Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik
MUSEUM MUSIK di MEDAN ( ARSITEKTUR IKONIK )
LAPORAN PERANCANGAN TKA 490 - TUGAS AKHIR SEMESTER B TAHUN AJARAN 2009 / 2010 Sebagai Persyaratan Untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Arsitektur
Oleh
DANIEL RICARDO TURNIP 040406053
DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2010
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik
MUSEUM MUSIK di MEDAN ( ARSITEKTUR IKONIK )
Oleh : DANIEL RICARDO TURNIP 04 0406 053 Medan, 18 Juni 2010
Disetujui Oleh :
Devin Defriza, ST. MT.
Firman Eddy, ST. MT.
Pembimbing I
Pembimbing II
Ketua Departemen Arsitektur
Ir. Dwi Lindarto Hadinugroho, MT NIP. 196307161998021001
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik SURAT HASIL PENILAIAN PROYEK TUGAS AKHIR (SHP2A) Nama
: Daniel Ricardo Turnip
NIM
: 04 0406 053
Judul Proyek Tugas Akhir
: Museum Musik di Medan
Tema
: Arsitektur Ikonik
Rekapitulasi Nilai :
A
B+
B
C+
C
D
E
Dengan ini mahasiswa yang bersangkutan dinyatakan :
No.
Status
1.
Lulus Langsung
2.
Lulus Melengkapi
3.
4.
5.
Waktu Pengumpulan Laporan
Paraf Pembimbing I
Paraf Pembimbing II
Koordinator TKA-490
Perbaikan Tanpa Sidang Perbaikan Dengan Sidang Tidak Lulus
Medan, !8 Juni 2010 Ketua Departemen Arsitektur, Koordinator TGA-490,
Ir. Dwi Lindarto Hadinugroho, MT NIP: 196307161998021001
Ir. Dwi Lindarto Hadinugroho, MT NIP: 196307161998021001
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik
KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, atas Kasih dan karuniaNya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini, yang merupakan salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana pada Fakultas Teknik, Departemen Teknik Arsitektur Universitas Sumatera Utara. Adapun judul tugas akhir ini adalah “ Museum Musik di Medan (Arsitektur Ikonik)“ Pada kesempata ini penulis ingin menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada pihak yang telah memberikan bimbingan serta dukungan hingga selesainya tugas akhir ini. Terima Kasih yang sebesar-besarnya penulis sampaikan kepada : Bapak Devin Defriza,ST, MT.sebagai Dosen Pembimbing I atas bimbingannya yang sangat berarti dan selalu memberikan motivasi dari awal hingga akhir. Bapak Firman Eddy,ST, MT. selaku Dosen Pembimbing II yang telah memberikan bimbingan dan arahan yang sangat berguna. Bapak Prof. Dr. Ir. M. Nawawy Loebis, Mphil. Phd. dan Ibu Hilma Tamiami, ST. MT, selaku dosen penguji yang telah banyak memberikan masukan, saran, dan kritik. Bapak Ir. Dwi Lindarto H. MT. Sebagai Ketua Jurusan dan Koodinator Studio Tugas Akhir Semester B TA. 2009/2010. Para staf Pengajar dan Pegawai Tata Usaha di lingkungan Fakultas Teknik Departemen Arsitektur USU. Teristimewa kepada Ayahanda J.W Turnip dan Ibunda M.Br.Sagala (alm) tercinta atas doa dan dukunganya baik moril maupun materil, juga kepada abang, dan kakak saya. Dan Kepada seluruh saudara-saudara. Teman-teman angkatan 2004; Samuel, Riana, Andi Cuplis, Fadil, Iir, Nanda, Azrul, Rangga, Richi, Syafri, Eva, Syafiz, Deva, Joy, Cory, Naomi, Lidya, Echo, Roby, Dini, Karin, DLL. Genk Leboy ; Dedi ‘Jack’, Jose, Taufik ‘Cobain’, Ibrahim Keledai. Genk Underground; Frend awak Timbo, Ochak (Bere awak yang ganteng). Terima kasih genk. Teman-teman satu kelompok sidang; Ulinata’04, Julia’04, Opung’03, Liza’06, Tari’06, Wahidin’02. Teman-teman tugas akhir angkatan XXIX, senior-senior alumni (IAA), 2003; Erik, Joseph Ono, Adit, DLL. Adik-adik stambuk 2005; Andi ‘Foe’, DLL, 2006, 2007; Guntur, Uncup, Tri, DLL, 2008, dan 2009. Akhir Kata, Penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang membangun demi kesempurnaan penulisan laporan ini. Semoga laporan ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua khususnya di lingkungan Departemen Arsitektur USU.
Medan, 18 Juni 2010
Daniel Ricardo Turnip
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik DAFTAR ISI Halaman KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................................................
vi
DAFTAR ISI ...............................................................................................................................
vii
DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................................................
5
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................................................
xiii
DAFTAR DIAGRAM ....................................................................................................................
xvii
BAB I
BAB II
PENDAHULUAN I.1.
Latar Belakang ........................................................................................
1
I.2.
Maksud dan Tujuan .................................................................................
3
I.3.
Perumusan Masalah.................................................................................
4
I.4.
Metoda Pendekatan………………………. .................................................
5
I.5.
Asumsi-asumsi .........................................................................................
5
I.6.
Kerangka Berpikir .....................................................................................
6
I.7.
Sistematika Laporan ................................................................................
7
DESKRIPSI PROYEK II.1.
Terminologi Proyek ..................................................................................
II.2.
Tinjauan Umum ………………………………. ………………………………..
10
II.2.1. Museum .........................................................................................
10
II.2.1.1 Jenis dan Kedudukan Museum di Indonesia…………………..
11
II.2.1.2 Struktur Organisasi Museum …………………………………....
14
II.2.1.3 Organisasi Ruang…………………………………………………
15
II.2.2. Tinjauan Terhadap Musik ................................................................
16
II.2.2.1 Pengertian Musik …………………………………………………
16
II.2.2.2 Sejarah Musik …………………………………………………….
17
II.2.2.2.1 Sejarah Musik Dunia …………………………………. .
18
II.2.2.2.2 Sejarah Musik Indonesia ………………………………
18
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik
II.3.
BAB III
BAB IV
II.2.2.3 Jenis-jenis Musik (Genre Musik) ..........................................
18
Tinjauan Proyek ......................................................................................
20
II.3.1 Deskripsi Proyek .............................................................................
20
II.3.2 Lokasi .............................................................................................
21
II.3.2.1 Kondisi Lingkungan ............................................................
21
II.3.2.2 Persyaratan Dan Kriteria Lokasi ..........................................
22
II.3.2.3 Kriteria Desain Tapak .........................................................
23
II.3.2.4 Analisa Pemilihan Lokasi ....................................................
24
II.3.2.5 Pemilihan Lokasi ................................................................
25
II.3.2.6 Deskripsi Lokasi Sebagai Tapak Rancangan .......................
27
II.3.3 Kegiatan Pemakai dan Pengunjung ..................................................
28
II.3.3.1 Manajemen Koleksi .............................................................
28
II.3.3.2 Skema aktivitas Pemakai ....................................................
29
II.3.3.3 Program Kebutuhan Ruang .................................................
29
II.3.3.3.1 Fasilitas yang dibutuhkan ......................................
30
II.3.3.3.2 Pembagian Ruang Berdasarkan Tujuan Proyek .....
31
II.3.4 Studi Banding .................................................................................
32
ELABORASI TEMA III. 1.
Pengertian Arsitektur Ikonik ......................................................................
37
III.2.
Interpretasi Tema .....................................................................................
41
III.3.
Keterkaitan Tema dengan Judul................................................................
42
III.4.
Studi Banding Tema Sejenis .....................................................................
42
ANALISA IV.1.
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Analisis Eksisiting……………… ................................................................
47
IV.1.1 Analisa Lokasi (Posisi Site Terhadap Kota-Kawasan Lingkungan)....
47
IV.1.2 Kondisi Eksisting Lahan .................................................................
48
IV.1.3 Tata Guna Lahan ……………………………………………………. .....
49
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik
IV.2.
IV.3
IV.4
BAB V
IV.1.4 Sarana dan Prasarana ....................................................................
51
IV.1.5 Analisa GSB, KLB, KDB dan Luasan Site………………………….. ....
52
Analisa Potensi dan Kondisi Site ...............................................................
54
IV.2.1 Analisa Sirkulasi .............................................................................
54
IV.2.2 Analisa Pencapaian ........................................................................
56
IV.2.3 Analisa View...................................................................................
59
IV.2.4 Analisa Vegetasi dan Matahari ........................................................
61
IV.2.5 Analisa Kebisingan .........................................................................
62
Analisa Bangunan ..................................................................................
63
IV.3.1 Bentuk ...........................................................................................
63
IV.3.2 Sirkulasi dan Penzoningan .............................................................
64
IV.3.3 Sistem Struktur ..............................................................................
68
IV.3.4 Analisa Utilitas Bangunan ..............................................................
70
Analisa Fungsional ………………………………………………………………..
76
IV.4.1 Kebutuhan Ruang Berdasarkan Jenis Kegiatan………………………..
76
IV.4.2 Pola Kegiatan ………………………………………………………………
78
IV.4.3 Analisa Jumlah Pengunjung ……………………………………………..
79
IV.4.4 Besaran Ruang ……………………………………………………………
82
IV.4.5 Kebutuhan Areal Parkir ………………………………………………….
88
KONSEP PERANCANGAN V.1.
Penerapan Tema Pada Bangunan ............................................................
89
V.2.
Konsep Site..............................................................................................
89
V.3.
Konsep Bangunan ....................................................................................
90
V.3.1 Massa Bangunan ............................................................................
90
V.3.2 Sirkulasi Bangunan .........................................................................
90
V.3.3 Struktur Bangunan .........................................................................
90
V.3.4 Zoning Bangunan ..........................................................................
90
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik BAB VI
HASIL PERANCANGAN VI.1
VI.2.
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Gambar Perancangan ..............................................................................
94
VI.1.1 Site Plan ........................................................................................
94
VI.1.2 Ground Plan ..................................................................................
95
VI.1.3. Denah Lantai I ...............................................................................
96
VI.1.4 Denah Lantai 2 ...............................................................................
97
VI.1.5 Denah Lantai 3 ...............................................................................
98
VI.1.6 Denah Lantai Ram..........................................................................
99
VI.1.7 Tampak ..........................................................................................
100
VI.1.8 Potongan........................................................................................
102
VI.1.9 Rencana Pondasi ...........................................................................
103
VI.1.10 Rencana Pembalokan ..................................................................
104
VI.1.11 Rencana Atap...............................................................................
106
VI.1.12 Detail............................................................................................
107
VI.1.13 Rencana Fire System ...................................................................
108
VI.1.14 Rencana Ducting .........................................................................
109
VI.1.15 Rencana ME.................................................................................
110
VI.1.16 Rencana Sanitasi .........................................................................
111
VI.1.17 Perspektif .....................................................................................
112
Foto Maket Studi ......................................................................................
114
Daftar Pustaka .........................................................................................
115
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel 2.1.
Potensi pengembangan wilayah kota Medan ..........................................................
21
Tabel 2.2.
Perbandingan Lokasi Alternatif Site........................................................................
26
Tabel 2.3.
Fasilitas Museum Musik.........................................................................................
30
Tabel 2.4.
Pembagian Ruang Berdasarkan Tujuan Proyek......................................................
31
Tabel 2.5.
Perbandingan Contoh Museum Musik ....................................................................
36
Tabel 3.1.
Tabel Perbandingan Bangunan Dengan Tema .......................................................
46
Tabel 4.1.
Keadaan Jalan Eksisting Sekitar Site .....................................................................
54
Tabel 4.2.
Keterangan Analisa Sirkulasi Pejalan Kaki..............................................................
55
Tabel 4.3.
Keterangan Analisa Pencapaian Ke Site ................................................................
56
Tabel 4.4.
Analisa Pencapaian Terhadap Inti Kota ..................................................................
57
Tabel 4.5.
Jenis Angkutan Kota Yang Melewati Site................................................................
58
Tabel 4.6.
Keterangan Penempatan Entrance Berdasarkan Analisa Pencapaian .....................
58
Tabel 4.7.
Keterangan Analisa View Ke Luar Site ...................................................................
58
Tabel 4.8.
Keterangan Vegetasi Sekitar Site ..........................................................................
59
Tabel 4.9.
Keterangan Analisa Kebisingan .............................................................................
62
Tabel 4.10.
Perbandingan Bentuk Dasar Bangunan..................................................................
64
Tabel 4.11.
Jenis sirkulasi …………………………………………………………. ...........................
64
Tabel 4.12.
Jenis Sirkulasi Pameran ……………………………………………………………………
66
Tabel 4.13.
Pembagian Zona Bangunan ……………………………………………………………....
67
Tabel 4.14.
Struktur Bawah......................................................................................................
70
Tabel 4.15.
System Distribusi Udara.........................................................................................
73
Tabel 4.16.
Pencahayaan ........................................................................................................
74
Tabel 4.17.
Kebutuhan Ruang Berdasarkan Jenis Kegiatan ......................................................
76
Tabel 4.18.
Jumlah Penduduk Kota Medan ..............................................................................
79
Tabel 4.19.
Jumlah Pengunjung Museum Daerah Sumatera Utara ............................................
79
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik Tabel 4.20.
Jumlah Pengunjung Museum Di Medan .................................................................
79
Tabel 4.21.
Perbandingan Golongan Usia ................................................................................
80
Tabel 4.22.
Pertumbuhan Jumlah Siswa Dan Guru Sd Di Kota Medan ......................................
80
Tabel 4.23.
Pertumbuhan Jumlah Siswa Dan Guru Sltp , Sma , Smk Kota Medan .....................
80
Tabel 4.24.
Besar Ruangan Ruang Penerimaan .......................................................................
82
Tabel 4.25.
Besar Ruangan Pameran Tradisional Berdasarkan Alat Musik ................................
82
Tabel 4.26.
Besar Ruangan Pameran Tradisional Berdasarkan Etnis ........................................
83
Tabel 4.27.
Besar Ruangan Pameran Musik Modern Berdasarkan Aliran Musik ........................
84
Tabel 4.28.
Besar Ruangan Pameran Sejarah Musik ................................................................
84
Tabel 4.29.
Besar Ruangan Pameran Temporer .......................................................................
84
Tabel 4.30.
Besar Ruangan Musik Cinema ...............................................................................
84
Tabel 4.31.
Besar Ruangan Audio + Headset ...........................................................................
85
Tabel 4.32.
Besar Ruangan Perpustakaan ...............................................................................
85
Tabel 4.33.
Besar Ruangan Pengelola .....................................................................................
85
Tabel 4.34.
Besar Ruangan Pendukung Pameran ....................................................................
86
Tabel 4.35.
Besar Total Pelayanan Utama................................................................................
86
Tabel 4.36.
Besar Ruangan Utilitas Dan Servis.........................................................................
86
Tabel 4.37.
Total Besar Keseluruhan Ruangan.........................................................................
87
Tabel 5.1.
Hubungan Antar Ruang .........................................................................................
92
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 2.1.
Interior Museum Tradisional ...................................................................................
9
Gambar 2.2
Interior Museum Musik Modern ..............................................................................
10
Gambar 2.3
Gambar Peta Kota Medan dan WPP ......................................................................
25
Gambar 2.4
Peta alternatif 1 .....................................................................................................
25
Gambar 2.5
Peta alternatif 2 .....................................................................................................
26
Gambar 2.6
Peta alternatif 3 .....................................................................................................
26
Gambar 2.7
Exterior Experience Music Project ..........................................................................
32
Gambar 2.8
Pintu Masuk Emp ..................................................................................................
32
Gambar 2.9
Interior Atrium EMP ...............................................................................................
32
Gambar 2.10
Interior Main Lobby EMP........................................................................................
33
Gambar 2.11. Interior galeri EMP ..................................................................................................
33
Gambar 2.12
Exterior Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .......................................................................
34
Gambar 2.13
Exterior Rock and Roll Hall of Fame malam............................................................
34
Gambar 2.14
Interior Galeri Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .............................................................
34
Gambar 2.15
Exterior Piazza Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame ………………………… .......................
34
Gambar 2.16
Interior Galeri Bayernhof Music Museum ……………………………..........................
35
Gambar 2.17
Interior Galeri Bayernhof Music Museum ……………………………… ......................
35
Gambar 2.18
Exterior Bayernhof Music Museum ……………………………...................................
35
Gambar 2.19
Exterior National Music Museum ……………………………......................................
35
Gambar 2.20
Exterior National Music Museum ……………………….. ..........................................
35
Gambar 3.1
Gitar
................................................................................................................
41
Gambar 3.2
Drum Set ...............................................................................................................
41
Gambar 3.3
Piano
................................................................................................................
42
Gambar 3.4
Exterior Notre Dame Du Haut.................................................................................
42
Gambar 3.5
Interior Notre Dame du Haut .............................................................................
43
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik Gambar 3.6
Exterior Clyde Auditorium .................................................................................
43
Gambar 3.7
Sketsa Clyde Auditorium...................................................................................
44
Gambar 3.8
Sydney Opera House main entrance .................................................................
44
Gambar 3.9
Sydney Opera House from ship ........................................................................
44
Gambar 3.10
Exterior Museum Guggenheim, Bilbao ..............................................................
45
Gambar 3.11
Exterior Museum Guggenheim Bilbao 2 ...........................................................
45
Gambar 3.12
Tampak Museum Guggenheim Bilbao..............................................................
45
Gambar 3.13
Potongan bangunan museum Guggenheim Bilbao ...........................................
45
Gambar 3.14
Denah Museum Guggenheim Bilbao .................................................................
45
Gambar 3.15
Interior Atrium Museum Guggenheim Bilbao......................................................
46
Gambar 4.1
Analisa lokasi site .............................................................................................
47
Gambar 4.2
Analisa Kondisi Sekitar Site ..............................................................................
48
Gambar 4.3
Peta Tata Guna Lahan .....................................................................................
49
Gambar 4.4
Peruntukan Lahan Berdasarkan Fungsinya .......................................................
50
Gambar 4.5
Analisa Sarana Dan Prasarana Pada Site .........................................................
51
Gambar 4.6
Analisa Skyline .................................................................................................
52
Gambar 4.7
Skyline .............................................................................................................
52
Gambar 4.8
Analisa Bangunan Eksisting Sekitar Site ...........................................................
52
Gambar 4.9
Bangunan Eksisting Sekitar Site.........................................................................
53
Gambar 4.10
Analisa Sirkulasi Kendaraan .............................................................................
54
Gambar 4.11.
Analisa Sirkulasi Pejalan Kaki ...........................................................................
55
Gambar 4.12.
Analisa Pencapaian Ke Site ..............................................................................
56
Gambar 4.13
Penempatan Entrance Berdasarkan Analisa Pencapaian...................................
58
Gambar 4.14
Analisa View Ke Luar Site.................................................................................
59
Gambar 4.15.
Analisa View Ke Dalam Site..............................................................................
60
Gambar 4.16
Konsep View Vertikal ........................................................................................
60
Gambar 4.17.
Analisa Vegetasi Dan Matahari .........................................................................
61
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik Gambar 4.18
Analisa Kebisingan ...........................................................................................
62
Gambar 4.19
Contoh Gambar Pencahayaan Dalam Ruang Galeri ..........................................
75
Gambar 5.1
Konsep Zoning site ...........................................................................................
89
Gambar 5.2
Grafis Konsep Entrance Site ............................................................................
90
Gambar 5.3
Grafis Konsep Plazza ………………………………………... ................................
90
Gambar 5.4
Grafis Konsep Massa ……………………………………………………... ...............
91
Gambar 5.5
Grafis Perspektif Konsep Massa .......................................................................
91
Gambar 5.6
Konsep Gubahan massa alternative 2 ...............................................................
91
Gambar 5.7
Final Gubahan Massa.......................................................................................
92
Gambar 5.8
Zoning Perlantai ...............................................................................................
93
Gambar 6.1
Site Plan ..........................................................................................................
94
Gambar 6.2
Ground Plan ....................................................................................................
95
Gambar 6.3
Denah Lantai I ..................................................................................................
96
Gambar 6.4
Denah Lantai II ................................................................................................
97
Gambar 6.5
Denah Lantai III ...............................................................................................
98
Gambar 6.6
Denah Lantai Ram............................................................................................
99
Gambar 6.7
Tampak I .........................................................................................................
100
Gambar 6.8
Tampak II .........................................................................................................
101
Gambar 6.9
Potongan ........................................................................................................
102
Gambar 6.10
Rencana Pondasi .............................................................................................
103
Gambar 6.11
Rencana Pembalokan Lt 1 ...............................................................................
104
Gambar 6.12
Rencana Pembalokan Lt 2 ...............................................................................
105
Gambar 6.13
Rencana Atap ..................................................................................................
106
Gambar 6.14
Detail ..............................................................................................................
107
Gambar 6.15
Rencana Fire System .......................................................................................
108
Gambar 6.16
Rencana Ducting .............................................................................................
109
Gambar 6.17
Rencana ME ...................................................................................................
110
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik Gambar 6.18
Rencana Sanitasi ............................................................................................
111
Gambar 6.19
Perspektif Eksterior .........................................................................................
112
Gambar 6.20
Perspektif Interior ............................................................................................
113
Gambar 6.21
Foto Maket ......................................................................................................
114
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Museum Musik di Medan Arsitektur Ikonik DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Halaman Diagram 1.1
Kerangka Berfikir ................................................................................................
6
Diagram 2.1
Struktur Organisasi Museum ................................................................................
14
Diagram 2.2
Organisasi Ruang Museum ..................................................................................
15
Diagram 2.3
Sejarah Musik Dunia............................................................................................
18
Diagram 2.4
Diagram Koleks ...................................................................................................
28
Diagram 2.5
Skema Aktivitas Pengelola/pengunjung ................................................................
29
Diagram 2.6
Skema Aktivitas Pengunjung................................................................................
29
Diagram 2.7
Skema Aktivitas Servis.........................................................................................
29
Diagram 4.1
Elektrikal .............................................................................................................
71
Diagram 4.2
Saluran Air Kotor .................................................................................................
71
Diagram 4.3
Saluran Air bersih ...............................................................................................
72
Diagram 4.4
Air buangan .......................................................................................................
72
Diagram 4.5
Pengkondisisan udara .........................................................................................
73
Diagram 4.6
Skema Kegiatan Pengelola .................................................................................
78
Diagram 4.7
Skema Kegiatan Pengelola .................................................................................
78
Diagram 4.8
Skema Kegiatan Pengelola ................................................................................
78
Daniel Ricardo Turnip 040406053
Universitas Sumatera Utara
