ILMU BAHAN Oleh
: Ferdian Ronilaya
Desain sampul : Maziyatuzzahra Munasib
Hak Cipta © 2016, pada penulis Anggota APPTI Hak publikasi pada Polinema Press Dilarang memperbanyak, sebagian atau dalam
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Cetakan ke-
01
Tahun
16
Polinema Press Politeknik Negeri Malang (Polinema) Gedung AU ground Floor Jalan Soekarno Hatta No. 9, Malang PO BOX Malang Telp. (0341) 404424/404425 Fax. (0341) 404420 E-mail:
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ISBN: 978-602-19379-9-0
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Beberapa contoh aplikasi bahan logam ....................................... 3 Gambar 1.2 Klasifikasi Bahan-bahan Listrik .................................................... 4 Gambar 1.3 Alat Pengetesan Toughness ........................................................... 10 Gambar 1.4 Sclerometer ...................................................................................... 11 Gambar 1.5 Vickers Tester ................................................................................. 12 Gambar 1.6 Skleroskop ........................................................................................ 12 Gambar1.7 Foto mikroskopis kondisi fatigue .................................................. 14 Gambar1.8 Aplikasi gejala termoelektrik .......................................................... 22 Gambar 2.1 Gambar 2.2 Gambar 2.3 Gambar 2.4 Gambar 2.5 Gambar 2.6
Aplikasi Penggunaan Bahan Isolator ............................................ 23 Representasi Rangkaian Bahan Isolator ....................................... 24 Penampang Kabel Membujur ...................................................... 27 Grafik Resistansi fungsi Temperatur ............................................ 28 Ilustrasi Sederhana Breakdown Voltage ....................................... 29 Sudut Kerugian Dielektrik ............................................................. 31
Gambar 3.1 Busur Listrik ................................................................................... 41 Gambar 3.2 Gejala Korona Pada Isolator Saluran Transmisi......................... 41 Gambar 3.3Trafo Superkonduktor .................................................................... 42 Gambar 3.4 Pengujian Kebocoran Tangki Transformator .............................. 43 Gambar 3.5 Kendaraan Yang Sedang Mengangkut Trafo............................. 44 Gambar 3.6 Pendingin Turbo Generator............................................................ 46 Gambar 3.7 Perangkat Fuel Cells ...................................................................... 47 Gambar 3.8 Gardu Induk .................................................................................... 51 Gambar 3.9 Struktur Kabel Transmisi Berisolasi Gas SF6 ............................ 52 Gambar 4.1 Minyak Transformafor ................................................................. 55 Gambar 4.2 Trafo Distribusi Menggunakan Media Minyak ......................... 57 Gambar 5.1 Gambar 5.2 Gambar 5.3 Gambar 5.4
Aplikasi Porselin ............................................................................. 63 Aplikasi Kertas ................................................................................ 64 Sarung Tangan ................................................................................ 64 Isolator Pada Kabel ........................................................................ 65
Gambar 6.1. Penampang Bahan Penghantar ................................................... 81
Gambar 6.2 Kabel Menggunakan Tembaga.................................................... 82 Gambar 6.3 Aplikasi Aluminium SUTT ......................................................... 83 Gambar 6.4 Penghantar AAC dan ACSR ...................................................... 84 Gambar 7.1 Gambar 7.2 Gambar 7.3 Gambar 7.4 Gambar 7.5 Gambar 7.6
Dasar Model Atom ..................................................................... 92 Tingkat Energi Atom ..................................................................... 92 Atom Semi Konduktor Intrinsik .................................................... 93 Konduksi pada Semi Konduktor Ekstrinsik................................. 94 Trivalent Dopping ........................................................................... 95 Pentavalent Dopping ....................................................................... 95
DAFTAR TABEL Tabel Tabel Tabel Tabel Tabel
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Perbedaan bahan logam dan non-logam .......................................... 3 Contoh komposisi kimia bahan ........................................................ 15 Resistifitas berbagai macam bahan................................................... 17 Kekuatan dielektrik beberapa bahan................................................. 19 Koefisien suhu .................................................................................... 20
Tabel 2.1 Nilai resistivitas dan Tan Delta Bahan ........................................... 26 Tabel 2.2 Klasifikasi Bahan Isolator ................................................................. 34 Tabel 2.3 Konduktivitas Panas ........................................................................... 36 Tabel 3.1 Sifat Beberapa Gas ............................................................................ 49 Tabel 5.1 Pengkodean Kabel ............................................................................... 65 Tabel 6.1 Sifat kelistrikan penghantar ............................................................... 76 Tabel 6.2 Sifat fisika logam................................................................................ 86 Tabel 6.3 Kesetaraan Kimia Listrik................................................................... 88
DAFTAR ISI
BAB I Klasifikasi & Sifat Bahan Teknik ..................................................... 1 1.1 Bahan Logam....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Bahan Non-logam ............................................................................................... 3 1.3 Bahan-bahan Listrik ............................................................................................ 5 1.4 Sifat-sifat Fisika Bahan ...................................................................................... 6 1.5 Sifat Mekanik Bahan .......................................................................................... 9 1.6 Sifat Kimia Bahan .............................................................................................. 15 1.7 Sifat Listrik Bahan ............................................................................................. 17 Bab II Bahan Isolator ....................................................................................... 23 2.1 Pendahuluan.......................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Sifat Bahan Isolator ............................................................................................ 24 2.2.1 Resistivitas (Resistivity) ................................................................................ 24 2.2.2 Kekuatan Dielektrik (Dielectric Strength) ................................................. 28 2.2.3 Permitivitas (Permitivity).............................................................................. 30 2.2.4 Sudut Kerugian Dielektrik (dielectric loss angle) ................................... 30 2.2.5 Resistansi Kimia............................................................................................ 32 2.2.6 Sifat Kemampuan Larut ............................................................................... 32 2.2.7 Higroskopisitas ............................................................................................... 33 2.2.8 Resistansi Radiasi ......................................................................................... 33 2.2.9 Pengaruh Tropis ............................................................................................ 33 Bab III Bahan Isolator Gas ............................................................................. 40 3.1 Pendahuluan.......................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Udara ..................................................................................................................... 40 3.3 Nitrogen ................................................................................................................ 42 3.4 Hidrogen ............................................................................................................... 44 3.5 Karbondioksida .................................................................................................... 48 3.6 SF6 .............................................................................................................. 50
Bab IV Minyak Trafo .................................................................................. 55 4.1 Pendahuluan ................................................................................................ 55 4.2 Fungsi Minyak Trafo .................................................................................... 55 4.3 Sifat Minyak Trafo ........................................................................................ 56 4.4 Syarat Minyak Trafo ..................................................................................... 56 4.5 Jenis Pendinginan Trafo ................................................................................ 58
4.6 Pengujian Minyak Trafo ............................................................................... 58 4.7 Pemurnian Minyak Trafo .......................................................................... 59 Bab V Bahan Isolator Padat .......................................................................... 62 5.1 Pendahuluan ................................................................................................ 62 5.2 Porselin ....................................................................................................... 62 5.3 Isolator kertas ................................................................................................. 63 5.4 Karet ........................................................................................................... 64 5.5 Termoplastik ............................................................................................... 65 5.6 Termoseting ................................................................................................ 66 5.7 Polyethelene ................................................................................................ 67 5.8 Treeing ........................................................................................................ 69 5.9 Bahan isolasi kabel tanah ............................................................................. 70 Bab VI Bahan Konduktor............................................................................ 75 6.1 Pendahuluan ................................................................................................ 75 6.2 Karakteristik listrik ........................................................................................ 75 6.3 Karakteristik mekanik .................................................................................... 77 6.4 Kapasitas penyaluran arus dari penghantar ................................................ 79 6.5 Daya hantar panas ......................................................................................... 80 6.6 Daya elektromotoris termo............................................................................ 80 6.7 Bentuk penampang konduktor ................................................................... 81 6.8 Bahan konduktor ........................................................................................ 81 6.9 Kawat penghantar penyalur daya ................................................................. 85 6.10 Bahan konduktor berbentuk cair ................................................................ 87 Bab VII Bahan Semi Konduktor ................................................................... 91 7.1 Pendahuluan .................................................................................................... 91 7.2 Review dasar model atom ............................................................................ 91 7.3 Tingkat energi atom ...................................................................................... 92 7.4 Semi konduktor intrinsik ............................................................................... 93 7.5 Semi Konduktor Ekstrinsik ........................................................................... 94 7.6 Dopping ........................................................................................................... 94 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
