aneurysm and its parent artery. Here, the innovative trend to couple clinical imaging modalities to patient-specific computational methods is followed. The aim of this study is to develop well-defined in-vitro experiments to validate this approach. To this purpose, intra-aneurysmal velocity fields measured with particle image velocimetry (PIV) are compared to those obtained with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model.
Materials and Methods A CFD model is used to simulate the velocity field in an idealized aneurysm (Figure b). An experimental set-up (Figure c) is built to measure the intraaneurysmal velocity field using PIV. The characteristics of the resulting velocity fields are compared. In order to enable comparison of the intra-aneurysmal vortices, the vortex strength is quantified using the circulation.
Results The intra-aneurysmal velocity field (Figure d-g) shows a single vortex structure, with the vortex center located distally to the aneurysm center. The highest velocities are observed in the distal side of the aneurysm. Although the aneurysmal neck could not be measured, the intra-aneurysmal velocity field indicates an outflow at the neck. This is supported by velocity fields obtained with the CFD model.
The intra-aneurysmal velocity field in an idealized geometry is obtained using PIV as well as CFD.
Discussion Both the qualitative and quantitative characteristics, based on vortex dynamics, of the experimentally and numerically obtained velocity fields correspond and theoretical considerations support the flow patterns observed. This study forms the basis of the confirmation that X-ray images can be useful in clinical diagnostics and prognoses and motivates further and more exclusive studies in the field.
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Pagina 16
Technologie Management Heden: • Mede-oprichter Mastersportal.eu: informatieplatform voor masterstudies in Europa. • Freelance junior strategieconsultant. Tijdens studie: • 1 jaar studie en onderzoek aan Osaka University, Japan • 2 internationale stages voor Atos Origin: bij de Olympische spelen Athene 2004 en Turijn 2006. • Voorzitter Interactie, internationale studievereniging Tbdk. ir. E.T. van Rest
Decision-Making in Offshoring from a Knowledge Perspective: Illuminating a Blind Spot Should Philips offshore its production, or maybe even the development of its new Ambilight products to a country like China or India? Most likely, the cost price will drop, but what will happen to the knowledge involved? The above a fictional example of a strategic offshoring decision. This research has shown that companies base these decisions primarily on financial and operational arguments (a NetPresentValue analysis). Even though they are often aware that their knowledge is one of their prime competitive resources, they unfortunately do not sufficiently anticipate on the consequences of such an offshoring decision on this aspect: offshoring the Ambilight production process probably results in a lower cost price, a good financial argument for offshoring. However, will Philips be able to appropriate (protect) its technology in a country such as China, with a substandard intellectual property environment? Will the necessary knowledge be successfully transferable to the Chinese employees? And what will be the effect on Philips’ innovativeness if the production and R&D are so far from each other? In our current ‘knowledge economy’ the answers to these are the questions that will greatly determine the competitive position of companies, most probably even countries. The problem is how to incorporate these issues in the decision-making process. Based on inside research within nine of the biggest industrial multinationals in the Netherlands, and eleven desk cases, an assessment tool has been developed for those decision-makers so they can analyze the knowledge consequences of an offshoring scenario. The tool is built around six knowledge processes that together determine the evolution (and utilization) of a company’s knowledge (Figure 1). Based on a quick scan method, the assessment tool gives a fast and comprehensive overview of the knowledge consequences of an offshoring scenario, and gives practical insights and possible interventions to improve the knowledge performance. The tool was tested in three companies (with a field test in China) and was deemed very valuable, now it is used and further developed. The results of the research have been published twice and more is yet to come. Supervisors: prof.dr.ir. Mathieu Weggeman and prof.dr. Geert Duysters. Nominee: Edwin van Rest. (Founder mastersportal.eu and freelance consultant) Company: Squarewise; Strategy Consultants for Knowledge Management With inside research in nine large industrial multinationals
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Figure 1: Six ongoing knowledge processes together determine the value that a firm will extract from its (future) knowledge.
Figure 2: Firstly, the assessment tool gives an overview of how these six knowledge processes will be affected by offshoring to a certain location.
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Pagina 17
Bouwkunde Jurgen Voermans studeerde civiele techniek aan de Avans Hogeschool in Tilburg, en studeerde constructief ontwerpen aan de TU/e. Zojuist is hij teruggekeerd van zijn over-land-reis Turkije-Iran-Pakistan-India. Zijn persoonlijke interesses gaan vooral uit naar reisfotografie, religie en literatuur.
ir. J. Voermans
Glued-laminated Bamboo for Structural Application
This research focused on glued-laminated beams produced with bamboo strands for structural application. Experimental and analytical research was carried out to establish a model for glued-laminated bamboo beams loaded in bending based on the properties of the individual laminations. The development of glued-laminated beams of timber and its structural application have had a tremendous influence in building with wood during the last century. Since bamboo combines good mechanical properties with being one of the fastest growing plants on earth, the structural utilization as laminated beam is at least similar. Until recently the natural shape and appearance of bamboo prevented it from being recognized as a potential structural and reliable building material. Successful innovations allow bamboo strands to be joined to form beams of structural size with high mechanical properties. Gluedlaminated bamboo can be used in (sustainable) building projects all around the world. During the research the mechanical properties were determined experimentally. Additionally, since the length of beams exceeds the length of laminations, a proper connection was developed to lengthen the individual laminations. It was found that by lengthening the laminations by means of scarf-joints with a slope of 1 in 10, a joint efficiency of 93% could be achieved. Furthermore, the bond quality of face joints was studied based on two types of commercial adhesives commonly used in the manufacturing of glued-laminated timber: melamine-urea-formaldehyde and resorcinol-phenol. The results indicated that melamine-urea-formaldehyde could successfully be applied to bamboo. Finally, an empirical model was established linking the properties of the individual laminations to those of the beams. This model was based on full-scale tests on glued-laminated bamboo beams loaded in four-point bending. It was found that the bending strength of a glued-laminated bamboo beam was directed by the tensile strength of the outermost lamination where failure was initiated either by a node or a joint. It was possible to link the tensile strength of the individual laminations to the bending strength of the beams by the laminating factor.
Figure1: Failure of a laminated bamboo beam initiated at the scarf-joint.
Figure 2: Load deflection curve of a laminated bamboo beam loaded in bending
Conclusion It was concluded that, regarding applications were strength is determining above stiffness, glued-laminated bamboo is a very promising material compared to engineered timber products.
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Pagina 18
Bouwkunde
ir. D. Witvoet
After graduating from secondary school I was admitted at the Royal Netherlands Air Force as a student pilot. Unfortunately I could not finish the training, so I decided to study Architecture at the TU/e. I pursued a MSc. degree in Real Estate Management & Development and that is how I became interested in the financial part of real estate development projects.
Real Options in Real Estate
Empirical research proved that developable land is similar to an American call option on an underlying asset that pays dividends. Similarly, in the real estate development market there is evidence of multiple real options embedded within real estate development projects. These real options have value, because they allow developers to alter plans in the future when more information becomes available over time – also known as managerial flexibility. To assess the value of managerial flexibility in development projects Decision Tree Analysis (DTA) or Real Options Analysis (ROA) should be applied. In a tender process, a developer was asked to make a bid on an abandoned industrial site that is currently in use as a sports field. The owner of the land sold it to the highest bidder based on its redevelopment potential. The developer won the bidding by paying € 8,4 million including buyer’s costs. The land value was established by Net Present Value (NPV) calculations, but the eventual bid was mostly based on the developer’s ‘intuition’. To estimate the actual land value, the business case is modeled using both DTA and ROA. The DTA represented four scenarios; each with its own percentage of probability. These scenario-probabilities are based on specific risk and therefore have to be estimated using the track record of successful and unsuccessful projects of the developer. The real options in the scenarios were interacting with each other and therefore modeled in one binomial tree. To allow for risk neutral valuation the drift is corrected for the foregoing dividends if one of the real options is alive. In the base case scenario it was computed that the land value is € 13,4 million against a selling price of € 8,4 million. Results from the Monte Carlo simulation showed that the land value from the model in the base case scenario is in close range of the mode - € 13,7 million. Figure 1 shows that within the 90% certainty boundaries there is more upward potential than downside risk. A definitive conclusion about the consistency of the correlations between the variables and the land value could not be given, because of the multiple interacting options and the scenarios used in the DTA. Figure 2 does show, however, that the outcome of the ROA model is highly sensitive to the accuracy of the estimated NPV from the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis.
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Figure 1: Monte Carlo simulation on land value.
Figure 2: Sensitivity analysis on variables.
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Pagina 19
UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs Voor het beste ontwerp van het Stan Ackermans Instituut
De UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijzen zijn in 1994 ingesteld. Deze prijzen worden jaarlijks uitgereikt aan de beste ontwerpers van de 3TU.School for Technological Design, Stan Ackermans Institute uit het daaraan voorafgaande kalenderjaar. De eerste prijs wordt beschikbaar gesteld door de Stichting Universiteitsfonds Eindhoven (UFe) en bedraagt 5.000 euro. De tweede prijs wordt beschikbaar gesteld door Océ Technologies BV en bedraagt 2.500 euro. De uitreiking vindt jaarlijks plaats. Iedere afgestudeerde ontwerper van een van de tweejarige post-initiële opleidingen van het Stan Ackermans Instituut kan meedingen, mits het technologisch ontwerp tot stand gekomen is in een ontwerpproject. In opdracht van een externe opdrachtgever wordt dit project uitgevoerd ter afsluiting van een van de gecertificeerde ontwerpersopleidingen van het Stan Ackermans Instituut. Er zijn voor dit jaar zes ontwerpprojecten genomineerd uit zes ontwerpersopleidingen en uitgevoerd bij verschillende opdrachtgevers.
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Pagina 20
UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs Juryrapport 2007
Voor de UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs 2007 zijn zes ontwerpprojecten, alle uitgevoerd bij een externe opdrachtgever, genomineerd door zes verschillende ontwerpersopleidingen van het Stan Ackermans Instituut. De jury heeft de ontwerpen beoordeeld aan de hand van de volgende criteria: • in het ontwerpverslag moet ruim aandacht zijn voor de definitie van het ontwerpprobleem; • op basis van de door de opdrachtgever aangegeven functionele en marktbepaalde eisen moet het verslag een gedegen probleemanalyse bevatten; • in het verslag moet beschreven zijn op welke manier het probleem is opgelost en hoe daarbij gebruik gemaakt is van kennis, vaardigheden en creativiteit; • in het verslag moet duidelijk beschreven worden welke technieken er gebruikt zijn om het probleem op te lossen alsmede welke alternatieven er onderzocht zijn; • er dient een duidelijk plan van aanpak beschreven te zijn; • het ontwerpproces moet duidelijk gedocumenteerd zijn; • in het verslag dient de acceptatie van het ontwerp door de opdrachtgever beschreven te zijn. Daarnaast is de gebruikte ontwerpmethodologie een belangrijk aandachtspunt in de jurybeschouwingen. Op grond van deze criteria heeft de jury de volgende twee projecten als prijswinnaars geselecteerd.
1e prijs
De eerste UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs 2007 is gewonnen door ir. M.C.B. Verdonk PDEng. met zijn ontwerp “Sociable Connected Home: Design and Implementation of an Experience Demonstrator”.
Martijn Verdonk heeft dit project uitgevoerd in het kader van de ontwerpersopleiding Software Technology bij Philips Design in Eindhoven, waarbij de begeleiding vanuit de TU/e verzorgd is door dr. A. Serebrenik. In het project is een ontwerp en prototype gemaakt van een systeem dat het mogelijk maakt op simpele wijze informatie uit te wisselen tussen mp3-spelers, mobiele telefoons en andere persoonlijke apparaten. Innovatieve ideeën en nieuwe technologie worden eenvoudiger door de markt geaccepteerd als zij gedemonstreerd kunnen worden met toegankelijke voorbeelden. Dat geldt voor vrijwel alle industriële sectoren, maar zeker in de voortdurend veranderende wereld van de elektronische apparaten. Martijn Verdonk ontwierp een systeem dat het mogelijk maakt een digitale foto, gemaakt met een mobiele telefoon, op een televisiescherm te laten zien. Twee andere gerealiseerde toepassingen zijn het over en weer delen van muziek tussen twee mobiele telefoons, en digitale betaling met behulp van een smart creditcard reader thuis. Martijn Verdonk heeft in zijn ontwerp gebruik gemaakt van de nieuwe Near Field Communication technologie, waardoor de acties die de gebruiker moet uitvoeren beperkt zijn tot simpele aanrakingen op een display. Martijn Verdonk heeft een zeer toegankelijk en leesbaar verslag geschreven, waarin vanuit herkenbare gebruikersscenario’s een helder beeld wordt gegeven van zowel de technologische context als de uitdagingen in ontwerp en realisatie. Het succes van zijn werk wordt mede bewezen door de enthousiaste reacties die zijn demo kreeg op de ‘Internationale Funkausstellung’ in Berlijn. Martijn Verdonk werkt nu op de Embedded Software afdeling van ASML.
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De tweede UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs 2007 gaat naar drs. J.J.M. Bontemps PDEng. voor zijn ontwerp “MEMS resonator; research concept or market product?”
Joep Bontemps heeft dit project uitgevoerd in het kader van de ontwerpersopleiding Design and Technology of Instrumentation bij Philips Semiconductors in Eindhoven en Nijmegen. De begeleiding vanuit de TU/e was in handen van dr. R.A.H. Engeln. In het project zijn verschillende ontwerpen van Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) devices gerealiseerd, waarbij een ontwerp geselecteerd is voor verdere implementatie in Nijmegen. Vrijwel alle systemen waarin elektronische componenten gebruikt worden zoals radio’s, televisies, telefoons en autonavigatiesystemen, kennen een kwarts kristal, waarmee de snelheid waarop het elektronische circuit kan werken geregeld wordt. Huidige kristallen zijn relatief groot ten opzichte van de overige elektronische componenten, terwijl bij verdere miniaturisatie deze verhouding nog ongunstiger wordt. Er is hierdoor behoefte aan een ander soort component die de snelheid adequaat regelt. MEMS resonatoren zijn hiervan een voorbeeld en Bontemps heeft verschillende ontwerpen geanalyseerd, gemodelleerd en gesimuleerd. De jury is onder de indruk van de formulering van de probleemstelling, de zeer kundige, deels theoretische, probleemanalyse, de beschrijving en het gebruik van de benodigde technologieën en de strakke goed gedefiniëerde projectaanpak. Het succes van het ontwerp wordt duidelijk gedemonstreerd door haar transfer naar een elektronicaproductieomgeving. Het feit dat NXP het werk van Bontemps thans in een promotietraject laat voortzetten, toont het succes van het ontwerp overduidelijk aan. Eindhoven, 20 juni 2007 De jury van de UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs: Prof.dr. P.A.J. Hilbers, voorzitter Dr.ir. G.J. Jacobs, Océ Technologies BV, lid Ir. W.J. Hendriksen, Fontys Hogeschool ICT, lid Ir. M.J.C.M. Smeets, Nederlandse Spoorwegen, lid
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Pagina 22
Software Technology 1e UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs 2007 Martijn Verdonk received his MSc. in Computer Science in 2004 from the Eindhoven University of Technology. In the same year, he joined the Software Technology program at the Stan Ackermans Institute, where he received his PDEng. degree in 2006. Currently, he works in the Embedded Software Department of ASML Netherlands BV. ir. M.C.B. Verdonk PDEng.
Sociable Connected Home Design and implementation of an Experience Demonstrator Analysis Research has shown that multiple users will want to experience connected systems wirelessly and concurrently, while using, transferring and sharing media and media activities. People will connect to each other from different home or away locations, using either stationary devices or mobile equipment. Users will experience these connected systems even more by new interaction concepts. Touch gestures provide people with simple and accessible means to seamlessly control their environments. Devices are no longer autonomous objects, but extend the desires of people and fit social interaction instead of interrupting it.
System Overview The demonstrator shows the new interaction concepts and the added value of Near Field Communication (NFC) in three scenarios. NFC is the underlying technology that allows the set-up of wireless networks. All scenarios are initiated with simple touch gestures. • The Sharing Pictures scenario allows the user of a mobile phone to share his or her pictures with the user of the LifeStyle Home Menu or a tablet PC. • The Music-On-The-Move scenario allows two users of mobile phones to share a music experience. • The Payment scenario allows the user of the LifeStyle Home Menu to fulfill digital payments.
Conclusions & Recommendations The results show that touch-based user interactions, enabled by NFC, make wireless (media) services and digital payments simpler and more accessible to a world-wide public. Device manufacturers and service providers are recommended to collaborate more closely, complying with NFC standards and improving interoperability. Moreover, enriching our environment with consumer touch points is a precondition for the success of the wireless connectivity technology. The results of the project were showcased at the Company Research Exhibition 2006 in Eindhoven and the Internationale Funkausstellung 2006 at Berlin.
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Design and Technology of Instrumentation 2e UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs 2007
ir. J.J.M. Bontemps PDEng.
1998 – 2004 M.S. Applied Physics • Final thesis at Neuro-Biophysics group on contrast adaptation of the eye. • Internship at Océ-Technologies on ISO quality measurements of scanners. 2004 – 2006 PDEng Design and Technology of Instrumentation • One year project at NXP Nijmegen on MEMS resonators. • Internship at GE in Cleveland on electrostatic heater chucks. 2006 – Present PhD at NXP Nijmegen on MEMS resonators
In resonance with business Design of an industrial MEMS resonator Goal Convert R&D efforts from Research into a prototype of a real industrial product in wafer factory NXP Nijmegen.
Business case In current high-precision oscillators an off-chip quartz crystal is used as a mechanical resonator. Quartz crystals have excellent performance, but their large size is a major bottleneck for the continuous miniaturization of mobile communication systems. Moreover, quartz technology cannot be integrated in IC electronics. Integrating oscillators could be achieved with Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), silicon structures resonating on-chip. MEMS resonators are promising because of their: • Small size • Low cost • Easy integration
The challenge At NXP recent research efforts have been devoted to MEMS resonators. In this project a prototype design and working model have to be made for implementation in the factory product line in Nijmegen.
Figure 1: SEM picture (Joost van Beek) of a MEMS resonator fabricated on a silicon wafer. Bottom right the vibration mode is shown.
Design MEMS resonators are processed on silicon-on-insulator wafers where silicon dioxide serves as a sacrificial layer. By removing the silicon dioxide from underneath the silicon, freehanging structures are created that may resonate. Electrostatic actuation and capacitive detection is done over a narrow air gap of a few hundred nanometers. This transduction principle has a much weaker electro-mechanical coupling than piezo-electric coupling for quartz crystals. Therefore, MEMS resonators have high impedances. The resonators are operated in a vacuum to reduce damping and to increase Q-factors.
Result A MEMS resonator with an actuation gap of 260 nm was processed in a commercial wafer factory in Nijmegen. The performance of the device has been measured, showing a resonance frequency of 25.8 MHz, Q-factor of 30000, and an impedance of 10 kΩ at resonance. This is a MEMS resonator prototype of a real industrial product with excellent, quartz-like performance.
Figure 2: Quartz crystals are for instance found in mobile phones. MEMS resonators can be made over 10x smaller.
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Pagina 24
Architectural Design Management Systems
drs.ir. T.J.P. Goossens PDEng.
Tibor Goossens voltooide in 2002 de studie Technische Innovatiewetenschappen aan de TU Eindhoven, en studeerde wijsbegeerte aan de universiteiten van Groningen, Leuven, Utrecht en Freiburg. Momenteel is hij werkzaam als organisatieadviseur bij Van Spaendonck Management Consultants. Zijn persoonlijke interesses gaan vooral uit naar politiek, kunst en filosofie.
Sturen op integratie: zicht op resultaat! Waarom sturen op integratie? Bij de meeste architectonische ontwerpprocessen is een diversiteit aan disciplines betrokken. Van deze disciplines wordt een samenhangende prestatie gevraagd: een ontwerp dat nauw aansluit op de ambitie van de opdrachtgever. Om dit te bereiken dienen in het ontwerpproces de verschillende bijdragen optimaal te worden verenigd. Uit de praktijk blijkt dat een actieve sturing op integratie van disciplines de kosten/ kwaliteit-verhouding van het gebouw sterk kan verbeteren. Hoe dit integraal ontwerpen theoretisch dient te worden ingevuld en in de praktijk kan worden ingezet staat in de bouwwereld al geruime tijd ter discussie.
Hoe kun je sturen op integratie? Een brede scan in de huidige ontwerppraktijk laat zien dat met name op vijf punten aanvullende sturing is gewenst. Het betreft: • het creëren van een team. Met name door aanvullende aandacht voor individuele competenties, teamsamenstelling en teamontwikkeling. • het ontwikkelen van een gedeelde visie op de ontwerpopgave. Een adequate opdrachtformulering en het bewaken van de afstemming gedurende het proces zijn hierop sterk van invloed. • het sturen op integratie binnen het team. Dit kan worden bereikt door de binnen het team de integratierol weloverwogen in te richten. • het opzetten van effectieve beloningsstructuur. Een betere afstemming van projectbelangen met de individuele belangen van de belanghebbenden werkt integratie in de hand. • Instrumenteren. Het effectief aanwenden van instrumenten in het proces die integratie bevorderen. Er is geen receptuur voor het integratiegestuurde ontwerpproces. Elke bouwopgave en elk ontwerpteam heeft namelijk eigen kenmerken, waarmee ook de gewenste ondersteuning op de bovengenoemde aandachtspunten wisselt. Op basis van een aantal projectkarakteristieken kan wel de optimale mate van sturing worden ingeschat. De vijf aandachtspunten kunnen vervolgens worden aangepakt met een aantal gevalideerde instrumenten, die procesinitiërende partijen eenvoudig en effectief in het proces kunnen inzetten.
Sturen op integratie, hype of trend? Weloverwogen sturing op integratie wordt meer en meer noodzakelijk om aan de toenemende projectambities te kunnen blijven voldoen. Gelet op een aantal bewegingen in de branche is het denkbaar, dat de factor integratie sterk verankerd zal zijn in een belangrijk deel van de toekomstige processen. En hoewel voor een dergelijke transformatie nog een flinke weg is te gaan, kan effectief sturen op integratie een substantiële bijdrage leveren om het hoofd te kunnen bieden aan kwaliteitsuitdagingen in de nabije toekomst. 24
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Pagina 25
Process and Product Design
I. Ichsan MSc.PDEng.
Ichsan Ichsan received his PDEng. degree in Process and Product Design in 2006 from Eindhoven University of Technology. He obtained his MSc. degree in Process Engineering and Energy Technology from Hochschule Bremerhaven, Germany. Currently, he is a Process Control Engineer at Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij BV. Among his interests are music and photography.
Technical and business analyses:
Novel tools and ideas to support the Groningen field operation Introduction The Groningen field is one of the biggest gas fields in the world. Its operation is more complex comparing to other fields. If the the production exceeds the demand, the excess capacity is stored in some underground storage (UGS) fields. Otherwise, the UGS capacity will be used. Furthermore, the Groningen field should not fail once per fifty years. It will be a great challenge to ensure the gas delivery as demanded. In this project, some novel tools and ideas have been introduced which are classified into: • Technical analyses (based on modeling, testing, validation, and calibration) • Business analyses (based on business aspects for field optimization)
Objectives The main objective in technical analyses is to develop a user-friendly model, which can predict the gas capacity from a certain gas cluster with a high flexibility and reliability (< 5% error). Furthermore, this model should support operators in: • creating awareness of several deferments • decreasing unexpected decisions • reducing energy consumptions While the main objective in business analyses is to find business drivers for this model, which are based on the Groningen field working behavior and strategies.
Process and model • Two locations are chosen, namely the Bierum and Leermens clusters. A model is built to predict the gas capacity of these clusters, which based on physical and chemical phenomena. It is called Robust Empirical Model for Cluster Observation (REMCO). • The gas processing itself consists of several separation, compression, and cooling processes. Thus, several pressure, temperature, flow, and energy calculations from the inlet wells to the outlet Low Temperature Separation (LTS) units are required in this model (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: Design of REMCO.
Results • Technical analyses: REMCO is a user-friendly model with a high flexibility and reliability (< 4% error, see Figure 2). A calibration, however, is required to maintain the high reliability of this model. • Business analyses: REMCO can be used for planning and scheduling purposes. Therefore, the operational cost can be predicted and minimized.
Conclusion More predictive actions can replace the corrective ones by introducing REMCO.
Acknowledgements W. van Meijeren, NAM BV, Stork GLT - H. Leegwater, and PPD-Stan Ackermans Institute
Figure 2: A screen shot from REMCO (LEERMENS model).
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Logistics Management Systems
G.G. Nellar MSc.PDEng.
Career Highlights Solid academic background: - Master of Science in Industrial Engineering at Buenos Aires Institute of Technology. - Professional Doctorate in Logistics Management Systems at Techniche Universiteit Eindhoven. Broad project skills, developing solutions for organizations such as Georgia Institute of Technology and Philips Consumer Electronics. Two years of supply chain operations experience at Tenaris.
Organizing Parts Production at Exerion Precision Technologies Project Background Exerion Precision Technologies designs and manufactures sophisticated metal frames and modules for printing and medical equipment. Although faced with a rather stable and predictable demand, the company operates in a low volume – high mix market. As a result, a large number of different parts and operations need to be managed every week. Complexity, originated from that feature, hampers learning capabilities and further shapes a compound planning and control problem. These elements result in a highly dynamic production environment, where the opportunities derived from stable demand cannot be fully capitalized.
Re-design Highlights Analysis of the current planning and control practices reveals a number of shortcomings with harmful effects. Specific guidelines are provided to tackle the corresponding root causes. Additionally, clustering parts and operations is proposed as an effective means to both reduce complexity and profit from repetitiveness. The welding plan triggers the production of all parts in a cluster. This reduces the number of entities to be controlled. Furthermore, the sequence to produce parts in a cluster is fixed, easing scheduling activities on the shop floor and enabling repetitiveness.
Relevance The effect of clustering parts and operations goes beyond increased production efficiency. Reducing complexity and creating stability in the production environment effect on both reducing administrative workload and shedding light on the link between decisions and their consequences. This ultimately enables learning capabilities and opens the way for continuous improvement at the company.
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User System Interaction Yi Zhang obtained her MSc. degree in Computer Science from the TU Delft and her PDEng. degree from Eindhoven University of Technology. Her research interests include natural interaction modalities and corresponding user interfaces of computer systems. Yi enjoys traveling and playing the accordion. She currently works at Philips Applied Technologies. Y. Zhang MSc.PDEng.
A Hand Gesture Based 3-Dimensional User Interface Introduction This Graphic User Interface (GUI) for the Ambient Multimedia Platform (AMP) is developed at Philips Applied Technologies as part of the ITEA (Information Technology for European Advancement) Passepartout project. The main goal is coupling a home mediacenter to home networks for rendering content from high definition television (HDTV) to lower definitions in a seamless fashion. Users with various ages, different genders, and varying degrees of computer knowledge should be able to control the system using the GUI. Furthermore, a gesture-based control interface is required in order to explore the usability of this natural interaction style.
Design Challenges And Solutions The GUI design encounters many challenges and difficulties. We found solutions that improve the user’s convenience and experience. The followings are the challenges and their solutions: 1. Screen space limitation: A large amount of information is required to be presented simultaneously in limited screen space. 3-dimensional (3D) carrousel menus are introduced to present multi-level information on the limited 2D screen. The 3D menu is capable of emphasizing the elements closed to the user, while still providing a good overview of other elements. 2. Runtime gesture guidance and feedback: A specific panel that provides an explanation of the meaning of each gesture under different scenarios is introduced. This panel also provides 3D rotation feedback when certain gesture commands are successfully recognized and handled. 3. Difficulty of precise positioning: The human hands are constantly shaking, which makes them unsuitable for precise positioning. Furthermore, the user’s observation point heavily influences the user’s recognition of the current hand position. Therefore, the GUI is designed to be cursor-free: no cursor or positioning. 4. Natural user interaction: A natural interaction style is easier for users to learn and to use. For instance, ‘throwing’ the video to the player device means playing the video on that destination device. The user achieves this by first grasping the video-object with the ‘grasp’ gesture, then throwing it in the direction of the device with hand movement.
Prototype and User Evaluation A GUI was developed using Java Looking Glass 3D (lg3d) API. The open-source ‘HandVu’ was used to recognize the hand gesture input. The final user evaluation for the hand gesture controlled 3D GUI was conducted. The result shows the feasibility of using hand gestures to control the 3D GUI for this kind of multimedia application.
Award The GUI, together with the complete system called Ambient Multimedia Platform (AMP), was granted the Gold Award for the stands at the ITEA Symposium in Paris in October 2006. 27
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ASML Promotieprijs Voor het beste proefschrift/-ontwerp aan de TU/e
De ASML Promotieprijzen zijn in 1997 ingesteld. Deze prijzen worden jaarlijks uitgereikt aan de beste gepromoveerden aan de TU/e uit het daaraan voorafgaande kalenderjaar. Er worden twee prijzen beschikbaar gesteld door ASML. Een eerste prijs van 6.000 euro en een tweede prijs van 4.000 euro. De uitreiking vindt jaarlijks plaats. Iedere gepromoveerde aan een van de faculteiten van de TU/e kan meedingen, mits het onderzoek innovatief, breed toegankelijk en maatschappelijk relevant is. Er zijn voor dit jaar acht proefschriften/-ontwerpen genomineerd uit zes verschillende faculteiten.
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ASML Promotieprijs Juryrapport 2007
Voor de ASML Promotieprijzen 2007 zijn acht proefschriften/ -ontwerpen genomineerd, uitgevoerd bij zes faculteiten. De jury heeft de proefschriften beoordeeld aan de hand van de volgende criteria: • de aanwezigheid van innovatieve elementen; • de breedte van het ontwerp/onderzoek; • de toegankelijkheid; • de maatschappelijke relevantie. De jury is verheugd over de uitstekende kwaliteit van de genomineerde proefschriften, maar is niettemin unaniem in haar oordeel dat twee proefschriften er boven uitsteken.
1e prijs
De eerste ASML Promotieprijs gaat dit jaar naar het proefschrift “Genetic Process Mining” van dr. A.K. Alves de Medeiros die op 7 november 2006 promoveerde. Prof.dr.ir. W.M.P. van der Aalst en dr. A.J.M.M. Weijterstraden, beiden van de faculteit Technologie Management, traden op als respectievelijk promotor en copromotor.
Binnen grote organisaties zoals industriële bedrijven, handelsbedrijven, banken, verzekeringsbedrijven en ziekenhuizen worden gebeurtenissen tegenwoordig standaard vastgelegd in gedetailleerde ‘event logs’. Dat gebeurt ook voor complexe informatiesystemen en complexe computergestuurde systemen zoals röntgensystemen, highend kopieermachines en wafer steppers. Door middel van process mining kunnen deze event logs worden geanalyseerd op mogelijke causale verbanden. Aldus kan volledig automatisch een procesmodel worden gegenereerd, dat de werkelijke gang van zaken zo goed mogelijk beschrijft. Het proefschrift van Ana Karla Alves de Medeiros gaat over een geheel nieuwe techniek voor process mining, waarbij voor het eerst gebruik wordt gemaakt van genetische algoritmen. Daardoor is het mogelijk een veel bredere klasse van modellen te ontdekken uit ruwe logs. Het werk van Ana Karla Alves de Medeiros heeft geleid tot de ontwikkeling van nieuwe algoritmen, die zijn geïmplementeerd in het open-source gereedschap ProM. Dit gereedschap kan gebruikt worden in alle bovengenoemde toepassingen. Het werk is zeer innovatief en van een hoog wetenschappelijk niveau. De maatschappelijke relevantie is door de grote en gevarieerde toepassingsmogelijkheden groot. De jury van de ASML Promotieprijs is unaniem van mening dat dit proefschrift de eerste prijs verdient.
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De tweede ASML Promotieprijs is door de jury toegekend aan het proefschrift “Optimum Forming Strategies with a 3D Reconfigurable Die” van dr.ir. S.H.A. Boers die op 18 november 2006 promoveerde bij prof.dr.ir. M.D.G. Geers met prof.dr.ir. D.H. van Campen als copromotor, beiden van de faculteit Werktuigbouwkunde.
Het proefschrift van Sebastiaan Boers laat mooi zien hoe de combinatie van wetenschap en technologische vernieuwing tot een concreet product met grote toepassingsmogelijkheden kan leiden. Het betreft de ontwikkeling van een computergestuurde herconfigureerbare matrijs, die door zijn flexibiliteit bij uitstek geschikt is voor de vervaardiging van producten in kleine series. Het proefschrift omvat een volledig ontwerp dat theoretisch onderbouwd, gevalideerd en praktisch gerealiseerd is. Wetenschappelijk bevat het proefschrift belangwekkende aanzetten tot modellering en nieuwe meetmethodieken. Het beloftevolle karakter van het ontwerp blijkt onder meer uit het inmiddels gerealiseerde patent, en het feit dat Sebastiaan Boers met zijn startersbedrijf veel interesse vanuit de industrie ondervindt. De jury is onder de indruk van de combinatie van innovatiegerichtheid, ontwerpkarakter, wetenschappelijke diepgang en toegankelijkheid van het proefschrift en is van mening dat het de ASML Promotieprijs verdient. Eindhoven, 20 juni 2007 De jury voor de ASML Promotieprijs: Prof.dr. J.W. Niemantsverdriet, voorzitter Prof.dr. S.W. Douma, lid Prof.dr.ir. K. Kopinga, lid Prof.dr. K.M. van Hee, lid
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Technologie Management 1e ASML Promotieprijs 2007 Ana Karla Alves de Medeiros has a background in Computing Science. She has experience in both academia and the private sector. Currently she works as a researcher for the SUPER European project (www.ip-super.org). Her research interests are process mining, data mining, business process management, semantic web, genetic algorithms, and Petri nets. dr. A.K. Alves De Medeiros
Genetic Process Mining Process Mining Nowadays, most organizations use information systems (ISs) to support the execution of their business processes (BPs). These ISs may contain an explicit model of the BPs (e.g. workflow management systems), may support the tasks involved in the processes without necessarily defining explicit process models (e.g. ERP systems), or may simply keep track (for auditing purposes) of the tasks that have been performed without providing any support for the actual execution of those tasks (e.g. custom-made systems in hospitals). Either way, these ISs typically support logging capabilities that register what has been executed in the organization: general data about process instances, times at which tasks were executed, persons or systems that performed the tasks, and so on. Such logs, called event logs, are the starting point for process mining (PM).
Figure 1: Kinds of information that can be provided by different process mining techniques.
PM targets the automatic discovery of information from an event log. This discovered information can be used to deploy new systems that support the execution of BPs or as a feedback tool that helps in auditing, analyzing, and improving already enacted BPs. The main benefit of PM techniques is that information is objectively compiled. Depending on the type of data present in an event log, different perspectives of PM can be discovered (Figure 1). One of them is the control-flow perspective, which mines a model with a structure that describes how the logged processes are actually being executed.
Control-Flow Mining Algorithms (CFMAs) Current CFMAs are not able to capture all constructs that can appear in a process model. Additionally, many of these algorithms have problems dealing with another factor that is common in real-life logs: the presence of noise. To solve these issues, new process mining algorithms based on genetic algorithms (GAs) were developed. GAs are a search technique that mimics the process of evolution in biological systems. The developed algorithms have been implemented in the open-source tool ProM (Figure 2) and have been successfully applied to mine process models of event logs from a Dutch municipality. The results showed that the models discovered by the developed algorithms indeed had a superior quality than the ones mined by other approaches.
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Figure 2: Screenshot of the Genetic Algorithm Plug-in in the ProM tool. Tool and algorithms are available at www.processmining.org.
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Werktuigbouwkunde 2e ASML Promotieprijs 2007 Sebastiaan Boers, 29 years old and living in Lieshout, likes to open up new horizons. He recently started his own company "Optimal Forming Solutions" to exploit the Flexible Mould technology which was developed during his PhD. thesis. He likes adventurous journeys and challenging restoration projects concerning motorcycles and cars. dr.ir. S.H.A. Boers
Optimum Forming Strategies with a 3D Reconfigurable Die Forming Solutions
Introduction The shape of sheet metal parts is becoming more complex to reduce assembly time and costs. Weight saving requires that parts are made with less material. At the same time product performance (e.g. shape accuracy, surface quality, strength, and impact resistance) should not be compromised. To meet these requirements, advanced numerical simulation tools and manufacturing processes are employed, e.g. by multi-step deformation sequences. Original configuration
Intermediate configuration
Final configuration
Final part Fixed pin positions
Equal outer geometry
Adaptive pin positions
Figure 1: With a reconfigurable die, two different multi step deformation sequences with fixed pin positions (top) and adaptive pin positions (bottom) can be realised. The final parts have equal geometries but different internal stresses.
By using a reconfigurable die, a set of expensive rigid dies would become obsolete. A new concept for a high-resolution and smallscale reconfigurable die has therefore been developed and tested
Figure 3: The fully automated reconfigurable die prototype (left) and the pure bending device (right).
• Micro-structural analyses, mechanical loading test, and pure bending test for the parameter determination of DC06 automotive steel. • Advanced numerical modelling of complex strain-path changes by using the strain-path dependent Teodosiu material model.
Research tools and key results
Figure 2: The digital die surface (left) and the surface of the prototype die after 5 minutes reconfiguration time. The working volume is 40 x 50 x 25 mm3.
Research objective Principal objective of this research is defining an optimum forming strategy for a benchmark product made of DC06 automotive steel. An adequate sequence of deformation steps that reduces plastic strains, thereby minimizing the risk of failure of the final product, can be achieved through: • Development of a new concept for a small-scale reconfigurable discrete die, enabling a sophisticated solution for investigating complex strain path dependent material behaviour.
• Fabrication of a fully automated reconfigurable die prototype. The new design focuses on a small scale through a new concept of the die, its locking, actuation, and automated control. • Various forming experiments and a finite difference method have been used to determine all material parameters for DC06 steel. • Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, where the strain path dependent Teodosiu model has been used to define an optimum forming sequence for a benchmark product. • Validation of the predicted optimum forming sequence with the discrete die prototype for the multi-step fabrication of a benchmark product.
Conclusions The prototype has been used to manufacture a work piece through a sequence of individual forming steps, predicted by the Teodosiu model. The device proves to be a valuable research tool. Furthermore, the new technology is a high-potential concept for small lot, prototyping, and multi-step manufacturing processes, where conventional die forming remains too expensive. 33
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Scheikundige Technologie Edwin Beckers was born in Maastricht in 1977. After studying Chemical Engineering at the Eindhoven University of Technology he continued his research on physical organic chemistry as a PhD. The results of his PhD. project are presented in this poster. Currently he works at TNO Science and Industry at the department for Materials Technology. dr.ir. E.H.A. Beckers
Photophysics of Multichromophoric Molecular Assemblies Aim of the research The interplay between π-conjugated donor and acceptor molecules is crucial to the working principles of future organic semiconductor devices that convert light into solar fuels or solar electricity. The aim of this research is to study photo-induced electron transfer mechanisms between donor and acceptor chromophores that are relevant to photovoltaic cells and to see how these processes evolve from molecule to material.
Charge-transfer properties from molecule to material The understanding of processes within organic semiconductor devices is often studied on simple isolated model compounds in solution to facilitate accurate measurements, as these are cumbersome to perform on the actual devices. However, the relation between the actual device performance and experimental results in solution is frequently distorted by the unknown, but often dominant intermolecular effects in the solid state. By chemically modifying the donor and acceptor structure as well as the solvent environment we are able to tune between isolated molecules and aggregated molecular superstructures in solution. These supramolecular systems are nanometer-sized clusters of donor and acceptor compounds that can still be studied in solution, but are in fact also mimics of small solid domains with intermolecular interactions. This introduces a first-time opportunity to link the spectroscopic and mathematically modeled structural data of conglomerates in solution to the charge transfer and recombination reaction rates as monitored by measuring the presence of charges on a femtosecond timescale. These experiments indicate that for a flat donor-acceptor system a face-to-face packing is dominant with properties similar to isolated molecules. The packing shows slip upon increasing the bulkiness of the molecules, resulting in characteristics that match actual solid devices that are dominated by intermolecular interactions. This packing effect reveals a span of 1 order of magnitude difference for the charge transfer rates whereas the lifetime of the charges can even be tuned over three orders of magnitude.
Conclusions The results of this research show a fundamental understanding of the relation between molecular structure and intermolecular interplay in organic semiconductor devices. This combination of mathematical models, spectroscopic data, and charge transfer kinetics creates a strong new foundation to design new materials that will enhance solar cell efficiency considerably.
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Figure 1: (A) Light on the donor material creates an exication that gives energy to transfer an electron to the acceptor material creating charged species (B) Schematic energy diagram of the charge transfer reaction. (C) Hierarchical representation of increased complexity of doner-acceptor systems from isolated molecules to the solid state.
Figure 2: The interplay of spectroscopic data, chemical structure, modelling and charge transfer kinetics helps solve the organic semiconductor device puzzle.
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Technische Natuurkunde
dr.ir. B.H.P. Broks
B.H.P.Broks graduated with honors from the Eindhoven University of Technology on the thesis: “Extending the capabilities of a plasma simulation model: a case study of a hollow cathode discharge”. He then continued his research in plasma modeling as a FOM PhD. student, receiving his PhD. in 2006. He currently develops quantitative trading algorithms for IMC, a derivatives and equity trading company.
Multi-fluid Modeling of Transient Plasmas: a Case Study in the Generation and Guiding of Light Outline In this work, the extensible multi-fluid model PLASIMO is used to perform four case studies of plasmas that interact with light. These studies are: 1) A low-density spectrochemical plasma source that excites organic molecules found in the interstellar medium. 2) An intense broad-banded plasma light source similar to plasma sources found in industry. 3) An ultrafast photoconductively switched spark gap that exhibits dynamics at picosecond timescales. 4) Pulsed capillary discharge waveguides that are used to generate powerful electron beams.
Case Study: Pulsed Capillary Discharge Waveguides Laser-wakefield acceleration offers the possibility to accelerate electrons with gradients that are thousands of times higher than those reached in conventional accelerators. Using a waveguide can greatly increase the interaction length between laser and matter and hence the acceleration energy. A pulsed capillary discharge waveguide consists of a ceramic tube several centimeters long that is less than a millimeter in diameter. In this capillary, a transient hydrogen plasma is produced that has a temperature of up to 105 K. For a time window of typically 100 ns, this plasma can act as a waveguide. Using our modeling framework, we have explored the dynamic behavior of the channel and established scaling laws of the wave-guiding properties as a function of the control parameters. This facilitates the optimization of these plasma sources. The results have been verified by comparison with experimental studies on various channel geometries. Furthermore, the suitability of capillaries with a periodically modulated radius is investigated.
Application Laser-wakefield acceleration holds the promise of greatly simplifying the generation of powerful electron beams, opening an array of applications. It is known that a free electron laser is an extremely precise and highly selective surgical tool, which has been used, for example, in brain surgery. Laser-wakefield acceleration may greatly reduce the cost of this treatment by providing a cheaper electron drive beam. Our research may aid in optimizing the capillary design and hence improve the efficiency of the accelerator.
Figure 1: An example of a pulsed capillary discharge waveguide. Image courtesy of H.M.J. Bastiaens.
Figure 2: The evolution of the electron density in a pulsed capillary discharge waveguide. After an initially homogeneous ionization, a relatively stable, hollow electron density profile forms that can act as a waveguide.
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Biomedische Technologie
dr. P.Y.W. Dankers
Patricia Dankers was born in Helmond in 1978. She studied Chemistry at the Radboud University Nijmegen. In 2002 she became a PhD. student in the Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry at the TU/e. As of April 2006 she works as a research scientist at the company SupraPolix in Eindhoven and at the Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory at the Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen.
Supramolecular Biomaterials: Introducing a Modular Approach
The increasing incidence of organ failure in the Western world is responsible for rising healthcare expenses. At present, patients with organ failure rely on organ transplantation or costly treatments. Therefore, alternative and durable organ replacement solutions are necessary. The development of bioartificial organs, i.e. hybrid constructs containing cells and biomaterials, is currently being explored.
Tissue Engineering Biomaterials are extensively studied for their use in regenerative medicine, as drug delivery devices, or as scaffolds for tissue engineering. The tissue engineering concept implies the formation of new tissue by means of culturing the patient’s own cells on a polymer scaffold. In time, the newly- formed tissue has to have ample mechanical strength to replace the scaffold. Therefore, ideal scaffolds consist of biomaterials which are, in addition to being biocompatible and processable, able to fulfil the biomaterials trinity of tunable mechanical properties, biodegradability, and bioactivity.
Figure 1: The modular approach to supramolecular biomaterials based on ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) moieties.
Figure 2: Processability of the supramolecular UPy-materials.
A Supramolecular and Modular Approach Current approaches use conventional polymeric materials as scaffold. In this PhD. project we show an innovation in biomaterials design by means of directed non-covalent interactions based on self-complementary quadruple hydrogen-bonding 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) moieties. The advantages of this approach include benefits in processability, mechanical tunability, and, most importantly, biofunctionalization. The objective of the research was to produce both passive and active scaffolds by introducing a supramolecular and modular approach using these UPy-UPy interactions (Figure 1). The creation of a toolbox with different UPy-modified polymers, bioactive molecules, and imaging probes allows for the off-the-shelf assembly of biomaterials by easy mixing without the need for additional elaborated synthesis steps.
Active Scaffolds The UPy-modified biomaterials could be easily processed into several scaffold morphologies (Figure 2). Active scaffolds were made by incorporation of UPy-modified bioactive compounds using the mix-and-match principle: UPy-functionalized oligocaprolactones were mixed with UPy-modified cell adhesion promoting GRGDS (Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) and synergistic PHSRN (UPy-Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn) peptide sequences (Fig. 3). The in-vitro results indicated strong and specific cell binding of fibroblasts to the UPy-functionalized bioactive materials containing both UPy-peptides. An even more striking effect was seen in vivo where the formation of single giant cells at the interface between bioactive material and tissue was triggered.
Dream Scaffold To extend the approach, a scaffold might be produced in which different bioactives are immobilized on different places in a composite 3D-material consisting of a combination of hydrogels and polymers that show different mechanical properties and degradation behaviour. In this way the scaffold might be able to regulate several cellular processes at the same time but also successively depending on the localization of the bioactives. 36
Figure 3: Bioactive supramolecular biomaterials have been produced consisting of A. the UPy-GRGDS and UPy-PHSRN peptides, and the UPy-modified oligocaprolactone. B. The behaviour of the active scaffolds is shown in vitro and C. in vivo.
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Industrial Design Joep Frens was born in Amersfoort in 1974. He holds a MSc. degree in Industrial Design Engineering from the TU Delft and has worked at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich. In 2006 he obtained his PhD. degree. At present he is an assistant professor at the Eindhoven University of Technology. dr.ir. J.W. Frens
Designing for Rich Interaction: Integrating Form, Interaction, and Function The subject of the thesis is human-product interaction, particularly interaction with consumer products. With the rise of interactive products the information-for-use that these products offered gradually becomes abstracted, it primarily addresses man’s cognitive skills. This thesis presents the search for rich interaction, a new interaction paradigm for interactive products that aims to make information-for-use accessible for all of peoples’ skills, that is: their perceptual-motor, emotional, and cognitive skills. The thesis follows a research through design approach. This is an approach where products are designed to explore implications of theory in context. A research through design process generates knowledge on the products that are designed and on the process of designing these products. Five conceptual cameras were designed to explore the solution domain for this new interaction paradigm. While designing the five conceptual cameras two typical characteristics of rich interaction kept resurfacing as a result of the integration of form, interaction, and function. First, mode-relevant action-possibilities: action-possibilities that are only offered when they are relevant for the mode-of-use. Second, mode-of-use reflected in physical state: in each mode-of-use the form of the camera is different.
Figure 1: A new interaction paradigm: a camera that offers rich interaction.
The camera that best incorporates the two characteristics was elaborated into a modular, working prototype, see Figure 1. The prototype accepts one of four different, systematically varied, interface modules to make it possible to compare different interaction styles within the same form-language. Each of the interface modules reflects a different interaction style, see Figure 2. Together they span a range of interaction styles from rich to conventional. An experiment was set up to investigate the qualities of the four interaction styles. The analyses of the experimental results indicate that aesthetic interaction is present in the rich interactive camera while it is not present in the conventional camera. Moreover, it was found that the rich interactive camera does not differ in efficiency and effectivity from the conventional camera.
Figure 2: Four cameras with a systematically varied interaction style.
The thesis concludes with a definition of rich interaction: A paradigm for interactive consumer products that results in unity of form, interaction, and function and taps human skills (perceptual-motor skills, cognitive skills, and emotional skills) for information-foruse, thereby setting the stage for aesthetic interaction.
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Scheikundige Technologie
dr.ir. R.A.H. Niessen
Rogier Niessen voltooide in 2001 de studie Scheikundige Technologie aan de TU/e. Hij promoveerde in 2006 aan dezelfde universiteit op het gebied van waterstofopslag in magnesium-gebaseerde hydrides. Momenteel is hij werkzaam als senior scientist bij Philips Research Eindhoven. Zijn persoonlijke interesses gaan vooral uit naar sport en het genieten van een goede whisky.
Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage in Lightweight Electrode Materials Why Hydrogen Storage? Energy storage has become an important issue nowadays, due to the fact that mobile equipment is being scaled down, while energy consumption is generally not reduced. One of the most promising, potentially clean, energy sources of the future is hydrogen. However, in order for hydrogen to be utilized efficiently in e.g. fuel-cell-based cars, several technological hurdles need to be taken first. One of these is finding an effective storage medium for hydrogen. Currently, a proven method for storing hydrogen with a highstorage density is in the form of a metal hydride (MH).
Hydrogen Storage Materials Because of their excellent hydrogen storage properties interstitial MHs are currently often considered. They are, for example, widely used as electrodes in commercially available rechargeable Nickel-MH batteries. However, as their hydrogen storage capacity is limited to about 1.2 wt.%, their applicability in future applications needs to be improved. The development of new, lightweight hydrogen storage materials that are based on Mg can provide a possible answer, since the gravimetric storage capacity of pure Mg is 7.66 wt.% H.
Figure 1: Schematic representation of a Pd-coated MgySc(100-y) thin film electrode used in the electrochemical analysis. The main (electro)chemical processes are depicted at the appropriate locations; charge transfer reaction (a); adsorbed hydrogen forming subsurface absorbed hydrogen (b); solid-state diffusion of hydrogen in the Pd bulk (c); transfer of hydrogen across the Pd/ MgySc(100-y) interface (d); and solid-state diffusion of hydrogen in MgySc(100-y) bulk (e).
Novel Mg-based Hydrides The hydrogen storage properties of MgyX(100-y) (with X = Sc, Ti, V, Cr) alloys were investigated by electrochemical analysis methods using electrode materials in which y was varied from 50 to 90. The maximum reversible hydrogen storage capacity is obtained with the Mg80Sc20 composition and corresponds to 6.7 wt.% H, indicating that per metal atom over two hydrogen atoms can be stored. Moreover, excellent hydrogen transport kinetics were observed, showing that these materials can absorb and desorb hydrogen rapidly. Although MgSc compounds exhibit very high hydrogen storage capacities, over five times that of the commercially used materials, the main commercial drawback is the very high cost of the incorporated Sc. Therefore Sc needs to be (partly) replaced by a less expensive material, without introducing detrimental effects. To this end Ti-, V- and Cr-substituted materials were also synthesized, which each showed impressively high hydrogen absorption values of at maximum 6.5, 6.4, and 4.9 wt.% H, respectively. Figure 2: Hydrogen storage capacity of MgySc(100-y) materials as a function of composition (solid black curve). Additionally shown is the desired fluorite structure of the hydride for compositions where y < 80 (green part) and the unwanted rutile structure for compositions where y > 80 (red part). Note: fluoritestructured compounds exhibit fast hydrogenation properties, whereas rutile-structured materials show very sluggish kinetics.
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Technische Natuurkunde
dr.ir. Gerrit Oosterhuis PDEng.
August 17 1978 • Born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands 1982 - 1990 • Primary school in: Dalfsen, Ferwerd, Blija and Nijkerk 1990 - 1996 • Secondary school ’Guido de Brès’ in Amersfoort 1996 - 2002 • MSc. in Environmental Physics at WUR. 2002 - 2006 • Design-based PhD. project at MARIN, Wageningen Sept 2006 • Mechaphysical designer at Vision Dynamics, Eindhoven
Model-scale Podded Propellers for Maritime Research Podded Propellers Podded propellers are a major new development in ship design, especially for cruise liners but also increasingly for freight ships. A podded propeller (pod) consists of an electric motor, which directly drives the propeller (Figure 1). This motor unit is located inside a gondola hanging from a strut. This strut has a rotating connection to the ship. Pods have strong advantages with respect to conventional propulsion, such as an increase in fuel efficiency and better manoeuvrability.
MARIN The Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) provides the maritime industry with performance predictions and design consultancy. Part of this is based on model-scale tests performed in large water basins, so-called ‘towing tanks’ (Figure 2). The ability to perform highly accurate model-scale experiments with pods is a major challenge for MARIN.
Figure 1: Real-size pods on a cruise liner.
Model-scale Pods The existing model-scale pods at MARIN diminished limited testing capabilities on pods. The goal of the project was to solve the existing technology problems and to design a new pod model. A successful new design will generate a new impulse to pod research as well as new market opportunities for MARIN.
Innovative Design
Figure 2: Model-scale testing with innovated pod model.
Key to reaching this goal was to design a direct propeller drive housed inside the gondola of the pod. Hydrodynamic scaling laws in combination with flexibility requirements demanded a very high power density from the drive motor. The design of a drive motor with such high power density in combination with highly accurate, dynamic measurements of the hydrodynamic forces was a challenging task.
Outlook The design of an innovated pod model (Figure 3) has removed a major obstacle on the way to new model-scale testing opportunities. The innovated pod model provides the maritime community with a range of opportunities to gain deeper knowledge on podded propulsion. In this way, podded propellers can continue to grow, offering their benefits to the maritime industry and the global society.
Figure 3: Innovated pod model. Left: detailed view. Right: mounted on ship model.
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Colofon: Productie: Bureau voor Promoties en Plechtigheden Vormgeving: Verspaget & Bruinink, Nuenen Drukwerkbegeleiding: Communicatiebureau Corine Legdeur Drukwerk: Drukkerij Van Druenen, Geldrop
Met dank aan:
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Postbus 513 5600 MB Eindhoven Telefoon (040) 247 91 11 Bezoekadres Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven
Uitreiking Prijzen 20 juni 2007 Mignot Afstudeerprijs UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs ASML Promotieprijs
