INTERNETWORKING & INTERNET Jaringan Komputer Herman Tolle, ST., MT. (
[email protected])
Internetworks
Internetworking adalah menghubungkan dua atau lebih jaringan komputer, menggunakan:
Bridge Gateway Router
Common Network Componentry NICs Repeaters Hubs Bridges Routers
Brouters Switches Gateways CSUs/DSUs Patch panels
Connecting Networks
Repeater
Berfungsi seperti amplifier (penguat) Menguatkan Sinyal Termasuk juga noise
Repeater
Repeater
R
Connecting Networks
Hubs
Berfungsi seperti transceiver (penerima) Menghubungkan sejumlah komputer secara bersama dalam suatu jaringan tunggal Memberikan alternatif skema pengkabelan
A
B
C
D
C
D
HUB
A
B
Connecting Networks
Switch
Membaca header dari frame (data link layer) Mengarahkan frame pada tujuan Dapat melakukan komunikasi secara simultan dengan multiple komputer Switch
A
B
C
D
Networking Devices Switch
Hub
Hub
NIC card
NIC card
NIC card
NIC card
Connecting Networks
Bridges
Operate on packets Do not replicate noise Transparent to the network Make intelligent decisions about which frames to forward (based on source addresses) Dedicated computer Bridges digunakan untuk menghubungkan komputer dalam jaringan yang sama (homogen)
Bridge Bridge
Network Segment 1
Network Segment 2
Connecting Networks
A
B
C
D
W
X
Y
Z
B
Connecting Networks Komunikasi dalam jaringan yang homogen adalah relatif mudah Komunikasi antara jaringan lebih sulit Network-Level Interconnection
Delivers small packets of data from source to ultimate destination Often maps to physical frame
Connecting Networks
Routers
Menghubungkan jaringan yang berbeda Menggunakan alamat IP untuk menentukan rute Hosts know about router Selects best route for packet Learns, shares information with other routers CISCO - 90% of market
Router Router
Network 1
Network 2
Connecting Networks Network 1
R Network 2
Network 3
R
Network 4
Moving data in a network
Local Area Networks Legacy Host SNA
Novell Server IPX/SPX
Router Hub
Node
NT Server TCP/IP
Gateway Gateway: berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dua atau lebih jaringan (LAN atau WAN) yang menggunakan protokol yang sama ataupun berbeda
Network running TCP/IP
Network running IPX/SPX Gateway (Protocol Converter)
CSU/DSU Telecom Network CSU/DSU
Router
Network
Patch Panel CSU/DSU
Internet or other WAN
Router
Wal l Jack
Patch Panel Wal l Jack
Patch Cord
Hub
Com pany President Accounting 1
Accounting 2
Internet
Origins in ARPANET in 1969. Grew slowly at first and “exploded” in 1993 with the adoption of the HTML standards for the World Wide Web. Two protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP)
Most users require a relationship with an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
What is the Internet? router Terdiri dari jutaan perangkat
computing : hosts, endsystems
pc’s workstations, servers
phones, PDA, toasters
server
regional ISP
communication links
fiber, kabel, radio, satellite
routers: memforward paket
data melalui jaringan
mobile
local ISP
Yang menjalankan network applications
workstation
company network
What is the Internet?
protocols: mengendalikan pengiriman dan penerimaan messages
mis : TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP
Internet: “network of networks”
loosely hierarchical
public Internet versus private intranet
Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
What is the Internet: a service view
Suatu infrastruktur komunikasi yang memungkinkan adanya aplikasi terdistribusi:
WWW, email, games, e-commerce, database
more?
Layanan komunikasi yang disediakan:
connectionless
connection-oriented
Struktur jaringan
network edge:
hosts
applications
network core:
routers
network of networks
access networks, physical media:
communication links
The network edge:
end systems (hosts):
client/server model
Menjalankan program aplikasi mis: WWW, email at “edge of network” client host mengirimkan request ke server, dan menerima layanan (service) dari server mis : WWW client (browser)/server; email client/server
peer-peer model:
Interaksi antar host yang simetri mis: teleconferencing
Access Networks and Physical Media Bagaimana cara koneksi ke internet? •Residental access networks •Institutional access networks (school or company) •Mobile access networks Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? shared or dedicated?
Residential access: point to point access
Dialup via modem up to 56Kbps direct access to router (conceptually) ISDN: integrated services digital network: 128Kbps all-digital connection to router ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line up to 1 Mbps home-to-router up to 8 Mbps router-to-home ADSL deployment - 2 million lines in U.S. and Canada
Functions of a Modem
analog signal
digital signal
modem
analog signal
modem
digital signal
Residential access: cable modems
HFC: hybrid fiber coax
network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router
asymmetric: up to 10Mbps downstream, 1 Mbps upstream
shared access to router among homes issues: congestion, dimensioning
deployment: available via cable companies, e.g., MediaOne
Institutional access: local area networks
company/univ local area network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet: shared or dedicated cable connects end system and router 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access network connects end system to router wireless LANs:
Gelombang radio menggantikan kabel e.g., Lucent Wavelan 10 Mbps
router base station
mobile hosts
AP = Access Point.
Intranets and Extranets An Intranet is an Internet like network but access is restricted to within a business or organization. Firewalls are used to control access to an Intranet. An Extranet permits controlled outside access to an Intranet like network.
Transmission Media Media
Bandwidth
Speed
Distance
Twisted Pair
250 KHz
64 analog voice .
Several Kms
350 MHz
1-4 MHz digital 10000 analog voice
2-3 Km Few Kms
2 GHz
1-500 Mbps 60000 analog voice
Every Km 50-100 Km
2-40 GHz
2 Gbps terrestial - 50 Mbps
50 Km
Satellite - 50 Mbps
22.300 miles
Coaxial
Optical Fiber
Microwave
Transmission Media twisted pair coax microwave fiber
today’s max bitrate
attenuation requires repeaters every
<155Mbps <500Mbps 100Mbps >2Gbps
2-10km 1-10km 35,000km 10-100km
Analisis Kinerja Jaringan Parameter yang dipakai untuk menilai kinerja suatu jaringan komputer adalah: Bandwidth Delay: waktu perjalananan data Packet Loss: jumlah paket yang hilang Throughput: data yang terkirim dengan benar Utilitas: efisiensi penggunaan bandwidth Insensitas Trafik: kepadatan trafik dalam jaringan
Delay and packet-loss
Delay through router A: - nodal processing delay+ - Queuing delay +
- Transmission delay+ - Propagation delay
Traffic intensity Packet size: L bits Transmission Rate: R bits/second Average packet arrival: a packets / second
Traffic intensity: La/R
Hopefully: Traffic intensity < 1 If Traffic Intensity > 1 then queue will overflow and packets are lost.
Network-Level Service
Packet Switching
Connectionless Packet Delivery Service
Circuit Switching
Reliable Stream Transpart Service
Network-Level Service- Packet Switching
10 Mbs Ethernet
A B
statistical multiplexing
C
1.5 Mbs queue of packets waiting for output link
D
45 Mbs
E
Network-Level Service- Circuit Switching
History of Internet
Internet History 1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching 1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational
1972: ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Internet History 1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii 1973: Metcalfe’s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974: Cerf and Kahn architecture for interconnecting networks late70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor)
1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy no internal changes required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control define today’s Internet architecture
Internet History 1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of TCP/IP 1982: SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation 1985: FTP protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control
new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
Internet History 1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
Early 1990’s: ARPAnet decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: Web
hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s] HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape late 1990’s: commercialization of the Web
Late 1990’s – 2000’s:
more killer apps: instant messaging, peer2peer file sharing (e.g., Napster) network security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps
Aplikasi Internet
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Protokol untuk distribusi IP pada jaringan dengan jumlah IP yang terbatas SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Protokol untuk manejemen jaringan Telnet Protokol untuk akses dari jarak jauh MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extention) Protokol untuk mengirim file binary dalam bentuk teks NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) Protokol untuk menerima dan mengirim newsgroup
Aplikasi Internet
POP (Post Office Protocol) Protokol untuk mengambil mail dari server FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Protokol untuk transfer file HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) Protokol untuk transfer file HTML dan Web DNS (Domain Name Server) Data base nama domain mesin dan nomer IP SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Protokol untuk pertukaran mail
Layanan yang ada di Internet
World Wide Web (WWW) Email File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet Newsgroup (e.g. BBS) Mailing Lists Chat Room (e.g. ICQ) Downloading/Uploading (i.e. ftp, gopher)
Application-Level Service application transport network data link physical
request
reply application transport network data link physical
Application-Level Service user agent mail server
SMTP SMTP mail server
user agent
SMTP user agent
user agent mail server
user agent
user agent
Application-Level Service
user at host
FTP FTP user client interface local file system
file transfer
FTP server remote file system
Application-Level Service Data loss
Bandwidth
Time Sensitive
file transfer e-mail Web documents real-time audio/video
no loss no loss loss-tolerant loss-tolerant
no no no yes, 100’s msec
stored audio/video interactive games financial apps
loss-tolerant loss-tolerant no loss
elastic elastic elastic audio: 5Kb-1Mb video:10Kb-5Mb same as above few Kbps up elastic
Application
yes, few secs yes, 100’s msec yes and no
Teknologi & Aplikasi Web
Web Statis
Web Dinamis
HTML + Scripting/Programming
Client Side Script : script yang dijalankan pada komputer client
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
Javascript, DHTML, JQuery
Server Side Script : script yang dieksekusi pada komputer server dan hasilnya dikirim ke client
Active Server Page (ASP), PHP, CGI, ColdFusion, Ruby, Phyton
Motivation of Internetworking
E-Learning
Motivation of Internetworking
Message to personal Phone
Motivation of Internetworking
Grid Comptuing:
proses komputasi yang memanfaatkan berbagai komputer yang terkoneksi dalam jaringan
Motivation of Internetworking
Grid Comptuing
“Cool” internet appliances
IP picture frame http://www.ceiva.com/
Web-enabled toaster+weather forecaster
World’s smallest web server http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html
Summary
Internet adalah jaringan dari jaringan komputer yang ada diseluruh dunia, yang terkoneksi melalui jaringan telekomunikasi (fisik maupun wireless) dengan protokol TCP/IP sebagai tulang punggungnya.
Aplikasi pada internet akan terus berkembang dan menjadi teknologi saat ini dan masa mendatang (future trends)
Dengan menguasai teknologi jaringan dan protokol TCP/IP adalah suatu keunggulan
