IKI20210 Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Kuliah no. 1a: Pendahuluan diadaptasikan dari materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997 2000/1997 UCB
4 September 2002 Bobby Nazief (
[email protected]) Johny Moningka (
[email protected]) bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/~iki20210/ 1
IKI20210 ° Pengantar Organisasi Komputer • “Mata kuliah ini mengajarkan dasar-dasar organisasi komputer sekuensial, yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen: input, output, memori, dan prosesor (kontrol dan datapath), melalui pemrograman dengan bahasa assembly.”
° Prasyarat: • Pengantar Sistem Digital • Konsep Pemrograman I
° Bobot: • 3 SKS
° Buku Acuan: • V. Carl Hamacher, dkk. Computer Organization. Edisi ke-4. McGraw-Hill, 1996.
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Administrasi Perkuliahan ° Penilaian: • Tugas: • UTS: • UAS:
30% 30% 40%
(5 tugas pemrograman + PR)
° Ujian: • UTS: 28 Okt - 8 Nov 2002 • UAS: 20 - 31 Jan 2003
° Libur: • Lebaran: 2 - 13 Des 2002 • Natal: 23 - 27 Des 2002
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Outline Materi Kuliah 04-09-02 01. Pendahuluan; AT90S8515
Tugas Pemrograman
11-09-02 02. Bahasa Rakitan (1) 18-09-02 03. Bahasa Rakitan (2)
#1: Register Transfer
25-09-02 04. Bahasa Rakitan (3) 02-10-02 05. Prosesor (1)
#2: String
09-10-02 06. Prosesor (2) 16-10-02 07. Memori (1)
#3: I/O (tanpa Interupsi)
23-10-02 08. Memori (2) 13-11-02 09. I/O
#4: Aritmatika & Logika
20-11-02 10. Aritmatika (1) 27-11-02 11. Aritmatika (2)
#5: Interupsi
18-12-02 12. Peripheral 01-01-03 13. Pipeline 08-01-03 14. Dukungan HLL/OS 15-01-03 15. Reserve 4
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Organisasi Sistem Komputer
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Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application (Netscape) Operating Compiler Software Hardware
Assembler
20210
System (Windows 98)
P r o c e s s o r M e m o r y I/O system
Instruction Set Architecture
Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors
° Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi
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Tingkat-tingkat Representasi temp = v[k]; High Level Language Program (e.g., C) Compiler
v[k] = v[k+1]; 20210
ldi ldi add st
Assembly Language Program (e.g.,AVR) Assembler Machine Language P r o g r a m (AVR) Machine Interpretation
v[k+1] = temp;
0000 1010 1100 0101
1001 1111 0110 1000
1100 0101 1010 0000
r1, 0x12 r2, 0x34 r1, r2 Y+, r1
0110 1000 1111 1001
1010 0000 0101 1100
1111 1001 1000 0110
0101 1100 0000 1010
1000 0110 1001 1111
Control Signal Specification ° ° 7
5 Komponen Komputer
Computer Processor
Memory
(active)
(passive)
Control (“brain”)
Datapath (“brawn”)
Devices Input
(where programs, data live when running)
Output
Keyboard, Mouse Disk (where programs, data live when not running)
D i s p l a y, Printer
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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium
Processor/Memory Bus
PCI Bus
I/O Busses
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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20 ° TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20 MBus Module
SuperSPARC Floating-point Unit
L2 $
Integer Unit
Inst Cache
Ref MMU
Data Cache Store Buffer
Bus Interface
CC MBus
DRAM Controller
L64852 MBus control M-S Adapter
SBus SBus DMA
SBus Cards
SCSI Ethernet
STDIO serial kbd mouse audio RTC Boot PROM Floppy
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Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515
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Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen Proc Caches Busses adapters Memory Controllers Disks I/O Devices: Displays Keyboards
Networks
Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka
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Tren Teknologi
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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor
100000000
Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million
10000000
Moore’s Law
Pentium i80486
1000000 i80386 i80286
100000
2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years
i8086 10000 i8080 i4004 1000 1970
1975
1980
1985 Year
1990
1995
2000
Called “Moore’s Law” 14
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Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
DEC Alpha 21264/600
1.54X/yr
DEC Alpha 5/500 HP DEC Sun MIPSMIPSIBM AXP/ 9000/ -4/ M M/ RS/ 750 500 260 2000 1206000
DEC Alpha 5/300 DEC Alpha 4/266 IBM POWER 100
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip) 15
Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM) year 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 2000
size
1000000000
100000000
10000000
1000000
size(Megabit) 0.0625 0.25 1 4 16 64 256
100000
10000
1000 1970
1975
1980
1985 Year
1990
1995
2000
Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980 16
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Teknologi Komputer => Perubahan Dramatis ° Prosessor • 2X in speed every 1.5 years • 100X performance in last decade
° Memori • DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years • Memory speed: about 10% per year • Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year
• 64X size in last decade
° Disk • capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years • Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year
• 120X size in last decade
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Penutup
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IKI20210: Cara Pandang Pemrogram ° Machine structures from a programmer's view • • • •
What the programmer writes How it is converted to something the computer understands How the computer interprets the program What makes programs go slow
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