MIRE VALÓK AZ EGYSZERŰ PERFECT (Perfect Simple) IGEIDŐK? - Az igeszemléletek harmadik fontos csoportja a perfect szemlélet. Ez is előfordul a jelenben, a múltban és a jövőben is. - Sajnos ez a magyar nyelvben egyáltalán nem létező szemlélet, ezért nagyon figyelnünk kell, mikor szokták az angolok használni. (A szemlélet elnevezése is furcsa magyarul: egyszerű befejezett – ez nem sok mindent mond a magyar embernek!) - Az PERFECT SIMPLE szemlélet legfontosabb használati területei: ● két idősík összefonódása pl. Épp most ettem almát. (I have eaten an apple just now.) – Present Perfect Simple (a „most” a jelen időszakra utal, a cselekvés már befejeződött, tehát részint már elmúlt, részint viszont még a jelenhez kötődik)
Hat órára már megettem egy almát. (I had eaten an apple by 5.) – Past Perfect Simple (mindkét esemény a múltban volt, de az egyik hamarabb, a másik később)
Hat órára már megeszek egy almát. (I will have eaten an apple by 5.) – Future Perfect Simple (mindkét esemény a jövőben lesz, de az egyik hamarabb, a másik később)
● Előidejűség: olyan esemény, amely valameddig befejeződött/befejeződik (hamarabb kezdődik, és már befejeződik, mire egy másik elkezdődik pl. Mostanra már megettem. (I have eaten it by now.) – Present Perfect Simple (az étel megevése hamarabb megtörtént, mint az aktuális jelen)
Mire megérkeztem, megették a tortámat. (By the time I arrived, they have eaten my cake.) – Past Perfect Simple (a tortát már azelőtt megették, hogy megérkeztem)
Mire megérkezem, megeszik a tortámat. (By the time I arrive, they will have eaten my cake.) – Future Perfect Simple (a tortát már azelőtt meg fogják enni, hogy megérkezem)
MIBEN KÖZÖS AZ EGYSZERŰ PERFECT IGEIDŐK ALAKJA? ● Minden egyszerű perfect igeidőnek a segédigéje a HAVE megfelelő alakja. ● Minden egyszerű perfect igeidőben az ige a 3. alakban áll. Azaz: Present Perfect Simple: have (E/3: has) (→ a ’have’ jelen idejű alakja) + az ige 3. alakja Past Perfect Simple: had → (→ a ’have’ múlt idejű alakja) + az ige 3. alakja Future Perfect Simple: will have (→ a ’have’ jövő idejű alakja) + az ige 3. alakja
A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ALAKJA A Present Perfect Simple segédigéje: E/1, E/2, T/1, T/2, T/3: HAVE; E/3: HAS Ezt használjuk kijelentő, állító mondatokban és kérdezéskor, valamint tagadáskor is! Ehhez kapcsolódik az adott ige (főige) 3. alakja. Az ige harmadik alakja a következő: -ed végződés (mint a Past Simple-nél) vagy: rendhagyó (l. a rendhagyó igék táblázatát – 103.o.!)
● KIJELENTŐ, ÁLLÍTÓ (NEM TAGADÓ) MONDATBAN: HAVE/HAS + az ige 3. ALAKJA pl. My husband has just returned home. I have waited for him for a long time, so it’s not surprising that I have become angry. (A férjem épp most ért haza. Régóta vártam rá, ezért nem meglepő, hogy mérges lettem.) ÖSSZEVONÁS: A have/has segédige az alannyal összevonható. pl. He has arrived. = He’s arrived. They have arrived. = They’ve arrived. ● TAGADÁS: a segédige után kerül a „not” tagadószó: HAVE/HAS + NOT + az ige 3. alakja pl. He has not been at home for 10 hours. (10 órája nem volt itthon.) ÖSSZEVONÁS: Az have/has segédige a „not” tagadószóval összevonható: pl. He has not arrived. = He hasn’t arrived. They have not arrived. = They haven’t arrived. ● KÉRDEZÉS: a segédige az alany elé kerül: HAVE/HAS + ALANY + az ige 3. alakja pl. Has he ever waited for someone so long? (Várt ő valaha ilyen sokáig valakire?) A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE HASZNÁLATA (I.) A Present Perfect igeidőt az angol sűrűn használja, számunkra ugyanakkor elég nagy kihívás, hogy megértsük, miért. Tudniillik a Present Perfect Simple az angolban az egyik JELEN IDEJŰ IGESZEMLÉLET, a magyarra mégis a legtöbbször MÚLT IDŐVEL fordítjuk le. (Ez abból fakad, hogy a Present Perfect a múlt és a jelen idősíkját mossa össze, és legtöbbször egy cselekvés befejezettségét hangsúlyozza – nálunk azonban ilyen nincs, mi a
befejezettséget legtöbbször múlt idővel fejezzük ki.) Ezért fontos, hogy részletesen is megvizsgáljuk, mikor kell Present Perfect Simple igeidőt használnunk: A) Ha azt hangsúlyozzuk, hogy a cselekvés egyáltalán megtörtént ● Ilyenkor az a lényeg, hogy a cselekvés MÁR BEFEJEZŐDÖTT, DE NEM FONTOS, HOGY KONKRÉTAN MIKOR (csak az, hogy a jelenig egyáltalán megtörtént, volt ilyen). -
A mondatban nincs időhatározó, vagy olyan időhatározó van, amely csak a cselekvés befejezettségét nyomatékosítja (pl. már, még). A magyarban ilyenkor múlt időt használunk. pl. I have burnt the dinner. (Odaégettem a vacsorát.) She has already eaten octopus. (Már evett polipot.) Have you been to* Paris yet? (Voltál már Párizsban?) (*M.j.: A „where (hol)?” kérdésre válaszolva a Present Perfect Simple mellett a ”TO” elöljárószót kell használni!)
Ilyenkor jellemzően használható időhatározók: A cselekvés befejezettségét nyomatékosítók already (kijelentő mondatban: már) o ez az időhatározó közvetlenül a (fő)ige elé ékelődik be o csak kijelentő, állító mondatokban használjuk pl. Bob has already written his homework. (Bob már megírta a leckéjét.) yet (tagadó mondatban: még; kérdő mondatban: már) o mindkét fajta mondatban a mondat végén áll. pl. Bob has not written his homework yet. (Bob még nem írta meg a leckéjét.) Has Bob written his homework yet? (Bob már megírta a leckéjét?) just (épp) o közvetlenül a (fő)ige elé ékelődik be pl. Bob has just written his homework. (Bob épp megírta a leckéjét.) ever ((már) valaha (is)) o közvetlenül a (fő)ige elé ékelődik be o főként kérdésekben fordul elő pl. Have you ever been to Paris? (Voltál már valaha Párizsban?) B) Ha azt hangsúlyozzuk, hogy a cselekvés a jelen időszakban történt meg ● Ilyenkor szintén az a lényeg, hogy a cselekvés MÁR BEFEJEZŐDÖTT, kiegészítve azzal, hogy nem a múltban, hanem A JELEN IDŐSZAKBAN történt meg -
A mondatban jelenre utaló időhatározó van. A magyarban ilyenkor is múlt időt használunk.
pl. I have found a hamster just now. (Épp most találtam egy hörcsögöt.) My mother-in-law has arrived now. (Most érkezett az anyósom.) Ilyenkor jellemzően használható időhatározók: Az aktuális jelenre utalók, a közelmúlt és a jelen időszakát összekötők (miközben a magyarban az ige múlt időben áll) today (ma) pl. Bob has written his homework today. (Bob ma megírta a leckéjét.) now (most) pl. Bob has written his homework now. (Bob most írta meg a leckéjét.) just now (épp most) pl. Bob has written his homework just now. (Bob épp most írta meg a leckéjét.) since… (valamilyen időpont óta) – utána azt az időpontot adjuk meg, amióta a cselekvés befejezetté vált pl. He has written five letters since 2 o’clock. (Két óra óta öt levelet írt meg.) for… (valamennyi ideje, valamilyen időhossz óta) – utána azt az időhosszt adjuk meg, amely a jelenig eltelt. pl. He hasn’t written letters for years. (Évek óta nem írt levelet.) for the last week/month/year etc. (az utóbbi héten/hónapban/évben stb.) – utána azt az időszakaszt adjuk meg, amely még most is tart. pl. He has written five letters for the last week. (Az utóbbi héten öt levelet írt.) this morning/week/month etc. (ma reggel, ezen a héten/hónapban stb.) pl. Bob has written his homework this morning. (Bob ma reggel írta meg a leckéjét.) Megjegyzés: Az ilyen időhatározók csak akkor jelzik igazán, hogy a jelen időszakáról van szó, ha még mindig az adott napszak/hét/év stb. van érvényben. Képzeljük el, hogy például most még reggel van, s ekkor azt mondjuk: „Ma reggel nem ettem reggelit.” Mivel még most is reggel van, a kijelentés az aktuális jelen időszakára vonatkozik, s ezért Present Perfect Simple-t kell használnunk: I haven’t eaten breakfast this morning. Ha viszont már este van, s ekkor mondjuk ugyanezt, az aktuális jelenhez képest márt múltként fogjuk fel a „ma reggel”-t, s ezért Past Simple-t használunk: I didn’t eat breakfast this morning.
A Present Perfect Simple és a Past Simple különbsége Mivel tehát a magyarban ilyenkor múlt idő jelenik meg, oda kell figyelnünk, hogy mikor kell a magyar múlt időt az angolban is múlt idővel mondani (Past Simple) és mikor kell Present Perfecet Simple-t használni. ► PAST SIMPLE-t kell használni, ha a cselekvés EGYÉRTELMŰEN A MÚLTBAN ZÁRULT LE. Ezt jelzi, hogy
a) valamilyen konkrétan meghatározott múltra utaló időhatározó van a mondatban vagy a szövegelőzményekben (amely a „mikor?” kérdésre válaszol). pl. We ate breakfast at 7 o’clock. (7 órakor ettünk reggelit.) ↓
A meghatározott múltra utaló időhatározók: … ago (= vmennyi idővel ezelőtt, vmennyi ideje) pl. I wrote a novel two years ago. (Írtam egy regényt két évvel ezelőtt.) last … (= a múlt …-n/-ban/-ben) pl. I wrote a novel last year. (Írtam egy regényt a múlt évben.) yesterday (= tegnap) pl. I wrote a novel yesterday. (Írtam egy regényt tegnap.) in / on / at … (időhatározó elöljárószók, amelyekkel megadhatjuk, melyik évben / hónapban /napon / időszakban történt az esemény) van a múltbeli időpont pl. I wrote a novel in 1996.meg (Írtam egyadva regényt 1996-ban.) I wrote a novel in May. (Írtam egy regényt májusban.) I wrote a novel on Monday. (Írtam egy regényt hétfőn.) I wrote a novel at Christmas. (Írtam egy regényt karácsonykor.) when… / as soon as … stb. (időhatározói mellékmondat kötőszavai: „amikor” /„amint”) pl. I wrote a novel when I was 18. (Írtam egy regény, amikor 18 éves voltam.)
b) közismerten a múltban történt eseményről (ami a múltban lezárult) /múltban élt személyről (aki már nem él) beszélünk. pl. Chaplin played in several films. (Chaplin sok filmben szerepelt.) ↓ közismert tény, hogy Chaplin egy múltbeli színész, és már nem él, tehát csakis a lezárult múltról lehet szó ● Értelemszerűen a Past Simple-t kell használnunk akkor is, amikor a cselekvés időpontjára kérdezünk (when?). pl. When did you meet him? (Mikor találkoztál vele?) ► PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE-t kell használni, ha A CSELEKVÉS NEM A LEZÁRULT MÚLTHOZ KÖTŐDIK. Ennek oka lehet, hogy a) a cselekvés a jelen időszakában zárult le, s ezt többnyire egy jelen idejű időhatározó is jelzi) pl. We have eaten breakfast just now. (Épp most ettünk reggelit.) ↓ az időhatározó a jelenre utal b) nem fontos, hogy mikor történt a cselekvés (csak az, hogy egyáltalán már megtörtént, ill. hogy még nem történt meg), nincs múltra utaló időhatározó pl. I have arrived! (Megérkeztem!) c) a jelenben is létező személy (befejezett) cselekvéséről beszélünk (időhatározó nélkül) pl. Bruce Willis has played in several films. (Bruce Willis sok filmben szerepelt.) ↓ Bruce Willis ma is élő színész, karrierje még nem zárult le, a mondatban azt fejezzük ki, hogy az aktuális jelenig mit végzett el, s hogy ez még folytatódhat.
► Belátásunktól függ, hogy Present Perfect-et vagy Past Simple-t használunk ha egyéb körülményekre kérdezünk rá (why? where? how? stb.) Ilyenkor a legtöbbször Past Simple-t használunk, de ha a cselekvés tényét akarjuk hangsúlyozni, Present Perfect-et is használhatunk (a döntés saját belátásunkon múlik). pl. Why did you eat breakfast? (Miért etted meg a reggelimet? → az ok firtatása a hangsúlyosabb) Why have you eaten my breakfast? (Miért etted meg a reggelimet? → a cselekvés megtörténte a hangsúlyosabb) A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE HASZNÁLATA (II.) C) Ha azt hangsúlyozzuk, hogy a cselekvés a múltban kezdődött, és azóta szokásosan ismétlődik ● Ilyenkor szintén nem csak az a lényeges, hogy a cselekvés a jelenben szokásos, hanem az is, hogy a cselekvés valamiképpen már a múltban szokássá vált. - A mondatban olyan időhatározó szerepelhet, amely csak a cselekvés ismétlődésére, szokásosságára utal (pl. mindig). - Sokszor azzal is kiegészítjük, hogy az adott gyakoriság mióta áll fenn. - A magyarban lehet jelen vagy múlt idő is. pl. He has always wanted to become healthy. (Mindig egészségessé akart válni.) I have often visited him since he became ill. (Gyakran látogatom meg, amióta beteg lett.) Ilyenkor jellemzően használható időhatározók: ● A cselekvés ismétlődésére utalók (sokszor olyan időhatározóval együtt, amely megadja azt is, hogy az adott cselekvés mióta szokás) never ((még) sosem) o ilyenkor a magyarban általában múlt idő szerepel pl. I have never seen a whale. (Sosem láttam (még) bálnát.) always (mindig (is)) o ilyenkor a magyarban általában múlt idő szerepel pl. We have aways wanted to buy a big house. (Mindig (is) nagy házat akartunk venni.) often (vmilyen időpont óta gyakran) o ilyenkor a magyarban általában jelen idő szerepel pl. We have often phoned each other since we finished school. (Gyakran hívjuk fel egymást, amióta befejeztük az iskolát.) stb. ● A cselekvés jelenbeli szokássá válására utalók recently (mostanában) pl. Bob hasn’t written his homework recently. (Bob mostanában nem írta meg a leckéjét.)
lately (az utóbbi dőben) pl. Bob hasn’t written his homework lately. (Bob az utóbbi időben nem írta meg a leckéjét.) before (ezelőtt) pl. Bob has never written his homework before. (Bob ezelőtt nem írta meg a leckéjét.) Megjegyzés: Az, hogy ezek az időhatározók szerepelhetnek a Present Perfect Simple mellett, NEM JELENTI, hogy csak Present Perfect Simple szerepelhet mellettük!
D) A Present Perfect Simple és statikus igék Sokszor egy érzésről, állapotról, akaratról stb. azt akarjuk elmondani, hogy az éppen tart (azaz folyamatban van). Ilyenkor valójában folyamatos alakot kellene használnunk. Csakhogy az effajta igék a STATIKUS IGÉK csoportjába tartoznak. Emiatt – hiába is akarjuk a folyamatban lévőséget érzékeltetni – ezek a statikus igék NEM VEHETNEK FEL FOLYAMATOS ALAKOT (l. statikus igék!). Emiatt a Present Perfect Simple alakot használjuk, és ez azt fejezi ki, hogy EGY ÁLLAPOT, ÉRZÉS, VÉLEMÉNY, AKARAT STB. (statikus igék), A MÚLTBAN KEZDŐDÖTT, ÉS MÉG TART. A magyarban ilyenkor általában jelen időt használunk. pl. We have loved each other for ages. (Ezer éve szeretjük egymást.) I have been here for two hours. (Két órája itt vagyok.) I have been good since Friday. (Péntek óta jó vagyok.) They have hated each other since they first met. (Azóta utálják egymást, amióta először találkoztak.)
Ilyenkor jellemzően használható időhatározók: ● Az időtartamot vagy a kezdőpontot jelölő elöljárószók since… (valamilyen időpont óta) – utána azt az időpontot adjuk meg, amióta tart az esemény pl. She has been here since 2 o’clock. (Két óra óta van itt.) for… (valamennyi ideje, valamilyen időhossz óta) – utána azt az időhosszt adjuk meg, amely a múlttól kezdődően átível a jelenig. pl. She has been here for 2 hours. (Két órája /óra hosszája van itt.) ● Az időtartam hosszúságát jelölő időhatározók all day/week/month stb. (egész nap/héten/hónapban stb.) pl. She has been here all morning. (Egész reggel itt van.)
Megjegyzés: Az, hogy ezek az időhatározók szerepelhetnek a Present Perfect Simple mellett, NEM JELENTI, hogy csak Present Perfect Simple szerepelhet mellettük!
A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ALAKJA 1) Complete the following table. Infinitive
Past Participle
be
Infinitive
Past Participle
have broken
look
cook
lost
do
make drunk
paint
eat
played
find
see
give
speak
go
take felt
written
2) Write “HAS” or “HAVE”. 1. ____________ you ever visited London? 2. Mary ____________ never read a novel. 3. They ____________ already finished. 4. ____________ she closed the door? 5. Mr Bean ____________ travelled abroad. 6. ____________ it stopped snowing? 7. Mother ____________ called you. 8. I ____________ never tasted sushi. 9. We ____________ worked hard. 10. _____________ Peter painted the wall? 3) Fill in the spaces with the present perfect simple forms of the verbs given in brackets! 1. My parents _______ to New York.(travel) 2. I ________for the Math test. (study) 3. Our grandparents ________________ us lately. (not write)
4. Daisy _______ her sister a parcel.(send) 5. Our teacher___________ the present perfect. (teach) 6. My sister and I _______ our bedroom. (redecorate) 7. My brother______________ the game. (win) 8. She __________ the cake. (bring) 9. Peter ___________ a book. (publish) 10. Jack ___________ five letters. (write) 11. I ___________ my umbrella. (lose) 12. _______ you ___________ this book? It’s very good. (read) 13. She ___________ the travel agent. (not / phone) 14. My dog ___________ my sandwich. (eat) 15. They ___________ this film. (not / see ) 16. Kitty is happy because John ___________ a beautiful fur coat for her. (buy) 17. Miss Dee phones the police because a thief ___________ her jewellery. (take) 18. The young man looks worried because he ___________ the address of his hotel. (forget) 19. Jim looks tired and worried because he __________ the night at the police station. (spend) 20. The Browns are happy because they ___________ an invitation to Scotland. (get) 4) Read the secretary’s to do list for today and speak about her solved and unsolved tasks using Present Perfect. (Remember that on the list you can find only notes – i.e. only the key words for a given activity. So you might have to make some necessary transformations too.)
e. g. collect CVs for open position select candidates for job interviews invite candidates for job interviews order a bouquet for boss’ wife order plane ticket to Copenhagen order stationery water plants in office feed boss’ fish
arrange reception for company’s 20th anniversary answer press enquiries send company car to service check company share prices remind boss of merger negotiations remind boss to take blood pressure pills cancel meeting with Mrs Jones call dentist for appointment
e.g. She has collected the CVs for the open position. 5) Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Megérkezett Robert! 2. Valaki megette a vacsorámat. 3. Hívott téged az anyukád. 4. Charlie és Susan összeházasodtak. 5. Valaki bezárta az ajtót. 6. Harriet lekéste a vonatot. 7. Elmentetek a színházba? 8. Megmostad a fogadat? 9. Miért hívtál? 10. Mit ettél?
A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE HASZNÁLATA I. 6) Practice the use of Present Perfect Simple with the adverb “already” by the sample sentences! e.g. A: Bring the milk in, please. B: I've already brought it in. 1. Begin your exercise now. 2. Do your homework. 3. You must find those tickets.
4. Don't sit on that record. 5. Tell him the joke. 6. Take your medicine.
7) Negate the following sentences with the adverb “yet” by the example! e.g. I have already done it. I haven’t done it yet. 1. He has already found it. 2. We have already read it. 3. Joe has already been there.
4. The boy has already had lunch. 5. I have already telephoned him. 6. She has already come home.
8) Say these sentences in the negative and interrogative. 1. Daisy has already phoned her mother. 2. She has already bought some books. 3. He has already arrived. 4. Lucy and Paul have already left. 5. Charles has already booked the hotel. 6. My dog has already eaten.
7. We have already drunk coffee. 8. They have already cooked dinner. 9. You have already tasted the cake. 10. Susan has already seen the film. 11. Mrs. Smith has already watered the roses. 12. They have already won the lottery.
9) Put ”already” or ”yet” in the right place. 7. It hasn’t rained. 8. Have you found your glasses? 9. She has lost her keys. 10. Has James drawn the elephant? 11. I have had a shower. 12. Spring hasn’t begun.
1. Have you done your homework? 2. She hasn’t seen him. 3. I have sung in a pub. 4. Has he performed in a film? 5. I haven’t been to London. 6. They have swum in the river.
10) What has just happened? Make sentences in the Present Perfect Simple, using ’just’
1.
catch a fish
2.
throw a ball
3.
come out of the water
4.
fall asleep
5.
take a picture of his wife
6.
start a voyage
11.
arrive at the hotel
16.
build a sandcastle
7.
catch a hat
12. eat a strawberry
17.
water the carrots
8.
13.
pitch a tent
start to rain
18.
get lost
9.
jump into the water
14.
19.
put out the fire
1. I just have done it. / I have just done it. 2. I have already finished. / I already have finished. 3. I have been recently ill. / I have been ill recently. 4. I haven't done yet it. / I haven't done it yet. 5. Have you ever done it? / Have ever you done it? 6. Have you seen lately her? / Have you seen her lately? 7. I haven't spoken to her recently. / I haven't spoken to recently her. 8. I have seen today her. / I have seen her today. 9. Has it been yet done? / Has it been done yet?
1. Oliver has _____ washed his car. a) yet b) ever c) just 2. My cousin hasn’t arrived _____. a) never b) yet c) already 3. My friend Jason has _____ come back from Italy. a) already b) yet c) ever 4. Have they _____ met a famous person? a) just b) yet c) ever 5. I have _____ listened to classical music. a) before b) yet c) never 6. Sam and Jane have _____ left for work. a) ever b) yet c) already 7. We have _____ heard a strange noise. a) just b) yet c) just now
pick a bunch of flowers
eat some food
11) Choose the correct sentence from each pair.
12) Choose the correct option.
10.
15.
20.
fall
make dinner
13) Use FOR or SINCE to complete these expressions. 1. 2. 3. 4.
______________ 3 months ______________ 7 o’clock ______________ April ______________ a week
5. 6. 7. 8.
______________ a long time ______________ her birthday ______________ 1950 ______________ ten years
14) Fill in the sentences with ”since” or ”for”. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Things have changed ... I was a little girl. He hasn't worked this hard ..... he was at school. She's worked there ....... years. ..... 1989, no one has lived here. He hasn't worked ..... he was made redundant. They haven't cleaned the windows ........ months. It's the first time I've eaten snails ........ I was in France on holiday.
15) Make up mini dialogues by the example! e.g. You – be – England – 1991 Have you ever been to England? Yes, I have. I was there in 1991. 1. You – read – Hamlet – last month 2. your mother – visit – New York – three years ago 3. he – speak – to a film star – yesterday 4. you – see – the Mona Lisa –last summer 5. you – meet – an English man – two months ago 6. he – eat – bananas – a few days ago 7. you – drive – a car – last night 8. he – drink – tea with milk – in the morning 16) Choose the appropriate verb form. 1. My dad _____________ tennis yesterday morning. a) played b) has played c) have played 2. Look, they __________ the car in the garage. It looks new again. a) cleaned b) has cleaned c) have cleaned 3. Last year, Bob and I _____________ to Japan to climb Mt Fuji. a) have ever been b) have gone c) went 4. Tom and Jerry ___________ a joke so now they are laughing. a) just read b) have just read c) just have read 5. I __________ my husband at high school more than 20 years ago.
a) have already met b) have met c) met 6. My grandparents ____________ another country before. a) have never visited b) visited c) never visit 7. Mrs P. Orsche _________ a new Porsche in 2005. a) has bought b) have bought c) bought 17) Choose the correct answer. 1. He ..... there when he was a child. has lived lived 2. They ......... a few minutes ago. left have left 3. They ....... the contract last week. finalised have finalised 4. The film .......... yet. hasn't started didn't start 5. I ........ the project last night. have finished finished 6. Look- someone ....... their handbag in the room. left has left 7. ............ to Rome? Did you ever go Have you ever been 8. I can't get into my house because I ........ my keys. lost have lost 9. Nobody ....... the phone when it rang. answered has answered 10. I ......... up smoking last year. gave have given 11. You can't see her because she ......... home. has gone went
12. ............... to the United States? Did you ever go Have you ever been 13. I never ......... my grandmother as she died before I was born. knew have known 14. The first time we ......... was just the other day. spoke have spoken 15. He's in hospital because he ............. a leg. has broken broke 16. I ........ from her lately. haven't heard didn't hear 17. I just ........ the time to go to the cinema recently. didn't have haven't had 18. I ........ just Meg and Brian at the party. have seen saw 19. ......... to the concert on Friday? Did you go Have you been 20. He ......... yet. hasn't arrived didn't arrive 21. They ........... the contract yet. didn't sign haven't signed
22. The newspaper ......... very successful lately. hasn't been wasn't 23. He ...... during the war. died has died 24. I ....... a taxi so I came on the bus. haven't found didn't find 25. John's nervous because he .......... such a difficult test before. has never taken never took 26. My stereo ....... working last night. stopped has stopped 27. We ....... out on Saturday night. haven't gone didn't go
28. I ....... it last week. bought have bought 29. I .......... to water-ski in 1993. learnt have learnt 30. She ....... an absolute fortune last year. has earned earned 31. The weather ....... dreadful for the whole two weeks we were there. was has been 32. No one ...... to do it yet. has managed managed 33. I ...... the dog for a walk because it was raining. haven't taken didn't take
18) Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple? 1. "_____ you __________(book) your hotel room yet? " "Well, I _______________(write) to the hotel last week but they _______________(not answer) yet. " 2. "_____ you _______________(know) any English when you first _______________ (arrive) here? " "No, I _______________(not know) a word. " 3. Yesterday Jim _______________(go) to the cinema. 4. The weather _______________(be) very bad this week. 5. Kitty _______________(do) a lot of work today. 6. Robert and Helga _______________(spend) their holidays in Scotland last year. 7. Mark _______________(begin) to learn German in 1993. 8. I _______________(catch) a bad cold last week. 9. My daughter _______________(win) a foreign scholarship. 10. My colleague _______________(exhibit) her paintings a fortnight ago. 11. "Have you ever been to Japan? " "Yes, I _______________(go) there last summer. " 12. I _______________(not exceed) the speedlimit yet. 13. Franzi _______________(be) very tired yesterday, so she _______________(go) to bed early. 14. "Diana, _______________ (you visit) the Royal Pavilion yet?" "Yes, Ted. I _______________( already, be) there." "Really! When _______________(you go) ?" "I _______________(just see) it. I _______________(go) there yesterday!... No, I'm joking. I _______________ (go) there two months ago."
19) Translate the following sentences into English. Még nem ettem csigát. Már jártam Afrikában. Az utóbbi időben nem láttam a húgodat. Most már eleget dolgoztunk! Épp most nyeltem le egy gombot. Amikor a film elkezdődött, Bob azonnal elaludt. 7. Azt hiszem, elvesztettem a kulcsaimat. 8. Épp most láttam egy ufót. 9. Még soha nem találkoztam a pápával. 10. Rosszul vagyok. Húsz palacsintát ettem meg. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
11. Három hete írtam Tonynak, de még nem válaszolt. 12. Reggeliztek már a gyerekek? 13. Volt már itt Joe? 14. Hazaért már Mary? 15. Kitakarítottátok már a szobátokat? 16. Láttál már falon pókot? 17. Miért mondtad ezt nekem? 18. Miért utazott el Alice? 19. Hol voltál tegnap?
A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE HASZNÁLATA II. 20) Fill in the sentences with ”since” or ”for”. 1. He has been in prison ... a year. 2. He has been very ill ... the last month. 3. I have been very patient for you ... several years. 4. It has been very foggy ... early morning. 5. I've been awake ... four o'clock. 6. They've had no gas ... the strike began. 7. He has been under water ... half an hour. 8. I haven't seen them ...... ages. 9. I haven't seen him ...... last week. 10. He hasn't been able to work ...... the last three weeks. 11. They've known about it ...... a long time. 12. I haven't seen her ..... a fortnight. 13. They haven't been here ..... 1993. 14. He's been here ....... three o'clock. 15. There haven't been any wolves in England ........ a long time.
16. The weather has been dreadful ...... October. 17. The film's been on at cinemas ........ Tuesday. 18. Nobody has been so close to breaking the record ..... 1983. 19. ...... then, I haven't been able to sleep well. 20. I haven't had such fun ....... the last time we met. 21. I hadn't heard from them .... ages. 22. I haven't heard from them ..... I sent them the letter. 23. She hasn't been here ...... a month. 24. It's the first time I've been here ....... the accident. 25. I haven't been able to get a good night's sleep ....... our daughter was born. 26. It is the first time I've had such a bad fever ........ I was a child. 27. I've know her ........ ages. 28. It's been ........ last month.
21) Complete the sentences using the word in brackets. Use Present Perfect or Past Simple.
Mary _______(buy) a lot of presents. I ________ (not-buy) anything yet.
He __________ (goalready) to bed. He ___ (be) very tired.
I _____ (not-be) to the disco nowadays. I _____ (go) there 2 years ago!
When ________ (Peter go) to the beach?“
We _____(not-have) breakfast this morning we ___ (be) in a hurry.
___ you ____ (go) to church last Sunday? No, I ___.
I______(buy) a car but it______(break) down last week.
I _______(ring) but nobody________(open) the door yet.
„ ________ (they-go) on a holiday?“ „No, they_____ They are at their mother´s.“
I _______ (be) twice to the new bar but I _____(not-be) satisfied!
She _____ (be) on a diet last week but she ____ ___(eat) 3sandwiches today!
„__________(you-everdrink) Absint?“ „ Yes, I___ . I_____ (drink) some at the last party.“
„When ________ (Peterget up) to work?“ „I don´t know I _______(not-see) him this week. “
Leo_______(not-write) me recently but yesterday I______(receive) his letter.
She ______ (not- have) breakfast yet.
Somebody_______ (steal) my car but police _______ (already-find) it
22) Answer the questions. Have you ever had difficulties doing your homework? What subject was it? Why was it difficult? Did you succeed?
Have you ever ridden a horse? When was it? Where was it? How did you feel? Why?
Have you ever found a four-leaf-clover? When was it? Where was it? Did it bring you luck?
Have you ever cooked something delicious? When was it? What did you cook? Why did you cook it?
Have you ever taken part in a race? When was it? How long was the race? Who won? How did you feel? Why? What did you do with it?
Have you ever got a valentine card? Who was it from? What was it like? Did you like it? Why? How did you feel? Why?
KEY: A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ALAKJA 1) Infinitive be break cook do drink eat find give go feel
Past Participle been broken cooked done drunk eaten found given gone felt
Infinitive have look lose make paint play see speak take write
Past Participle had looked lost made painted played seen spoken taken written
2) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Have you ever visited London? Mary has never read a novel. They have already finished. Has she closed the door? Mr Bean has travelled abroad.
3) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
My parents have travelled to New York. I have studied for the Math test. Our grandparents haven’t written us lately. Daisy has sent her sister a parcel. Our teacher has taught the present perfect. My sister and I have redecorated our bedroom. My brother has won the game. She has brought the cake. Peter has published a book. Jack has written five letters. I have lost my umbrella. Have you read this book? It’s very good. She hasn’t phoned the travel agent. My dog has eaten my sandwich. They haven’t seen this film. Kitty is happy because John has bought a beautiful fur coat for her. Miss Dee phones the police because a thief has taken her jewellery. The young man looks worried because he has forgotten the address of his hotel. Jim looks tired and worried because he has spent the night at the police station. The Browns are happy because they have got an invitation to Scotland.
4) She has selected the candidates for job interviews. She hasn’t invited the candidates for job interviews. She has ordered a bouquet for the boss’ wife. She hasn’t ordered a plane ticket to Copenhagen. She hasn’t ordered stationery. She has watered the plants in the office. She hasn’t fed the boss’ fish.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Has it stopped snowing? Mother has called you. I have never tasted sushi. We have worked hard. Has Peter painted the wall?
She hasn’t arranged the reception for the company’s 20th anniversary. She has answered press enquiries. She hasn’t sent the company car to service. She has checked company share prices. She has reminded the boss of merger negotiations. She hasn’t reminded the boss to take his blood pressure pills. She has cancelled the meeting with Mrs Jones. She hasn’t called the dentist for an appointment.
5) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Robert has arrived! Somebody has eaten my dinner. Your mum has called you. Charlie and Susan has got married. Somebody has closed the door.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Harriet has missed the train. Have you gone to the theatre? Have you washed (/cleaned/brushed) your teeth? Why have you called me? What have you eaten?
A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE HASZNÁLATA I. 6) 1. I have already begun it. 2. I have already done it. 3. I have already found them.
4. I have already sat on it. 5. I have already told it to him. 6. I have already taken it.
7) 1. He hasn’t found it yet. 2. We haven’t read it yet. 3. Joe hasn’t been there yet.
4. 5. 6.
8) 1. Daisy hasn’t phoned her mother yet. - Has Daisy phoned her mother yet? 2. She hasn’t bought some books yet. - Has she bought some books yet? 3. He hasn’t arrived yet. - Has he arrived yet? 4. Lucy and Paul haven’t left yet. – Have Lucy and Paul left yet? 5. Charles hasn’t booked the hotel yet. - Has Charles booked the hotel yet? 6. My dog hasn’t eaten yet. - Has my dog eaten yet. 7. We haven’t drunk coffee yet. - Have we drunk coffee yet?
The boy hasn’t had lunch yet. I haven’t telephoned him yet. She hasn’t come home yet.
8. They haven’t cooked dinner yet. - Have they cooked dinner yet? 9. You haven’t tasted the cake yet. - Have you tasted the cake yet? 10. Susan hasn’t seen the film yet. - Has Susan seen the film yet? 11. Mrs. Smith hasn’t watered the roses yet. - Has Mrs. Smith watered the roses yet? 12. They haven’t won the lottery yet. - Have they won the lottery yet?
9) 1. Have you done your homework yet? 2. She hasn’t seen him yet. 3. I have already sung in a pub. 4. Has he performed in a film yet? 5. I haven’t been to London yet. 6. They have already swum in the river.
7. It hasn’t rained yet. 8. Have you found your glasses yet? 9. She has already lost her keys. 10. Has James drawn the elephant yet? 11. I have already had a shower. 12. Spring hasn’t begun yet.
10) 1. He has just caught a fish. 2. He has just thrown a ball. 3. He has just come out of the water. 4. He has just fallen asleep. 5. He has just taken a picture of his wife. 6. They have just started a voyage. 7. He has just caught a hat. 8. She has just pitched a tent. 9. She has just jumped into the water. 10. She has just picked a bunch of flowers.
11. They have just arrived at the hotel. 12. She has just eaten a strawberry. 13. It has just start to rain. 14. It (/The bear) has just eaten some food. 15. She has just fallen. 16. She has just built a sandcastle. 17. She has just watered the carrots. 18. He has just got lost. 19. He has just put out the fire. 20. He has just made dinner.
11) 1. I have just done it. 2. I have already finished. 3. I have been ill recently. 4. I haven't done it yet. 5. Have you ever done it?
6. Have you seen her lately? 7. I haven't spoken to her recently. 8. I have seen her today. 9. Has it been done yet?
12) 1. c 2. b
3. a 4. c
13) 1. for 2. since
3. 4.
since for
5. 6.
for since
7. 8.
since for
14) 1. since 2. since
3. 4.
for since
5. 6.
since for
7.
since
15) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
7. a
Have you ever read Hamlet? Yes, I have. I read it last month. Has your mother ever visited New York? Yes, she has. She visited it three years ago. Has he ever spoken to a film star? Yes he has. He spoke to one yesterday. Have you ever seen the Mona Lisa? Yes, I have. I saw it last summer. Have you ever met an English man? Yes, I have. I met one two months ago. Has he ever eaten bananas? Yes, he has. He ate some a few days ago. Have you ever driven a car? Yes, I have. I drove one last night. Has he ever drunk tea with milk? Yes he has. He drank some in the morning.
16) 1. a 2. c
3. c 4. b
17) 1. lived 2. left 3. finalised 4. hasn't started 5. finished 6. has left 7. Have you ever been 8. have lost 9. answered 10. gave 11. has gone 12. Have you ever been 13. knew 14. spoke 15. has broken 16. haven't heard 17. haven't had 18) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
5. c 6. c
5. c 6. a
18. saw 19. Did you go 20. hasn't arrived 21. haven't signed 22. hasn't been 23. died 24. didn't find 25. has never taken 26. stopped 27. didn't go 28. bought 29. learnt 30. earned 31. was 32. has managed 33. didn't take
"Have you booked your hotel room yet? " "Well, I wrote to the hotel last week but they haven’t answered yet. " "Did you know any English when you first arrived here? " "No, I didn’t know a word. " Yesterday Jim went to the cinema. The weather has been very bad this week. Kitty has done a lot of work today. Robert and Helga spent their holidays in Scotland last year. Mark began to learn German in 1993. I caught a bad cold last week. My daughter has won a foreign scholarship. My colleague exhibited her paintings a fortnight ago. "Have you ever been to Japan? "
7. c
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
"Yes, I went there last summer. " I haven’t exceeded the speedlimit yet. Franzi was very tired yesterday, so she went to bed early. "Diana, have you visited the Royal Pavilion yet?" "Yes, Ted. I have already been there." "Really! When did you go?" "I have just seen it. I went there yesterday!... No, I'm joking. I went there two months ago."
19) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
I haven’t eaten snails yet. 11. I”ve already been to Africa. I haven’t seen your sister lately (/recently). 12. We’ve worked enough now! 13. I’ve just swallowed a button. 14. When the film started, Bob immediately fell asleep. 15. I think I’ve lost my keys. 16. I’ve just seen a UFO. 17. I’ve never met the Pope. 18. I’m sick. I’ve eaten twenty pancakes. 19.
I wrote Tony three weeks ago but he hasn’t answered yet. Have the children had breakfast yet? Has Joe been here yet? Has Mary arrived home yet? Have you cleaned your room yet? Have you seen a spider on the wall yet? Why have you told this to me? Why has Alice travelled away? Where were you yesterday?
A PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE HASZNÁLATA II. 20) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
for since for since since since for
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
for since for for for since since
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
for since since since since since for
21) Mary has bought a lot of presents. I haven’t bought anything yet. He has already gone to bed. He was very tired. I haven’t been to the disco nowadays. I went there 2 years ago! When did Peter go to the beach?“ We didn’t have breakfast this morning we were in a hurry. Did you go to church last Sunday? No, I didn’t. I bought a car but it broke down last week. I have rung but nobody has opened the door yet. „Have they gone on a holiday?“ „No, they haven’t. They are at their mother´s.“ I have been twice to the new bar but I wasn’t satisfied! She was on a diet last week but she has eaten 3 sandwiches today! „Have you ever drunk Absint?“ „ Yes, I have. I drank some at the last party.“ „When did Peter get up to work?“ „I don´t know I haven’t seen him this week. “ Leo hasn’t written me recently but yesterday I received his letter. She hasn’t had breakfast yet. Somebody has stolen my car but police has already found it
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
since for since since since for since
