TEKNOLOGI
LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN FUNDAMENTAL TAHUN II
MODEL TEORITIK HUBUNGAN KEPUASAN BERHUNI DENGAN PLACE ATTACHMENT DI PERKOTAAN
Oleh: Triandriani Mustikawati ST, MT Dr.Ir. Jenny Ernawati, MSP
Dibiayai Oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional, melalui DIPA Universitas Brawijaya berdasarkan SK Rektor Nomor: 039/SK/2010, tanggal 17 Februari 2010.
Universitas Brawijaya Nopember 2010
RINGKASAN
Kepuasan terhadap lingkungan hunian (Residential satisfaction) dan kelekatan serta kecintaan seseorang terhadap suatu tempat atau lingkungan huniannya (place attachment) merupakan konsep penting dalam Psikologi Lingkungan (Tognoli, 1987; Altman & Low, 1992; Sundstrom et al., 1996; Bonaiuto et al., 1999). Kedua konsep tersebut digunakan sebagai dasar teoritis dan dasar penelitian empiris untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara manusia dengan lingkungan hunian mereka, baik dalam lingkup rumah, lingkungan hunian (neighborhood), maupun kota (Bonaiuto et al., 1999). Place attachment mengacu pada terbentuknya ikatan batin seseorang dengan suatu tempat, misalnya lingkungan hunian. Secara teoritis salah satu faktor penentu place attachment adalah kepuasan berhuni di suatu tempat (residential satisfaction) (Bonaiuto et al., 1999; Bonaiuto et al., 2004; Bonnes et al., 1997; Bonnes et al., 2004). Kepuasan berhuni muncul karena persepsi positif penghuni terhadap kualitas lingkungan huniannya. Oleh karena itu, hubungan antara kepuasan berhuni, yang dijembatani oleh persepsi terhadap kualitas lingkungan hunian, dengan place attachment merupakan persoalan mendasar dalam bidang ilmu psikologi lingkungan. Penelitian yang ini bertujuan untuk menemukan model teoritik hubunganantara kepuasan berhuni atau residential satisfaction (yang dioperasionalkan melalui kualitas lingkungan hunian menurut persepsi masyarakat) dengan place attachment (ikatan batin masyarakat dengan lingkungan huniannya). Model teoritik hubungan antara kepuasan berhuni dan place attachment tersebut akan memberikan kontribusi yang sangat mendasar dalam bidang ilmu psikologi lingkungan, yang akan sangat bermanfaat sebagai dasar teoritik bagi bidang ilmu yang banyak mengkaji hubungan manusia dan lingkungan seperti arsitektur maupun perencanaan dan perancangan kota. Pada penelitian tahun pertama telah dilakukan pendekatan kuantitatif untuk menggali persepsi dan evaluasi masyarakat terhadap aspek kualitas lingkungan hunian dan place attachment. Hasil penelitian tahun pertama menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan atara kepuasan berhuni (yang dioperasionalkan melalui persepsi masyarakat terhadap kualitas lingkungan huniannya dengan place attachment . Penelitian tahun pertama juga menemukan delapan indeks kualitas lingkungan hunian yang merupakan prediktor terbaik bagi terbentuknya place attachment . Ke-delapan indeks kualitas lingkungan hunian secara keseluruhanmemberikan kontribusi 57,5% bagi terbentuknya place attachment. Penelitian lanjutan di tahun kedua ini berupaya mengungkap faktor-faktor lain (yang mencakup sekitar 42,5%) yang merupakan prediktor terbentuknya place attachment , dengan menggabungkan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kota Malang dengan menggunakan metode survei dan dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap. Pendekatan kualitatif dilakukan pada tahap satu untuk menggali aspek kualitas lingkungan hunian, sedangkan pada tahap dua dilakukan pendekatan kuantitatif untuk menggali persepsi dan evaluasi masyarakat perkotaan terhadap berbagai aspek kualitas lingkungan huniannya dan place attachment. Sejumlah 240 responden dipilih dengan menggunakan simple random sampling (Huck, 2000; Hoyle et al., 2002) dari buku telepon terbaru. Pada tahap satu, 40 responden (dipilih secara acak dari 240 sampel terpilih) diminta untuk mengisi kuesioner semi tertutup mengenai variabel kualitas lingkungan hunian menurut pendapat masyarakat. Hasil tahap satu berupa 77 variabel kualitas hunian berdasarkan pendapat masyarakat dijadikan sebagai dasar untuk menyusun kuesioner pada tahap dua. Pada tahap dua, 200 responden diminta untuk mengisi kuesioner untuk menilai kualitas lingkungan hunian menurut persepsi mereka, dan mengevaluasi ikatan psikologis mereka terhadap lingkungan huniannya dengan menggunakan skala Likert yang terdiri dari 7 skala dari ”sangat tidak setuju” (nilai 1) sampai dengan ”sangat setuju” (nilai 7). Kualitas lingkungan hunian dinilai berdasarkan 4 aspek: arsitektur dan perencanaan kota; hubungansosial; pelayanan masyarakat; dan aspek kontekstual; yang secara total terdiri dari 77 pertanyaan, sedangkan place attachment dievaluasi melalui 5 pertanyaan.
Partisipan dalam penelitian ini 58% adalah laki-laki dan 42% perempuan. Sebagian besar berusia 24-53 tahun (83.4%) dengan tingkat pendidikan umumnya SMU/SMK ke atas (90.1%). Pekerjaan responden sebagian besar di bidang swasta (49%) dengan tingkat sosial ekonomi menengah ke bawah (90.67%). Sebagian besar yaitu 76.68 % responden telah tinggal di kota Malang lebih dari 15 tahun, dengan 51.3% telah tinggal di lingkungan selama 7-21 tahun. Rata-rata tiap rumah dihuni oleh 3-5 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan atara kepuasan berhuni (yang dioperasionalkan melalui persepsi masyarakat terhadap kualitas lingkungan huniannya dengan place attachment (ikatanbatin/ikatan psikologis antara masyarakat dengan lingkungan huniannya). Dari keempat aspek kualitas lingkungan hunian yaitu aspek arsitektur dan perencanaan kota, aspek hubungan sosial, aspek pelayanan masyarakat, dan aspek tautan atau kontekstual lokal, terdapat 7 indeks kualitas lingkungan hunian yang merupakan prediktor terbaik bagi terbentuknya place attachment, yaitu faktor kualitas Fasilitas Pejalan Kaki, kualitas Fasilitas Ruang Terbuka Hijau, Hubungan Ketetanggaan, Keamanan Lingkungan dari Tindak Kejahatan, Kondisi Sosial, Ekonomi dan Budaya Masyarakat, Gangguan Polusi dan Kualitas Pemeliharaan Lingkungan. Ketujuh indeks kualitas lingkungan hunian yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini sebagai prediktor place attachment secara keseluruhan memberikan kontribusi 50,5% bagi terbentuknya place attachment. Masih ada 49,5% faktor lain yang berpengaruh terhadap terbentuknya place attachment di perkotaan yang tidak ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. Secara keseluruhan dari empat aspek kepuasan berhuni yaitu aspek arsitektur dan perencanaan kota, aspek hubungan sosial, aspek pelayanan masyarakat, dan aspek tautan lokal, ditemukan bahwa terbentuknya place attachment (ikatan batin atau ikatan psikologis antara masyarakat dengan suatu tempat) terutama ditentukan oleh aspek hubungan sosial dan aspek arsitektur danperencanaan kota.
SUMMARY Residential satisfaction and place attachment (someone’s bonding to a spesific place or neighborhood) are important concepts in Environmental Psychology (Tognoli, 1987; Altman & Low, 1992; Sundstrom et al., 1996; Bonaiuto et al., 1999). These two concepts are used as theoretical and empirical base to explain the relation between human and their living environment, in the scale of house, neighborhood or city (Bonaiuto et al., 1999). Place attachment refers to the forming of someone’s emotional bonding to a spesific place, such as his neighborhood. Theoretically, one of factors determining place attachment is residential satisfaction (Bonaiuto et al., 1999; Bonaiuto et al., 2004; Bonnes et al., 1997; Bonnes et al., 2004). Residential satisfaction emerge as the result of resident’s positive perception on his/her neighborhood. For that reason, the relation between residential satisfaction, linked by resident’s perception on his/her neighborhood, and place attachment is a basic problem in Environmental Psychology. This research aim at finding out theoretical mode of the relation between residential satisfaction (operationalized through the neighborhood quality according to its resident’s perception) and place attachment (emotional bonding between people and their neighborhood). This theoretical model will give basic contribution in environmental psychology, and be very useful as a theoretical base for studies about the relation between human and environment as in architecture or city planning and designing. The former research, conducted in 2009, used quantitative approach to explore people perception and evaluation in neighborhood quality and place attachment aspects. The result of this former research showed significant relation between residential satisfaction and place attachment. The former research also found out eight indexes of neighborhood quality that are the best predictors in structuring place attachment. These indexes contributed 57,5% to the structuring of place attachment. This following research try to discover other 42,5% factors that will be the best predictors in structuring place attachment, with the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. This research was conducted ini Malang, using survey method in two stages. A qualitative approach was carried out on stage one to explore aspects of quality of residential environment, while in stage two a quantitative approach is used toexplore the perception and evaluation of urban communities on various aspects of the quality of their housing environment and place attachment. A total of 240 respondents selected by using simple random sampling (Huck, 2000; Hoyle et al., 2002) from the latest phone book. In stage one, 40 respondents (selected randomly from 240 samples selected) were asked to fill out semi-closed questionnaires about the variables of residential environment quality in based on the resident’s opinion. The result, 77 variables of residential quality based on public opinion, was used as a basis to formulate the questionnaire in stage two. In stage two, 200 respondents were asked to fill out a questionnaire to assess the quality of residential environment according to their perception, and evaluate their psychological ties to their housing environment by using Likert scale consisting of 7 on a scale from "strongly disagree" (value 1) to "very agree "(value 7). The quality of residential environment assessed based on 4 aspects: architecture and urban planning, social relations, community service, and contextual aspects, which in total consists of 77 questions, while place attachmentwas evaluated through 5 questions.
58% of participants in this study were male and 42% female. Most of them (83.4%) were 24-53 year old with 90.1% hold general high school/vocational school and higher level of education. Most of respondents (49%) worked in the private sector with middle-low socioeconomic level (90.67%). Most of respondents ( 76.68%) had lived in Malang, more than 15 years, with 51.3% of them had lived in the neighborhood for 7-21 years. The average of person living in each house was 35 persons. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the residential satisfaction (which is operationalized through the public perception of the quality of their neighborhood with place attachment (psychological bond between the community with their housing environment.) From four aspects of the quality of housing environment, which are architecture and city planning, social relationship, public service and contextual aspects, there are 7 index of housing environment quality which are the best predictor for the formation of place attachment, namely the quality of Pedestrian Facilities, the quality of green open space facilities, neighborhood relations, the Environmental Security of Crime, Social, Economic and Cultural Conditions of Communities, Pollution Disturbance and Environmental Maintenance Quality. The seven indexes of housing environment quality found in this study as predictors of place attachment contribute to 50.5% for the formation of place attachment. There are still 49.5% other factors that influence the formation of place attachment in urban areas that are not found in this study. Overall, from the four aspects of residential satisfaction, namely architecture and urban planning, social relationships, public service, and local context, it was found that the formation of place attachment (someone’s psychological bond to aspesific place or neighborhood) is primarily determined by aspects of socialrelationships and aspects of architecture and urban planning.
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