ABSTRAK EFEK PAPARAN BERBAGAI JENIS ASAP ROKOK TERHADAP USIA KEHAMILAN INDUK MENCIT, BERAT BADAN LAHIR DAN INTELEKTUAL ANAK MENCIT Mus musculus (Swiss webster)
James Davidta Ginting, 2013. Pembimbing 1 : Sylvia Soeng, dr., M.Kes., PA(K) Pembimbing 2 : Dr. Wahyu Widowati, M.Si. Merokok merupakan kebiasaan yang dapat merusak kesehatan dan memiliki hubungan dengan berbagai macam penyakit seperti kanker paru, penyakit kardiovaskuler, neoplasma laring dan esofagus. Indonesia merupakan negara dengan jumlah perokok terbanyak se-ASEAN dan ke-3 terbesar di dunia. Merokok saat hamil dapat meningkatkan risiko bayi lahir dengan berat badan rendah, pendarahan, abruptio placenta, placenta previa, PROM, dan kematian janin. Selain itu, paparan asap rokok dapat menyebabkan gangguan perkembangan intelektual anak. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui efek paparan asap rokok kretek nonfilter, rokok kretek filter, rokok kretek filter mentol, dan cerutu pada mencit hamil terhadap usia kehamilan mencit, berat badan lahir anak mencit, serta perkembangan intelektual anak mencit. Metodologi penelitian adalah eksperimental laboratorium sungguhan dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang bersifat komparatif dengan hewan coba mencit galur Swiss Webster. 28 ekor mencit hamil dibagi dalam tujuh kelompok perlakuan (n=4). Kelompok I-V diberi paparan asap rokok dari berbagai rokok kretek, kelompok VI diberi paparan asap cerutu, dan kelompok VII tanpa paparan asap rokok. Data yang diamati adalah lama kehamilan mencit, berat badan lahir anak mencit, dan tingkat intelegensi anak mencit setelah berumur 8 minggu. Analisis data menggunakan ANAVA satu arah dilanjutkan dengan uji beda ratarata Tukey HSD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan yang sangat bermakna (p= 0,000) antar semua kelompok perlakuan dengan kontrol dalam usia kehamilan, berat badan anak mencit, dan intelegensi anak mencit. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat penurunan usia kehamilan induk mencit Swiss webster yang dipapar berbagai jenis rokok kretek dan cerutu, penurunan berat badan lahir dan penurunan intelegensi anak mencit yang dilahirkan. Kata kunci : asap rokok, usia kehamilan induk mencit, berat badan anak mencit, intelegensi anak mencit
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ABSTRACT THE EFECT OF SMOKE EXPOSURE FROM VARIOUS TYPE OF CIGARRETTE On Mus musculus (Swiss webster) FEMALE MICE GESTATIONAL PERIOD, MICE OFFSPRING’S BIRTHWEIGHT, AND MICE OFFSPRING’S INTELLECTUAL RATE
James Davidta Ginting, 2013 1st Supervisor : Sylvia Soeng, dr., M.Kes., PA(K) 2nd Supervisor : Dr. Wahyu Widowati, M.Si. Smoking is a destructive habit for health and is correlated with diseases like lung disease, cardiovascular diseases, larynx and esophagus neoplasm. Indonesia rank first as the country with the most smoker in ASEAN and rank third in the world. Pregnancy smoking increases the risk of child low birthweight, abruption placenta, placenta previa, premature rupture of membrane, and sudden infant death syndrome. Other than that, cigarette smoke exposure effect child intellectual growth. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of smoke exposure from nonfiltered kretek cigarette, filtered kretek cigarette, filtered menthol kretek cigarette, and cigar on female mice gestational period, mice offspring’s birthweight, and mice offspring’s intellectual rate. Methode used in this study was real laboratory experiment with complete random design that is comparative with swiss Webster mice. 28 pregnant mice is selected and divided into seven different groups (n=4). Group I-V were exposed to smoke from various kretek cigarette, group VI was exposed to smoke from cigar, and group VII were not exposed to any smoke. Reviewed data was female mice gestation period, mice offspring’s birthweight, and mice offspring’s intellectual rate after the age of 8 weeks. Data is analyzed using one way ANOVA and followed by Tukey HSD mean difference test. Results of this study showed significant difference (p=0.000) between all group in female mice gestational period, mice offspring’s birthweight, and mice offspring’s intellectual rate. It can be concluded that smoke exposure from nonfiltered kretek cigarette, filtered kretek cigarette, filtered menthol kretek cigarette, and cigar has degrading effect on Swiss webster female mice gestational period, mice offspring’s birthweight, and mice offspring’s intellectual rate. Keyword : Cigarrette smoke, mice gestational period, mice offspring’s birthweight, mice offspring’s intelectual rate.
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DAFTAR ISI
halaman JUDUL ............................................................................................................ LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN .......................................................................... SURAT PERNYATAAN ............................................................................... ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................... DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................
i ii iii iv v vi viii xi xii xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................. 1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................ 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah .................................................................... 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian .................................................... 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ...................................................................... 1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ............................................................ 1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ................................................................. 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis ............................................. 1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ......................................................... 1.5.2 Hipotesis penelitian .......................................................... 1.6 Metodologi Penelitian ................................................................. 1.7 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ......................................................
1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .................................................................. 2.1 Rokok ......................................................................................... 2.1.1 Efek Rokok Secara Umum ............................................... 2.1.2 Kandungan Rokok Secara Umum .................................... 2.1.2.1 Tembakau ............................................................ 2.1.2.2 Nikotin ................................................................. 2.1.2.3 Tar........................................................................ 2.1.2.4 Karbon Monoksida .............................................. 2.1.2.5 Zat Aditif Rokok.................................................. 2.1.2.6 Radikal Bebas ...................................................... 2.1.3 Merokok Aktif dan Pasif .................................................. 2.1.4 Kandungan Asap Rokok .................................................. 2.1.5 Reaksi Kimia pada Rokok................................................ 2.1.6 Jenis-Jenis Rokok............................................................ 2.1.6.1 Rokok Kretek Non-Filter, Kretek Filter dan Kretek Filter Mentol ........................................... 2.1.6.2 Rokok Putih Filter dan Mentol Filter ..................
6 6 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 18 18 19 20
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21 21
2.1.6.3 Cerutu .................................................................. 2.1.7 Kompensasi Merokok .....................................................
22 22
2.2 Hubungan Populasi dan Angka Kematian dengan Merokok .....
23
2.3 Sistem Reproduksi Wanita ......................................................... 2. 3.1 Anatomi Organ Reproduksi Wanita ................................. 2. 3.2 Fisiologi Organ Reproduksi Wanita ................................ 2. 3.3 Oogenesis ......................................................................... 2. 3.4 Sistem Hormon Wanita .................................................... 2. 3.5 Siklus Ovarium ................................................................ 2. 3.6 Siklus Menstruasi ............................................................. 2. 3.7 Kehamilan Normal ........................................................... 2.3.7.1 Fertilisasi, Nidasi, dan Plasentasi ........................ 2.3.7.2 Pertumbuhan Janin ..............................................
25 25 29 30 31 32 34 39 39 42
2.4 Morris Water Maze ....................................................................
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BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN ...................................... 3.1 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian.......................................................... 3. 1.1 Alat ................................................................................... 3. 2.2 Bahan ............................................................................... 3.2 Subjek Penelitian ....................................................................... 3.3 Metodologi Penelitian ............................................................... 3. 3.1 Desain Penelitian.............................................................. 3. 3.2 Variabel Penelitian ........................................................... 3. 3.3 Besar sampel Penelitian ................................................... 3. 3.4 Prosedur Penelitian .......................................................... 3. 4 Metode Analisis ......................................................................... 3. 5 Aspek Etik Penelitian ................................................................. 3. 6 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ....................................................
48 48 48 48 49 50 50 50 51 52 54 54 55
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ...................................................... 4.1 Hasil Penelitian ........................................................................... 4.1.1 Efek Paparan Asap Rokok Terhadap Usia Kehamilan .... 4.1.2 Efek Paparan Asap Rokok Terhadap Rerata Berat Badan Lahir Anak Mencit....................................... 4.1.3 Efek Paparan Asap Rokok Terhadap Intelektual Anak Mencit ................................................... 4.2 Pembahasan ................................................................................ 4.3 Pengujian Hipotesis ....................................................................
56 56 56
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN .............................................................. 5.1 Simpulan ...................................................................................... 5.2 Saran ...........................................................................................
66 66 66
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57 59 60 63
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... RIWAYAT HIDUP ........................................................................................
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67 73 86
DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 3.1
Kandungan Tar dan Nikotin Rokok ....................................... 49
Tabel 4.1
Rata-rata, standar deviasi dan Uji Tukey HSD Pengaruh Asap Rokok Terhadap Usia Kehamilan Induk Mencit .......................................................................... 56 Rata-rata, standar deviasi dan Uji Tukey HSD Pengaruh Asap Rokok Terhadap Berat Badan Lahir Anak Mencit ........................................................................... 58 Rata-rata, standar deviasi dan Uji Tukey HSD Pengaruh Asap Rokok Terhadap Intelektual Anak Mencit ........................................................................... 69
Tabel 4.2
Tabel 4.3
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar Gambar Gambar Gambar Gambar Gambar Gambar Gambar Gambar Gambar Gambar Gambar
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12
Gambar 3.1
Rokok kretek .......................................................................... 21 Cerutu ..................................................................................... 22 Anatomi organ reproduksi wanita .......................................... 28 Anatomi organ reproduksi wanita .......................................... 28 Anatomi uterus dan ovarium .................................................. 29 Siklus oogenesis wanita ......................................................... 31 Siklus ovarium organ reproduksi wanita ............................... 34 Siklus estrus pada mencit ....................................................... 36 Hormon pada wanita hamil .................................................... 40 Proses nidasi dan implantasi ................................................... 42 Perkembangan janin 8 sampai 40 minggu .............................. 45 Morris water maze ................................................................. 47 Rancangan Alat Penelitian ..................................................... 53
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1
Surat Keputusan Komisi Etik Penelitian ................................ 73
Lampiran 2
Tabel Berat Badan Lahir Anak Mencit dan Jumlah Anak Masing-Masing Kelompok .............................. 74 Berat Badan Lahir Induk Mencit Kelompok Rokok Kretek Nonfilter I ..................................... 74 Berat Badan Lahir Induk Mencit Kelompok Rokok Kretek Filter II .......................................... 74 Berat Badan Lahir Induk Mencit Kelompok Rokok Kretek Nonfilter III................................... 74 Berat Badan Lahir Induk Mencit Kelompok Rokok Kretek Filter IV ........................................ 75 Berat Badan Lahir Induk Mencit Kelompok Rokok Kretek Mentol Filter V ............................. 75 Berat Badan Lahir Induk Mencit Kelompok Rokok Kretek Cerutu VI ...................................... 75
Lampiran 2.1 Lampiran 2.2 Lampiran 2.3 Lampiran 2.4 Lampiran 2.5 Lampiran 2.6
Lampiran 3 Lampiran 3.1 Lampiran 3.2 Lampiran 3.3 Lampiran 3.4 Lampiran 4 Lampiran 4.1 Lampiran 4.2 Lampiran 4.3 Lampiran 4.4 Lampiran.5 Lampiran 5.1 Lampiran 5.2
Data Hasil Pengujian Usia Kehamilan Induk Mencit ............ 76 Data Usia Kehamilan Induk Mencit....................................... 76 Hasil Perhitungan One Way ANOVA Usia Kehamilan Induk Mencit ....................................................... 77 Hasil Perhitungan Post Hoc Test Tuckey HSD Usia Kehamilan Induk Mencit .............................................. 77 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Usia Kehamilan Induk Mencit ........ 78 Data Hasil Pengujian Berat Badan Lahir Anak Mencit.......... 79 Data Berat Badan Lahir Anak Mencit.................................... 79 Hasil Perhitungan One Way ANOVA Berat Badan Lahir Anak Mencit ................................................................. 80 Hasil Perhitungan Post Hoc Test Tuckey HSD Berat Badan Lahir Anak Mencit ............................................ 80 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Berat Badan Lahir Anak Mencit ...... 81
Lampiran 5.4
Data Hasil Pengujian Tingkat Intelektual Anak Mencit ........ 82 Data Tingkat Intelektual Anak Mencit................................... 82 Hasil Perhitungan One Way ANOVA Tingkat Intelektual Anak Mencit ........................................... 83 Hasil Perhitungan Post Hoc Test Tuckey HSD Tingkat Intelektual Anak Mencit ........................................... 83 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Tingkat Intelektual Anak Mencit ..... 84
Lampiran 6
Foto-Foto Penelitian............................................................... 85
Lampiran 5.3
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