Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Pendahuluan
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° Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Mata kuliah ini mengajarkan dasar-dasar organisasi komputer sekuensial, yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen: input, output, memori, dan prosesor (kontrol dan datapath), melalui pemrograman dengan bahasa assembly.
° Prasyarat: • Pengantar Sistem Digital • Konsep Pemrograman I
° Bobot: 2 SKS ° Buku Acuan: • V. Carl Hamacher, dkk. Computer Organization. Edisi ke-5. McGraw-Hill, 2002. • David Patterson & John Hennessy. Computer Organization & Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. • Linda Null and Julia LoburThe Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture
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Administrasi Perkuliahan ° Penilaian: • • • •
Tugas: Quiz UTS: UAS:
10% 20% 30% 40%
° Jadwal Kuliah: • Jumat: 08:15 – 09:50 WIB
° Jadwal Ujian: • UTS: Oktober 2012 • UAS: Januari 2013
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Organisasi Sistem Komputer
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Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application (Netscape)
Software Hardware
Operating System Compiler Assembler (Windows 98) Processor Memory I/O system
20210 Instruction Set Architecture
Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors
° Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi
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Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi Komputer ° Application S/W • MS Word computer as electronic type-writer • MS Excel computer as electronic calculator
° System S/W • Compilers computer as translator (source to executable program) • Operating Systems computer as machine that executes programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers, communicate with other computers
° Instruction Set • What basic operations can be carried out • What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from memory • How can data be exchanged to the outside world
° Computer H/W • The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output 6
Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman A = 25;
High Level Language Program (e.g., C) Compiler
B = 8; 20210 C = A * B; lds lds add sts
Assembly Language Program (e.g.,AVR) Assembler Machine Language Program (AVR) Machine Interpretation
0000 1010 1100 0101
1001 1111 0110 1000
1100 0101 1010 0000
r1, 0x100 r2, 0x102 r1, r2 0x104, r1
0110 1000 1111 1001
1010 0000 0101 1100
1111 1001 1000 0110
0101 1100 0000 1010
1000 0110 1001 1111
Control Signal Specification ° ° 7
Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java
Java Language
byte code Java Virtual Machine JVM dapat langsung berhubungan dgn h/w
Operating System Computer H/W
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5 Komponen Utama Komputer
Computer Processor (active) Control (brain) Datapath (brawn)
Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running)
Devices Input
Output
Keyboard, Mouse Disk (where programs, data live when not running)
Display, Printer
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Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer
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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium
Processor/Memory Bus
PCI Bus
I/O Busses 11
Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20 ° TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20 MBus Module
SuperSPARC Floating-point Unit
L2 $
Integer Unit
Inst Cache
Ref MMU
Data Cache
CC MBus
L64852 MBus control M-S Adapter
SBus Store Buffer
Bus Interface
DRAM Controller
SBus DMA
SBus Cards
SCSI Ethernet
STDIO serial kbd mouse audio RTC Boot PROM Floppy
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Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515
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Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen Proc Caches Processor-Memory Bus adapters I/O Bus
Memory Controllers I/O Devices:
Disks Displays Keyboards
Networks
Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka
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Outline Materi Kuliah ° Konsep-konsep Dasar • Stored Program Computer • Instruction Set
° Set Instruksi/Pemrograman ° Input/Output ° Memori ° Aritmatika ° Prosesor • Datapath • Control Unit
° Pipeline 15
Generasi Komputer ° I: 46 – 57: UNIVAC 1103 • Bahasa Rakitan • Vacuum Tube • 40.000 instruksi/detik
° II: 58 – 64: IBM 7094 • • • •
Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator Transistor I/O & Processor Parallelism 200.000 instruksi/detik
° III: 65 – 71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8 • • • •
Sistem Operasi Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC) Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism 1.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: 72 – 77: Apple IIe, IBM PC • Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) • Microprocessor, PC • 10.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: 78 – : 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC • Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) • 100.000.000 instruksi/detik
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Tren Teknologi
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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor
100000000
10000000
Moores Law
Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million
Pentium i80486
1000000 i80386 i80286
100000
i8086
2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years
1980
Called Moores Law
10000 i8080 i4004 1000 1970
1975
1985 Year
1990
1995
2000
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Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
DEC Alpha 21264/600
1.54X/yr
DEC Alpha 5/500 DEC HP Sun MIPSMIPSIBM AXP/ 9000/ RS/ -4/ M M/ 500 750 6000 260 2000 120
DEC Alpha 5/300 DEC Alpha 4/266 IBM POWER 100
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moores Law (transistors/chip) 19
Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM) year 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 2000
size 1000000000
100000000 10000000
1000000
100000 10000
1000 1970
1975
1980
1985 Year
1990
1995
size(Megabit) 0.0625 0.25 1 4 16 64 256
Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 2000 4000X since 1980 20
Teknologi Komputer Perubahan Dramatis ° Prosessor • 2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun • 100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir
° Memori • Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years • Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun • Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir
° Disk • Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun • Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir
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Bicycle Computer (Embedded)
° P. Brain Heart Rate
Speed Altitude
• wireless heart monitor strap • record 5 measures: speed, time, current distance, elevation and heart rate • Every 10 to 60 sec. • 8KB data 33 hours • Stores information so can be uploaded through a serial port into PC to be analyzed
Dramatic change !!! 22
