EDITORIAL BOARD Editors:

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editors: Dr. M. Dani Supardan (Indonesia) Dr. Abrar Muslim (Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Koichi Fujie (Japan) Prof. Dr. Taufiq Yap Yun Hin (Malaysia) Prof. Dr. Wael Abdelmoez Mohamed (Egypt) Dr. Johann Fellner (Austria)

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THE COMMITTEE OF THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ON SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Bastian Arifin (Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Medyan Riza (Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Husin Ismayanda (Indonesia) Dr. Komala Pontas (Indonesia) Dr. Budiyono (Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Koichi Fujie (Japan) Prof. Dr. Ichiro Naruse (Japan) Prof. Dr. Hiroyuki Daimon (Japan) Prof. Dr. Hideto Matsuyama (Japan) Prof. Dr. Taufiq Yap Yun Hin (Malaysia) Prof. Dr. Wan Rosli Wan Daud (Malaysia) Prof. Dr. Wael Abdelmoez Mohamed (Egypt) Assc. Prof. Dr. Reza Yegani (Iran) Prof. Dr. Moses Oludayo Tade (Australia) Prof. Dr. Mkilaha Iddi S.N (Tanzania) Dr. Johann Fellner (Austria) Organizing Committee Chairman : Dr. M. Faisal Vice Chairman: Dr. Nasrul AR Secretary : Mirna Rahmah Lubis, MS Treasurer : Ir. Yanna Syamsuddin, M.Sc Committee Members 1. Dr. M. Dani Supardan 2. Dr. Hesti Meilina 3. Dr. Adi Salamun 4. Dr. Husni Husin 5. Dr. Abrar Muslim 6. Zuhra, M.Sc. 7. Umi Fathanah, MT. 8. Dr. Cut Meurah Rosnelly 9. Pocut Nurul Alam, MT 10. Wahyu Rinaldi, M.Sc. 11. Dr. Farid Mulana 12. Lia Mairiza, MT. 13. T. Maimun, M. Eng. 14. Dr. Ir. Asri Gani

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WELCOME SPEECH FROM THE RECTOR Assalammualaikum Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuh, In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful May the peace, the mercy, and the blessings of Allah be upon you. Distinguished Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen, On behalf of Syiah Kuala University, I would like to welcome you all to the 7th International Conference of Chemical Engineering on Science and Applications 2013. It is an honor for me to attend this conference, which is held at the seventh time, of course beginning with lecturers from Chemical Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University. The conference event is unique in that it springs up from the thinking how to share knowledge based on our area of expertise. It is rewarded if Chemical Engineering lecturers would not only share their creative ideas in the Faculty but also in a forum such as this international conference. Because of the reason, this conference wants to provide the forum to gather the ideas to implement innovative knowledge into our daily activity successfully. I sincerely hope this conference is inspiring and also one to be expected again next time. The organizing committee is committed to make this conference a success with its ready applications to not only university but government. Therefore, I extend my greetings to all parties who may benefit from the conference to apply it in managing activities in their areas. Currently, the Chemical Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University agree on topics: Food and Biochemical Engineering, Catalytic Reaction Engineering, and much more. The topics come from the belief to develop clean energy technology for community welfare. There is an argument put forward by many scholars that we approach an ideal society when we can combine ideas to support technology development. Therefore, this conference is just a trigger for us to get involve more towards local, national, and international development. Last but not the least, my deepest gratitude goes to the Organizing Committee, institutions, and companies who have directly and indirectly supported the well-running of this seminar. Although we try to be professional, on behalf of Rector of Syiah Kuala University, please accept our sincere apologies for inconveniences that crop before, during, or after the event. May God bless us all with the health to make this event a successful and enjoyable one! Thank you. Prof. Dr. Ir. Samsul Rizal, M.Eng Rector of Syiah Kuala University

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MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN Assalammualaikum Wr. Wb. Honorable Guests, Presenters, and Participants, First of all, I would like to thank you for your valuable contributions to this conference that is conducted by Chemical Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University. Our department is one of the largest department in Engineering Faculty. It was established in 1963 driven by a spirit to form a deparment to bring Acehnese to become educated, knowledgeable, and technocrate. Therefore, we try to give our best in contributing our ideas in the field of Chemical Engineering Science and Applications so that we can cooperate to improve our daily lives. We understand that it takes time to achieve the target; however, we believe one effort is much better than nothing. I am also happy to inform that the committee is very lucky to have 5 Plenary Speakers, i. e. from Japan and Indonesia, who supported us from the very beginning with their capabilities to try and personally come and meet you all. Although there may be many other competitive International Seminars held with similar topics around the world, I am happy to report that the Chemical Engineering on Science and Applications manages to successfully attract more than 100 academicians to present their abstracts, i. e. from Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Indonesia. So, I am proud to announce that the 58 abstracts accepted to be presented in this seminar has gone through a professionally selective process. For that reason, I personally congratulate you all as distinguished speakers to this event!. This conference has collaborated with four international journals, i.e. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, International Journal of Science and Engineering, International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, and International Journal of Waste Resources. All selected conference papers are then peer-reviewed to meet the highest standards of publication. The peer review of each manuscript is rigorous and concentrates on objective and technical concerns to determine whether the research has been sufficiently well conceived, well executed, and well described. I also would like to give a special welcome to The Goverment of Aceh, Pertamina, PT. Medco E&P Indonesia, PT. Arun, Exxon Mobil, PT. Pupuk Iskandar Muda, Bank Mandiri, PT. Lafarge Cement Indonesia, PT, PLN, Bank Mandiri, and individuals who sponsor this conference. We can never thank them enough for that! A way to express our gratitude would be to make every effort to make this conference a full success. Finally, I expect all participants have memorable moment through this conference and enjoy your stay in Banda Aceh. Thank you. Sincerely, Chairman of Committee Dr. M. Faisal, S. T., M. Eng

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CONTENTS EDITORIAL BOARD THE COMMITTEE OF THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ON SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS WELCOME SPEECH FROM THE RECTOR MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN CONTENTS No Titles Feasibility of Utilizing Small-Scale Liquefied Natural Gas cycle in Natural Gas Pressure Reduction Point 1 Kourosh Akhlaghi*1, Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord2, Mohammad Mohammadpour3 Advantages of DEA over MEA for Sweetening Unit of a Gas Plant 2 A. Azarmehr Adsorption of Ni (II) onto Nano Structured γ-Alumina in a Fixed-bed Column 3 Reyhane Saadi1, Zahra Saadi1, Reza Fazaeli2 Absorption of CO2 from Biogas with Banana Stems Ash Solution in Preparation for 4 Power Generation Aswati Mindaryani*1, M. Arif Wibisono2 The Chemical Compound Presence in Green Material Derived From Tacca leontopetaloides Starch: FT-IR Analysis 5 Nurul Shuhada Mohd Makhtar*1, Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi1, Mohibah Musa1, Ku Halim Ku Hamid1 Direct Current Electrophoretic Deposition (DC-EPD) of TiO2/Activated Carbon Composite in Non-Aqueous Suspension with Different Applied Voltages 6 Arina Binti Abdullah1, Ms. Norhayati Binti Talib1, Noor Fitrah Binti Abu Bakar1 Modified Carbon Composite Electrode with Zeolit in Degradation of Dissolved 7 Chlorine Yohandri Bow*1, Ibnu Hajar2, Rusdianasari3 Dynamic Mechanical and Gel Content Properties of Irradiated ENR/PVC blends with TiO2 Nanofillers 8 Nur Azrini Ramlee*1, Chantara Thevy Ratnam2, Nur Hashimah Alias1, Mohd Faizal Abd Rahman2 Effect of Concentration of Catalyst (BF3-Diethyl Etherate) on Synthesis of 9 Polyester From Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Renita Manurung1, Ahmad Rozi Tanjung*1, Ida Ayuningrum1 Production of Iridescence Nanocellulose Film from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch 10 Microcrystalline Cellulose (OPEFB-MCC) Rohaizu. R.*1, Wanrosli W. D.1 Characteristics of Red Algae Bioplastics/Latex Blends under Tension 11 M. Nizar Machmud*1, Reza Fahmi2, Rohana Abdullah3,4, Coco Kokarkin5 Study on the Effect of Calcination Temperature of Agarwood Waste for Silica 12 Production ix

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Nurul Amira Shazwani, Z.*, Ku Halim, K.H., Mohibah, M., Miradatul Najwa Cellulose Diacetate from Oil Palm empty fruit bunches Fauzi Muhammad Djuned*1, Teku Muhammad Asnawi, Wan Rosli Wan Daud Characterization of Activated Carbon Produced from Urban Organic Waste Abdul Gani Haji*1, Gustan Pari2, Muhammad Nazar1 and Habibati1 Alternative Fiber Source from Gracilaria sp and Eucheuma cottonii for Papermaking M. Nizar Machmud*1, Fauzan Fadi2, Zahrul Fuadi1, Coco Kokarkin3 Analysis the Different Types of Nano Sensors on Based of Structure and it’s Applications on Nano Electronics Hefzollah Mohammadian *1, Mohammad Bagher Heidari 1, Elaheh Esfandiarijahromi 2 Purification of Sugar Cane Juice by Ultrafiltration Membrane Cut Meurah Rosnelly*1, Umi Fathanah1 Making and Characterizing Bioplastic from Cassava (Manihot utilissima) Peel Starch with Sorbitol Plasticizer Umi fathanah*1, Mirna Rahmah Lubis1, Cut Meurah Rosnelly1, Ryan Maulana2 Utilization of Agarwood Distillation Waste in Oilwell Cement and its Effect on Free Water and Porosity Arina Sauki*1, Muhammad Hazman Md Shahid1, Ku Halim Ku Hamid1, Azlinda Azizi1, Siti Khatijah Jamaludin1, Tengku Amran Tengku Mohd1, Nur Hashimah Alias Development of Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Matrix for Methane Production from Aged Leachate in an Anaerobic Digester (EE) Nur Fatin Dahlia, M.S*1, Ku Halim, K.H2 Decolorization of Textile Wastewater Using Lactobacillus delbrueckii Nurhaslina C.R*1, Nazihah M.1 Effect of Baffled Bioreactor Compartment Design on COD Removal Performance: A Preliminary Study Hisbullah1, Syahiddin Dahlan Said*1 Mercury Emission from Kapar Energy Ventures (KEV) Power Plant Using Coal as Combustion Media Kamariah Noor Ismail*1, Ku Halim Ku Hamid1, Nurul Huda Abdullah1, Mohibah Musa1 Coagulant from Chemically Modified Fish Scale for Textile Wastewater Treatment Siti Salwa Abdullah*1, Ku Halim Ku Hamid1, Hanafiah Zainal Abidin1, Mohibah Musa1 Hybrid Water Treament System by Conventional Method and Ultrafiltration Membranes Bastian Arifin1, Sri Aprilia*1, Amri Amin2, Fauzi Muhammad Djuned3 Application of Hydrothermal Treatment on High Concentrated Sewage Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion Process Mikako Orikawa, Hirotsugu Kamahara, Yoichi Atsuta, Hiroyuki Daimon* Physical and Biology Pretreatment of Water Hyacinth Biomass for Cellulase Enzymes Production from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei x

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Feni Amriani*1, Fatimah2, Iriany3 Assessment of Water Balance in a Small Island: A case Study in Sabang Island, Aceh Province Izarul Machdar*1, Wahyu Rinaldi1 Removal of Organic Matter in Eutrophication Ponds at Various Oxygen Supply Conditions M. Faisal*1, Hiroyuki Daimon2, Koichi Fujie3 Waste Management Option and Renewable Energy from Tofu Processing Waste in Banda Aceh City M. Faisal*1, Izarul Machdar1, Farid Mulana1, Hiroyuki Daimon2 Application of Electrocoagulation Process for Coal Stockpile Wastewater Treatment Rusdianasari*1, Susila Arita2, Eddy Ibrahim3, Ngudiantoro4 The Mathematical Model of Reduced Levels of Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate Fertilizer Industry Wastewater Using Activated Charcoal from Waste Coffee Grounds Eddy Kurniawan*1, Erna Maulinda, Amri Aji Composition Variation Effect of Rice Straw and Coconut Shell to Biobriquette Characteristics as Alternative Fuel Muhammad Yerizam1, Muhammad Faizal2, Marsi3, Novia2 H2 Evolution on Lanthanum and Carbon Co-doped NaTaO3 Photocatalyst Husni Husin*1, Mahidin1, Zuhra1, Fikri Hasfita2 Fundamental Study on Desulfurization Characteristics of Bio-briquette at Low Temperature Using Calcium Based Adsorbent Khairil *1, Mahidin 2, Asri Gani 2, Ibrahim 1 Development of Desulfurization Process for Bio-briquette Using Natural Calciumbased Adsorbent and Its Kinetics Evaluation for Design Purpose Mahidin*1, Asri Gani1, Abrar Muslim1, Husni Husin1, Khairil2 Development of Semiautomatic Biodiesel Apparatus Based in Control Relay Mahlinda*1, Rifki1 Continuous Biodiesel Production in a Fixed Bed Reactor with Hydrotalcite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst Z. Helwani*1, N. Aziz 2, M.R. Othman2 Off-Grade palm oil as a renewable raw material for biodiesel production by twostep processes Rangga Budiawan1, Zulfansyah, Z.1 Helwani*1 High-Productivity Ethanol Production by Modified PVA-Immobilized Zymomonas mobilis through Continuous Culture combining Vacuum Membrane Distillation under Very High Gravity Fermentation Conditions Nurhayati 1, Chieh-Lun Cheng 1, Jo-Shu Chang 1,2,3* Study on the Effect of KOH Catalyst on Biodiesel Preparation from Cotton Seed Oil in Stirred Tank M. Husin Ismayanda1, Cut Meurah Rosnelly*1 Transesterification Reaction of Palm Oil via Modified Dolomites for Biodiesel Production xi

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Z.A Shajaratun Nur1,2, Y.H. Taufiq-Yap *1,2, M.F. Rabiah Nizah1,2, Aminul Islam1,2 Transesterification of Non-edible Jatropha curcas Oil to Biodiesel Using Bi2O3La2O3 Catalyst M.F. Rabiah Nizah1,2 , Y.H. Taufiq-Yap*1,2 , Z.A. Shajaratun Nur1,1, Aminul Islam1,2 Application of Response Surface Methoodology in Extraction of Bioactive Component from Palm Leaves (Elaeis guineensis) Nur Afiqah Arham1, Nurul Amal Nadhirah Mohamad1, Junaidah Jai*1, Jagannathan Krishnan1 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Crude Xylanase From Aspergilus niger Wan Zahira Hanis Wan Zin*1, Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi1, Norazlina Idris2 A Review on Cocoa Butter Equivalent Production Via Enzymatic Interesterification Reiza Mutia*1,2, Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel1, Ida Idayu Muhammad1 The Alkaline-Ozonolysis Pretreatment and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) for the Production of Bioethanol from Rice Straw 1,3

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Novia , Hermansyah and Arif Nurrahman Physicochemical properties of Pectin From Cocoa Pod Husk Extraction Time and pH Irfan*1, Asmawati1, Fachrizal1, Cut Erika1 Application of Fuzzy Logic System to Monitoring Equilibrium Moisture Content of Pistachio Powder during Storage Hamid Tavakolipour*1, Mohsen Mokhtarian2 Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell into Liquid Smoke: Potential Application for Biopesticides in Aceh Province Asri Gani*1, Husni2, Akhmad Baihaqi 3, M. Faisal1 Numerical Simulation of a Vortex Tube and Study the Interior Behavior of Working Fluid Meisam Sadi*1, Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord1, Koroush Akhlaghi2, Hasan Eftekhari2 Agarwood Waste as a New Fluid Loss Control Agent in Water Based Drilling Fluid Azlinda Azizi*1, Mohd Shahrul Nizam Ibrahim 1, Ku Halim Ku Hamid1, Arina Sauki1, Nurul Aimi Ghazali1, Tengku Amran Tengku Mohd1 Analysis of the Fouling Mechanism during Ultrafiltration of Momordica charantia Juice Rafeqah Raslan*1, Rahimah Mustafa, Nurul Nadia Azmi, Lim Ying Pei , Shareena Fairuz Abdul Manaf. Reaction Kinetics of Ca(OH)2 and SiO2 in a Stirred Batch Reactor Mariana*1, Farid Mulana1, Purwana Satriyo2 Computation of Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids using Local Composition and Pitzer Models Ali Haghtalab*1, Marziyeh Zare2 Identification of Carcnogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in New Car Cabin at Tropical Climate xii

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Noorhazila Hamdan*1, Ku Halim Ku Hamid, Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi, and Mohibah Musa The Study of Speech Intelligibility in the Al-Mizan Mosque, Syiah Kuala University Zulfian*1,2, Lindawati2, Nizarli3, Faisal Amir2 Turbidity Measurement Using An Optical Tomography System Sallehuddin Ibrahim*, Mohd Amri Md Yunus, Mohd Taufiq Mohd Khairi The Effect of Important Parameter in Simulation of Natural Gas flow through Underground Transmission Pipeline Hasan Eftekhari*1, Hamid Reza Rahbari2 ,Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord3 The Effect of Delignification on Paper Properties of Acetosolv Oil Palm Frond Fibers Pulp Nasrullah R.C.L*1,2, Wan Rosli Wan Daud2, I. Mazlan2, Teku M. Asnawi11,2, Adisalamun1 Synthesis and Characteristics of Modified Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Rozanna Dewi*1, Harry Agusnar2, Basuki Widyosentono2, Halimah2

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TECHNICAL PROGRAM OF THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ON SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS (ChESA), BANDA ACEH, 18-19 SEPTEMBER 2013 Wedneday , 18 September 2013 Opening Season 08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 09.04 09.04 – 09.10 09.10 – 09.15 09.15 – 09.20 09.20 – 09.25 09.25 – 09.40 09.40 – 09.45 09.45 – 10.10 Seminar Season 10.10-10.40

Moderator

Registration Session MC (Izzan) Reciting Al-Quran (M. Mufid Al Izza) Organizing Committee Report Dr. M. Faisal, Chairman Seminar Committee Welcome To Aceh by Governor of Aceh Welcome Speech Prof. Dr. Samsul Rizal, M. Eng, Rector of Syiah Kuala University and opening sign by Rapai Art Performing (Aceh Dance) Photo session Coffee break and Poster Session 1 Keynote Lecture 1 : Prof. Dr. Koichi Fujie Title: Evaluation and Reduction of Whole Effluent Toxicity in Sewage Treatments for Effective Use of Limited Water Resources (Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan)

10.40-11.10

Keynote Lecture 2 : Prof. Dr. Ichiro Naruse Title: Resources, Energy and Environment (Energy Science Division, EcoTopia Science Institute Nagoya University Resources, Energy and Environment Energy Science Division, EcoTopia Science Institute Nagoya University)

11.10-11.40

Keynote Lecture 3 : Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia)

11.40-11.45 11.45-12.30

Oral Session Preparation Oral Session 1 Room 1 (3 presenter) Room 2 (3 presenter) Lunch break Oral Session 2 Room 1: 1 long & 10 short presenter Room 2 (5 presenter) Coffee break and Poster Session 2 Oral Session 3 Room 1 Room 2 (5 presenter) Gala Dinner/Banquet / Best Poster Award and (Art Performance, Aceh Dance)

12-30-14.00 14.00-15.15 15.15-15.30 15.30-16.45 19.30

–

22.00

–

09.50

09.50 – 10.10 10.10 – 10.15 10.15 – 11.45

MC

Committee

Prof. Dr. Y.H. TaufiqYap

Committee Room 3 (3 presenter) Committee Room 3 (5 presenter) Room 3 (5 presenter)

Thursday, 19 September 2013 09.00 – 09.30 Keynote Lecture 4 : Prof. Dr. Hideto Matsuyama Title: Several Approaches of Membrane Fouling Reduction in Water Treatment (Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan) 09.30

Committee MC

Moderator Dr. Abrar Muslim, M.Eng .

Keynote Lecture 5 : Assc. Prof. Dr. Kazuhiko Nishi Title: Potential of an asymmetrical agitation in industrial mixing (Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan Coffee break Committee Oral Session 4 Preparation Oral Session 4 Room 1 (7 presenter) Room 2 (8 presenter) Room 2 (7 presenter)

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11.50 – 12.30 14.00 – 18.00

Lunch break Conference Tour

Committee Detailed Schedule For Oral Session (Wednesday, 18 September 2013)

Room I, Coordinator : Wahyu Rinaldi, ST., M.Sc./Dr. Cut Meurah Rosnelly, MT. Topic: 1. Separation and Purification (SP) Oral Session 1 Time: 11.45-12.30 Moderator : Dr. M. Faisal, ST. M.Eng. Time Code Presenter Institution 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah 11.45 – 12.00 SP-01 Bastian Arifin1, Sri 1 2 Aprilia , Amri Amin , Kuala University,Darussalam, Banda Aceh Fauzi Muhammad 23111, Indonesia 2Engineering Faculty of Abulyatama University, Djuned3 Banda Aceh-Indonesia 3Bioresource division School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Penang-Malaysia 12.00 – 12.15 SP-02 A.Azarmehr National Iranian Gas Company 12.15– 12.30

SP-03

12.30-14.00

Lunch break

Aswati Mindaryani1, M. Arif Wibisono2

Oral Session 2; Time: 14.00-15.15 Moderator : Dr. M. Dani Supardan, ST., MT 14.00 – 14.15 SP-04 Reyhane Saadi1, Zahra Saadi1, Reza Fazaeli2

1Chemical

Engineering Dept, University of Gadjah Mada 2Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Dept., University of Gadjah Mada

1Department

of Chemical engineering, Faculty of engineering, South Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran, , Iran 2Department of Chemical engineering, Faculty of engineering, South Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran

14.15 – 14.45

See detail

15.30 – 15.45 19.30 – 22.00

Coffee break and Poster Session 1 Gala Dinner/Banquet (Art Performance, Aceh Dance)

Title Hybrid Water Treament System by Conventional Method and Ultrafiltration Membranes

Advantages of DEA over MEA for Sweetening Unit of a Gas Plant Absorption of CO2 from biogas with banana stems ash solution in preparation for power generation

Adsorption of Ni (II) onto Nanostructured γ-alumina in a Fixed-bed Column

Short Oral Presentation

Room II, Coordinator : Dr. Hesti Meilina, ST., MP./Ir. Pocut Nurul Alam, MT. Topic: 1. Material Sci. Eng, Polymer and Petrochemical Technology (MPPT); 2. Agro Industrial Technology (AIT) Oral Session 1; Time : 11.45-12.30 Moderator : Zuhra, ST. M.Sc. Time Code Presenter Institution Title 1 Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti 11.45 – 12.00 MPPT-01 Nurul Shuhada Mohd The Chemical Compound Makhtar1*, Miradatul Teknologi Mara Shah Alam, 40450, Malaysia Presence in Green Material Najwa Muhd Rodhi1, Derived From Tacca Mohibah Musa1, Ku leontopetaloides Starch: Halim Ku Hamid1 FT-IR Analysis 12.00 – 12.15 MPPT-02 Arina Binti Abdullah, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Direct Current Ms. Norhayati Binti Teknologi Mara Electrophoretic Deposition Talib, and Noor Fitrah (DC-EPD) of TiO2/Activated Binti Abu Bakar Carbon Composite in Non-

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Time

Code

12.15– 12.30

MPPT-03

12.30-14.00

Lunch break

Presenter Yohandri Bow, Ibnu Hajar, Rusdianasari

Institution Department of Chemical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Sriwijaya, Palembang 30139, Indonesia

Oral Session 2; Time :14.00-15.15: Material Sci. Eng, Polymer and Petrochemical Technology (MPPT) Moderator : Dr. Mahidin, ST. M.Eng. 1 Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University 14.00 – 14.15 MPPT-04 Nur Azrini Ramlee*1, Chantara Thevy Technology MARA Shah Alam, 40450 Shah Ratnam2, Nur Alam, Selangor, Malaysa. Hashimah Alias1, Mohd 2 Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Faizal Abd Rahman2 Malaysia), Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia. 14.15 – 14.30 MPPT-05 Renita Manurung, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahmad Rozi Tanjung, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 50239, Ida Ayuningrum Indonesia 14.30 – 14.45

MPPT-06

14.45 – 15.00

MPPT-07

15.10 – 15.15

MPPT-08

15.15 – 15.30

Rohaizu. R., Wanrosli W. D.

M. Nizar Machmud1,, Reza Fahmi2, Rohana Abdullah3,4, Coco Kokarkin5

Nurul Amira Shazwani, Z.*, Ku Halim, K.H., Mohibah, M., Miradatul Najwa, M.R. Coffee break and Poster Session 2

School of Industial Technologies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang

1Department

of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Syiah Kuala, Jln. Tgk. Syech Abdurrauf No. 7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111 Indonesia 2Undergraduate student at Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Syiah Kuala, Jln. Tgk. Syech Abdurrauf No. 7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111 Indonesia 3Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bandung Raya, Jln. Cikutra No. 171 Bandung, 40124 Indonesia 4Post Graduate Student at Post Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, 45363 Indonesia 5Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Balai Budidaya Air Payau (BAP) Ujung Batee, Jln. Krueng Raya Km. 16, Ujung Batee, PO. BOX. 46, Banda Aceh, 23000 Indonesia Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

xvi

Title Aqueous Suspension with Different Applied Voltages Modified Carbon Composite Electrode with Zeolit in Degradation of Dissolved Chlorine

Dynamic Mechanical and Gel Content Properties of Irradiated ENR/PVC blends with TiO2 Nanofillers Effect of Concentration of Catalyst (BF3-Diethyl Etherate) on Synthesis of Polyester From Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Production of iridescence nanocellulose film from oil palm empty fruit bunch microcrystalline cellulose (OPEFB-MCC) Characteristics of Red Algae Bioplastics/Latex Blends under Tension

Study on the Effect of Calcination Temperature of Agarwood Waste for Silica Production

Oral Session 3; Time :15.30-16.45 Topic: 1. Material Sci. Eng, Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering (MPPE); 2. Agro Industrial Technology (AIT) Moderator : Dr. Nasrul A.R, ST. M.T 15.30 – 15.45 MPPT-09 Fauzi Muhammad Bioresource, Paper and Coating Department, Cellulose Diacetate from Oil Djuned, Teku School of Industfial Tecknologi, Universiti Sains Palm empty fruit bunches Muhammad Asnawi, Malaysia. Wan Rosli Wan Daud 1Department of Chemistry, FKIP Syiah Kuala 15.45– 16.00 MPPT-10 Abdul Gani Haji1, Characterization of 2 Gustan Pari , University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, activated carbon produced Muhammad Nazar1 and Indonesia from urban organic waste 2Forest Product Research and Development Habibati1 Center, Bogor, Indonesia 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, 16.00 – 16.15 MPPT-11 M. Nizar Machmud ,1, Alternative Fiber Source 2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Syiah from Gracilaria Sp and Fauzan Fadi , Zahrul Kuala, Jln. Tgk. Syech Abdurrauf No. 7, Eucheuma Cottonii for Fuadi 1, Coco Kokarkin 3 Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111 Indonesia Papermaking 2 Undergraduate student at Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Syiah Kuala, Jln. Tgk. Syech Abdurrauf No. 7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111 Indonesia 3 Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Balai Budidaya Air Payau (BAP) Ujung Batee, Jln. Krueng Raya Km. 16, Ujung Batee, PO. BOX. 46, Banda Aceh, 23000 Indonesia 1 Department of of Telecom, South Pars Gas 16.15 – 16.30 MPPT-12 Hefzollah Analysis the Different Types Mohammadian *1, Complex, Azad University of Bushehr, Iran. of Nano Sensors on Based 2 Department of Instrument, South Pars Gas Mohammad Bagher of Structure and it’s Heidari 1, Elaheh Complex, Shiraz University, Iran Applications on Nano Esfandiarijahromi 2 Electronics 16.30 – 16.45 AIT-01 Arina Sauki*1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering,Universiti Utilization of Agarwood Muhammad Hazman Teknologi MARA,40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Distillation Waste in Oilwell Md Shahid1, Ku Halim Malaysia. Cement and Its Effect on Ku Hamid1, Azlinda Free Water and Porosity Azizi1, Siti Khatijah Jamaludin1, Tengku Amran Tengku Mohd1, Nur Hashimah Alias 19.30 – 22.00 Gala Dinner/Banquet (Art Performance, Aceh Dance) Room III. Coordinator : Ir. Yanna Syamsuddin, M.Sc./Zuhra, ST. MSc. Topic: 1. Environmental & Safety Technology (EST); 2. Waste Treatment and Management (WTM), 3. Environmental Modeling EM). Oral Session 1; Time: 11.45-12.30 Moderator : Dr. Suhendrayatna, M.Eng. Time Code Presenter Institution 11.45 – 12.00 EST-01 Nur Fatin Dahlia, M.S*1, 1 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Ku Halim, K.H2 Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia 2 Center of Environmental Research, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia 12.00 – 12.15 EST -02 Nurhaslina C.R, Faculty of Chemical Engineering

xvii

Title Development of Empty Fruit Bunch as Bio-Matrix for Methane Production from Aged Leachate in an Anaerobic Digester (EE) Decolorization of Textile

12.15– 12.30

12.30-14.00

EST -03

Nazihah M.

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor

Wastewater Using Lactobacillus delbrueckii

Hisbullah and Syahiddin Dahlan Said*

Department of Chemical Engineering University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Effect of Baffled Bioreactor Compartment Design on COD Removal Performance: A Preliminary Study

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Kimia, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Mercury Emission from Kapar Energy Ventures (KEV) Power Plant Using Coal as Combustion Media Coagulant from Chemically Modified Fish Scale for Textile Wastewater Treatment Physical And Biology Pretreatment of Water Hyacinth Biomass For Cellulase Enzymes Production From Aspergillus Niger And Trichoderma Reesei Application of Electrocoagulation Process for Coal Stockpile Wastewater Treatment

Lunch break

Oral Session 2; Time: 14.00-15.15 Moderator : Dr. Syaifullah Muhammad, ST. M.Sc. 14.00 – 14.15 EST-04 Kamariah Noor Ismail, Ku Halim Ku Hamid, Nurul Huda Abdullah, Mohibah Musa 14.15 – 14.30 EST- 05 Siti Salwa Abdullah, Ku Halim Ku Hamid, Hanafiah Zainal Abidin, Mohibah Musa 14.30 – 14.45 EST-06 Feni Amriani*1, 2 Fatimah , Iriany3

14.45 – 15.00

WTM-01

Rusdianasari1, Susila Arita2, Eddy Ibrahim3, Ngudiantoro4

15.00 – 15.15

EM -01

Eddy Kurniawan*, Erna Maulinda, Amri Aji

15.15 – 15.30

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Kimia, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Sumatera, Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, Indonesia

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Sriwijaya, Palembang 30139, Indonesia Doctoral Candidate of Environmental Science, Sriwijaya University, Palembang 30139, Indonesia 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia 3 Department of Mining Engineering, Sriwijaya Universiy, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia 4 Department of Mathematics, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia Department of Chemical Engineering, Malikussaleh University, Reuleut, Aceh Utara 24351, Indonesia

The Mathematical Model of Reduced Levels of Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate Fertilizer Industry Wastewater Using Activated Charcoal from Waste Coffee Grounds

Coffee break and Poster Session 2

Oral Session 3; Time: 15.30-16.45 : 1. Clean Energy Technology, 2. Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CE-CR) Moderator : Dr. Farid Mulana, ST. M.Eng. aDoctoral Candidate of Enviromental Science, 15.30 – 15.45 CECR-01 Muhammad Yerizama, Muhammad Faizalb, Sriwijaya University Chemical Engineering Marsic, Noviab Depertement of State Polytechnic of Sriwijaya, Jl. Srijaya Negara. Bukit Besar, Palembang

xviii

Composition Variation Effect of Rice Straw and Coconut Shell to Biobriquette Characteristics

15.45– 16.00

CECR-02

Husni Husin*1, Mahidin1, Zuhra1, Fikri Hasfita2

16.00 – 16.15

CECR-03

Khairil *,1, Mahidin 2, Asri Gani 2 and Ibrahim 1

16.15 – 16.30

CECR-04

Mahidin*1, Asri Gani1, Abrar Muslim1, Husni Husin1, Khairil2

16.30 – 16.45

CECR-05

Nurhayati 1, Chieh-Lun Cheng 1, Jo-Shu Chang

19.30 – 22.00

30139, Indonesia bDepartement of Chemical, Engineering Faculty, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662 cDepartement of Agriculture, Agriculture Faculty, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Malikussaleh University, Lhoekseumawe, Aceh Utara 24300, Indonesia

as Alternative Fuel

1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University,Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University,Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

Fundamental Study on Desulfurization Characteristics of Biobriquette at Low Temperature Using Calcium Based Adsorbent Development of Desulfurization Process for Bio-briquette Using Natural Calcium-based Adsorbent and Its Kinetics Evaluation for Design Purpose

1 Department

High-Productivity Ethanol Production by Modified PVA-Immobilized Zymomonas mobilis through Continuous Culture combining Vacuum Membrane Distillation under Very High Gravity Fermentation Conditions

of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, 1,2,3* Taiwan 2 Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan 3 Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan Gala Dinner/Banquet (Art Performance, Aceh Dance)

H2 evolution on Lanthanum and Carbon co-doped NaTaO3 Photocatalyst

Detailed Schedule For Short Oral Presentation Wednesday, 18 September 2013 Room 1; Time: 14.15 – 14.45 Moderator : Dr. M. Dani Supardan, ST. MT. Time Code Presenter 14.15-14.18 EST-07 Mikako Orikawa, Hirotsugu Kamahara, Yoichi Atsuta, Hiroyuki Daimon* 14.18-14.21 MPPT-13 Cut Meurah Rosnelly & Umi Fathanah 14.21-14.24

CECR-06

14.24-14.27

EST-09

Mahlinda and Rifki

Izarul Machdar *, Wahyu Rinaldi

Institution Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi-shi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University,Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia Institute For Industrial Research and Standardization of Banda Aceh Jl. Cut Nyak Dhien No.377 Lamteumen Timur Banda Aceh Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University,Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

xix

Title Application of Hydrothermal Treatment on High Concentrated Sewage Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion Process Purification of Sugar Cane Juice by Ultrafiltration Membrane Development Of Semiautomatic Biodiesel Apparatus Based In Control Relay Assessment of Water Balance in a Small Island: A case Study in Sabang Island, Aceh

Time

Code

14.27-14.30

CECR-07

14.30-14.33

FB-07

14.33-14.36

MPPT-14

14.36-14.39

EST-10

14.39-14.42

EST-11

Presenter

Institution

M. Husin Ismayanda , Cut Meurah Rosnelly

Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University,Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

Asri Gani*1, Husni2, Akhmad Baihaqi 3, M. Faisal1

1Department

Umi fathanah, Mirna Rahmah Lubis, Cut Meurah Rosnelly, Ryan Maulana M. Faisal*1, Hiroyuki Daimon2, Koichi Fujie3

M. Faisal*1, Izarul Machdar1, Farid Mulana1, Hiroyuki Daimon2

of Chemical Engineering, Kuala University, Aceh, Indonesia 2Department of Agrotechnology, Syiah University, Aceh, Indonesia 3Department of Agribusiness, Syiah University, Aceh, Indonesia Department of Chemical Engineering, Kuala University, Aceh, Indonesia

Syiah Kuala

Title Province Study On The Effect of KOH Catalyst On Biodiesel Preparation From Cotton Seed Oil In Stirred Tank Pyrolysis of Palm kernel Shell into Liquid Smoke: Potential Application for Biopesticides in Aceh Province

Kuala Syiah

Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Aceh, Indonesia; 2Department of Environmental and Life Science,Toyohashi University of Technology,Toyohashi, Japan; 3Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University,Yokohama, Japan 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Aceh, Indonesia 2Department of Environmental and Life Science,Toyohashi University of Technology,Toyohashi , Japan

Making and Characterizing Bioplastic from Cassava (manihot utilissima) Peel Starch with Sorbitol Plasticizer Removal of Organic Matter in Eutrophication Ponds at Various Oxygen Supply Conditions

Waste Management Option and Renewable Energy from Tofu Processing Waste in Banda Aceh City

Detailed Schedule For Oral Session Thursday, 19 September 2013 Room I, Coordinator : Dr. Cut Meurah Rosnelly, MT./ Wahyu Rinaldi, ST., M.Sc. Moderator : Prof. Dr. Bastian Arifin, M.Sc. Time Code Presenter Institution 09.00-09.50 Keynote Lecture 4 & 5 09.50-10.15 Coffee break: Oral Session 4: Time: 10.15-12.00 Topic: 1. Food and Biochemical Engineering (FB) 10.15 – 10.30 FB-01 Nur Afiqah Arham, Nurul Department of Chemical Engineering, Amal Nadhirah Mohamad, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam Junaidah Jai*, Jagannathan 40450, Malaysia Krishnan 10.30 – 10.45 FB-02

Wan Zahira Hanis Wan Zin *1, Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi1, Norazlina Idris 2

10.45 – 11.00 FB-03

Reiza Mutia*12, Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel1, Ida Idayu Muhammad1

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia 1 Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia 2 Scholarship Grantee of Amanah 1

xx

Title

Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Bioactive Component from Palm Leaves (Elaeis guineensis) Using Response Surface Methodology Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Crude Xylanase From Aspergilus niger

A Review On Cocoa Butter Equivalent Production Via Enzymatic Interesterification

11.00 – 11.15 FB-05

Irfan*1, Asmawati1, Fachrizal1, Cut Erika1

11.15 – 11.30 FB-06

Hamid Tavakolipour, Mohsen Mokhtarian

11.30-11.45

FB-07

11.45– 12.00

MPPT-15

Rafeqah Raslan*, Rahimah Mustafa, Nurul Nadia Azmi, Lim Ying Pei , Shareena Fairuz Abdul Manaf. Rozanna Dewi1, Harry Agusnar2, Basuki Widyosentono2, Halimah2

Pelalawan Foundation, Indonesia Department of agricultural Product Technology, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam , Malaysia 1Universitas

Malikussaleh, Sumatera Utara

2Universitas

Physicochemical properties of Pectin From cocoa Pod husk Extraction Time and pH Application of fuzzy logic system to monitoring equilibrium moisture content of pistachio powder during storage Analysis of the fouling mechanism during ultrafiltration of Momordica Charantia juice Synthesis and Characteristics of Modified Thermoplastic Starch (TPS)

12.00 – 13.30 Lunch break Room II, Coordinator : Ir. Pocut Nurul Alam, MT./ Dr. Hesti Meilina, ST., MP. Oral Session 4; Time: 10.15-12.15 Topic: 1. Fundamental of Chemical Engineering and applied Industry (ChEA), 2. Environment and Information Sciences (EIS) Moderator : Dr. Hesti Meilina, ST., MP. Time Code Presenter Institution Title 1 Department of Mechnical 10.15 – 10.30 ChEA-01 Meisam Sadi*1, Mahmood Numerical simulation of a vortex Farzaneh-Gord1, Koroush Engineering, Shahrood tube and study the interior Akhlaghi2, Hasan Eftekhari2 University,Semnan, Iran behavior of working fluid 2 South khorasan gas company, Iran 10.30 – 10.45 ChEA-02 Azlinda Azizi*1, Mohd Shahrul Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Agarwood Waste As a New Nizam Ibrahim 1, Ku Halim Ku Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Fluid Loss Control Agent in Hamid1, Arina Sauki1, Nurul Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Water Based Drilling Fluid Aimi Ghazali1, Tengku Amran Tengku Mohd1 10.45 – 11.00 ChEA--03 Kourosh Akhlaghi*1, 1 : National Iranian Gas Company, Feasibility of utilizing smallMahmood Farzaneh-Gord2, South Khorasan Gas Company, Iran scale liquefied natural gas cycle Mohammad Mohammadpour3 2,3: The Faculty of Mechanical in natural gas pressure Engineering, Shahrood University of reduction point Technology, Shahrood, Iran 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, 11.00 – 11.15 ChEA-04 Mariana*1, Farid Mulana1, Reaction Kinetics of Ca(OH)2 Purwana Satriyo2 Syiah Kuala University,Darussalam, and SiO2 in a Stirred Batch Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia Reactor 2 Department of Agriculture Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111 11.15 – 11.30 ChEA-05 Ali Haghtalab, Marziyeh Zare Tarbiat modares University Computation of Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids using Local Composition and Pitzer Models 11.30-11.45 EIS-01 Noorhazila Hamdan *, Ku Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Identification of Carcnogenic Halim Ku Hamid, Miradatul Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Volatile Organic Compounds in Najwa Muhd Rodhi, and Alam,45000,Malaysia New Car Cabin at Tropical Mohibah Musa Climate 11.45– 12.00 EIS-02 Zulfian1, Lindawati2, Nizarli3, Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Universitas The Study of Speech Faisal Amir2 Syiah Kuala1, Laboratorium Akustik, Intelligibility in the Al-Mizan Universitas Syiah Kuala2, Jurusan Mosque, Syiah Kuala University Arsitektur, Universitas Syiah Kuala3

xxi

12.00 – 12.15 ChEA-06

12.15–13.30

Nasrullah, R.C.L.1*, Wan Rosli Wan Daud2, I. Mazlan2, Teku M. Asnawi1,2, Adisalamun1

Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 2 Division of Bioresource, Paper and Coatings Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia. 1

The Effect of Delignification on Paper Properties of Acetosolv Oil Palm Frond Fibers Pulp

Lunch break:

Room III, Coordinator : Zuhra, ST. M. Sc./ Yanna Syamsuddin, M.Sc. Oral Session 4; Time 10.15-12.00 Topic: 1. Clean Energy Technology- Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CE-CR), 2. Process and Control Engineering (PC) Moderator: Dr. Husni Husin, M.T. Time Code Presenter Institution Title 10.15 – 10.30 CECR-08 Z.A Shajaratun Nur1,2, 1 Catalysis Science and Technology Research Transesterification Reaction Y.H. Taufiq-Yap *1,2, Centre, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra of Palm Oil via Modified M.F. Rabiah Nizah1,2, Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Dolomites for Biodiesel 1,2 Malaysia. Production Aminul Islam 2 Department of Chemical, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Riau 10.30 – 10.45 CECR-09 Z. Helwania,*, N. Aziz Continuous biodiesel b, M.R. Othmanb University production in a fixed bed Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia. reactor with hydrotalcite bSchool of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains as a heterogeneous catalyst Malaysia14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. 10.45 – 11.00 CECR-10 M.F. Rabiah Nizaha,b , aCatalysis Science and Technology Research Transesterification of nonY.H. Taufiq-Yapa,b,* , Centre, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra edible Jatropha curcas oil to Z.A. Shajaratun Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, biodiesel using Bi2O3-La2O3 Nura,b, and Aminul Malaysia catalyst bDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islama,b Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 11.00 – 11.15 CECR-11 Rangga Budiawan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Riau Off-grade palm oil as a Zulfansyah, Z. University renewable raw material for Helwani* Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia. biodiesel production by two-step processes 1Jurusan 11.15 – 11.30 CECR-12 Novia1,3, Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, The Alkaline-Ozonolysis Hermansyah2,3 and Universitas Sriwijaya, Inderalaya, SUMSEL, Pretreatment and Arif Nurrahman 3 Indonesia Simultaneous 2 Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Saccharification And Sriwijaya, Inderalaya, SUMSEL, Indonesia Fermentation (SSF) For 3Jurusan Teknik Kimia, BKU Teknologi Lingkungan The Production of Program Pascasarjana UNSRI Bioethanol From Rice Straw 11.30– 11.45 PC-01 Sallehuddin Ibrahim*, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Turbidity Measurement Mohd Amri Md Yunus, Teknologi Malaysia,Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia Using An Optical Mohd Taufiq Mohd Tomography System Khairi 11.45– 12.00 PC-02 Hasan Eftekhari*1, 1 : National Iranian Gas Company, South The Effect of Important Hamid Reza Khorasan Gas Company, Iran Parameter in Simulation of Rahbari2 ,Mahmood 2,3 : Department of Mechanical Engineering, Natural Gas flow through Farzaneh-Gord3 Shahrood University of Technology,Shahrood, Iran Underground Transmission Pipeline 12.00 – 13.30 Lunch break 14.00– 18.00 Conference Tour

xxii

The 7th International Conference of Chemical Engineering on Science and Applications

Off-grade palm oil as a renewable raw material for biodiesel production by two-step processes Rangga Budiawana, Zulfansyaha, Warman Fatrab, Z. Helwania * a

Department of Chemical Engineering, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia.

b

Abstract One source of vegetable oil that hasn’t been used and generated from sortation process in palm oil mill is off-grade oil palm fruit. Availability of off-grade oil palm fruit is about 7-10% for a Palm Oil Mill with capacity 30 ton per hour and has potential to cause environmental pollution. The objective of this research were to produce biodiesel from off-grade oil palm fruit by two step reaction, to characterize and to study the effect of transesterification process condition such as, concentration of NaOH catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oil and reaction temperature on yield, acid number, density and viscosity of biodiesel. Experimental design determined by Central Composite Design (CCD) with three variables. The impact of process condition to responses were analyzed using a statistical software (Design Expert 6.0). The result showed that the highest yield of biodiesel obtained is 93,45% with molar ratio of methanol to oil of 10:1, reaction temperature at 50°C and 0,75% (w/w) of NaOH. The most influence factor are concentration of NaOH catalyst and reaction temperature. The characteristic of biodiesel such as acid value, density, viscosity and flash point has met the standard biodiesel of Indonesia. In this research, various process conditions is not significantly affected the characteristics of biodiesel. Keywords : biodiesel, off-grade oil palm fruit, esterification, transesterification .

1

Pendahuluan

Sawit off-grade merupakan salah satu sumber minyak nabati yang belum termanfaatkan dan berasal dari sisa sortasi di Pabrik Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Sawit off-grade terdiri dari buah muda, abnormal, lewat matang dan busuk. Pengolahan buah muda dan abnormal akan menghasilkan yield CPO yang rendah sedangkan pengolahan buah lewat matang dan busuk akan menghasilkan minyak berkadar asam lemak bebas (ALB) >5% [Arifin, 2009]. Biasanya, sawit off-grade harus dikembalikan ke penjual. Selanjutnya penjual akan menjual kembali ke pengepul sawit dengan harga murah. Sawit off-grade yang tidak terjual akan ditumpuk atau dibakar di areal perkebunan tanpa ada pemanfaatan lanjut. Jumlah ketersediaan sawit off-grade cukup banyak yaitu sekitar 7-10% untuk sebuah Pabrik CPO dengan kapasitas olah 30 ton perjam [Arifin, 2009]. Penjualan sawit dengan harga murah akan mengakibatkan kerugian petani. Sementara itu, sawit off-grade yang dibiarkan terus menumpuk atau dibakar di perkebunan menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan. Penumpukan sawit off-grade mengakibatkan bau yang tidak sedap sedangkan pembakaran sawit off-grade mengakibatkan polusi udara. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pemanfaatan sawit off-grade menjadi produk yang lebih bernilai. Di Indonesia, sumber bahan baku pembuatan biodiesel berasal dari CPO yang merupakan bahan baku utama minyak goreng dan produk pangan lainnya. Menurut data, konsumsi biodiesel Indonesia mengalami peningkatan dari 217 kiloliter (kL) pada tahun 2006 menjadi 4.394 kL pada tahun 2010 dan diperkirakan akan terus mengalami peningkatan [Ditjen. EBTKE., 2011]. Sehingga, dikhawatirkan penggunaan CPO sebagai bahan baku biodiesel akan berdampak pada harga produk pangan. Dengan demikian, dibutuhkan sumber minyak nabati lainnya yang murah atau bahkan belum termanfaatkan seperti sawit off-grade. Pembuatan biodiesel difokuskan dari bahan baku yang murah, ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan [Hayyan dkk., 2011] karena 60-80% biaya total produksi biodiesel berasal dari bahan baku [Helwani dkk., 2009]. Penggunaan sawit off-grade dapat mengurangi biaya produksi


biodiesel karena sawit off-grade dijual dengan harga 30-40% lebih murah dibandingkan sawit layak olah [Arifin, 2009]. Namun, tidak mudah untuk mengolah sawit off-grade karena kadar ALB-nya yang tinggi. Dengan demikian, diperlukan teknologi yang lebih efektif dan efisien untuk mengolah sawit off-grade menjadi biodiesel. Biodiesel umumnya diproduksi melalui reaksi transesterifikasi minyak dan alkohol menggunakan katalis natrium hidroksida [Marchetti dkk., 2007]. Metode ini dilakukan pada minyak dengan ALB dibawah 1% [Zhang dkk., 2003]. Penggunaan minyak berkadar ALB diatas 1% membutuhkan perlakuan awal untuk menurunkan kadar ALB karena pengolahan minyak berkadar ALB tinggi dapat menghasilkan produk samping berupa sabun sehingga menurunkan yield dan mempersulit proses pemisahan [Canakci dkk., 1999]. Sehingga diperlukan suatu metode perlakuan awal bahan baku yang tepat untuk menurunkan kadar ALB dalam minyak sebelum transesterifikasi berkatalis basa. Beberapa metode perlakuan awal bahan baku telah diteliti untuk menurunkan kadar ALB dalam minyak. Seperti distilasi uap, ekstraksi dengan alkohol dan esterifikasi berkatalis asam. Meskipun distilasi uap dapat menurunkan kadar ALB, namun membutuhkan suhu yang tinggi dan efisiensi yang rendah. Sementara itu, metode ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut sangat rumit dan terbatasya kelarutan ALB dalam alkohol menyebabkan banyaknya kebutuhan alkohol yang diperlukan sebagai pelarut. Jika dibandingkan dari dua metode sebelumnya, maka esterifikasi berkatalis asam merupakan cara yang paling tepat karena dapat mengkonversi ALB menjadi biodiesel [Leung dkk., 2010]. Dengan demikian, diperlukan dua reaksi bertahap untuk mengkonversi minyak dengan kadar ALB tinggi menjadi biodiesel yaitu esterifikasi berkatalis asam dilanjutkan dengan transesterifikasi berkatalis basa. Penggunaan dua reaksi bertahap dapat diterapkan pada bahan baku biodiesel yang berkadar asam lemak bebas tinggi seperti minyak dari sawit off-grade. Sementara itu, katalis seperti H2SO4 dan NaOH lebih dipilih karena murah dan banyak tersedia dibandingkan dengan katalis heterogen [Leung dkk., 2010]. Saat ini, pembuatan biodiesel dari sawit off-grade melalui reaksi dua reaksi bertahap belum diketahui yield maupun karakteristiknya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang pembuatan biodiesel melalui dua reaksi bertahap dari sawit off-grade.

2

Metode Penelitian

2.1 Bahan Dan Alat Minyak diperoleh melalui ekstraksi sawit off-grade dengan menggunakan spindle pres. Reaksi esterifikasi dilangsungkan dengan katalis asam pekat yaitu asam sulfat (H2SO4) dilanjutkan dengan transesterifikasi berkatalis basa yaitu Natrium Hidroksida (NaOH). Sementara itu, metanol ditambahkan sebagai reaktan. Adapun alat yang digunakan pada proses pembuatan biodiesel dari sawit off-grade yaitu labu leher tiga bervolume 500 ml sebagai reaktor batch yang dilengkapi dengan kondensor dan termometer. Sebagai sumber panas dan pengaduk digunakan hotplate dengan magnetic stirrer. Rangkaian alat penelitian ditampilkan pada Gambar 1.


6

5

4

1 7

2

3

Temp

Speed

Keterangan : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Labu Leher Tiga Magnetic Stirrer Hotplate Stirrer Termometer Kondensor Statif Penangas Air

Gambar 1. Rangkaian alat penelitian 2.2 Prosedur Penelitian Prosedur pembuatan biodiesel dari sawit off-grade terdiri dari tiga tahap utama yaitu : 2.2.1 Ekstraksi minyak dari mesocarp sawit off-grade Sawit off-grade dicacah dan disterilisasi. Selanjutnya brondolan dibungkus dengan kain tipis kemudian diekstraksi menggunakan spindle pres. Minyak hasil ekstraksi sawit off-grade kemudian disaring dengan penyaring berukuran 60 mesh serta diuji angka asam dan kadar airnya. 2.2.2 Dua reaksi bertahap a.

Esterifikasi

Proses esterifikasi dilangsungkan dalam labu leher tiga sebagai reaktor. Minyak hasil ekstraksi sawit off-grade dimasukan ke dalam reaktor dan pemanas dinyalakan hingga suhu minyak mencapai suhu reaksi. Setelah suhu reaksi tercapai, dilanjutkan dengan mencampurkan katalis asam sulfat dan metanol yang telah diukur sebelumnya. Kondensor dipasang dan pengaduk mulai dijalankan pada kecepatan sekitar 400 rpm. Reaksi berlangsung selama 1 jam. Setelah itu, campuran didiamkan dalam corong pemisah selama 1 jam hingga terbentuk dua lapisan. Lapisan bagian atas yang berupa metanol berlebih dipisahkan dengan lapisan bawah. b.

Transesterifikasi

Lapisan bawah hasil esterifikasi dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor dan dipanaskan sesuai suhu reaksi yang telah ditentukan. Selanjutnya, dicampurkan dengan campuran metanol dan katalis NaOH yang telah diukur sesuai dengan variabel penelitian. Kondensor dipasang dan pengaduk dijalankan pada kecepatan sekitar 400 rpm. Biarkan reaksi berlangung selama 1 jam. Campuran dimasukkan ke dalam corong pisah dan biarkan selama 8 jam hingga terbentuk dua lapisan.


Lapisan atas yang terbentuk akan dilanjutkan ke tahap pemisahan dan pemurnian biodiesel. Untuk lebih jelasnya, prosedur pembuatan biodiesel dari sawit off-grade ditampilkan pada Gambar 2. Sawit Off-grade

Ekstraksi

Ampas

Minyak Metanol

Esterifikasi

Metanol

Pemisahan

H2SO4

Transesterifikasi

Metanol +NaOH

Pemisahan

Gliserol

Pemurnian

Sabun Metanol Sisa Air

Biodiesel

Gambar 2. Prosedur pembuatan biodiesel dari sawit off-grade 2.2.3 Pemisahan dan Pemurnian Biodiesel Campuran hasil transesterifikasi yang terdiri dari crude biodiesel dan gliserol dipisahkan dengan corong pemisah. Crude biodiesel selanjutnya dimurnikan dengan cara dicuci aquades hingga air pencuci jernih untuk melarutkan gliserol dan metanol sisa. Biodiesel dikeringkan di dalam oven bersuhu 105°C selama 60 menit kemudian ditimbang untuk menghitung yield dan dianalisis untuk mengetahui karakteristik biodiesel dari sawit off-grade. Yield biodiesel dihitung dengan persamaan 1 [Hayyan dkk., 2011] : Yield biodiesel =

Berat Biodiesel

x100%

(1)

Berat Bahan Baku (Minyak)

2.3 Rancangan Penelitian dan Analisis Data Kondisi proses yang dijaga konstan pada penelitian pembuatan biodiesel dari sawit offgrade terdiri dari berat minyak 100 gr, laju pengadukan 400 rpm, waktu masing-masing reaksi 1 jam dan kondisi proses esterifikasi meliputi konsentrasi katalis 1%-b, rasio molar metanol : minyak 12:1 dan suhu reaksi 60°C. Sedangkan kondisi proses yang divariasikan adalah kondisi proses transesterifikasi yang meliputi konsentrasi katalis NaOH 0,75-1,25%-b, rasio molar metanol : minyak 6:1-10:1 dan suhu reaksi 50-70oC. Jumlah tempuhan penelitian ditentukan dengan Central Composite Design (CCD) yang terdiri dari factorial design, star point dan central point. Factorial design didapat dari 2k faktorial, yang mana k merupakan jumlah variabel berubah. Pada penelitian ini terdapat 3 variabel berubah yaitu konsentrasi katalis NaOH (ξ1), rasio molar (ξ2) dan suhu reaksi transesterifikasi (ξ3), sehingga didapatkan factorial design (nf) berjumlah 8 titik. Batasan level untuk setiap variabel


dinyatakan dengan α = (nf)1/4, sehingga pada penelitian ini didapatkan nilai α = 1,682. Sebaran tempuhan rancangan penelitian berdasarkan CCD ditampilkan pada Gambar 3.

+α -α

+α

-α (0,0,0)

+α -α

Gambar 3. Sebaran tempuhan rancangan penelitian [Montgomery, 1991] Rentang coded variables dikodekan ke dalam rentang (-1, 0, 1) untuk memudahkan pengolahan data. Sehingga hubungan antara natural variables (ξi) dan coded variables (Xi) dapat dinyatakan pada persamaan 2 dan 3. Xi 

ξi - ξi mid .

(2)

ξi mid . - ξi low

Yang mana, ξi mid 

ξi high  ξi low

(3)

2

Tempuhan rancangan penelitian dengan CCD ditampilkan pada Tabel 1. Untuk mendapatkan variasi respon, maka dilakukan perulangan sebanyak satu kali. Pengolahan dan analisis data hasil penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan aplikasi Design Expert 6.0.

Perlakuan Konsentrasi Katalis (X1) Rasio Molar (X2) Suhu Reaksi (X3)

Tabel 1 Tempuhan rancangan penelitian Level Satuan -α -1 0 1 %-b 0,58 0,75 1 1,25 mol 1:5 1:6 1:8 1:10 o C 43 50 60 70

+α 1,42 11 77

Data hasil penelitian kemudian dianalisis untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari konsentrasi katalis, rasio molar dan suhu reaksi terhadap yield, angka asam, densitas dan viskositas biodiesel. Pengolahan data menghasilkan model matematis orde dua (ditampilkan pada persamaan 4) dan koefisien-koefisien model akan diprediksi dengan metode regresi multivariabel. η = βo + β1X1 + β2X2 +β3X3 + β11X12 + β22X22 + β33X32 + β12X1X2 + β13X1X3 + β23X2X3 Dimana : η

= fungsi respon teoritis

(4)


βo, βii, βij Xi 3.

= koefisien-koefisien model = coded variable

Hasil dan Pembahasan

3.1 Ekstraksi Minyak Sawit Off-grade Sawit off-grade terlebih dahulu dibanting-banting (threshing) untuk melepaskan brondolan dari tandan. Selanjutnya, brondolan dimasukkan ke dalam dandang dan dikukus selama 120 menit, suhu steam sekitar 100°C dan tekanan 1 atm. Penurunan kadar air pada berondolan sawit sebesar 3% selama proses sterilisasi. Brondolan yang telah disterilisasi selanjutnya diekstraksi secara mekanis menggunakan spindle pres. Perolehan minyak sawit off-grade dari hasil ekstraksi menggunakan spindle pres adalah sebesar 10%. Minyak sawit off-grade selanjutnya dianalisis untuk mengetahui angka asam dan kadar airnya. Karakteristik minyak dari sawit off-grade ditampilkan pada Tabel 2.

No. 1 2 3 4

Tabel 2. Karakteristik Minyak dari Sawit Off-grade Karakteristik Satuan Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas % Kadar Air % Densitas (40°C) kg/m3 Viskositas Kinematik (40oC) mm2/s

Nilai 11,6 1,47 902,92 13,27

Minyak sawit off-grade yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini memiliki kadar ALB yang tinggi (11,6%). Tingginya kadar asam lemak bebas pada minyak membutuhkan perlakuan awal sebelum masuk proses pembuatan biodiesel. Sedangkan kadar air yang ada dalam minyak dari sawit cukup tinggi yaitu 1,47%. Untuk mengurangi kadar air maka diperlukan proses pemanasan hingga suhu minyak 70°C selama 15 menit. 3.2 Esterifikasi Esterifikasi telah menurunkan kadar asam lemak bebas dari 11,5% menjadi 1,3%. Konversi asam lemak bebas menjadi alkil ester adalah 88%. Hasil ini lebih rendah dengan hasil penelitian Hayyan dkk. [2011] yang mendapatkan penurunan kadar ALB dari 23,2% menjadi 1,3% pada rasio molar 1:12 suhu reaksi 60°C dan laju pengadukan sekitar 400 rpm. Konversi ALB menjadi alkil ester yang diperoleh sebesar 94%. Konversi yang diperoleh belum maksimum karena belum diketahui kondisi optimal untuk esterifikasi sehingga masih terdapat kadar ALB yang tidak terkonversi. Namun, hasil ini lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan penelitian Charoenchaitrakool dan Thienmethangkoon [2011] yang mendapatkan konversi ALB menjadi biodiesel sebesar 84,58% pada kondisi proses konsentrasi katalis asam sulfat 0,68%-b, rasio molar dan suhu reaksi 51°C dan rasio molar 6,1:1 selama 1 jam. 3.3 Yield dan Karakteristik Biodiesel 3.3.1 Yield Biodiesel Pada pembuatan biodiesel dari sawit off-grade, yield biodiesel berkisar antara 65,68% 93,45%. Yield biodiesel tertinggi sebesar 93,45% dihasilkan pada konsentrasi katalis 0,75%-b rasio molar metanol : minyak 10:1 dan suhu reaksi 50°C. Sedangkan yield biodiesel terendah sebesar 65,68% diperoleh pada konsentrasi katalis 1,25%-b, rasio molar metanol : minyak 10:1 dan suhu reaksi 70°C. Jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian sebelumnya, maka yield yang


Tabel 4. Hasil penelitian pada berbagai kondisi proses Angka Asam Run 3 mgξ1 ξ2 ξ3 X1 X2 X3 (%) cSt kg/m KOH/g 1 0,75 6 50 -1 -1 -1 84,02 85,10 857 861 2,39 2,34 0,67 0,67 2 1,25 6 50 1 -1 -1 69,87 70,85 861 861 2,38 2,35 0,69 0,48 3 0,75 10 50 -1 1 -1 93,45 92,40 859 861 2,42 2,35 0,62 0,46 4 1,25 10 50 1 1 -1 76,16 75,51 861 863 2,35 2,38 0,59 0,54 5 0,75 6 70 -1 -1 1 88,04 81,39 861 863 2,36 2,38 0,72 0,66 6 1,25 6 70 1 -1 1 70.69 70,72 865 859 2,46 2,32 0,66 0,66 7 0,75 10 70 -1 1 1 71,92 70,69 863 863 2,39 2,38 0,53 0,40 8 1,25 10 70 1 1 1 65,28 66,51 859 863 2,40 2,38 0,58 0,67 9 0,58 8 60 -1,682 0 0 92,52 92,85 863 867 2,39 2,41 0,40 0,67 10 1,42 8 60 1,682 0 0 59,23 57,41 861 861 2,35 2,34 0,51 0,74 11 1 4,64 60 0 -1,682 0 86,66 87,59 863 861 2,36 2,35 0,41 0,43 12 1 11,36 60 0 1,682 0 82,20 83,34 863 863 2,39 2,39 0,55 0,67 13 1 8 43 0 0 -1,682 82,65 83,97 865 861 2,47 2,34 0,55 0,53 14 1 8 77 0 0 1,682 80,83 81,36 857 863 2,39 2,38 0,42 0,65 15 1 8 60 0 0 0 84,21 82,21 861 863 2,40 2,38 0,42 0,40 16 1 8 60 0 0 0 87,68 86,60 863 861 2,40 2,35 0,48 0,54 17dihasilkan 1 8 penelitian 60 0ini cukup 0 tinggi. 0 Charoenchaitrakool 84,92 88,43 859dan863 2,38 2,37 0,47[2011] 0,44 pada Thienmethangkoon optimasi biodiesel dari 83,82 waste 861 frying (ALB2,35 25,8%). 18telah 1melakukan 8 60 0 pembuatan 0 0 84,29 861oil 2,36 0,63 Hasil 0,47 penelitian diperoleh yield optimum sebesar 90,56%. Sedangkan Hayyan dkk. [2011] telah 19 1 8 60 0 0 0 82,67 83,28 863 861 2,40 2,37 0,54 0,62 melakukan penelitian biodiesel dari CPO parit dan hanya yield sebesar 87,23%. 20 1 8 60 0 0 0 86,03 85,78 memperoleh 863 863 2,39 2,36 0,57 0,45 Perolehan yield yang tinggi karena hampir tercapainya kondisi proses yang optimum sehingga hampir semua ALB dan trigiliserida terkonversi menjadi biodiesel dalam waktu 1 jam. Natural Variables

Coded Variables

Yield

Densitas

Viskositas

3.3.1 Karakteristik Biodiesel Adapun karakteristik biodiesel yang akan dibandingkan dengan SNI terdiri dari angka asam, densitas, viskositas dan titik nyala ditampilkan pada Tabel 3. Tabel 3. Perbandingan karakteristik biodiesel hasil penelitian dengan biodiesel standar dalam SNI 04-7182-2006. Karakteristik Densitas Viskositas Kinematik Titik Nyala Angka Asam

Satuan

SNI Biodiesel

Biodiesel Hasil Penelitian

kg/m3

850-890

857-867

mm2/s

2,3-6,0

2,32-2,46

°C mg-KOH/g

Min. 100 Max. 0,8

137 0,40-0,67

Dari hasil pengujian, biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini memiliki karakteristik seperti, angka asam 0,40-0,72 mg-KOH. Berarti, biodiesel tersebut tidak korosif dan tidak merusak injektor mesin diesel. Sementara itu densitas biodiesel berkisar 857-867 kg/m3. Biodiesel dengan


densitas dalam batas SNI dapat menghasilkan pembakaran yang sempurna. Menurut Prihandana dkk. [2006], biodiesel yang memiliki densitas melebihi ketentuan akan menghasilkan reaksi pembakaran tidak sempurna. Sehingga akan meningkatkan emisi dan keausan mesin. Viskositas kinematik biodiesel 2,32-2,46 mm2/s. Dengan nilai viskositas kinematik biodiesel sebesar 2,322,46 mm2/s maka tidak akan menganggu kinerja injektor mesin diesel. Sementara itu, dari hasil pengujian titik nyala diperoleh titik nyala sebesar 137°C. Titik nyala yang diatas ambang batas Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) membuat biodiesel aman dalam penyimpanan. 3.4 Desain dan Analisis Model Yield serta karakteristik Biodiesel

a. Rasio molar 6:1 10:1

b. Rasio molar 8:1

c.

Rasio

molar

Gambar 5. Grafik permukaan pengaruh kondisi konsentrasi katalis NaOH dan suhu reaksi terhadap angka asam Model polinomial orde dua digunakan untuk memperkirakan kelengkungan (curvature) dari biodiesel pada berbagai variasi rasio molar metanolpenelitian : minyak. dengan CCD. Sedangkan respon. Untuk desain model dua maka digunakan rancangan data hasil penelitian pada berbagai kondisi proses ditampilkan pada Tabel 4. Dari data hasil penelitian, dilakukan regresi polinomial orde dua untuk mendapatkan persamaan yang mendekati nilai masing-masing respon. Adapun respon dari penelitian ini yaitu yield biodiesel (y1), angka asam (y2), densitas (y3) dan viskositas (y4). Koefiesien masing masing persamaan yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan data ditampilkan ke dalam Tabel 5. Tabel 5. Koefisien-koefisien persamaan pada berbagai respon Respon Koefisien y1 y2 y3 -54,64 2,99 823,9 β0 52,86 -2,34 14,93 β1 13,27 -0,01 1,38 β2 2,85 -0,03 0,8 β3 1,43 0,08 -0,5 β12 0,59 0,01 -0,3 β13 -0,2 -0,01 -0,01 β23 -65,83 -0,61 2,84 β11 -0,19 0,04 0,01 β22 -0,02 2,36 -3,5 β33

y4 2,59 -0,03 0,02 -0,09 -0,08 -0,02 -0,002 0,03 0,005 0,0001


a. Rasio molar 6:1

b. Rasio molar 8:1

c. Rasio molar 10:1

Gambar 4. Grafik permukaan pengaruh kondisi konsentrasi katalis NaOH dan suhu reaksi terhadap yield biodiesel padaberbagai variasi rasio molar metanol : minyak. 3.4.1 Analisis Yield Biodiesel Pada perbandingan rasio molar metanol : minyak 6:1 (Gambar 4.a), peningkatan jumlah katalis akan menurunkan yield biodiesel sedangkan peningkatan suhu reaksi akan meningkatkan yield. Sementara itu pada perbandingan rasio molar 8:1 (Gambar 4.b), peningkatan jumlah katalis juga akan menurunkan yield biodiesel sedangkan peningkatan suhu tidak terlalu memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap yield biodiesel. Pada perbandingan rasio molar metanol : minyak 10:1 (Gambar 4.c), penurunan yield terjadi pada peningkatan konsentrasi katalis namun berbanding terbalik terhadap peningkatan suhu reaksi. Phan dan Phan [2008] telah mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi katalis KOH terhadap yield biodiesel dari minyak goreng bekas. Yield biodiesel menurun pada konsentrasi katalis 1 hingga 1,5%-b. Peningkatan jumlah katalis akan berdampak negatif terhadap yield biodiesel karena terjadinya reaksi pembentukan sabun (saponifikasi). Canakci dkk. [1999]


b. Rasio molar 8:1

c.

Rasio

molar

Gambar 6. Grafik permukaan pengaruh kondisi konsentrasi katalis NaOH dan suhu reaksi terhadap densitas biodiesel pada berbagai variasi rasio molar metanol : minyak. mengungkapkan bahwa penambahan konsentrasi katalis setelah dicapai kondisi maksimum hanya akan menyebabkan terbentuknya sabun sehingga menurunkan yield biodiesel dan mempersulit pemisahan. Selain itu, terbentuknya sabun juga akan menghambat pemisahan biodiesel dengan gliserol [Leung dkk., 2010]. Sementara itu, Phan dan Phan [2008] juga mengungkapkan penurunan yield terjadi pada suhu reaksi diatas 70°C karena sebagian metanol telah berkurang melalui penguapan.



b. Rasio molar 8:1

c.

Rasio

molar

Gambar 7. Pengaruh kondisi konsentrasi katalis NaOH dan suhu reaksi terhadap viskositas biodiesel pada berbagai variasi rasio molar metanol : minyak. 3.4.2 Analisis Angka Asam Pengaruh variasi rasio molar, konsentrasi katalis dan suhu reaksi terhadap angka asam biodiesel yang dipelajari tidak terlalu nyata. Angka asam biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini berkisar antara 0,4 hingga 0,67 mg-KOH/g (Gambar 5). Angka tersebut masih berada dalam kisaran standar angka asam biodiesel Indonesia (<0,8 mg-KOH/g). Angka asam meningkat seiring peningkatan konsentrasi katalis dan penurunan suhu reaksi. Namun Penggunaan berbagai kondisi proses transesterifikasi ternyata tidak menunjukkan peningkatan ataupun penurunan angka asam yang nyata. 3.4.3 Analisis Densitas Pengaruh variasi rasio molar, konsentrasi katalis dan suhu reaksi terhadap densitas yang dipelajari tidak terlalu nyata. Penggunaan berbagai kondisi proses transesterifikasi tidak menunjukan peningkatan ataupun penurunan yang nyata. Densitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini berkisar antara 857 hingga 867 kg/m3 (Gambar 6). Peningkatan densitas terjadi seiring peningkatan konsentrasi katalis NaOH dan suhu reaksi. Nilai densitas yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini masih berkisar pada nilai densitas biodiesel standar Indonesia (850-890 kg/m3). 3.4.4 Analisis Viskositas Pengaruh variasi kondisi proses terhadap viskositas biodiesel yang dipelajari tidak terlalu memberikan peningkatan atau penurunan viskositas yang nyata. Penggunaan berbagai kondisi proses transesterifikasi tidak menunjukan peningkatan ataupun penurunan yang nyata di setiap variasi rasio molar metanol : minyak. Viskositas bodiesel cendrung konstan pada peningkatan suhu 50 hingga 55°C dan meningkat tajam setelah kenaikan suhu 55°C hingga 70°C. Sedangkan penurunan viskositas terjadi pada setiap peningkatan konsentrasi katalis NaOH dari 0,75%-b hingga 1,25%-b. Viskositas biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini berkisar antara 2,32 hingga 2,46 mm2/s (Gambar 7). Nilai ini masih dalam batas nilai viskositas biodiesel standar Indonesia (2,3-6,0 mm2/s). 5. Kesimpulan Biodiesel dapat dihasilkan dari minyak hasil ekstraksi sawit off-grade melalui dua reaksi bertahap. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa peningkatan suhu reaksi diatas 60°C dan konsentrasi katalis diatas 0,75%-b akan mengakibatkan penurunan yield biodiesel. Sedangkan kondisi operasi tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap angka asam, densitas dan


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