Farid K. Muzaki, S.Si., M.Si Jurusan BIOLOGI FMIPA – ITS Surabaya
THE REPTILES Taxonomy of Animalia – SB091321
The skulls
Characteristics of modern reptiles – 1
BBody d varied i d in i shape, h compactt iin some, elongated l t d in i others; th body covered with an exoskeleton of horny epidermal scales with the addition sometimes of bony dermal plates; integument with few glands Limbs paired, usually with five toes, and adapted for climbing, running or paddling; absent in snakes and some lizards running, Skeleton well ossified; ribs with sternum (sternum absent in snakes) forming a complete thoracic basket; skull with one occipital condyle Respiration by lungs; no gills; cloaca used for respiration by some; b branchial hi l arches h iin embryonic b i lif life
Characteristics of modern reptiles – 2
Three-chambered heart; crocodilians with four chambered heart; usually one pair of aortic arches; systemic and pulmonary circuits functionally separated Metanephric kidney (paired); uric acid main nitrogenous waste Nervous system y with the optic p lobes on the dorsal side of brain;; 12 pairs of cranial nerves in addition to nervus terminalis Sexes separate; fertilization internal Eggs covered with calcareous or leathery shells; extraembryonic membranes (amnion, chorion, and allantois) present during embryonic life; no larval stages
Characteristics of Reptiles That Distinguish Them from Amphibians – 1
Reptiles p have tough, g , dry, y, scaly y skin offering g protection p against g desiccation and physical injury
Characteristics of Reptiles That Distinguish Them from Amphibians – 2
The shelled ((amniotic)) egg gg of reptiles p contains food and protective p membranes for supporting embryonic development on land
Characteristics of Reptiles That Distinguish Them from Amphibians – 3
Reptilian jaws are efficiently designed for applying crushing or gripping force to prey Reptiles have some form of copulatory organ organ, permitting internal fertilization Reptiles p have an efficient circulatoryy system y and higher g blood pressure than amphibians Reptilian lungs are better developed than those of amphibians All reptiles, except limbless members, have better body support than amphibians and more efficiently designed limbs for travel on land
The classification
Subclass Anapsida order Testudines Subclass Diapsida p order Squamata Lacertilia (Sauria) Amphisbaena Serpentes order Sphenodonta order Crocodilia Subclass Synapsida (RIP)
Anapsid reptiles: subclass Anapsida the Testudines
Carapace & plastron of Testudines
n. m. v. c. s.
Nuchal Marginal Vertebral Costal Supracaudal
g. Gular h. Humeral p. Pectoral ab. Abdominal f. Femoral an. Anal
Carapace & plastron of shoft-shelled turtle
Diapsid reptiles: subclass Diapsida the Squamata Suborder Sauria
Diapsid reptiles: subclass Diapsida the Squamata Suborder Amphisbaena p
Diapsid reptiles: subclass Diapsida the Squamata Suborder Serpentes p
Important features
Type yp of fang g a. Aglypha, tidak memiliki taring bisa, ex: Ptyas korros b.
Ophistoglypha, taring bisa agak dibelakang/ tengah, ex: Homalopsis buccata
c.
Proteroglypha, taring bisa didepan , ex: Naja sputatrix
d. Solenoglypha , taring bisa yang panjang dan dapat dilipat, ex: Calloselasma rhodostoma
Fact sheet: venomous vs. non-venomous Venomous
Mostly nocturnal Slow-moving Head triangular or arrowh d in head i shape h Proteroglypha Solenoglypha the end portion underneath the snake is going straight across
Non venomous
Aggressive Fast-moving Mostly diurnal Head spoon-shaped or oval
Fact sheet
Fact sheet Venomous vs non-venomous snake
Fact sheet: some exception p Beberapa ular berbisa atau tidak berbisa memiliki ciriciri yang berbeda dengan deskripsi sebelumnya
Terdapat ular yang kepalanya berbentuk oval (bulat telur), agresif, keluar siang, malam tetapi bisanya sangat tinggi, contoh king kobra (Naja sputratix) Ular berbisa tinggi, tinggi kepala berbentuk berbent k oval, o al namun nam n gerakannya gerakan tenang dan tidak agresif, contohnya ular weling, ular welang, dan ular picung/pudak seruni. Biasanya ular berbisa ini memiliki warna yang menyolok untuk memperingatkan musuhnya. Tidak berbisa, keluar malam hari, dan gerakan lamban, contoh semua jenis ular phyton, phyton ular boa, boa dan ular pelangi (Xenopeltis unicolor)
Mildly venomous snake in ITS Ahaetulla prasina Homalopsis p buccata
Highly venomous snake in ITS Naja sputatrix Bungarus fasciatus Bungarus candidus
Diapsid reptiles: subclass Diapsida the Sphenodonta
Diapsid reptiles: subclass Diapsida the Crocodilia
T i K Terima Kasih ih
