FLUID TREATMENT CHOICE IN DENGUE INFECTION Djatnika Setiabudi Child Health Department Medical Faculty Padjadjaran University
Outline
Introduction
Dengue Classification (WHO 2011)
Patophysiology
Fluid Treatment
Resume
Dengue Infection Burden of disease
Endemic in > 100 tropical and subtropical countries 50–100 million dengue fever infections per year globally 500,000 cases of severe dengue DHF and DSS Average case fatality 2–5%
Indonesia (Profil Kesehatan tahun 2010): - DHF the second most hospitalized patients - 156,086 cases; insidence rate 65.7/100,000 /year - Case Fatality Rate (CFR): 0.87%
New Guidelines WHO /SEARO, 2011 Important notes: 1. Clinical spectrum added: expanded dengue syndrome 2. If fever and significant plasma leakage: DHF clinical diagnosis is most likely even if there is no bleeding manifestation or thrombocytopenia
Manifestations of dengue virus infection (WHO, 2011)
WHO classification of dengue infections and grading of severity of DHF (2011)
DENGUE VIRUS INFECTION FEVER
BLEEDING
ANOREXIA
MANIFESTATION
VOMITING
HEPATOMEGALY
INCREASE
TROMBOCYTOPENIA
VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Plasma leakage : Hemoconcentration
Hipoproteinemia
Dehydration
Pleural effusion
Hypovolemia
DIC G.I. bleeding
Suchitra (1993)
Ascites
Shock Anoxia Death
Acidosis
The course of Dengue illness
Perjalanan penyakit Demam Dengue Suhu reda, klinis membaik, nafsu makan membaik
Time of fever defervescence (Saat suhu reda)
emp
Hari sakit
Perjalanan penyakit DBD Klinis memburuk, lemah, gelisah, tangan kaki dingin, nafas cepat, diuresis berkurang, tidak ada nafsu makan
emp
Time of fever defervescence
Fase demam
Fase syok
Fase konvalesens
Hari sakit
Principle of dengue management 1.
Fluid replacement Vascular permeability increase Plasma leakage hemoconcentration hypo-volemic shock
2.
Early detection and managememnet of circulatory disturbance: Clinically and serial Blood laboratory exam
3.
Detection and management of bleeding manifestation: Clinically and laboratory exam
4. Supportive and symptomatic treatment
Fluid treatment: Principle of “4-J”
Jalan/jalur pemberian : per oral – intravena ?
Jenis cairan : oralit- jus buah - kristaloid – koloid ?
Jumlah cairan : rumatan – dehidrasi atau hemokonsentrasi? Syok atau tidak syok
Jadwal pemberian : bolus - per jam – per hari ?
Indication for intravenous fluid -
(Persistent) vomiting
-
Nausea and anorexia (small drinking)
-
Abdominal pain and tenderness
-
Impaired concioussness
-
Increasing Haematocrit value
-
Circulatory disturbance
Choice of fluids
Suspected dengue and Dengue Fever: - isotonic crystalloid : normal saline, Ringer’s lactate, Ringer’s acetate, Ringer’s dextrose
Dengue hemorrhagic Fever (DHF I and II): - isotonic crystalloid : glucose contained solution?
DSS:
crystalloid versus colloid ?
TANDA VITAL TIDAK STABIL Penurunan jumlah urine output Tanda-tanda syok DBD derajat III*
Oksigen melalui face mask atau kanula hidung Penggantian volume secara cepat: inisiasi terapi IV 10 ml/kg/jam larutan isotonik kristaloid selama 1-2 jam
Perbaikan
Tidak ada perbaikan
Pengurangan dari 10 ml/kg/jam menjadi 7, 5, 3, 1.5 ml/kg/jam sesuai keadaan klinis dan hasil pemeriksaan hematokrit
Periksa ABCS (Acidosis, Bleeding, Calcium, Sugar), dan koreksi
Peningkatan hematokrit
Perbaikan lebih lanjut
Koloid IV (Dextran 40 atau HES)
Penurunan hematokrit
Transfusi darah : FWB10 ml/kg atau PRC 5 ml/kg
Menghentikan terapi IV selama 24-48 jam Perbaikan
Pengurangan dari 10 ml/kg/jam menjadi 7, 5, 3, 1.5 ml/kg/jam tergantung keadaan klinis dan hematokrit . Hentikan terapi IV selama 24-48 jam
* Dalam kasus dengan syok yang lebih berat (DBD derajat IV) laju IV adalah 10 ml/kg selama 1015 menit atau 20 mL/kg dalam 30 menit, selanjutnya dikurangi menjadi 10 ml/kg/jam
Tatalaksana DSS (DBD III dan IV)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Fluid Management in DSS
Dung NM, Day NP, Tam DT, Loan HT, Chau HT, Minh LN, et al. Fluid replacement in dengue shock syndrome: a randomized, double-blind comparison of four intravenous-fluid regimens.
A pilot study involving 50 children with DSS Children were randomised to receive: crystalloid : normal saline (n=12), Ringer’s lactate (n=13) colloid : dextran 70 (n=12) or 3% gelatin (n=13) Result: - colloid group had significantly greater increases in mean haematocrit (P=0·01), blood pressure (P=0·005), pulse pressure (P=0·02) Overall : showed minor differences in the immediate clinical responses to different fluids Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:787–94
Ngo NT, Cao XT, Kneen R, Wills B, Nguyen VM, Nguyen TQ, et al. Acute management of dengue shock syndrome: a randomized double-blind comparison of 4 intravenous fluid regimens in the first hour.
A larger study: 230 DSS children , compared the same four fluids Result: - comparisons between all other solutions were not significant (However, pulse pressure at presentation was identified as a potential confounder) - in severe patients (pulse pressure < 10 mmHg) differences were found Conclusion: - mild-to-moderate DSS patients have respond well to crystalloid treatment - more severe: may require more aggressive management with colloids - However, this study was statistically underpowered - Recommendation: further large-scale studies, stratified for admission pulse pressure,
Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:204–13.
Wills BA, Nguyen MD, Ha TL, Dong TH, Tran TN, Le TT, et al. Comparison of three fluid solutions for resuscitation in dengue shock syndrome.
largest randomised study ,stratified for presenting pulse pressure. Group 1: Moderately shock (pulse pressure >10 to 20 mmHg, n=383) were randomised to receive Ringer’s lactate (n=128), 6% dextran 70 (n=126) or 6% HES 200/0·5 (n=129). Group 2: severe shock (pulse pressure 10 mmHg) were randomised to receive one of the colloids – dextran 70 (n=67) or HES (n=62) Result: - Group 1: RL was found to be as effective as colloid therapy - Group 2: - both colloid preparations performed equally result. - dextran more adverse events than HES (allergic-reactions) - no differences in severe adverse events (significant bleeding or clinical fluid overload) N Engl J Med. 2005;353:877–89.
Characteristics of three Vietnam Studies Author, Year
Population
Intervention: Study fluids
Dung et al., 1999
50 Vietnamese child with clinical DSS; 5-15 years old
Lactated Ringer’s solution, isotonic saline, dextran, gelatin Fluid rate :20mL/kg for 1 hr, then 10mL/kg for the 2nd hour
Nhan et al., 2001
230 Vietnamese children clinically diagnosed DHF DHF grade III = 222 DHF grade IV = 8 1-15 years old
Lactated Ringer’s solution, isotonic saline, dextran, gelatin Fluid rate : DHF grade III: 20mL/kg for 1 hr DHF grade IV: 20ml/kg for 15min, then 20mL/kg over the following hour
Willis et al., 2005
512 Vietnamese children with clinical DSS Moderate shock = 383 Severe shock = 129 2-15 years old
Lactated Ringer’s solution, starch, dextran Fluid rate: 15mL/kg for 1 hr, then 10mL/kg for the 2nd hr
Kalayanarooj S. Choice of colloidal solutions in dengue hemorrhagic fever patients.
A study of 104 DHF patients with severe plasma leakage who had failed to respond to crystalloids and required fluid resuscitation compared bolus doses of two colloids, 10% dextran 40 (n=57) and 10% HAES-steril (n=47) Objective: compare their effectiveness, impact on renal function and haemostasis and any complications. Result: - HAES-steril was found to be as effective as dextran 40. - Both colloidal solutions were safe in these patients (no allergic reactions, interference with renal function or haemostasis) J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(suppl. 3):S97–103.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW The Use of Colloids and Crystalloids in Pediatric Dengue Shock Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis* Jalac SLR, de Vera M and Alejandria MM. Philippine Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2010;39(1):14-27
Objectives:
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
6.
to compare the therapeutic effects of colloids versus crystalloids of children with DSS in reducing: the recurrence of shock the requirement for rescue fluids the need for diuretics the total volume of intravenous fluids given the haematocrit level and pulse rates mortality rates
Results:
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Colloids and crystalloids did not differ significantly in decreasing: t:he risk for recurrence of shock (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.62 - 1.38) the need for rescue fluids (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.70 - 1.16) mortality rates total volume of intravenous fluids given the need for diuretics (RR=1.17, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.64)
significant improvements from baseline in the haematocrit levels and pulse rates of patients who were given colloids Allergic type reactions were seen in patients given colloids
Conclusion:
no significant advantage was found colloid over crystalloids in reducing the recurrence of shock, the need for rescue colloids, the total amount of fluids, the need for diuretics, and in reducing mortality
Colloids decreased the haematocrit and pulse rates of children with DSS after the first two hours of fluid resuscitation
Resume
These studies show that the majority of DSS children can be treated successfully with isotonic crystalloid solutions
If a colloid is considered necessary: - rely on personal experience - familiarity with particular products - local availability and cost
A medium-molecular-weight preparation : optimal choice - good initial plasma volume support - good intravascular persistence and - acceptable tolerability profile
Characteristics of colloids used for plasma volume support Initial volume Duration of Adverse effect expansion volume effect on coagulation (%)* (hrs) 3% Gelatine (MW = 35,000)
60–80
3–4
+/−
Allergic potential
Other significant side-effects
++
10% Dextran 40 (MW = 40,000)
170–180
4–6
++
+
6% Dextran 70 (MW = 70,000)
100–140
6–8
++
+
6% Hydroxy-ethyl starch = HES (MW = 200,000/0·5)
100–140
6–8
+
+/−
6% HES (MW = 400,000)
80–100
12–24
++
+
Renal failure in hypovolaemic patients
Management of dengue; Wills B. Halstead SB (Ed.) : 2008 Imperial College Press. Note: *Infused volume; MW, molecular weight
Countries and areas at risk of dengue transmission, 2008
Dengue Classification........
Dengue virus infection
Asymptomatic
Undifferentiated febrile illness
Symptomatic
Dengue Fever syndrome
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (plasma leakage)
(viral syndrome)
Without haemorrhage
With unusual haemorrhage
No shock
Dengue shock syndrome
Clinical Spectrum of Dengue Viral Infection, WHO 1997
WHO, 1997
Ditjen Yanmed
Ditjen P2PL
WHO/TDR Guidelines 2009
These guidelines are not intended toreplace national guidelines but to assist in the development of national or regional guidelines
Suggested dengue classification and level of severity WHO, 2009
Tata laksana DBD derajat I & II Cairan awal : Rumatan + 5% (7ml/kgBB/jam) Monitor tanda vital Hb,Ht,trombo tiap 6-12jam
Perbaikan
Tidak ada perbaikan
Tidak gelisah Nadi kuat Tek drh stabil Ht turun Diuresis 2ml/kgBB/jam
Tetesan dikurangi 5ml/kgBB/jam
Gelisah Distres nafas Frek nadi naik Ht tinggi Tek nadi <20mmHg Diuresis kurang
Tetesan dinaikkan 10 ml/kgBB/jam Evaluasi 12-24jam
3ml/kgBB/jam 1,5 mL/kg/jam Tatalaksana DSS
Stop dalam 24-48jam
Tanda vital tidak stabil
DBD derajat I dan II Jumlah Cairan : Rumatan
: Halliday & Segar
BB (Kg)
Jumlah cairan / 24 jam
< 10 10 – 20 >20
100cc/kg BB 1000 + 50cc/kg BB untuk tiap kelebihan > 10 kg 1500 + 20cc/kg BB untuk tiap kelebihan > 20 kg
Kehilangan cairan : DHF dianggap dehidrasi sedang = 5-8%, setiap 1% = 10cc/kg BB
DBD derajat I dan II Contoh : berat badan 18 kg
Rumatan = (10 x 100) + (8x50)
= 1400 cc
Kehilangan cairan = 18 x 5 x 10 cc =
Jumlah :
900 cc 2300 cc/24 jam
Order untuk kebutuhan tiap jam ( + 100cc /jam) selanjutnya cairan disesuaikan bergantung pada hasil monitoring Hematokrit dan klinis
