Nursing Philosopy Kumboyono Nursing School – University of Brawijaya Objectives Define theory and list characteristics of a theory Describe the components of a theory and its use Trace the development of a nursing theory Theory Development in Nursing: Historical Overview Describe the different types of theories and examples of each. Introduction to Theory Nursing as a profession There has been questions about whether nursing is a profession or an occupation. An occupation is a job a career. A profession is a learned vocation or occupation that has status of superiority Ana precedence within a division of work. It needs widely varying levels of training or education, skills and variable knowledge base. All professions are occupations but not all occupations are professions (Logan, Franzen, Butcher,2004; Schwiran , 1998) Why is Theory Important? Nursing is strengthened when knowledge is built on sound theory Criteria to be a profession: distinct body of knowledge as the basis for practice Nursing must be viewed as a scholarly academic discipline hat contributes to society Ultimate goal is to support excellence in practice Theory Guides the Professional Nurse in…. Organizing and analyzing patient data Understanding connections between pieces of data Discriminating between important and less pertinent data Making sound clinical judgments based on evidence Planning effective nursing interventions Predicting and evaluating outcomes of interventions Theory-Based Education PhD: a research degree that generates new, discipline-specific knowledge Master’s: use theoretical perspectives focused on the patient for specific nursing outcomes; base practice on evidence from research & experience BSN: introduced to research process & the use of theory to guide it ADN: find middle range theories useful as they are specific to patient care Theory-Based Practice Occurs when nurses intentionally structure their practice around a particular nursing theory and use it to guide them in their care of the patient Provides a systematic way of thinking about nursing that is consistent and guides the decision-making process Challenges conventional views of patients, illness, the health care delivery system, and traditional nursing interventions
Theory-Based Research Great strides have been made in the last 25 years in nursing research Nursing research tests and refines the knowledge base of nursing Research findings enable nurses to improve the quality of care and understand how evidence- based nursing influences patient outcomes Research is vital to the future of nursing and theory is integral to research Benefits Passes on knowledge to students Explain practice to others Contributes to professional autonomy Develops analytical skills, challenges thinking, and clarifies your values and assumptions Definitions of theory Defining theory is the first step towards developing a set of criteria for the evaluation of theory. Many of the early definitions of theory in the nursing literature were influenced by the Logical Positivistic Received View (Suppe, 1977), where the focus was on structure and process. Ex.1.McKay (1969) defines theory as “a logically interrelated set of confirmed hypotheses” and Jacox (1974) defines it as “a systematically related set of statements including law-like generalizations that are empirically testable”. These definitions are consistent with the Received View philosophy on theory at the time. Definitions of theory Chin and Jacobs (1983) define theory as “a set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that projects a systematic view of phenomena by designating specific interrelationships among concepts for purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and/or controlling phenomenon”. This definition begins a departure from the Logical Positivistic Received View, in that it does not emphasize the structure of the theory. Problem in nursing : lack of agreement on the definition of theory Many authors have used the term theory as interchangeable with such terms as conceptual framework, conceptual model, model, and paradigm. Fawcett (1989) clearly states that “conceptual models and theories are clearly distinguished by their levels of abstraction and thus must be used in different ways” . She defines nursing theory as “a relatively specific and concrete set of concepts and propositions that purports to account for or characterize phenomena of interest to the discipline of nursing”. Many authors have used the term theory as interchangeable with such terms as conceptual framework, conceptual model, model, and paradigm. Fawcett (1989) clearly states that “conceptual models and theories are clearly distinguished by their levels of abstraction and thus must be used in different ways” . She defines nursing theory as “a relatively specific and concrete set of concepts and propositions that purports to account for or characterize phenomena of interest to the discipline of nursing”.
A conceptual model vs. A theory A conceptual model is an abstract and general system of concepts and propositions. A theory deals with one or more relatively specific and concrete concepts and propositions”(Dudley-Brown , 1977) . A conceptual model is an abstract and general system of concepts and propositions. A theory deals with one or more relatively specific and concrete concepts and propositions”(Dudley-Brown , 1977) . Distinguish a conceptual model from a theory If the purpose is to describe, explain, or predict specific phenomena, the work is most likely a theory. Ex. the works of Peplau (Alligood & Tomey, 1990) and Orlando. If the purpose of the work is to articulate a body of distinct knowledge for the discipline of nursing, the work is most likely a conceptual model. Ex. the works of Johnson, King, Levine, Neuman, Orem, Rogers, and Roy. Most of these theorists have been described by others as proposing a nursing theory, not a conceptual model. Failure to distinguish a conceptual model from a theory, Fawcett (1989) states, leads to misunderstandings and inappropriate expectations of the work. However, according to Meleis (1985), the use of different labels (theory, paradigm, model, and framework) corresponds to differences in emphasis rather than substance. Definitions of theory • Pinnel and Menesis (1986) Systematic set of interrelated concepts, definitions and deductions that describe, explain or predict interrelationships Walker and Avant (1983) Internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions and propositions) that presents a systematic view of phenomenon and which is useful for description, explanation, prediction and control Chinn and Krammer creative and vigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena Meleis, 2005 Theory is an organized, coherent, and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to significant questions in a discipline that are communicated in a meaningful whole. Some commonalities Purpose Concepts Definitions Propositions Structured ideas Tentative Describe a phenomenon or occurrence Components/Elements of theory 1. Purpose “Why is the theory formulated” 2. Concepts are building blocks of theory – ideas, mental images of a phenomenon, an event or object that is derived from an individual’s experience and perception
3. Has a major concept like nursing, person, health or environment. 4. Definitions give meaning to concepts which can either be descriptive or procedural (stipulate-use of term within the theory) Propositions are expressions of relational statements between and among the concepts. It can be expressed as statements, paradigms or figures . Assumptions- accepted “truths” that are basic and fundamental to the theory. Or value assumptions where what is good or right or ought to be. Characteristics of a Theory • Systematic, logical and coherent (orderly reasoning,no contradictions) • Creative structuring of ideas mental images of one’s experiences and create different ways of looking at a particular event or object. • Tentative in nature ( change over time or evolving but some remain valid despite passage of time) Theory Development How does a theory develop? Four strategies of theory development: 1. Theory practice theory ( theory developed in other discipline and used in nursing situations) 2. Practice theory evolved from clinical practice 3. Research theory or inductive method Must evolve from research findings or empirical evidence. 4. Theory research theory theories developed by other disciplines are utilized but given unique nursing perspective. Original theory examined and given a new research findings. TERMINOLOGY METAPARADIGM - Most abstract level of knowledge. In nursing this is main concepts that encompasses the subject matter and the scope of the discipline - Central concepts of person, environment, health and nursing TERMINOLOGY PHILOSOPHY - Knowledge level which specifies the definitions of the metaparadigm concepts in each of the conceptual models of nursing. - Nightingale is considered philosophical approach - Out of these philosophies theory maybe formalized Frameworks or paradigms that provide a broad frame of reference for the systematic approaches to the phenomena with which the discipline is concerned. different views nursing like Roy focuses on adaptation, King on interaction and Abdellah on interventions Theory Group of related concepts that propose actions that guide practice Nursing theory
Group of related concepts that derive from the nursing models. Some derive from other nursing discipline like Leininger which comes from anthropology Nursing theory is defined as a conceptualization of some aspect of nursing reality communicated for the purpose of describing phenomena, explaining relationships between phenomena, predicting consequences, or prescribing nursing care (Meleis, 2005). Uses of theory 1. Theory guides and improve nursing practice Theory provides goal for nursing care and with goals, nursing practice is rendered more effective and efficient. Theories help to focus the goals, making nurses more confident about the practice. 2. Theory guides research according to Meleis, primary use of theory is to guide research. It validates and modifies the theory. 3. Theory contributes to the development of the disciplines body of knowledge 4. Theory enhances communication Theory Development in Nursing: Historical Overview Theories that Define Nursing or Discuss Nursing in a General Sense (Philosophies) Florence Nightingale Virginia Henderson Ernestine Wiedenbach Where do I begin? Florence Nightingale - Considered first modern nursing theorist - First one to delineate what is considered the nursing goal and practice domain. - “ placing the client in the best condition for nature to act upon him” - Taught about symptoms and what they indicate, rationale for actions and trained powers of observation and reflection Historical Development of Nursing Theories: Significant Events Nightingale until the 50 ’s Florence Nightingale Notes on Nursing control of the environment to care for the individual (ventilation, light, warm , noise absence or reduction, cleanliness & diet ) 1952 Nursing Research Journal publication 1960’s nature of nursing practice was debated, defined nursing practice, or develop nursing theory, and created a substantive body of knowledge
Historical development 1960-1970 proliferation of conceptual models and frameworks, and philosophy of nursing. Examples: Abdellah 21 nursing problems and Hall’s Core, care and cure
(person,body,disease) 1969 first conference on nursing theory Role of nurses where questioned; what they do, for whom where and when were determined. purpose of nursing, process of theory development was discussed 1980 ’s characterized by acceptance of the significance of theory in nursing. Less debates on whether or not to use theory, practice theory or borrowed ones. More and more publication up to the present. Types of theories According to range Grand theory Middle range theory Micro theory Types of theories: Grand Theory Grand Theory consist of broad conceptual frameworks that reflect wide and expansive perspectives for practice and ways of describing, explaining, predicting and looking at nursing phenomena. They are the most complex and broadest in scope. Ex. Henderson’s The Nature of Nursing ; Levine’s The Four Conservation Principles of Nursing, Roy’s Adaptation Model, and Orem’s Self-Care (Marriner-Tomey) Types of Theories: Mid Range Mid Range- less complex and narrower in scope than grand theory and micro theory. A more workable level is the middle range.more limited in scope and less variables, and testable. grand theory on stress and adaptation might not yield any interpretable guidelines on practice but if the theory is focused on chronic lingering illness as the stressor on family, the stress theory becomes operational for both research and practice purposes. Ex. Peplau’s Psychodynamic Nursing and Orlando’s Nursing Process Theory Types of theories: Micro theories Micro theories- are the least complex. They contain the least complex concepts and are narrowest in scope. They deal with a small aspect of reality, generally a set of theoretical statements Deals with specific and narrow defined phenomena According to Orientation or focus of the theory 1. Client centered: Nightingale, Henderson 2. Client-nurse dynamics: Watson 3. Client-nurse environment : Leininger
Client centered Focused on the needs and problems of clients which are met, resolved or alleviated by nursing interventions This category includes theories developed by the following : Nightingale, Abdellah, Henderson, Orem, Pender, Roy, Levine, Hall. Nurse – client dynamics Focus on interaction between the nurse and client. This category includes theories developed by the following: Peplau, Watson, King and Orlando Client-Nurse Environment Dynamics Focus on the interaction between nurse and client in an environment that includes broader dimensions of time and space. As well as culture, cultural diversity, and universality. Theories of Neuman and Leininger are discussed under this category. Theories of Neuman and Leininger are discussed under this category. Framework to Analyze the Nursing theory 1.What are the major concepts? Person, nursing, health and environment 2. Based on Focus Client centered, nurse-client dynamics, nurse client-environment dynamics -How similar and how different are their concepts of persons, nursing, health, environment 3. Key concepts unique to the theory. Some theories have several key concepts and it may have sub-concepts. Analysis of theory Clarity－ How clear is this theory? － How simple is this theory? － How general is this theory? － How accessible is this theory? － How important is this theory? Florence Nightingale originally published in 1859) lth, illness, and the nurse’s role in caring for patients surroundings information ted to environment Virginia Henderson ction of he nurse… is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.”
t, a helper to the patient or a partner with the patient
Jean Watson ing aspects of nursing tors differentiate nursing from medicine (curative) with lack of harmony within the mind, body, and soul or creating and maintaining an environment supporting human caring while recognizing and providing for patient’s primary human requirements that nursing be concerned with spiritual matters and the inner knowledge of nurse and patient as they participate together in the transpersonal caring process ength is recognized, supported, encouraged ss to understanding of self andothers , accepting relationships where feelings are shared and confidence is inspired Dorothea Orem -care le in contemporary society want to be in control of their lives.” ine ability to provide adequate self-care is assessed
ensatory -educative Imogene King on persons, their interpersonal relationships, and social contexts with three interacting systems
izes goal attainment and patient’s involvement in setting goals (Goal Attainment Model) Sister Callista Roy (second edition 1984) scipline that emphasizes the person’s adaptive and coping abilities to further patient’s adaptation (second edition 1984) ve system emphasizes the person’s adaptive and coping abilities
Hildegard Peplau e is the focus of attention interpersonal relationship health problems and learn from them as they develop new behavior patterns technical expert, surrogate, and leader Ida Orlando -Patient Relationship: Function, Process and Principles (1961) onfirmation of patients’ verbal and non-verbal behavior, which identify patient needs to determine and meet patients’ immediate needs and improve their situation by relieving distress or discomfort
Madeleine Leininger
viewed in the context of their cultures Model”guides the assessment of cultural data for an understanding of its influence on the patient’s life Conclusion continuous, and dynamic process. One can not exist without the other. theory critique, testing and support. human process that includes not only valid findings but also observation, agreements, useful solutions to problems. it is the responsibility of each clinician, academician. Exercise Please see the attachment: Adaptation model ofnursing 1.Define theory and list characteristics of a theory 2.Describe the components of a theory and its use 3.Trace the development of a nursing theory 4.Theory Development in Nursing: Historical Overview
TERJEMAHAN Perawatan Filsafat Kumboyono Sekolah Keperawatan - Universitas Brawijaya tujuan -komponen dari teori dan penggunaannya erawatan: Sejarah Ikhtisar -masing. Pengantar Teori Ada pertanyaan tentang apakah keperawatan adalah profesi atau pekerjaan. adalah panggilan belajar atau pekerjaan yang memiliki status keunggulan dan diutamakan dalam pembagian kerja. Ini kebutuhan yang sangat beragam tingkat pelatihan atau pendidikan, keterampilan dan variabel basis pengetahuan. Semua profesi pekerjaan tetapi tidak semua pekerjaan adalah profesi (Logan, Franzen, Butcher, 2004; Schwiran, 1998) Mengapa Teori Penting? raktek kepada masyarakat
teori Guides Perawat Profesional di .... sis data pasien
Teori Berbasis Pendidikan Master: menggunakan perspektif teoretis berfokus pada pasien untuk hasil keperawatan spesifik; praktek berdasarkan bukti dari penelitian & pengalaman tengah berguna karena mereka khusus untuk perawatan pasien Praktek Teori Berbasis dan menggunakannya untuk membimbing mereka dalam perawatan mereka dari pasien proses pengambilan keputusan
intervensi keperawatan tradisional Penelitian teori Berbasis
n dan memahami bagaimana berdasarkan bukti pengaruh keperawatan hasil pasien bagian integral dari penelitian Manfaat ang lain -nilai dan asumsi Definisi teori untuk evaluasi teori. positivistik Diterima View (Suppe, 1977), di mana fokusnya adalah pada struktur dan proses. Ex.1.McKay (1969) mendefinisikan teori sebagai "seperangkat logis saling hipotesis dikonfirmasi" dan Jacox (1974) mendefinisikan sebagai "satu set sistematis terkait laporan termasuk hukum-seperti generalisasi yang dapat diuji secara empiris ". i konsisten dengan Diterima Definisi teori proposisi yang memproyeksikan pandangan sistematis dari fenomena dengan menunjuk keterkaitan khusus antara konsep untuk tujuan menggambarkan, menjelaskan, memprediksi, dan / atau mengontrol fenomena". tidak menekankan struktur teori. Masalah dalam keperawatan: kurangnya kesepakatan mengenai definisi teori ah menggunakan teori jangka dipertukarkan dengan istilah-istilah seperti konseptual kerangka, model konseptual, model, dan paradigma. dibedakan oleh tingkat mereka abstraksi dan dengan demikian harus digunakan dengan cara yang berbeda". konsep dan proposisi yang dimaksudkan untuk menjelaskan atau mencirikan fenomena menarik bagi disiplin keperawatan ". Sebuah model konseptual vs teori -Brown, 1977) yang spesifik dan konkret.
-Brown, 1977) yang spesifik dan konkret. Membedakan model konseptual dari teori uannya adalah untuk menggambarkan, menjelaskan, atau memprediksi fenomena tertentu, pekerjaan kemungkinan besar teori. Ex. karya Peplau (Alligood & Tomey, 1990) dan Orlando. yang berbeda untuk disiplin keperawatan, pekerjaan kemungkinan besar model konseptual. Ex. karya Johnson, King, Levine, Neuman, Orem, Rogers, dan Roy. keperawatan, tidak model konseptual. mengarah ke kesalahpahaman dan harapan yang tidak pantas pekerjaan. gma, model, dan kerangka) sesuai dengan perbedaan penekanan daripada substansi. Definisi teori • Pinnel dan Menesis (1986) Kumpulan sistematis konsep yang saling terkait, definisi dan pemotongan yang menggambarkan, menjelaskan atau memprediksi hubungan timbal balik Internal kelompok konsisten relasional laporan (konsep, definisi dan proposisi) yang menyajikan pandangan sistematis fenomena dan yang berguna untuk deskripsi, penjelasan, prediksi dan kontrol penataan kreatif dan kuat dari ide-ide yang memproyeksikan tentatif, tujuan dan sistematis lihat fenomena Teori adalah artikulasi terorganisir, koheren, dan sistematis dari serangkaian pernyataan yang berkaitan dengan pertanyaan penting dalam disiplin yang dikomunikasikan dalam keseluruhan yang bermakna. beberapa kesamaan tujuan konsep definisi proposisi ide terstruktur sementara Menggambarkan fenomena atau kejadian Komponen / Elemen teori 1. Tujuan "Mengapa teori dirumuskan" 2. Konsep sedang membangun blok dari teori - ide, citra mental dari fenomena, suatu peristiwa atau objek yang berasal dari pengalaman individu dan persepsi 3. Memiliki konsep besar seperti keperawatan, orang, kesehatan atau lingkungan. 4. Definisi memberi makna pada konsep yang dapat menjadi deskriptif atau prosedural (menetapkan penggunaan istilah dalam teori)
lasional antara dan di antara konsep-konsep. itu dapat dinyatakan sebagai laporan, paradigma atau tokoh. - asumsi menerima "kebenaran" yang merupakan dasar dan mendasar untuk teori. Atau nilai asumsi di mana apa yang baik atau benar atau seharusnya. Karakteristik Teori sebuah • sistematis, logis dan koheren (penalaran tertib, tidak ada kontradiksi) • penataan Kreatif ide citra mental dari pengalaman seseorang dan menciptakan cara-cara yang berbeda dalam memandang suatu peristiwa tertentu atau objek. • Tentatif di alam (perubahan dari waktu ke waktu atau berkembang tetapi beberapa tetap berlaku meskipun berlalunya waktu) Pengembangan teori Bagaimana teori berkembang? Empat strategi pengembangan teori: Teori praktek 1. Teori (teori yang dikembangkan dalam disiplin lain dan digunakan dalam situasi keperawatan) Teori Praktik 2. berevolusi dari praktek klinis 3. Teori Penelitian atau metode induktif Harus berkembang dari hasil penelitian atau bukti empiris. Teori penelitian 4. Teori teori yang dikembangkan oleh disiplin ilmu lainnya yang digunakan tetapi mengingat perspektif keperawatan yang unik. Teori asli diperiksa dan diberi temuan penelitian baru. ISTILAH merupakan paradigma - Sebagian besar tingkat abstrak pengetahuan. Dalam keperawatan ini adalah konsep utama yang meliputi materi pelajaran dan ruang lingkup disiplin - Konsep Sentral orang, lingkungan, kesehatan dan keperawatan ISTILAH FILOSOFI - Tingkat pengetahuan yang menentukan definisi dari konsep paradigma yang di masingmasing model konseptual keperawatan. - Nightingale dianggap pendekatan filosofis - Dari filosofi ini teori mungkin diformalkan
sistematis untuk fenomena dengan yang disiplin yang bersangkutan. interaksi dan Abdellah pada intervensi teori teori keperawatan disiplin keperawatan lain seperti Leininger yang berasal dari antropologi
keperawatan dikomunikasikan untuk tujuan menggambarkan fenomena, menjelaskan hubungan antara fenomena, memprediksi konsekuensi, atau resep asuhan keperawatan (Meleis, 2005). Penggunaan teori 1. panduan Teori dan meningkatkan praktik keperawatan l untuk asuhan keperawatan dan dengan tujuan, praktik keperawatan yang diberikan lebih efektif dan efisien. praktek. 2. Teori panduan penelitian menurut Meleis, penggunaan utama dari teori adalah untuk memandu penelitian. Memvalidasi dan memodifikasi teori. 3. Teori kontribusi untuk pengembangan disiplin tubuh pengetahuan 4. Teori meningkatkan komunikasi Pengembangan Teori dalam Perawatan: Sejarah Ikhtisar Teori yang Tentukan Perawatan atau Diskusikan Perawatan di Sense Umum (Filsafat)
Di mana saya mulai? Florence Nightingale - Dianggap modern pertama teori keperawatan - Pertama untuk menggambarkan apa yang dianggap tujuan keperawatan dan praktek domain. - "Menempatkan klien dalam kondisi terbaik untuk alam untuk bertindak atasnya" - Diajarkan tentang gejala dan apa yang mereka menunjukkan, alasan untuk tindakan dan melatih kekuatan pengamatan dan refleksi Pengembangan Sejarah Teori keperawatan: Peristiwa Penting
pengendalian lingkungan untuk merawat individu (ventilasi, cahaya, hangat, kebisingan tidak adanya atau pengurangan, kebersihan & diet) -an diperdebatkan, didefinisikan praktik keperawatan, atau mengembangkan teori keperawatan, dan menciptakan tubuh substantif pengetahuan
sejarah perkembangan -1970 proliferasi model konseptual dan kerangka kerja, dan filsafat keperawatan. Contoh: Abdellah 21 masalah keperawatan dan Balai Core, perawatan dan penyembuhan (orang, badan, penyakit)
konferensi pertama pada teori keperawatan kapan ditentukan. teori dalam keperawatan. Perdebatan Kurang pada apakah atau tidak untuk menggunakan teori, teori praktek atau yang dipinjam.
Jenis teori Menurut berbagai
Teori Jenis teori: Grand Theory perspektif yang luas dan ekspansif untuk praktek dan cara-cara untuk menggambarkan, menjelaskan, memprediksi dan melihat fenomena keperawatan. Mereka adalah yang paling kompleks dan luas cakupannya. Ex.
-Tomey) Jenis Teori: Mid wilayah sebarannya dan teori mikro. variabel kurang, dan dapat diuji. G pada praktek tetapi jika teori ini difokuskan pada penyakit kronis berlama-lama sebagai stressor pada keluarga, teori stres menjadi operasional untuk kedua tujuan penelitian dan praktek. Ex. Perawatan Psikodinamik Peplau dan Orlando Proses Keperawatan Teori Jenis teori: teori mikro - adalah yang paling kompleks. Mereka mengandung konsep yang kompleks dan paling sempit dalam lingkup. Mereka berurusan dengan aspek kecil dari realitas, umumnya satu set pernyataan teoritis
Menurut Orientasi atau Fokus teori 1. Klien berpusat: Nightingale, Henderson 2. dinamika Klien-perawat: Watson
3. Klien-perawat lingkungan: Leininger klien berpusat dengan intervensi keperawatan -teori yang dikembangkan oleh berikut: Nightingale, Abdellah, Henderson, Orem, Pender, Roy, Levine, Hall. Perawat - dinamika klien -teori yang dikembangkan oleh berikut: Peplau, Watson, Raja dan Orlando Klien-Perawat Lingkungan dinamika yang lebih luas dari ruang dan waktu. universalitas.
Kerangka untuk Menganalisis teori Keperawatan 1.What adalah konsep utama? Orang, keperawatan, kesehatan dan lingkungan 2. Berdasarkan Fokus Klien berpusat, dinamika perawat-klien, dinamika perawat klien-lingkungan -Bagaimana Serupa dan bagaimana berbeda adalah konsep mereka orang, keperawatan, kesehatan, lingkungan 3. Konsep-konsep kunci unik untuk teori. Beberapa teori memiliki beberapa konsep-konsep kunci dan mungkin memiliki sub-konsep. Analisis teori - Seberapa jelas teori ini? - Bagaimana sederhana adalah teori ini? - Bagaimana umum adalah teori ini? - Bagaimana diakses adalah teori ini? - Seberapa penting teori ini? Florence Nightingale pada tahun 1859) it, dan peran perawat dalam merawat pasien
Virginia Henderson
kinerja kegiatan-kegiatan berkontribusi terhadap kesehatan atau pemulihan (atau kematian yang damai) bahwa ia akan melakukan tanpa bantuan jika ia memiliki kekuatan yang diperlukan, akan atau pengetahuan. "
Jean Watson keperawatan -faktor ini membedakan keperawatan dari obat (kuratif) jiwa n yang mendukung kepedulian manusia sambil mengakui dan menyediakan kebutuhan primer manusia pasien -hal rohani dan pengetahuan batin perawat dan pasien karena mereka berpartisipasi bersama-sama dalam proses peduli transpersonal
diri adalah terinspirasi Dorothea Orem -orang biasa dalam masyarakat kontemporer ingin mengendalikan hidup mereka." sien untuk memberikan perawatan diri yang memadai dinilai
-edukatif Imogene King untuk Keperawatan: Sistem, Konsep, Proses (1981) erpersonal mereka, dan konteks sosial dengan tiga sistem berinteraksi
Attainment Model) Suster Callista Roy atan: Sebuah Model Adaptasi (kedua edisi 1984)
mengatasi kemampuan
Hildegard Peplau
mengembangkan pola perilaku baru
Ida Orlando erawat-Pasien Hubungan: Fungsi, Proses dan Prinsip (1961) -verbal pasien, yang mengidentifikasi kebutuhan pasien memperbaiki situasi mereka dengan menghilangkan tekanan atau ketidaknyamanan
Madeleine Leininger
a
kehidupan pasien kesimpulan tidak bisa ada tanpa yang lain.
yang tidak hanya mencakup temuan yang valid tetapi juga observasi, perjanjian, solusi yang berguna untuk masalah. masing dokter, akademisi.
