10/17/2013
Penulisan artikel untuk jurnal bereputasi internasional Suminar Setiati Achmadi
[email protected]
Materi diskusi Pemilihan jurnal bereputasi internasional Tips menyiapkan naskah artikel Perihal kebahasaan
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Pemilihan Jurnal Bereputasi Internasional:Kriteria (Dikti) • • • • • • •
Jurnal memiliki ISSN Artikel memiliki DOI (digital object identifier) Jurnal memiliki Indeks yang dapat ditelusuri keabsahannya (misal Thomson and Reuter, Scopus) Jurnal atau artikel memiliki catatan sitasi yang dapat ditelusuri keabsahannya Jurnal diterbitkan oleh penerbit ternama di tataran internasional Jurnal dikelola oleh editor ternama di bidangnya Artikel diterbitkan setelah melalui proses penelaahan oleh penelaah ternama di bidangnya
Kriteria Jurnal Bereputasi Internasional (Dikti) •
• •
Artikel ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris, bahasa resmi PBB, atau bahasa internasional utama lainnya Jurnal bukan merupakan jurnal bunga rampai → jurnal spesifik dalam bidangnya Dapat ditelusuri secara online
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Tips Menyiapkan Artikel
Jangan sekadar menambahkan Hasil, Pembahasan, dan Simpulan pada naskah proposal penelitian Jangan “membonsai” tesis/disertasi Mulailah dengan menulis Simpulan! “Benang merah” naskah yang disiapkan oleh penulis ialah dari Simpulan ke Tujuan penelitian Memahami sikap dan alur kerja mitra bestari (reviewer) “Benang merah” penelaahan naskah bagi mitra bestari ialah dari Tujuan (& state of the art) ke Simpulan Taati Petunjuk bagi Penulis (Guide for Authors)
Alur penelahaan oleh mitra bebestari Tujuan penelitian
Simpulan
Metode
• Sumbangan pada ipteks
• Validitas • Acuan standar, teruji
Pendahuluan • State of the art • Acuan mutakhir
Judul • Ringkas & “menjual”
Hasil
• Bukti temuan
Abstrak • Sari, “jendela”
Pembahasan • Pemaknaan temuan • Acuan primer, mutakhir
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Daftar cek telaah oleh MB: contoh 1
Informasi tentang orisinalitas/kebaruan Kejelasan penyajian Penggunaan acuan yang relevan Panjang naskah Kejelasan dan kecukupan desain penelitian Kejelasan hasil Kemanfaatan tabel dan gambar Kecukupan bahasan dan simpulan Sering diminta memberi peringkat publishability (1~n) Keunggulan naskah a.l. dapat dinilai karena gagasannya orisinal, meski data kurang lengkap
Daftar cek penelaahan terperinci: contoh 2
Pernyataan Masalah/Kerangka Konsep/Pertanyaan Penelitian Pengacuan ke Pustaka dan Dokumentasi Relevansi Desain Penelitian Instrumentasi, Pengumpulan Data, Kendali Mutu Populasi dan Sampel Analisis Data dan Statistika Pelaporan Analisis Statistik Penyajian Hasil Pembahasan dan Simpulan: Penafsiran Judul, Penulis, dan Abstrak Penyajian dan Dokumentasi Scientific Conduct
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Langkah penelaahan (1)
Seluruh naskah dibaca sebelum memberi tanggapan Kesan awal diambil Naskah dibaca lagi (Naskah “diendapkan”) Naskah dibaca lagi dengan perspektif baru MB diberi tenggat untuk membuat review 500-1000 kata
Langkah penelaahan (2): tujuansimpulan
Fokus pada tujuan penelitian Penelitian (acuan) terakhir yang menjadi landasan penelitian Simpulan: Ada informasi baru Berimplikasi luas
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Langkah penelaahan (3): Metode
Metode: memadai dan jelas dalam hal o o o o
desain prosedur ethical safeguards analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif
Cek o o o o
kelompok kontrol faktor-faktor yang membingungkan sampel dan metode sampling keandalan instrumen
Menjamin keterulangan hasil
Langkah penelaahan (4): Hasil
Penyajian jelas Ada penekanan pada temuan penting Uji statistika benar Hasil penting ditekankan dalam ilustrasi, yang kurang penting dalam teks, tidak dua-duanya Keberartian atas hasil analisis statistika: o o o o
tidak memadai tidak lengkap data tidak ditampilkan data tidak konsisten dan tidak akurat
Tabel dan gambar tidak efektif Kalau perlu minta pendapat dari konsultan statistika
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Langkah penelaahan (5): Pembahasan
Kemampuan penulis membingkai dan menafsir temuan penting Kejujuran menilai kekuatan dan keterbatasan penelitian Apakah pembahasan dan simpulan didukung oleh temuan atau argumen Cermati komentar yang o o o o
over-interpretasi spekulatif takpenting atau tak didukung oleh data
Langkah penelaahan (6): Pendahuluan dan Daftar Pustaka
Kecukupan kajian pustaka untuk mengantar perlunya dilakukan penelitian Kemungkinan acuan-acuan yang perlu ditiadakan (atau dipindah ke bagian Pembahasan) Mengidentifikasikan acuan yang relevan dan tidak relevan Kajian-kajian yang kontradiktif perlu diacu dengan memadai
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Langkah penelaahan (7): Abstrak
Ditelaah setelah semua bagian naskah diperiksa secara detail Kemanfaatannya sebagai ringkasan Keakuratan isinya
Setelah memahami cara penelaahan oleh MB, perlu dipikirkan: menulis naskah artikel dimulai dari Judul (?)
Daftar cek penelaahan (1) o o o o o o o o o o o
Pernyataan Masalah, Kerangka Konsep, Pertanyaan Penelitian Bagian pendahuluan membangun kasus dan konsep yang logis ke pernyataan masalah Pernyataan masalah jelas dan diungkapkan dengan baik Kerangka konsep eksplisit dan dapat dijustifikasi Pertanyaan penelitian (hipotesis kalau ada) jelas, ringkas, dan lengkap Peubah yang akan diteliti teridentifikasi dan disajikan dengan jelas Pengacuan ke Pustaka dan Dokumentasi Kajian pustaka mutakhir Banyaknya acuan memadai dan dipilih dengan bijak Pustaka dikaji secara terpadu Acuan dari sumber primer dan mutakhir Gagasan peneliti lain dihargai dan diacu dengan cermat Acuan dianalisis dan dikritisi dengan baik
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(2) o o o o
o o o o o o
Relevansi Kajian relevan dengan misi berkala atau kalangan pembaca Kajian mengenai masalah atau isu penting; kajian memang berharga untuk dilakukan Kajian menambah pengetahuan yang sudah ada mengenai topik tsb. Kajian mempunyai generalisabilitas mengenai pemilihan subjek, setting, dan intervensi, atau material pendidikan Desain Penelitian Didefinisikan dengan jelas; menjamin keterulangan hasil Optimum untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian Mengandung validitas internal, potensi kerancuan atau bias dikemukakan dengan jelas Mengandung validitas eksternal, termasuk subjek, setting, dan kondisi Memungkinkan terjadinya outcome atau kejadian takterduga Desain dan pelaksanaan penelitian masuk akal
(3)
o o o o o o o o o o o o
Instrumentasi, Pengumpulan Data, Kendali Mutu Pengembangan dan kandungan instrumen dijelaskan dengan memadai atau diacu untuk menjamin keterulangan Instrumen untuk mengukur variabel memadai; metode penskoran jelas Sifat psikometrik dan prosedurnya dikemukakan dan memadai Set data dideskripsikan dengan cukup atau diacu Pengukuran, peubah, metode penskoran dijelaskan Pengamat atau pencacah dilatih dengan benar Kendali mutu data dijelaskan dan memadai Populasi dan Sampel Populasi dijelaskan, baik untuk subjek maupun perlakuan, untuk menjamin keterulangan hasil Prosedur sampling diuraikan terinci Sampel subjek memadai untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian Perlakuan memadai untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian Bias pemilihan sampel dikemukakan
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(4) o o o o o o o o o
Analisis Data dan Statistika Prosedur analisis dideskripsikan jelas, untuk menjamin keterulangan Prosedur sesuai dgn. desain riset; hipotesis/model/teori mengarah ke analisis data Alasan penggunaan statistika terpenuhi oleh data; mis. sifat pengukuran data dan normalitas distribusi Jika analisis statistik melibatkan uji multipel atau pembandingan, periksa kesesuaian tingkat signifikansi atas hasilnya Cek manfaat analisis statistik jika sampel sedikit Untuk riset kualitatif: cek reliabilitas, validitas data, ketiadaan bias Pelaporan Analisis Statistik Hasil analisis statistika dilaporkan dengan benar dan memadai Banyaknya analisis memadai Pengukuran keberartian fungsional, mis. pengaruh ukuran atau proporsi varians dijelaskan, disertai dengan analisis uji hipotesis
(5) o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Penyajian Hasil Tersusun sehingga mudah diikuti Disajikan secara efektif; hasil-hasil bertautan Lengkap Banyaknya data disajikan secara memadai Tabel, grafik, foto disajikan dengan saksama dan sesuai dengan teks Pembahasan dan Simpulan: Penafsiran Simpulan dinyatakan dengan jelas; butir penting ditonjolkan Mengalir dari desain, metode, hasil; justifikasi dinyatakan dengan jelas Penafsiran hasil memadai; simpulan tidak menyesatkan Keterbatasan kajian dibahas Penafsiran alternatif atas temuan dipertimbangkan Perbedaan uji statistik dibedakan dari perbedaan makna Perspektif atau nilai personal dikaitkan dengan penafsiran yang dibahas Makna praktis atau implikasi teoretis dibahas; petunjuk untuk kajian lanjutan ditawarkan
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(6) o o o o o o o o
Judul dan Abstrak Jelas dan informatif Merepresentasikan isi dan keluasan kajian (tidak menyesatkan) Menyatakan pentingnya kajian dan dapat menarik perhatian Abstrak lengkap (saksama); detail mengenai hal penting disajikan Hasil disajikan dengan cukup terperinci Simpulan dalam abstrak memang ada dalam teks Tidak ada inkonsistensi rincian antara abstrak dan teks Secara keseluruhan isi abstrak sama dengan teks
(7) o o o o o o
o o o o
Penyajian dan Pendokumentasian Teks ditulis dengan baik dan mudah diikuti Kosa kata memadai Isi lengkap dan formatnya sama seperti diinginkan editor Naskah terorganisasi dengan baik Data akurat (tak ada salah jumlah, nomor tabel/gambar berurutan) Sitasi acuan lengkap dan akurat Scientific Conduct Tidak ada plagiarisme Bagian data/sumbangan ilmiah dari pihak lain diberi terima kasih Tidak ada benturan kepentingan Ethical clearance untuk kajian yang melibatkan manusia/hewan atau data mengenai subjek penelitian itu
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Contoh komentar dari penelaah (1) Reviewer #1: The manuscript on ... is a lengthy one and too cumbersome as written. Unless its length is reduced considerably (50% or so), its publication is not recommended in the present form. English spelling of the words and not the American spelling should be followed. Figures 3-a to f are all similar and only representative ones should be shown.
Contoh komentar dari penelaah (2)
This paper is a very complete investigation on the effects of copigmentation on color properties, stability and antioxidant capacity on jambolan anthocynins. I do have some suggestions and concerns that need to be addressed in revising the manuscript: * There is some awkward English usage that needs to be addressed, e.g., page 3: There is worldwide interest in the use of natural red colorants as replacements for synthetic dyes in foods. Spelling, Page 3, line 62, degenerative * Why did the authors use ethanol as the extraction solvent? It's high boiling point and property of azeotrope formation make it difficult to remove. The high temperature will promote anthocyanin degradation. Aqueous acetone is a much more efficient solvent. Why wasn't an acid incorporated into the extraction solvent? Formic or acetic acid will help to prevent anthocyanin degradation.
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Contoh komentar (2) lanjutan
* If any ethanol remains in the anthocyanin extract, it will alter the refractive index and give an incorrect °Brix reading. Are the authors confident that all ethanol was removed? Did they measure ethanol content of the anthocyanin extract?
* Much of the analytical methods section needs to be rewritten to be more concise. Too much detail is given in the description for determination of CIEL*a*b* values, total anthocyanins, and total phenolics. * The "beverage model" consisted of anthocyanin pigment extract plus co-pigments plus citrate buffer plus potassium sorbate. If this were truly a beverage model, why wasn't sugar included? * Figure 3 can be deleted. It contains the same information that is presented in Table 2.
Contoh komentar (3) lanjutan
Comments from the Editors and Reviewers: Reviewer #1: Manuscript is now acceptable for publication. Reviewer #2: They have addressed the questions and concerns I raised in my initial review. The manuscript is now acceptable for publication in Food Chemistry Editor: Your manuscript has now been accepted for publication in Food Chemistry. You should receive the galleys in due course.
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Kebahasaan • •
•
•
Idealnya, menulis artikel langsung dalam bahasa Inggris Jika tidak mampu, melalui proses alih-bahasa dari bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Inggris tanpa mengubah makna atau ide aslinya Proses alih-bahasa Indonesia ke Inggris didasarkan atas prinsip komunikasi: yaitu (1) memahami makna yang dimaksud dalam teks berbahasa Indonesia dan (2) mengungkapkan makna tersebut dalam bahasa Inggris sehingga penutur (asli) bahasa Inggris dapat memahaminya sesuai dengan yang sebenarnya dimaksud Perlu menguasai cara-cara pengungkapan makna yang lazim dalam jurnal internasional yang berbahasa Inggris
Mengungkapkan Tujuan (1) (1) To determine if significant changes in lipid concentrations are also observed in routine clinical practice in patients using combinaion glucose-lowering therapy, we performed a multi-center observational study. The specific aim of this study was to assess the effect of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone therapy on glycemic control and plasma lipids when these agents were used as adjunctive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. (2) The present study was designed to compare the analgesic efficacy, safety and adverse effects of TTS-fentanyl with those of paracetamol plus codein in combination with external radiotherapy for painful bony metastases. (3) The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation between plasma tHcy levels and CAD in a population of Northern Greece with angiographically confirmed CAD.
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Mengungkapkan Tujuan (2) (4) The study was designed to determine the PIFR and forced inspiratory vital capacity (FIVC) through the Aerolizer inhaler in patients (adults and children) with varying degrees of asthma in an attempt to assess the influence of disease severity on PIFR and FIVC. (5) The purpose of this study was to examine the potential benefit of perioperative and short-term postoperative LLL therapy on objective and subjective neurosensory recovery after BSSO surgery. (6) Therefore we chose to study the influence of intravenous infusion of cerulein and secretin on salivary flow rate and the biochemical composition of whole saliva in humans.
Mengungkapkan Tujuan (3) (7) The purpose of this study is to analyse gender-uniform differential item functioning (DIF) in a second language (L2) vocabulary test with the tools of item response theory (the separate calibration t-method) and to study potential gender impact on the test performance measured by different item composites. (8) The present study investigated how schemata activated by culturally familiar words might have influenced students‟ cloze test-taking processes. (9) The present study sought to evaluate the effects of maximizing time spent in learning and minimizing time needed for learning on the degree of learning for two groups of children.
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Mengungkapkan Tujuan (4) (10) This study examines the instructional actions and decisions of pre-service English as a second language teachers during their initial teaching experiences. (11) The present study attempted to enhance what is known about the influence of prior knowledge on L2 listening comprehension and to extend this by examining the effect of prior knowledge, speech modification, and listening comprehension proficiency on how well EFL listeners understood lectures.
Mengungkapkan Tujuan (5) (12) The syntheses of the 4- and 5-methoxy isomers of 4-N(6-methoxy-2-methyl-8-quinoly)-4methylbenzenesulfonamide and of N-(2-methoxy-8quinoly)-4-methylbenzenesulfon-amide are described. (13) We report the preparation, isolation and characterization of oxide, sulfide, selenide, and borane derivatives of a series of indenylphosphines. (Adams et al., 2003:1153)
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Mengungkapkan Metode (1) (1) Patients with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin and/or sulfonylurea (n=829) were evaluated in this national multicenter, retrospective study. Medical records from 318 endocrinology practices in the USA were randomly selected and screened for study inclusion. Data related to patient demographics and laboratory data were extracted from medical records and analyzed for primary and secondary outcomes. (Harmel et al., 2004:215) (2) In a prospective study, 26 patients with radiologically confirmed bony metastases received radiotherapy (R/T). They were randomized to receive either 500 mg paracetamol and 30 mg codeine four times per day (P/C group), or transdermal fentanyl patches delivering 25ug fentanyl/h (TTS-fentanyl group). Pain was assessed using visual analogue pain ratings (VAS) and the Greek Brief Pain Inventory (G-BPI) questionnaire administered before R/T and after 3 months. (Pistevou-Gompaki et al., 2004: 59)
Mengungkapkan Metode (2) (3)
Plasma fasting tHcy levels were measured in 42 patients with angiographically documented CAD and compared to 42 age-, sex-, BMI- and smoking habit-matched control subjects. We also determined the plasma vitamin B-folic acid and lipoprotein levels in all patients and controls. Conventional risk factors for CAD were also estimated. (Boufidou et al., 2004:175)
(4)
PIFR and FIVC were assessed in 33 adults and 32 children using a spirometer alone (baseline), a spirometer with an adaptor, and a spirometer with an adaptor and the Aerolizer inhaler (placebo loaded). (Bronsky et al., 2004:131)
(5)
Patients were randomized to either rigid or wire osteosynthesis. Cephalometric radiographs were obtained and digitized at multiple time periods before and after surgery. Data were analyzed through use of 2-sample t-test and stepwise regression analyses. (Sickles et al., 2000:19)
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Mengungkapkan Metode (3) (6)
One-hundred and twenty healthy, adult male volunteers had a standard 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG), a 12-lead ECG with the precordial leads displaced 2 cm cranially and another with the precordial leads displaced 2 cm caudally from the standard positions. All three ECGs were visually compared and changes noted. (Lateef & Nimbkar, 2003:15)
(7) Doses of 30 mg/kg body weight of Cy were administered to 12 experimental rats at 10 and 13 days of age. A corresponding amount of 0.9% sodium chloride was given to 6 control rats at the same ages. At 31 days, the median maxillary suture was studied histologically in the experimental and control rats. (Nasman et al., 2000:77)
Mengungkapkan Metode (4) (8)
The information on curriculum participation used in this paper was extracted from records held by the Tasmanian Secondary School Assessment Board (TASSAB). The TASSAB database contains information on the subject enrolments and subject results for all Tasmanian Certificate of Education (Years 9, 10, 11 and 12) students. It also contains information on the levels of study for each subject, student characteristics, and school. (Lamb et al. 2001:55-156)
(9) The present research consisted of a longitudinal study of 4 Inuit children and their families. The study of these 4 children is based on the tradition of the developmental psycholinguistic studies that focused on a few children over a length of time and in which recordings (in this, videotapes) were made from which detailed verbal and nonverbal information was transcribed. (Crago, 1992:490)
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Mengungkapkan Metode (5) (10)
Tests are administered to all pupils of grade 8. During every assessment several school subjects are assessed at the same time. Therefore, the pupils are assigned to several school subjects. For this reason, the sample of pupils doing the English tests is representative, but smaller than the total sample. (Edelenbos & Vonje, 2000:47-148)
(11) The research design employed to study learning to teach within the program included sequential sampling techniques in which a limited number of pre-service teachers were selected from the full program complement. Learning from the program was documented by selecting major concepts from a particular subject area. (Hollingsworth, 1989: 164)
Mengungkapkan Metode (6) (12) The standardized multiple-choice tests of achievement were administered to students by their classroom teachers in the middle of the school year (all within a period of one month) as part of an experimental testing program in schools. Tests were returned to a central research agency for scoring; students‟ scores were available at the agency for the analyses described in this paper. The examination is normally taken in a student‟s own school but is administered and scored under the direction of the Irish Department of Education. Information on the performance of the students was obtained from the schools attended by students. (Bolger & Kellaghan, 1990: 169)
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Mengungkapkan Metode (7) (13) Although I learned a great deal about these programs through interviews during the selection process, the major data collection was carried out through site visits and reviews of program documentation. Site visits included observations of classes, workshops, presentations at professional conferences, planning sessions, meetings with advisory committees, and interviews with the program personnel, students, teachers, school administrators and other persons involved in or serviced by the programs. (Merryfield, 1992: 21)
Komentar
Metode tidak selalu dipaparkan dengan cara menyebut jenis disain penelitian misalnya „longitudinal‟, Seringkali dengan cara mendeskripsikan prosedurnya Prosedur penelitian dapat dikemukakan dengan cara personal (dengan kalimat aktif, menyebutkan pelaku „I‟, atau „we‟) Prosedur yang mengacu pada apa yang dilakukan pada saat penelitian: „past tense‟, Mengacu pada apa yang masih berlaku: „ present tense‟. Ada yang semuanya „present tense‟.
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Mengungkapkan Hasil 1)
Multivariate analysis indicated that the following factors correlated with relapse: initial advancement, change in ramus in inclination, change in the mandibular plane, and fixation type. (Sickels et al., 2000: 19)
(2)
Of the 80 delineated joints, 30 showed upward deformation and 50 showed downward deformation. There were significant differences between the upward and downward deformations in TMJ sound, TMJ pain, restricted jaw opening, extent of anterior displacement, and presence of disk reduction. (Yoshida et al., 2000: 104)
(3)
Analysis of TSO-related PBF measurements revealed a significant difference between TSO 0 and TSO II for the first premolar and between TSO 0 and TSO I and TSO II for the overall tooth-type—related values. (Emshoff et al., 2000: 88)
Mengungkapkan Hasil (2) (4)
A total of 79 dental treatments were performed with no intraoperative complications. Chest pain occurred in 8 patients within I week after dental treatment. Risk factors for postoperative complications were identified as a history of chest pain within 2 weeks before the dental treatment and failure to clear the Master Test Single stress test. (Niwa et al., 2000:35)
(5) With pioglitazone, TG levels declined by a mean of 51.5mg/dl, HDL-C levels rose by 3.3mg/dl, and no change was seen in LDL-C or TChol. Treatment with rosiglitazone was associated with no significant change in TG levels and a I.5mg/dl mean increase in HDL-C. Furthermore, rosiglitazone therapy was associated with an 8mg/dl mean increase in TChol, and a 5.8mg/dl mean increase in LDL-C. Hemoglobin A1C levels were significantly reduced by approximately I% within thiazolidinedione (TZD) cohorts, but were not significantly different between study groups. (Harmel et al., 2004: 215)
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Mengungkapkan Hasil (3) (6)
Data were available from 24 eligible patients. Use of TTS-fentanyl was associated with significantly superior pain relief. Mean VAS fell from 7.0 to 1.1 with TTS-fentanyl and from 9.3 to 4.3 with P/C. The TTS-fentanyl group also showed significantly greater improvements of important G-BPI domains including global quality of life, pain, and physical, cognitive, and role functioning, than the P/C group. Four patients receiving TTS-fentanyl and three receiving P/C reported severe nausea/vomiting. (Pistevou-Gompaki et al., 2004: 159)
(7) In a univariate analysis, tHcy levels were higher in patients compared to controls almost reaching statistical significance. Multivariate analysis of conventional risk factors showed that tHcy levels were not an independent risk factor for CAD. However, tHcy levels were significantly higher in patients with a previous history of myocardial infraction compared to patients without such a history and to controls. Hyperhomocysteinaemia was detected in 35.7% of patients and 11.9% of controls. (Boufidou et al., 2004: 175)
Mengungkapkan Hasil (4) (8)
The results suggest that, in 1993, social differences in curriculum participation were a feature of the middle years in the secondary schools of Tasmania. Access to the top level of mathematics and English varied according to social area background. Children living in lower socioeconomic status (SES) areas were far less often located in the top levels of study than children in higher SES areas. (Lamb et al., 2001: 159)
(9) Results from the interpretation of the data revealed that the teacher‟s effectiveness was defined by his ability to do the following: (a) create a culturally congruent social organization in his classroom that accounted for the cultural background of his students, and (b) vary his teaching style to allow him to effectively communicate with his students during lesson interactions resulting in increased opportunities for student learning and improved student attitudes toward learning and school in general. (Dillon, 1989:. 227)
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Mengungkapkan Hasil (5) (10) The results show that neither the validity nor the reliability of the measures were satisfactory, especially the widely applied Type/Token Ratio. (Vermeer, 2000:.65) (11) For listening, the teaching materials in use do not have a significant influence on the outcomes of the assessments. For reading, the use of communicative teaching materials, compared to the use of grammar-oriented teaching materials indicates better results. (Edelenbos & Vonje, 2000:158) (12) Beyond the programs and services noted in Table 2, each of the six programs has special strengths in content and expertise. Special strengths in Table 3 were articulated by the program leadership. All these programs are characterized by expertise in specific content, noteworthy achievements, and collaboration with schools and various educational, business, and civic organizations. (Merryfield, 1992:28)
Mengngkapkan Hasil (6) (13) Results indicate that the common element in each subject‟s approach to the test was a focus on getting to the questions as quickly as possible and then using the questions to direct a search of the passage to locate the best possible information to answer the questions. (Farr, Pritchard, & Smitten, 1990:209)
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Komentar
Bagian hasil = kata „results‟, atau tanpa kata „results‟. Penggunaan „tenses‟ beragam: „past tense‟ dan „present tense‟ Ada juga yang seluruhnya „past tense‟, atau seluruhnya „present tense‟.
Mengungkapkan Simpulan (1) (1) Results from this study suggest that pioglitazone has a more favorable effect on lipid profiles of patients with type 2 diabetes compared with rosiglitazone. In particular, differences were observed in TG and LDL-C levels. Both TDs were equivalent at reducing hemoglobin A1C levels. These differences in lipid effects may have an impact on cardiovascular outcomes. The fulll clinical importance of these lipid alterations must be further assessed in prospective trials. (Harmel et al., 2004:216) (2) Transdermal fentanyl combined with R/T was more effective in reducing metastatic bone pain and resulted in greater improvements in quality of life than paracetamol and codeine. (Pistevou-Gompaki et al., 2004: 159) (3) In Northern Greece, plasma tHcy levels may not be an independent risk factor for CAD in patients with angiographically documented CAD. However, patients with CAD have a trend towards higher tHcy levels. Additionally, plasma tHcy levels may be associated with the development of myocardial infarction. (Boufidou et al., 2004: 175)
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Mengungkapkan Simpulan (2) (4) This study, albeit in a relatively small patient population, suggests that most children and adults with asthma can generate PIFRs of >60 l/min and FIVCs of >1.5 litre through the Aerolizer inhaler regardless of their disease severity. Such findings compare extremely favourably with other dry powder inhalers. (Bronsky et al., 2004: 131) (5) Adjustable maintenance dosing with budesonide/formoterol provides more effective asthma control by reducing exacerbations and reliever medication usage compared with fixed-dose salmeterol/fluticasone. (Aalbers et al., 2004:226) (6) This study demonstrates that neurosensory recovery after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy procedures can be significanlt improved, both in terms of time course and magnitude of return of function, with the adjunctive use of LLL therapy. (Miloro and Repasky, 2000:12)
Mengungkapkan Simpulan (3) (7) Relapse increased with the amount of initial advancement and, to a lesser extent, with control of the proximal segment and change in the mandibular plane. These factors are similar for wire osteosynthesis and rigid fixation. (Sickels et al., 2000:19) (8) The type of disk deformation appeared to correlate with the clinical signs and symptoms and with the progress of internal derangement. (Yoshida et al., 2000:104) (9) The main findings of this study indicated Le Fort I osteotomy to be associated with a short-term and long-term decrease in maxillary PBF values. (Emshoff et al., 2000:88) (10) The xerostomia inventory appears to be a valid multi-item method for measuring the severity of the symptoms of dry mouth in clinical and epidemiologic studies. (Thomson et al., 2000:46)
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Mengungkapkan Simpulan (4) (11) On the basis of the evidence accumulated so far, it appears that the faulty solution item type represents a plausible complement to the standard item types now employed on the APCS examination. The work described above should further illuminate the differences and similarities among the item types and the role that faulty solutions might play in any future computer-delivered examinations. (Braun et al., 1990: 104) (12) The results of this research indicate that the organization of the curriculum in the middle years of secondary school functions as a mechanism of social and gender segregation. Children become separated through assignment to levels of study in key subject areas. Students from higher SES backgrounds are more often located in the top levels of English and Mathematics than are students from lower SES origins. There is also a strong association with gender, though it varies by subject. (Lamb et al., 2001: 165)
Mengungkapkan Simpulan (5) (13)
The results of the present study suggest that these schools provide an advantage in terms of level of middle-school study in English and mathematics, and final year achievement. The findings also suggest that the social distribution of achievement is not more equal in Catholic schools or in non-Catholic private schools than in government schools, for the strength of association does not vary significantly between schools. (Lamb, Hogan, & Johnson, 2001: 166).
(14) The present study demonstrates the merits of using multiple data sources for investigating students‟ test taking processes. The product- and process-oriented data complemented each other, providing insights that could not have been gained in the absence of one or the other. They both indicated that changing culturally unfamiliar words to more familiar ones in a cloze test had some impact on the participants‟ test-taking processes. (Sasaki, 2001: 107)
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Mengngkapkan Simpulan (6) (15)
These results have several implications for second language testing. First, the finding that participants sometimes did use information beyond the sentence level for solving items confirms the claim that cloze tests can measure higher-order processing skills. The present findings, based on the participants‟ actual test taking processes, further support the validity of cloze tests by providing additional information for interpreting the test scores. (Sasaki, 2001: 108)
(16) The findings from this research suggest a number of speculative implications for second language teaching. In brief, the study adds to the growing body of work demonstrating that all cultures do not have the same patterns of communicative interaction. (Crago, 1992: 499)
Mengungkapkan Simpulan (7) (17) In conclusion, non-Native educators of Native children from around the world need to become aware of a form of prejudice endemic to much of the education of children from nondominant cultures. This prejudice has been called “ethnicism”. Ethnicism is the conscious or uncosncious denial of a person‟s cultural ways. (Crago, 1992: 502)
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Komentar
Kesimpulan dalam artikel hasil penelitian cenderung berbentuk „present tense‟, seolah-olah disikapi sebagai temuan yang masih berlaku Kata-kata “In conclusion,…(„dapat disimpulkan bahwa‟)” jarang diketemukan Ungkapan kesimpulan dikenali dari (1) judul subbagiannya (Conclusion ), (2) letaknya (akhir bagian Discussion ), atau (3) menyatu dengan ungkapan implikasi.
Semoga bermanfaat
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