DRS. BASUKI, MCOM(HONS)., PhD., Ak., CMA., CA Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

DRS. BASUKI, MCOM(HONS)., PhD., Ak., CMA., CA Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

BAGAIMANA KESAN BAPAK2/IBU2 TERHADAP JUDUL-JUDUL PENELITIAN BERIKUT?

01-Nov-16

Non Mainstream Research

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JUDUL-JUDUL PENELITIAN -1 1.

2.

3. 4. 5.

6.

01-Nov-16

PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN PEGAWAI MELALUI KOMPOSISI DANA, KOMPOSISI PEMBIAYAAN DAN KINERJA ORGANISASI PADA….. PENGARUH EXTRA ORDINARY RETAIL ENVIRONMENT TERHADAP RESPON KOGNITIF DAN RESPON EMOSIONAL DALAM MINAT MEMBELI PRODUK GROCERIES….. PENGARUH INSTRUMEN KEBIJAKAN FISKAL TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN EKONOMI DI KABUPATEN…. PENGARUH PROMOSI JABATAN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KINERJA KARYAWAN….. VARIABEL-VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENERIMAAN PAJAK DAERAH DAN PROSPEK PENINGKATANNYA DI KABUPATEN…. PENGARUH PENDAPATAN, LAMA KERJA, DAN STATUS FAMILI TERHADAP REMITAN TENAGA KERJA WANITA PROPINSI NTB


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JUDUL-JUDUL PENELITIAN -2 1. 2. 3.

4.

5.

6.

01-Nov-16

TAFSIR SOSIAL ATAS KONSEP AKUNTABILITAS DALAM PERSPEKTIF HERMENEUTIKA: STUDI PADA…. KEBIJAKAN ANGGARAN: AKSENTUASI DRAMA POLITIK DAN KEKUASAAN MEMBANGUN MODEL KONSEPTUAL SISTEM PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN BERBASIS SENI PERANG SUNZI DAN KITAB RAMAYANA WALMIKI REKONSTRUKSI PENILAIAN KINERJA LEMBAGA PERKREDITAN DESA DALAM PERSPEKTIF BUDAYA TRI HITA KARANA ECOEFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS EFFORTS TO PRODUCE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCT: AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY MENGUAK JEJAK TERBANG RAJAWALI AKUNTANSI: SUATU DINAMIKA PENERIMAAN PEMIKIRAN RISET AKUNTANSI PARADIGMA


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PERTANYAAN YANG SERING TIMBUL APA ITU PENELITIAN KUALITATIF?

APA PERBEDAAN PENELITIAN KUANTITATIF DAN KUALITATIF?

MANA YANG LEBIH BAIK ATAU BENAR ANTARA KEDUANYA?

01-Nov-16


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People in Physical Science

Scientific Method

ASK

1. Are Sociology and related Social science real Science? 2. Where is science in Social Science?

REACT

Why make social Science Scientific? Obviously not a Simple answer.

Up to 1800s: Philosophers and Religious scholars argued: “The social science could be studied using science”

Scientific Methods in Social Science

People in Social Science

Classical Social Theories

How is it conducted?

August Comte Emile Durkheim Karl Marx John Stuart Mill Max Weber

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The responses: What does such a science look alike?

Adopt Physical Science Non Mainstream Research

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Radical change

Radical humanist

Radical structuralist

Subjective

Objective

Interpretive

Functionalist

Regulation Non Mainstream Research 01-Nov-16

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THE THREE APPROACHES TO RESEARCH (1) POSITIVISM

INTERPRETATIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE

CRITICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

1. Reason for research

To discover natural laws so people can predict and control events

To understand and describe meaningful social science

To smash myths and empower people to change society radically

2. Natural of social reality

Stable pre existing patterns of order that can be discovered

Fluid definitions of a situation created by human interaction

Conflict filled and governed by hidden underlying structures

3. Natural of human being

Self-interested and rational individuals who are shaped by external forces

Social beings who create meaning and who constantly make sense of their world

Creative, adaptive people with unrealized potential, trapped by illusion and exploitation

Neuman W. Lawrence, Social Research Method; Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

01-Nov-16


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4. Role of common sense

Clearly distinct from and less valid than science

Powerful everyday theorist used by ordinary people

False beliefs that hide power and objective conditions

5. Theory looks like

A logical, deductive system of interconnected definitions, axioms, and laws

A description of how group’s meaning system is generated and sustained

A critique that reveals true conditions and helps people see the way to better world

6. An explanation that its true

Is logically connected to laws and based on fact

Resonates or feels right to those who are being studied

Supplies people with tools needed to change the world


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7. Good evidence

Is based on precise observations that others can repeat

Is embedded in the context of fluid social interaction

Is informed by a theory that unveils illusion

8. Place for values

Science is value free, and values have no place except when choosing a topic

Values are integral part of social live: no group’s values are wrong, only different

All sciences must begin with a value position: some positions are right, some are wrong


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PARADIGMS

Positivism

Interpretive

MAINSTREAM

NON MAINSTREAM

Experimental: True Experiment-classical Pre-experimental - One shot case study - One group pre post test - Static group comparison

Non Experimental/ Ex-post design Descriptive study Correlation Compare

Quasi Experiment -Two groups post-test - Interrupted time series - Equivalent time series

01-Nov-16

Critical


Biography Phenomenology Grounded Theory Case Study Historical Ethno-methodology Symbolic-interactionism Cyber ethnography Library, etc

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MAINSTREAM versus NON MAINSTREAM  Mainstream Approach (Scientific

method) uses the nature of research in Physical Sciences.  Non Mainstream Approaches (Natural method) use the nature of research in Social Sciences.

01-Nov-16


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THE NATURE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE  Developed under

single paradigm (Mass, space, time).  Sciences are derived from such a paradigm.  Fact is independent, real, and measurable.

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01-Nov-16


THE NATURE OF RESEARCH IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE  Researcher is away,

outside of the research object.  Physical phenomena can be reduced (miniaturized) into a model.  Based on the positivism, by exploring deductivehypothetic concept.  Value-free. 01-Nov-16


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POSITIVISM (1)  Positivism is an empirical epistemology which means that

it only admits statements that are result of sensory experience- something that has been seen, touched, tasted, smelled, or heard (something that has been observed).  Inter-subjective: it must be possible for one person observes to be able to be observed by another person, or other persons.  Positivism included notions of reduction, causality, and simplicity.  Follow syllogism as basis of deductive logic (deduction).

01-Nov-16


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POSITIVISM (2)  Scientific statements had to empirically grounded.  Scientific observations had to be repeatable.

 A single scientific method was necessary to ensure

the universality of statements and observations.  Science would advance through theories, if empirically verified, would become scientific laws.  Scientific laws in time would be integrated into a single system of knowledge and truth. 01-Nov-16


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SYLLOGISM (1)  Syllogism is a form of argument where a

conclusion follows from several premises.  Premise I: All animals with fur and four legs are cats. Premise II: Tom has fur and four legs.  Conclusion: Tom is a cat.  In reality, Tom may be a dog, or a rabbit, or whatever. 01-Nov-16


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THE NATURE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE  Developed under multi

paradigms.  The number of paradigm as many as the number of philosopher.  Facts are plural, interdependent, and sometimes unmeasurable.

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THE NATURE OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE  Researcher is part of or

inside the research object.  Refused to reduce or minimize social phenomenon.  Human being have inner potentialities to influence their environment.  Impossible value-free.

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01-Nov-16


What is Non Mainstream Research? - 1  Qualitative research is concerned with

understanding the processes, which underlie various behavioural patterns. “Qualitative”is primarily concerned with “Why and How”.  Research involving detailed, verbal descriptions of characteristics, cases, and settings. Qualitative research typically uses observation, interviewing, and document review to collect data.  ….is a way to study people or systems by interacting with and observing the subjects regularly.

01-Nov-16


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What is Non Mainstream Research? - 2  Research that derives data from observation,

interviews, or verbal interactions and focuses on the meanings and interpretations of the participants (Holloway and Wheeler, 1995).  A research method that measures information based on opinions and values as opposed to statistical data.  A body of research techniques which seeks insights through loosely structured, mainly verbal data rather than measurements. Analysis is interpretative, subjective, impressionistic and diagnostic.

01-Nov-16


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Characteristics of Non Mainstream Research  Naturalistic inquiry  Study real-world situations as they unfold

naturally—no manipulation or intervention

 Inductive analysis  Immersion in the data to discover important

dimensions and relations

 Holistic perspective  Study the whole phenomenon

 Qualitative data & analysis  Verbal data, direct quotations 01-Nov-16


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Characteristics of Non Mainstream Research  Context sensitivity  Findings placed in social, historical, temporal

context

 Empathic neutrality  Not objectivity or subjectivity

 Nonjudgmental stance while including personal

insights & experiences

 Design flexibility  Adapt design as situations change, pursue new paths

of discovery as they emerge

01-Nov-16


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Berapa suhu air di masing-masing gelas? 20 C

0C Dingin

Sejuk

95 C Panas

es

A Dingin

B Hangat

C Panas

Dingin Gelas B itu Hangat apa Dingin? 01-Nov-16


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DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE, DIFFERENT CONCLUSION

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MAINSTREAM RESEARCH  Mainstream research provides

in answering questions  Aggregates across multiple subjects  Summarizes findings  Generalizability

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NON MAINSTREAM RESEARCH  Non Mainstream research provides

in answering questions  One, or a few, subjects

 Rich descriptions, not summaries  Reliability, accuracy

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 Grounded theory



Hermeneutic

 Case study



Discourse Analysis

 Narrative



Action research/science

 Life History



Ethno methodology

 Critical research



Symbolic –Interactionism

 Phenomenology



Library study (research)

 Ethnography



Dan lain-lain

01-Nov-16


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PENDEKATAN MANA YANG MENGHASILKAN KEBENARAN?

 Apa kebenaran

itu?  Banyak teori tentang kebenaran.

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01-Nov-16


THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH “...a proposition (or meaning) is true if there is a fact to which it corresponds. ...Truth is that which conforms to fact; which agrees with reality; which corresponds to the actual situation” Baylis in Runes (1963, 321). “If a judgment corresponds with the facts, it is true; if not, it is false” (Titus, 1959, 1964)

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THE CONSISTENCE THEORY OF TRUTH  “... truth is not constituted by the relation between a

judgment and something else, a fact or reality, but by relations between judgments themselves” (Ewing, 1962, 61).  Randall and Blucher: “It is maintained that when we accept new belief as truths, it is on the basis of the manner in which they cohere with knowledge we already posses” (1970, 135).

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THE PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH  Patrick (1958, 376): “.. any theory or hypothesis or idea is

true, if it leads to satisfactory consequence, if it works out in practice, if it has practical value. Truth is revealed by its usefulness, by its fruits, by its practical consequences..”  “...a proposition is true in so far as it works or satisfies, working or satisfying being described variously by different exponent on the view”. Baylis dalam Runes (1963, 322)

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KEBENARAN vs “kebenaran” “Kebenaran” itu relatif, yang ada adalah kondisi “kebetulan benar” yang sangat temporer dan kondisional. KEBENARAN MUTLAK hanya milik ALLAH. “Kebenaran itu dari Tuhanmu, maka janganlah kamu masuk golongan yang ragu” (Q.S.2:147).

01-Nov-16


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JENIS MANUSIA Rasulullah Muhammad s.a.w membagi manusia menjadi: Manusia yang tahu, dan dia tahu bahwa dirinya tahu.

Manusia yang tahu, dan dia tidak tahu bahwa dirinya tahu. Manusia yang tidak tahu, dan dia tahu bahwa dirinya tidak tahu.

Manusia yang tidak tahu, dan dia tidak tahu bahwa dirinya tidak tahu.

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SIMPULAN Tidak perlu mempertentangkan kedua metodologi tersebut. Jadilah ilmuwan bukan ilmuawan. Ciri ilmuwan adalah rendah hati, tidak arrogant, dan tidak prejudice kepada sesama. Ilmuwan yang arrogant dan prejudice, hanya akan menciptakan suasana jahiliah ilmiah.

01-Nov-16


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TERIMA KASIH, DAN MOHON MAAF ATAS SEGALA KEKURANGAN

01-Nov-16


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DRS. BASUKI, MCOM(HONS)., PhD., Ak., CMA., CA Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

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