INDONESIAN JOURNAL FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES
Volume 4, Number 2, 1997
•
MOENAWAR CHALIL: THE CAREER AND THOUGHT OF AN INDONESIAN MUSLIM REFORMIST Toha Hamim
THE ISLAMIZATION OF CENTRAL JAVA: THE ROLE OF MUSLIM LINEAGES IN KALIOSO Stephen Headley
LEARNING FROM ISLAM: ADVOCACY OF REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS IN INDONESIAN PESANTREN Masdar F. Mas'udi, Rosalia Sciortino & Lies Marcoes ISSN 0215·0492
Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Volume 4. Number 2, 1997 El>tTOIHAI.I3(lAill> Jlurun \'umt11111 llastulm
.1/ IJumisb \l11ba/J I .-lzi:- Dab/au 11 )atn'a Effvudi .\'abilub l.ubts ,\/ )'/t/1{1/1 ) 11.1'11}
1\011/11/'ltdclin Hidaycl/ II J)iu ~J'IIIIISIIddtil .ttuslim \'u mtioll II 'a/Jib ,1/tti/J/
EDITOI\-JN-CHJI:r
L)'wtumli .-\:ra Ff)!TOR~
\oiful .IIIIJlllll 1/f!tl(/m Pm.~~~J'I! /l!bun H. \leulemnn
1Julu1 .\yajruddilt ,\li lluubmn( 1\:0.:->l:->HNT'i TO THE EDITOR Amf \uhbnu 01111111 Futburmlmuut
Hl!ttt ,\umm EN(.t.I~H
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CO\IEH OF'IIGNFR: \ l'rmka ~ 1'\.11[,\
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'-lo. 129 '>K.D11]E;\ PP<• Sli 1\1''(!) ~ncl 'P<•nsorcd by the Drp:irlment ol
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and tUrrt'nt J;~ut·s nn the subtrct. 'l'hts jnurnal \\.trmlv wdcnmC'~ trr>m >dH1lars of rc:hm~d dr~aphnc) ,\JI ~ruck~ rubh~hed do not nt<.'l'~);tnly repre~enl the l'itiV\ of the rournal. or whcr msmuntln~ w whJCh Ll J\afhli:Hnl. 'I ht:)' are suldy rlw VJtii'Snfiht· :1uthurs. l'ht· ;truck' CJmt:Jinl'd in th1s 1ourn.tl h
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Afta1r> of till· to mmuwn1·
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Aminuddin Rasyad
Rahmah al-Yunusiyah, Mu'assisat al-Ma'had al-D1ruli al-Banat Badanj Banjanj-SUrn.atrah al-Gharbiyyah
Abstract: Rahmah a!-Yunusiyah was born on Decemher 29, 1900 and greu· up in an Islamic fo.mily in Padang Panjang in West Sumatra. His father was a religious functionary ofthe local Islamic courr (qa~V u:hile her grand father was a shaykh of the Naqshabandiyyah sufi order. Her oldest brother, Zainuddin Labai ai-Ytmusi {1890-1924) u1as one ofche great fs!amzc reformers in Minangkabau. In 1915, he established che Diniyah School, the first modern Islamic School tn Indonesia. In that school, Zainuddin) amo?1g other things implemented the c/asszcal learn ing system, co-education and modern sciences at a time when mosr Islamic schools were still preoccupied with tradid.ona/ls/amic sciences. Instead ofwearmg middle eastern clothes and rurba.o, Zamuddin Laba1 aiYunusi prefen-ed to wear western style clothes with a coac and tidy han·. ft Is Zamuddm u:ho cook care of, motivated and supported che personal and Lmelleccual development ofRahmah al· Yunusiyah. When she was of age, Rahmah did nor go to elementary school. She swdied all the basic skills such as reading, ·writing and arithmetic from her brother. When her brother established his Diniyah School on Oaobe1 /0, 1975, she enrolled at thaLSchool and joined the classes. ftu:as in thzs school that she got used to interttcr wuh her male friends and to gez int•olved in student organizatwn, especially in che female division. Ho·wever, she u:as disappointed with Diniyah School teachers ·u;ho did not discuss female issues openly. In her eyes, thzs u•as perhaps due to the fact that this school mixed male and female swdencs w classes. She discussed thiS disappoincmenc u:uh chree female friends: Nanisah, Dpt•wana Basji>· and Rasttna Said in 'U.'hzch they agreed co form their oum scudy club. Regat·ding religious mauers, Rahmah asked them to study at Surau jembatan Best which u•as superuised by the great islamic reformer, Haji Abdul Karim A mmllah and his other reformist colleagues. They were che first female
studenl.l co enroll and study ac rhar !:Jwau. Hou'f.>-,;er, the teachtng ofSu rau jembatan Besr also dzsappointed her for coo many mbjeW 1·elaced to fe· male zssues u•ere nor dzscussed properly and left unsolt,oable. In che eyes of Rahmah, althoHgh the teachers ofthar school were modern-mznded thznkers, they were not open-minded. For these reasons, Haji Abdul Karim A nmdlah taught the1n prh:arely ar hzs house. In this 'l.l'ay, Rahmah acquired whar she r1eeded. She ·was also intellectually satisfied, because at nzght she could hm;e dzscusszons 'li.'lll' her brother, Zamuddm Labaz al>'mwsi. Rahmah strO't'e ro numer almost all branches of sctence and skt/1 of benefit co u·omen such as medtcal Ctn·e, exerczse, mtdu·tfery and u·ea'l.'lllg. WiTh regard to midu1je1)1, for ex.:tmple, she rook a pm.·ace co11ne from two medzcal doctors. Sofyan and Tazar ofthe Kayu Tanam HospTtal, located 12 ktlometer co the west ofche city of Padang Pan)ang. After her theoretical and pracncal expenences m midwifer)• with the ru•o medzcal doctors, she opened a clzmc avatlable co any mother ·who sought medical help. Rahmah ·was 1.:ery sad thaL soczety held the old opznzon that women are not requn·ed to ptmue knou•/edge at school because thetr primary dnttes tn the end are the kitd•en, takmg care ofbabzes and se~·l.'lng dunr husbat1ds. She did not deny that some parems encortraged their daughTers ta pursue knowledge, but such kno·wledge was connnonl)' hmued co Qur>Jmc recitrmon and prayer umle Islam encourages us belt~·ers to prmue all brartches of knowledge. Regardmg family, Rahmah had her own experzence. Hel"family mar· rzed her to 'alim (religtous ceache1) and preacher, Haji Bahauddm Lathif. frorn Sampur Padang PanJang u:hen she was sixteen. Rahmah, through rhts marnage, became his thzrd ·wzfe. Howez.·er, her marrtage could nor be mawtamedfor more than srxyears. They separated m 1912 and Rahmah d1d not hat·e any chzldren from cbis marriage. After that, she dzd nor mm-r-y again and thzs allou:ed her to de-vote hetlzfe co her ideals ofenhancmg 7.t'Ofl/en 's posmon in society through education. Rahmah was utterly com·znced that theu· positzon could not be changed except by rhert ou;n hands. for these reasons, according to Rahmah, et'cry effort had to be made for the u·omen 's sake. On Nopember 1, 1923, Rahmah established a school concentrating on educating and enhancing gender equah l)' knou:n as Perguruan Pum Padang PanJa.ng. When if 'U'as opened, tbe number ofstudents enrolled at the schoolu•as only ~hom 70 people. Lare~· on, howe·ver, che school became popular and r·eached around 2000 students, mcludzng swdems from Malaysta. 17Jank5 ro her comnbr.tllon, Rahmah gained mtemarional recognzrion. )turiM/1/imltlrn, ~"/ '
N... ' . /997
A minuddin Rasvad
_ _ _ _i __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
Rahmah al-Yunusiyah, Mu'ass1sat al-Ma' had
al-D1nili al-Banat Badanj Banjanj-Sumatrah al-Gharbiyyah
t1bstraksi: Rahmah a/- }"t~mmyyah dzlahzrko.rt pad.~ rangga/ 29 Desembe1 !900dan lingkungan keluarga ulama dr Padarrg Panjang. A):wny,l adt~l.w seorang qadhz dan kakeknya seomng pemimpm tarekat ~·aqsyabandiyyab. Kakak tertuanya, Zainuddin Labm (d- Vunu.sz {1890-1924) bahkan seor.mg pembaYu Islam terkemuka di Mmangkabau. ?ada tahtm 1.915, kakakll)'a mendi1-ikan Diniyyah School. sekolab Islam modem pen.tma d1 fndoncst.<. Dalam sekolah cersebttr sang kakak yangdtkena/ sebagar otodidak, pengagum Mustafo. Kami/, pembam dan Mesir, antara lazn telah menerapktm penga_!tJ.1-an klastkal, koedukasi dan penga;ara.n pengetahuan 1111/Wil. Dalam berpttkaian, kakak Rahmah ndak ~i ulama tua dengan memaluu Jas tlllUf71 s.-~rung dan kopzah beledru hw.un arau sorban. fa menNJkai pakaian seperti orang Baral, yarcu pantttlon dan ;as, memakai dasi dengan 1-ambuc dmsi~· Kakaknya- mrlah da1i pihak keluarga yangberperan mendidtk, memorn•tt.st M.n mendukung kemafuan Rahmah a/ Vttnttsiyyah. Seu:aktu ken/ Rahm."th ndak pernah mengikuci pendidtk.-m seko/ahd-.sdr. Ia bela;ar baca cu/is dan berhuung dari ~kaknya. l\epand1ran membtte.1 dan menulzs zm, d1 kemudian hari sangat menolongnya dzfam menambah ilmu pengetahuam1ya, karena iatennasukvangsenang membaca. !ahtmyak memanfaatkan perpuscakaan Zamuddin Lwai a!- )~mttsl )Wig memptmym tiga komar pemth dengcm koleksi buk.J1 dan pelbaga1 bahr.sa d1 .mw·.my'< hahaStl Be/,-mda, Jerman, Per.mcis dan Ar.,.h. Setelah kakaknya. mendinbn Diniyyah School pada ranggal 10 Okrober 1915, Rahmah rkut belcya>. DL sekolah mz tanw7jadl terlnas.t bergaul dengan lakz-laki dlm bertukor plkt· mn dengan merek.-t. Bahkan pada saar dradakan orgamsusz pela;a~· ptlllit dan p11m, Rahm.th men;adi pemimprn bagran pttni. Namun Ia merasa udak puLtS deng•.m pengajamn dt Dunyyah S<.hool karena para guru cidak membahas masttlah-masal.rh 'Wamta del1gt.UJ cems terang mrmgkin ktMna dalam satu kelas terdapar mrmd lald-/aki dan pe;·empuan. Rasa keruiakpuasann)'a ini dibica~·akon dengan uga m·.1ng rem.m· nya: Raswh~'1 Satd, l1•..tnis.th dan Pta'l.t:ana Ba.sjh Mereb herempat mem·
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bentuk kelompok be/ajar. Dalam buiang agama, Rahmah mengajak nga temannya be/ajar dt Suratt fembautn Besh yangdiasuh rokohpembaru Haj1 Abdul Karim Ammllahdan dTataro/ehbanyakulamakttwn muda. Mereka beretnpat menjadi wanita percama yang be/ajar di surat~ tersebm. Stn·au }embacan Besi mmmma mereka rnungkzn kttrena di antaranya terdapat adtk Zainuddin Lzba1 a/- Yumm, )'
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