FORERUNNERS OF THE NEW EPOCH IN LITHIC CHIPPED INDUSTRIES OF THE MORAVIAN YOUNG ENEOLITHIC

MUSAICA ARCHAEOLOGICA 1/2016

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FORERUNNERS OF THE NEW EPOCH IN LITHIC CHIPPED INDUSTRIES OF THE MORAVIAN YOUNG ENEOLITHIC Jerzy Kopacz1 – Antonín Přichystal2 – Lubomír Šebela3

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Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Al. Rejtana 16c, 35-959 Rzeszów, Polska; [email protected] Ústav geologických věd Přírodovědecké Fakulty Masarykovy Univerzity, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Česká republika; [email protected] 3 Archeologický ústav AV ČR, Brno, v. v. i.,Čechyňská 363/19, 602 00 Brno, Česká republika; [email protected] 2

Abstract: Lithic chipped industries of the Young Eneolithic in Moravia are presented within three aspects – raw material, chipping technique and tool typology, separately for each analyzed cultures – the Jevišovice, Bošáca and the Globular Amphora (the latter of the northern origin, alien in the Moravian milieu). Stone materials of that period can be utilized as the source of complementary information on cultural transformations in Moravia towards the end of the Stone Age, leading to the formation of the Bronze Age civilization. On observes that assemblages of the local cultures (Jevišovice, Bošáca) related to the Carpathian milieu, reveal the earliest elements which would later became emblematic in the so-called Terminal Lithic Industries, e.g. the preference of raw materials from the nearby sources, high share of the functional tools, the presence of segments, etc. These observations underline the role of the Moravian territories in transmuting civilization ideas in that part of Europe. Keywords: Moravia and Czech Silesia, East part of the Czech Republic, Young Eneolithic, lithic chipped industry

1. Introductory remarks The Eneolithic period in Moravia lasted around two millennia. It was the time of gradual social, economic, and ethnic transformations that eventually led to formatting the civilization of the new epoch. In attempt to systematize this long lasting and multi-folded process we divide it to several stages (usually five or six) denoted by adjectives (Podborský s kolektivem 1993, 153–232; cf. also Kopacz – Šebela 2010, 105): (1) Early, ca. 4000–3700 BC; (2) Old, ca. 3700–3200 BC; (3) Middle, ca. 3200–2900 BC ; (4) Young, ca. 2900–2700 BC; (5) Late, ca. 2700–2200 BC; (6) Final Eneolithic, ca. 2200–2000 BC1. Our interest is focused on earliest elements of these epochal transformations, as registered in lithic assemblages of the Young Eneolithic – in Moravia but also in Czech Silesia (Map 1). The cultural picture of that period is filled by three identities – Jevišovice culture in the southwest, Bošáca culture in southeast, and Globular Amphora culture in northern and – partially central parts of the country (Map 2). The first one, although revealing evident southern influences, is truly autochthonic (cf. Medunová-Benešová 1977). In contrast, the Bošáca settlement in Moravia represents the western wing of the milieu of that culture in West Slovakia, while the Globular Amphora culture in Czech Silesia (and further to the south) is the northern intrusion.

2. Evidences During the research on Young Eneolithic lithic materials in Moravia and Czech Silesia (Kopacz – Přichystal – Šebela 2014) we have registered 2155 silicite artefacts from 36 archaeological sites (Map 2). Eight of them, all of the settlement character, are linked with the Jevišovice culture. They yielded 1847 artifacts. Twenty-five sites (two of them in the same locality) produced forms linked with the Globular Amphora culture (among them axes of the banded silicite of the Krzemionki

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Jerzy Kopacz – Antonín Přichystal – Lubomír Šebela

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Forerunners of the New Epoch...

Map 1. Moravia and Czech Silesia (East Czech Republic) on the map of Europe (black).

Opatowskie) – in total 157 artifacts. Finally, we have analyzed assemblages from three settlement sites of the Bošáca culture (one located in East Bohemia), amounting to 151 artifacts. Raw material expertise indicates dominance of local rocks, especially Olomučany chert, cherts of the Krumlovský les type (varieties KL I and KL II), but also cherts from Stránská skála, Moravian Jurassic cherts and Cretaceous spongolite (Map 3). Relatively numerous are artefacts of rock crystal, despite its low chipping properties. Raw materials from more distant sources are represented by silicites from glacial sediments (appearing in the northern outskirts of Moravia and further to the north), radiolarite from White Carpathians, quartzite of the Tušimice type (deposits in northwestern Bohemia), Bavarian tabular chert (Plattensilex), and – occasionally obsidian and other rocks. In relation to specific raw material preferences, people of the Jevišovice culture utilized mainly rocks obtained from proximity of their habitations (depending on location, there were cherts from Krumlovský les, Olomučany and Stránská skála). Lithic industry of the Globular Amphora culture is distinctive by almost exclusive use of silicites from glacial sediments, easily available in its Silesian milieu. The Bošáca culture in southeastern Moravia gave “traditional” preference to Carpathian radiolarite, while the East Bohemian Bošáca enclave – to porcelanite from not-far-away source at Kunětická hora Hill near Pardubice (cf. Přichystal 2009, 162–163). Chipping technique of the Jevišovice culture commonly used trimmed cores, often with crest preparation. Especially diagnostic in this respect is the assemblage from Brno-Maloměřice (Fig. 1: 1–8). Chipping activities on this stone processing/habitation site was focused on production of medium-size laminar blanks (Fig. 2: 1–8; the longest known blade in the whole Jevišovice culture, is almost 10 cm long Fig. 2: 9).


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Map 2. Main settlement area of the Jevišovice culture in Moravia (a), the Bošáca culture (b) and areas where finds of the Globular Amphora culture concentrate (c). Sites with lithic artifacts: 1 – Bánov, Uherské Hradiště district; 2 – Bílovice-Lutotín, Prostějov district; 3 – Bravantice, Nový Jičín district; 4 – Brno-Líšeň, Brno-město district; 5 – Brno-Maloměřice, Brno-město district; 6 – Brno-Starý Lískovec, Brno-město district; 7 – Bystřice pod Hostýnem, Kroměříž district; 8 – Děhylov, Opava district; 9 – Dlouhomilov, Šumperk district; 10 – Drslavice, Uherské Hradiště district; 11 – Grešlové Mýto, Znojmo district; 12 – Hlinsko, Přerov district; 13 – Holasovice, Opava district; 14 – Ivančice, Brno-venkov district; 15 – Jeseník nad Odrou, Nový Jičín district; 16 – Jestřabí, Zlín district; 17 – Jevišovice, Znojmo district; 18 – Jiříkovice, Brno-venkov district; 19 – Luleč, Vyškov district; 20 – Mělčany, Brno-venkov district; 21 – Ohrozim, Prostějov district; 22 – Opava-Kateřinky/Malé Hoštice, Opava district; 23 – Opava-Kylešovice, Opava district; 24 – Opava-Vávrovice, Opava district; 25 – Ostopovice, Brno-venkov district; 26 – Ostrava-Krásné Pole, Ostrava-město district; 27 – Prusinovice, Kroměříž district; 28 – Radslavice, Vyškov district; 29 – Rožnov pod Radhoštěm-Hážovice, Vsetín district; 30 – Suchá Loz, Uherské Hradiště district; 31 – Valašské Klobouky, Zlín district; 32 – Vracov, Hodonín district; 33 – Vysočany, Znojmo district; 34 – Zlín-Prštné, Zlín district; 35 – Obědovice, Hradec Králové district. Drawn by I. Jordan.

Lithic industry of the Bošáca culture can be also described as blade-directed, although preferred blanks appeared to be of small/medium size (length up to 5 cm). It is well illustrated by the assemblage from Bánov (Fig. 5: 1–17). In contrast, Globular Amphora assemblages seems to less laminar, with significant share of forms obtained by splintering, as testified by exemplary material of the settlement character from Opava-Kateřinky/Malé Hoštice (Fig. 7: 1–22). Typological aspect of the Jevišovice culture can be described as traditional, with prevailing endscrapers on blades (Fig. 2: 11–14; Fig. 3: 6–13, 15–17), complemented in younger assemblages by “new generation” – short, less regular endscrapers (Fig. 4: 6), segments (Fig. 4: 7, 8), and tools of the Krummesser type (Fig. 4: 9)2. Original yet infrequent finds are arrowheads, either tanged (Fig. 4: 1–4)3 or quasi-triangular (Fig. 4: 5).

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Map 3. Main sources of lithic raw materials in prehistoric Moravia: a – limits of the continental glaciation with occurrences of silicites from glacial sediments; b – main source area of cherts of the Krumlovský les type, varieties KL I and KL II; c – source area of cherts of the Krumlovský les type, variety KL III; d – chert breccias; e – primary deposits of Cretaceous spongolites; f – Cretaceous spongolites from river gravels; g – cherts from the Stránská skála Hill; h – Moravian Jurassic cherts from gravels; i – the Chmeľová Mt. (925 m a.s.l.) near Vršatec (Slovakia) with radiolarite deposits; j – main sources of siliceous weathering products of serpentinite, k – sources of Olomučany chert type. After Přichystal – Šebela – Kopacz 2004, drawn by I. Jordan.

In the Bošáca culture most typical appear to be truncated blades, used as sickle inserts (Fig. 5: 7, 10, 11). We register also variety of retouched blades (Fig. 5: 3, 5) and flakes (Fig. 5: 4, 9, 13), and – remarkably – polished axes, either of nonsilicite (Fig. 6: 1–3) or silicite (Fig. 6: 2) rocks4. Tool set of the Globular Amphora culture is rather indistinctive, with “non-typological” tools prevailing (Fig. 7: 1–22). In this context, a special attention is draw by a tanged arrowhead with lanceolate blade from Opava-Kylešovice (Fig. 8: 1)5. Of a special interest are polished axes of banded silicite of the Krzemionki Opatowskie type, imported from Globular Amphora milieu in Lesser Poland. Artifacts of that type are spread much outside of the reach of that culture in, appearing in various cultural milieux (also Bošáca and Jevišovice, often without context; Fig. 9: 1–7). Taking into account specific raw material and high level of technical skill involved in their production, they should be interpreted rather as objects of prestige than as true tools or weaponry.


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Fig. 1. Brno-Maloměřice, Brno-město district: 1–8 – lithic chipped artefacts from the cultural layer of the Jevišovice culture. After Valoch – Šebela 1995.

3. Summing-up The most general conclusion of our research is that lithic assemblages of the analyzed units represent chipping tradition of earlier periods. However, those of the Jevišovice culture reveal a number of “new” elements (especially in tools) which would became in Late/Final Eneolithic emblematic for the assemblages from the turn of Stone and Bronze Ages, encompassed by the term “Terminal Lithic Industries”6. On the Moravian ground a very good example of industry of that kind can be found in materials associated with the Bell Beaker culture (cf. Kopacz – Přichystal – Šebela 2009). The question arises: what is “old” and what is “new” in lithic industries of the Moravian Young Eneolithic? Our observations in that respect are presented on Table 1. For better clarity, elements referred as “old” (related to Neolithic/Early Eneolithic tradition) are marked in blue, while “new elements” in red. The latter can be understood as reflections of undergoing changes – forerunners of the new epoch. They can be observed in all three analyzed assemblages of the Moravian Young Eneolithic, yet – in our opinion – best in assemblages of the Jevišovice culture, the unit of evident southern connection. It confirms the role of territories of Moravia in the process of transmitting Balkan-Aegean ideas towards EastCentral Europe.

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Fig. 2. Jevišovice, Znojmo district, Site Starý Zámek: 1–12 – lithic chipped artefacts of the Jevišovice culture from Layer B. After Medunová-Benešová 1972.


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Fig. 3. Grešlové Mýto, Znojmo district, Site Nad Mírovcem: 1–18 – lithic chipped artefacts of the Jevišovice culture. After Medunová-Benešová 1973.

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Fig. 4. Lithic chipped industry of the Jevišovice culture: 1–6 – Grešlové Mýto, Znojmo district, Site Nad Mírovcem ; 7 - Ostopovice, Brno-venkov district; 8 – Ivančice, Brno-venkov district; 9 – Jevišovice, Znojmo district, Site Starý Zámek. 1–6 – after Medunová-Benešová 1973; 7–8 – drawn by J. Brenner; 9 – after Medunová-Benešová 1979.


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Fig. 5. Bánov, Uherské Hradiště district: chipped artefacts from layer of the Bošáca culture (1–7, 9, 11, 17 – research 1948; 8, 10, 12–15 – research 1960/1961; 16 – structure P 2/60). Drawn by J. Brenner.

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Fig. 6. Bánov, Uherské Hradiště district: 1–3 – lithic chipped artefacts from layer of the Bošáca culture (research 1943). Drawn by J. Brenner.


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Fig. 7. Opava, cadastral areas Kateřinky/Malé Hoštice, Opava district: 1–22 – lithic artefacts from settlement structures of the Globular Amphora culture. 1, 5–7, 11, 13, 15, 18, 20–22 – structure 550; 2, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14 – 552; 3, 19 – structure 528; 10, 16, 17 – structure 1517. Drawn by J. Brenner.

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JEVIŠOVICE CULTURE

Fig. 8. Opava, cadastral area Kylešovice, Opava district: 1 – artefact from the settlement of the Globular Amphora culture found in secondary position in a grave pit from the Early Bronze Age. Drawn by J. Brenner

BOŠÁCA CULTURE

Raw material aspects

Use of rocks from close Preference of one vicinity of settlements specific kind of rock

Technical aspects

Use of trimmed cores for blades

Typological aspects

Traditional tool set, specific arrowheads, unguiforme endscrapers, segments, Krummesser

Balanced used of trimmed blade cores and simple flake cores Traditional tool set (especially truncated blades)

GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE Use of local rock Blade technique, splintering Tools of indistinctive typology, presence of prestigious axes of silicite of the Krzemionki Opatowskie type

Table 1. “Old” and “new” elements in lithic assemblages of the Jevišovice, Bošáca and Globular Amphora cultures in Moravia and Czech Silesia.

Note The research on lithic chipped industries of the Moravian Eneolithic has been framed into “Program výzkumné činnosti Archeologického ústavu AV ČR, Brno, v. v. i. v letech 2012-2017” (L. Šebela). It has an institutional support of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the Masaryk University, no. 2222/315010 (A. Přichystal). The specific topic of this paper has been conceived as a part on an introductory study for the NCN research project "The End of the Stone Age on the Stránská skála Hill in Brno – Lithic Chipped Production or Optimalization?" (Project ID 288917, project leader J. Kopacz, co-investigators: L. Šebela, A. Přichystal, P. Škrdla). Résumé Les industries lithiques du Enéolithique récent en Moravie sont présentées dans les aspects de matière première, technique et typologie, séparément pour chaque entité analysée – les cultures Jevišovice, Bošáca et des Amphores Globulaires (cette dernière de l’origine du nord, étrangère dans le milieu moravien). Les matériaux lithiques du Enéolithique récent sont utiliser comme la source des informations supplémentaires sur les transformations culturelles en Moravie vers la fin de l’âge de la Pierre, menant à la formation de civilisation de l’âge du Bronze. On peut apercevoir que les ensembles de cultures locales (Jevišovice, Bošáca), qui reflètent le développement du milieu carpatique, mettent en lumière de premiers éléments qui seront caractéristiques pour les « industries lithiques terminales », comme la préférence des roches de sources peu éloignées, haute participation des outils fonctionnels, la présence des segments, etc. Cela confirme l’importance de Moravie comme le territoires des transmutations civilisatrices importantes en cadre d’Europe centreorientale.

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In the five-part division, stages five and six are regarded as one phase, usually referred as Late Eneolithic. Tools of the Krummesser type are specific forms of the turn of Stone and Bronze Ages in the East-Central milieu. Due to varieties of raw materials utilized in their production (mainly rocks of the Carpathian Flysch) and specific technique applied (extensive polishing) they can be placed at most on “peripheries” of lithic chipped industries of that period (Kopacz 2011). 3 One of them (Plate Fig. 4: 2) resembles, by slightly notched base part, the so-called arrowheads of the Štramberk type. Although artefacts of that type in Moravia are rather linked with Late Neolithic or earlier stages of the Eneolithic (cf. Vencl 1964a; 1964b, 119, 120; Grepl 1973; Janák 2006, 88, footnote 2) they well might have lived as long as the early stage of the Jevišovice culture. 4 One of the axes from Bánov (Fig. 6:2) was produced from Jurassic silicite from the central part of the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, recognized as the socalled variety G; cf. Přichystal 2009, 93) 5 The find has its close analogies in the assemblages from Pikutkowo, Włocławek district, north-central Poland (Wiślański 1966, 225, ryc. 61: 2) 6 In brief, assemblages of “Terminal Lithic Industries” are distinctive by: (1) predominance of local rocks; (2) decline of blade technique; (3) appearance of tools of specific functions or meaning – the so-called “Conventional Tools” (cf. Kopacz – Šebela 2006, 71–73). 2


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Fig. 9. Silicite polished axes from banded silicite of the Krzemionki Opatowskie type from Moravia, related to the Globular Amphora culture: 1 – Hlinsko, Přerov district, sounding trench 77-D/86; 2 – Zlín-Prštné, Zlín district; 3 – Drslavice, Uherské Hradiště district; 4 – Brno-Líšeň, Brnoměsto district, Layer I (Jevišovice culture context); 5 – Ohrozim, Prostějov district; 6 – Mělčany, Brno-venkov district; 7 – Prusinovice, Kroměříž district; 8 – Bravantice, Nový Jičín district. 1, 6, 8 – after Šebela, in preparation; 2, 3, 5, 7 – after Přichystal, Šebela 2004; 4 – after MedunováBenešová 1964.

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FORERUNNERS OF THE NEW EPOCH IN LITHIC CHIPPED INDUSTRIES OF THE MORAVIAN YOUNG ENEOLITHIC

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