MATERI I Syahrul Kurniawan Teknologi Pupuk dan Pemupukan
Fertilizer Terminology
A fertilizer is any substance that is added to the soil to supply those elements required in the nutrition of plants.
A fertilizer material or carrier is any substance that contains one or more of the essential elements
A mixed fertilizer is a mechanical or chemical combination of two or more fertilizer materials and which contains two or more essential elements
Fertilizer Terminology
A complete fertilizer contains the three major plant-nutrient elements - nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Fertilizer grade refers to the minimum guarantee of the plant-nutrient content in terms of total nitrogen, available phosphorus pentoxide, and soluble potassium oxide (6-24-24 for example).
Fertilizer ratio refers to the relative percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, and potassium oxide (a 6-24-24 grade has a 1-4-4 ratio).
Fertilizer Terminology
Dry bulk blending is the process of mechanically mixing solid fertilizer material
Clear liquid fertilizer
Conversion factors :
is one in which the NPK and other materials are completely dissolved
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
%P x 2.29 = %P2O5 % P2O5 x 0.44 =%P %K x 1.2 = %K2O %K2O x 0.83 = %K
Pupuk Nitrogen
Bahan organik alami ◦ guano ◦ Sisa hewan, kotoran, sisa tanaman ◦ Sebagian N yang dilepaskan dikonversi menjadi N dalam sekitar 3 minggu
N anorganik alami ◦ Natrium Nitrat (NaNO3) Ditambah di Chile mengandung 16% NO3-N
◦ NH3 dari batubara (Eropa)
Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik) Amonia Anhidrous ◦ 82% N; disimpan dalam bentuk cair pada tekanan tinggi; jika dilepas menjadi gas ◦ Diberikan langsung ke tanah melalui tabung injeksi ◦ Sebagian hilang ke atmosfer pada saat aplikasi ◦ Diperlukan alat khusus untuk aplikasi Urea [CO(NH2)2]
◦ 46% N ◦ Hidrolisis cepat menjadi NH4+ ◦ Dibenamkan untuk hindari volatilisasi
Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik)
Amonium Nitrat [NH4NO3]
33.5 -34.5 % N Menyerap air (higroskopis) Dibentuk granul untuk hindari menggumpal Dapat meledak
Larutan Nitrogen (tanpa tekanan) NH4NO3 dan / atau urea Urea dan NH4NO3 yang dilarutkan dalam air disebut larutan
Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik) Amonium Cair – gas Amonia dilarutkan dalam air (21% N) Amonium sulfat 20.5% N ◦ NH3 + H2SO4 =====> (NH4)2SO4 ◦ Juga memasok sulfat ◦ Diperlukan penyimpanan dan penanganan yang baik
Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik)
Amonium Fosfat – digunakan terutama sebagai sumber P NH3 + H3PO4 =====> NH4H2PO4 .............11-48-0 ◦ Monoammonium phosphate (MAP)..... 11-48-0 NH3 + H3PO4 =====> NH4H2PO4 ◦ Diammonium phosphate (DAP) ... 18-46-0 (NH4)2HOP4
Kalium Nitrat .... 13-0-44
◦ 6KCl + 12 HNO3 ==> 6KNO3 + 3Cl2 + 6NO2 + 6H20
Kalsium nitrat
◦ Digunakan di Eropa
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Solubility Terminology ◦ Water soluble P - fertilizer compounds dissolve in water ◦ Citrate soluble P - compounds that dissolve in ammonium citrate ◦ Citrate insoluble P - the portion that is insoluble in both water and ammonium citrate ◦ Available P - water and citrate soluble
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Fertilizer Materials ◦ Rock Phosphate Source of all P fertilizers; deposits are found world wide. Rock phosphate is insoluble; therefore, it is not a good fertilizer without being processed. Applications of rock phosphate on very acid soils has been shown to become slowly available to plants. T o be made readily available to plants phosphate rock must be acid or heat processed.
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Fertilizer Materials ◦ Acid treated phophate materials Wet process phosphoric acid. Rock phosphate is treated with a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to produce phosphoric acid plus calcium phosphate (gypsum) and the gypsum is removed. This is sometimes called "green acid" and is 54-56% P2O5. This acid is used to make triple superphosphate and liquid fertilizers. Superphosphoric Acid - (72% P2O5) - Made by concentrating the 54-56% through evaporation used in liquid fertilizers.
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Fertilizer Materials ◦ Acid treated phosphate materials Ordinary Superphosphate - React sulfuric acid with rock phosphate. 20 % available P2O5 (85-90 % water soluble) contains 8-10% sulfur as gypsum (CaSO4) used in mixing and blending fertilizer and is applied directly
Concentrated Superphosphate (triple) - Made by treating rock phosphate with phosphoric acid. 46% P2O5 (86-90% water soluble) Contains very little sulfur < 3% S used in mixing and blending and applied directly
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Fertilizer Materials ◦ Acid treated phosphate materials Ammonium Phosphates - manufactured by ammoniating phosphoric acid. Monoammonium phosphate 11-48-0, Diammonium phosphate 18-46-0. These materials have excellent storage and handling properties, highly water soluble, high nutrient content, uniform granules, and are economical. Others - Nitrophosphates - Nitric acid and rock phosphate. Ammonium polyphosphates - Made by neutralizing superphosphoric acid with anhydrous ammonia.
Potassium Fertilizers
Potassium carriers: ◦ Potassium Chloride - (50-60% K). ◦ Potassium Sulfate - (45-50% K). Source of S where element is deficient
CONCEPT
Potassium is depleated easily with the rremoval of high yielding crops without retaining residue
K fertilizer manufacture and properties
Found as water-soluble salts in large deposits. ◦ Composed mainly of KCl, KCl + NaCl or K2SO4 + MgSO4. ◦ These salt are mined and refined to produce K fertilizers.
K Fertilizer Materials ◦ 1. KCl - muriate of potash 60% 90% of U.S. consumption completely water soluble contains Cl
◦ 2. K2SO4 - Potassium sulfate
K fertilizer manufacture and properties
K Fertilizer Materials ◦ K2SO4 - Potassium sulfate 50% K2O 18% Sulfur provides SO4 as well as K and must contain less than 2.5% Cl used only on Cl sensitive crops because it is more expensive than KCl
◦ K2SO4 * MgSO4 - sulfate of magnesia 22% K2O, 11% Magnesium, 22% Sulfur max Chloride 2.5 %
◦ KNO3 potassium nitrate react with KCl with nitric acid 44% K2O 13% N no Cl
