FINAL PROJECT
Cost Volume Profit Analysis at PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur for Year 2009
by Sigit Adrian Pambudi 19007002
A Final Project in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Mangement
Under Graduate Program of Management Study School of Business and Management ITB 2010
APPROVAL PAGE
“Cost Volume Profit Analysis at PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur for Year 2009”
by Sigit Adrian Pambudi 19007002
A Final Project in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Mangement
Under Graduate Program of Management Study School of Business and Management ITB 2010
Approved by
Isrochmani, MAcc
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ABSTRACT
PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur is one of companies owned by Indofood. Indofood owned 51% share of PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur while PepsiCo owned 49% of the total share. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur is a joint venture company between Indofood and PepsiCo. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur has produced many big names products such as Chitato, Lays, Chiki and Cheetos. PT.Indofood Fritolay has produced for more than 16.000 tons of product each year with revenue for more than IDR 800 billion. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur does not consider much about some of important aspects in cost accounting such as breakeven point and cost volume profit analysis. What they consider is the contribution margin. They think that if they can reach their expected contribution margin, they can easily reach the breakeven point and that’s why they do not consider a lot about the breakeven point. The important theories that will be used in this research are the contribution margin, breakeven point and cost-volume profit analysis. Any cost theories that will be included is the cost behavior pattern which include the fixed and variable cost which is the main part of calculating the contribution margin, breakeven point and CVP analysis. There are two things that influenced PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur in setting up the price for its products. There are external and internal factors. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur have to sell for a total 9.838,75 tons of products. PT.Indofood Fritolay wants to achieve a 10% growth for its net operating income in year 2010. By using the CVP analysis, PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur has to sell for a total 17.254,33 tons of product to reach the targeted net operation profit in year 2010. By using the CVP analysis, PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur can trace which product and in which months it needs to be improved to reach the targeted net operating profit. So, it is important using a cost accounting theory such as CVP analysis. It can help the company to make better planning.
Keywords : Contribution Margin, Breakeven point analysis, Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis
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ABSTRAK PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur adalah salah satu perusahaan yang dimiliki oleh Indofood. Indofood memiliki 51% saham PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur sementara PepsiCo dimiliki 49% dari total saham. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur adalah hasil dari penggabungan perusahaan antara Indofood dan PepsiCo. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur telah menghasilkan banyak produk bernama besar seperti Chitato, Lays, Chiki dan Cheetos. PT.Indofood Fritolay telah menghasilkan lebih dari 16,000 ton produk setiap tahun dengan pendapatan lebih dari Rp 800 miliar. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur tidak banyak mempertimbangkan tentang beberapa aspek penting dalam akuntansi biaya seperti titik impas (breakeven point) dan analisis biaya volume laba (CVP). Apa yang mereka anggap paling penting adalah margin kontribusi. Mereka berpendapat bahwa jika mereka bisa mencapai margin kontribusi yang diharapkan mereka, mereka dengan mudah dapat mencapai titik impas dan itulah mengapa mereka tidak mempertimbangkan banyak tentang titik impas. Teori-teori penting yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah margin kontribusi, titik impas dan analisis biaya-volume profit. Teori biaya apapun yang akan dimasukkan adalah pola perilaku biaya yang meliputi biaya tetap dan variabel yang merupakan bagian utama dari perhitungan margin kontribusi, titik impas dan analisis biaya-volume profit. Ada dua hal yang mempengaruhi PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur dalam menetapkan harga untuk produk-produknya. Ada faktor eksternal dan internal. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur harus menjual 9.838,75 ton untuk total produk pada tahun 2009. PT.Indofood Fritolay ingin mencapai pertumbuhan 10% untuk pendapatan operasional bersihnya di tahun 2010. PT.Indofood Fritolay ingin mencapai pertumbuhan 10% untuk pendapatan operasional bersihnya di tahun 2010. Dengan menggunakan analisis biaya-volume profit, PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur harus menjual 17.254,33 ton produk untuk mencapai laba operasi bersih yang ditargetkan pada tahun 2010. Dengan menggunakan analisis biaya-volume profit, PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur akan dapat melacak produk dan pada bulan apa saja yang perlu ditingkatkan untuk mencapai laba usaha bersih yang ditargetkan. Jadi, adalah penting untuk menggunakan teori akuntansi biaya seperti analisis biaya-volume profit. Hal ini dapat membantu perusahaan untuk membuat perencanaan.
Kata Kunci : Margin kontribusi, titik impas, analisis biaya-volume profit
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FOREWORD This paper is made based on the interest of the author in Cost Accounting. The purpose of writing this paper is to learn more about the Cost Accounting in a big company such as PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur and also can be a reference for academic. The purpose of this paper is also to fulfill the requirement of School of Business and Management, ITB for the undergraduate program. This paper can be finished with so many help from many people and the author wants to say thanks for that many helps. First, the author thank ALLAH SWT with the blessing, strength and hope given to the author to finish this final paper. The second is the author wants to thank his parents, Kemal Amas and Nunuk Nuraini for their nonstop help and support so the author can finish his final paper. Next is the writer wants to thank his supervisor, Dra. Isrochmani Murtaqi, M.Acc for her time, support, advice and patience that has been given to the author. Without her, the author absolutely cannot finish his paper. The author wants to say many of thanks to PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur. It is a pleasure to learn more and write a paper from a very big company such as PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur. Many thanks also given by the author to many people in PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur especially for Ms. Winarti T.K, Mr.Sugeng, Mr.Budi, Mrs.Elly, Mrs. Henny, Mrs. Rochmani and Mr. Sandy. Without their help, the author cannot get the required data to finish his paper. They also give a lot of priceless lesson that can help the author to learn more about a big company in the real world. Next is the author wants to say thanks to his beloved grandmother, Soelasmiati Soepardan for being a great role model for the author. The author learned a lot of things from her that give him strength, spirit and own perspective to live his life. Many thanks also the author gives to his sister and brother, Ghina Raida Asilia and Genaldi Rayhan Ardhito for their support and understanding that help the author to finish his paper. Last but not least is for all of his friends that give so many help to the author. A special thanks is given by the author to Trixie Isabella Simatupang for her unlimited support in enything, anytime anywhere. iv
LIST OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT APPROVAL PAGE FOREWORD LIST OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background 1.2 Problem Identification 1.3. Scope of Limitation 1.4. Research Objectives 1.5. Chapter Outline CHAPTER II LITERATURE STUDY 2.1. Cost Terminology 2.1.1. Cost-Behavior Patterns 2.1.1.1. Variable Cost 2.1.1.2. Fixed Cost 2.2. Unit Cost 2.3. Contribution Margin 2.4. Breakeven Point 2.4.1. Breakeven Point Analysis for Multiple Products 2.5. Cost Volume Profit (CVP) CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Survey 3.2. Identified the Problem 3.3. Literature Study 3.4. Data Collection 3.5. Data Processing 3.6. Data Analysis 3.7. Conclusion CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS 4.1. Sales in unit 4.2. Variable Cost 4.3. Fixed Cost 4.4. Volume-Revenue 4.5. Pricing Strategy 4.5.1. Internal Factor 4.5.2. External Factor 4.6. Contribution Margin 4.7. Breakeven Point (Sales Mix) 4.8. Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP)
i iii iv v vii viii 1 1 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 17 17 20 22 22 23 24 29 32 33 38 v
Chapter V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1. Conclusion 5.2. Suggestion
45 45 46
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Breakeven point profit-volume graph Figure 4.1 Sales graphic 2009 Figure 4.2 Chitato production flow Figure 4.3 Lays production flow Figure 4.4 Qtela production flow Figure 4.5 Chiki production flow Figure 4.6 Cheetos production flow Figure 4.7 JetZ production flow
10 19 24 25 26 27 28 29
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur Month to Month Sales year 2009 Table 4.2 Variable Cost year 2009 Table 4.3 Raw material chips product year 2009 Table 4.4 Raw material non chips department year 2009 Table 4.5 Total fixed cost in year 2009 Table 4.6 Volume-revenue table in year 2009 Table 4.7 Pricing list 2009 Table 4.8 Price changing percentage year 2009 Table 4.8 Year 2009 contribution margin table Table. 4.8 Month-to-month comparison with CVP
18 20 21 21 22 23 30 31 33 42
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