TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY S SHORT STORIES

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S SHORT STORIES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters

By ARUM WIDYA ASTUTI Student Number: 124214099

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016


TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S SHORT STORIES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters


ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

ii


A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S SHORT STORIES

By ARlJM WIDYA ASTUTI Student Number: 124214099

Approved by

August 12,2016

Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. Advisor

~

Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. Co-Advisor

August 12,2016

III


A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S SHORT STORIES


Defended before the Board of Examiners On August 30, 2016 And Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Chairpreson

: Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A.

Secretary

: Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D.

Member 1

:Scolastica Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum.

Member 2

:_Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum.

Member 3

:_Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A.

Yogyakarta, August 31, 2016 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University Dean

Dr. P. Ari Subagyo, M.Hum.

IV


STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, August 11,2016

Lti

v


LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAl-I UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dhat111a Nama Nomor mahasiswa

: Arum Widya Astuti : 124214099

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan UniversitasSanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S SHORT STORIES beserta perangkat yang diperIukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhanna hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbata, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untik kepentingan akademis tanpa perIu meminta izin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pemyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 11 Agustus 2016

Yang menyatakan,

"lim Widya Astuti

VI


We all need people who will give us feedback. That’s how we improve. Bill Gates

vii


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have learned that this undergraduate thesis would not come into being without the help of the others. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who has contributed to the writing process of this thesis. First of all, I praise Allah SWT for giving me blessings and strength to get through tough times until I can finally finish this piece of work. I would like to express my special appreciation to Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. as my superb thesis advisor for the guidance, encouragement, and invaluable advices during the writing process. I am also grateful to my co-advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for the suggestions and correction on my undergraduate thesis. . I would like to address my gratitude to my main examiner, Scolastica Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum. I would like also to thank all lecturers in English Letters Department for all the help and motivation during my study. None of this could have happened without all the love, support, and prayer from my family, especially my parents and my sister. Special thanks go to the center of my universe for all the life roller coasters we’ve been through. I would like to extend my gratitude to my self-proclaimed duo Kendall and Kylie, my growing-up partner, my dear Cebel, Om Erik as my amazing respondent and editor, my squads, my friends, my fellow thesis fighters, my wonderful respondents, and all parties I cannot mention here for the support throughout the entire process. A billion thanks will not be enough. Arum Widya Astuti

viii


TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................ APPROVAL PAGE ...................................................................................... ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................. LEMBAR PENYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ............................................................................................ STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ............................................................ MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................ ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................

ii iii iv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................. A. Background of the Study ..................................................................... B. Problem Formulation .......................................................................... C. Objectives of the Study ....................................................................... D. Definition of Terms .............................................................................

1 1 5 5 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................ A. Review of Related Studies .................................................................. B. Review of Related Theories ................................................................ 1. Theories of Translation ........................................................... 2. Theories of Prepositions .......................................................... 3. Back Translation Theories ...................................................... C. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................

7 7 9 9 9 12 13

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................ A. Areas of Research ............................................................................... B. Object of the Study .............................................................................. C. Method of the Study ............................................................................ D. Research Procedure ............................................................................. 1. Types of Data .......................................................................... a. Objective Data ............................................................. b. Affective Data ............................................................. 2. Data Collection ........................................................................ 3. Population and Sample ............................................................ 4. Data Analysis ..........................................................................

14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17

v vi vii viii ix xi xii xiii

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) .............. 21 A. Translation Variations of English Locative preposition at, in, and on in Indonesian ........................................................................................... 21 1. The Meaning and Translation Variations of English Locative preposition at............................................................................ 22

ix


2. The Meaning and Translation Variations of English Locative preposition in............................................................................ 3. The Meaning and Translation Variations of English Locative preposition on .......................................................................... B. Results and Discussions of Back Translation Method ........................ 1. Back Translation Results of English Locative Preposition at . 2. Back Translation Results of English Locative Preposition in . 3. Back Translation Results of English Locative Preposition on CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................... BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... APPENDICES ............................................................................................... Appendix 1: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative Preposition at ................................................................. Appendix 2: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative Preposition in ................................................................. Appendix 3: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative Preposition on ................................................................ Appendix 4: The Sample Data ............................................................ Appendix 5: The Form used for the Survey ........................................ Appendix 6: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 1 (R1) ........................................................ Appendix 7: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 2 (R2) ........................................................ Appendix 8: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 3 (R3) ........................................................ Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 4 (R4) ........................................................

x

25 28 31 32 35 40 48 50 52 52 56 63 68 71 74 77 80 83


LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Example of the Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at ..................................................................... Table 2. Example of Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at ..................................................................................... Table 3. The Example of the Data Analysis of the Back Translation Results ................................................................................................ Table 4. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at ..................................................................................... Table 5. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at ........................... Table 6. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition in ..................................................................................... Table 7. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition in ............................ Table 8. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition on ................................................................................... Table 9. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition on ........................... Table 10. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition at ...................... Table 11. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition in ...................... Table 12. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition on .....................

18 19 19 22 24 25 27 28 31 32 35 41

LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 1. The Percentage of Locative Preposition at Translations Translated Back to the SL .............................................................................. 45 Diagram 2. The Percentage of Locative Preposition in Translations Translated Back to the SL .............................................................................. 46 Diagram 3. The Percentage of Locative Preposition on Translations Translated Back to the SL .............................................................................. 46

xi


ABSTRACT

Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at, in, on with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, ASTUTI,

ARUM

WIDYA.

Sanata Dharma University, 2016. The present research discusses about the translation variations of English locative preposition at, in, on in Ernest Hemingway’s selected short stories and the results of the translation variations revert back into English. The present research deals with prepositional meanings in two different languages. The prepositions’ meanings that overlap each other open up the possibility for the prepositions to be translated into various prepositions in another language. The present research tries to arrive at the following objections. The first is to analyze the translation variations of locative preposition at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. The second is to show how the translation variations are assessed using back translation method and find out if there is any other translation variation of the prepositions when it is translated back into the source language. The present research employs the library and field research as the methodologies. The translation variations and meaning of the prepositions are analyzed using the prepositional meaning theory. In the back translation method, respondents who are native speakers of SL but have a good proficiency in both SL and TL are asked to translate the TT sample data back into SL. According to the analysis, it is found that locative preposition at has five translation variations in Indonesia, six translation variations for locative preposition in, and six translation variations for locative preposition on. From the results of back translation method, it can be seen that only some of data are satisfactorily translated into the same prepositions. It is 35% for locative preposition at, 64% for locative preposition in, and 54% for locative preposition on. The results differ for the reason that the meaning of the preposition is perceived differently by each respondent. Based on the analysis and the preposition theories, the use of prepositions that is somehow interchangeable and only has slight difference in meaning is because it is affected by its environment and context.

xii


ABSTRAK

Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at, in, on with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, ASTUTI,

ARUM

WIDYA.

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016. Penelitian ini membahas tentang variasi terjemahan dari preposisi lokatif at, in, on dalam beberapa cerita pendek karya Ernest Hemingway dan hasil dari variasi terjemahan tersebut yang diterjemahkan kembali dalam bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan arti preposisi dalam dua bahasa yang berbeda. Preposisi yang memiliki arti sama atau dapat menggantikan satu sama lain membuka lebar kemungkinan bahwa satu preposisi dapat diterjemahkan menjadi beragam preposisi di bahasa lain. Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan sebagai berikut. Pertama adalah untuk menganalisa variasi terjemahan dari preposisi lokatif at, in, on dalam beberapa cerita pendek karya Ernest Hemingway. Kedua adalah untuk melihat variasi terjemahan dari preposisi tersebut jika diterjemahkan kembali dalam bahasa Inggris. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi prepustakaan dan studi lapangan. Variasi terjemahan dan arti dari preposisi dianalisa menggunakan teori tentang arti preposisi. Dalam metode back translation, responden yang merupakan penutur asli bahasa Inggris yang juga cakap berbahasa Indonesia diminta untuk menerjemahkan sampel data dari teks hasil terjemahan kembali ke bahasa Inggris. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, preposisi lokatif at memiliki lima variasi terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia, preposisi lokatif in memiliki enam variasi terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia, dan preposisi lokatif on memiliki enam variasi terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia. Hasil dari metode back translation meunjukkan bahwa tidak semua data berhasil diterjemahkan sesuai dengan preposisi awal di bahasa Inggris. Sebanyak 35% dari data dengan preposisi lokatif at berhasil diterjemahkan kembali, 64% dari data dengan preposisi lokatif in berhasil diterjemahkan kembali, dan 54% dari data dengan preposisi lokatif on berhasil diterjemahkan kembali. Hasil dari metode back translation yang berbeda disebabkan oleh responden yang menginterpretasikan arti dari preposisi secara berbeda-beda. Mengacu pada analisis dan teori preposisi, penggunaan preposisi yang bisa dibilang dapat saling menggantikan satu sama lain dan tidak berpengaruh banyak pada arti dari kalimat tersebut dipengaruhi oleh struktur keseluruhan dan konteks kalimat tersebut.

xiii


CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Transferring information from a language to another always becomes a challenging attempt for translators. Each language contains different aspects that may become the barriers for translating the Source Text (ST) into the Target Text (TT) including the culture background of each language. The changes of form made in the process of translating the text from the source language to the target language “in order to preserve the meaning will depend upon the linguistic and and cultural distance between languages” (Nida and Taber, 1974: 5). Even when both of the Source Text language and the Target Text language have the same word categories, the process of transforming the words into another language is not that simple. As the present research focuses on the translation of prepositions, especially locative prepositions, an example on how prepositions translated from a language into another language is required. According to A Linguistic Theory of Translation by Catford that takes prepositions in English and French as the example, even prepositions in both languages have the functions as “(i) qualifiers in nominal group structure or (ii) as adjunct in clause structure”, (1974: 33) the preposition dans that occurs 134 times in a French short story are translated differently into preposition in, into, from, about, inside, and not translated at all or “not an English preposition” (1974: 30). Therefore, it can be concluded that a source language word, especially prepositions, may not have a fixed translation in the Target Language, yet it can be translated into various prepositions in the TL or have the possibility of not being translated. 1


2

Prepositions, as described in Geoffrey Finch’s Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics are “words that relate two parts of a sentence together where the relationship is typically one of time, place, or logic” (2009: 108). According to the word classification by Anton M. Moeliono in Ramlan’s Tata Bahasa Indonesia: Penggolongan Kata, prepositions always precede nouns and it never comes in the end of a sentence. There are also three kinds of preposition mentioned, preposisi direktif (directive prepositions), preposisi agentif (agentive prepositions), and preposisi penunjuk orang (prepositions that refer to a person) (Ramlan, 1985: 43). Prepositions, however, do not come by itself. In a sentence, prepositions are found as a part of a phrase, “a syntactic unit that typically consists of more than one word, and is intermediate between word and clause level in sentences” (Finch, 2009: 106). Phrases are classified by its “head” that is taken as the phrases’ basis (Finch, 2009: 107). Thus, a phrase that has a preposition as its basis is named a prepositional phrase. While, as classified by Moeliono, prepositions are divided into three, which will create three kinds of prepositional phrase including the directive/locative prepositional phrases which have a locative preposition as its head. To translate the locative prepositions to the target language, the changing or shift is inevitable, for “prepositions are famous for being used in their own special and “different” way in each language” (Gethin and Gunemark, 1996: 18). As stated by Catford that prepositions have conditioned and unconditioned probabilities which contains many factors that makes prepositions in the SL can be translated into various prepositions in the TL (1974: 30). To find the translation


3

variations of locative preposition at, in, and on in Hemingway’s short stories, the present research uses semantic approach by analyzing the meaning of the locative prepositions with the help of the words preceding and following the prepositions to see to whichever prepositions in TL the prepositions in SL are translated. The present research also uses back translation method to see whether or not the translated prepositions are translated back to its original prepositions in SL. The target language text is translated back into its source language by native speakers of the source language who are fluent in both languages. The object of the study is short stories by Ernest Hemingway titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”. Hemingway’s short stories are famous of its simple sentence structure, so that it will provide a clear comparison of the translation of the prepositions. Hemingway is also fond of using detailed description in which contains various usages of prepositions that makes his work qualified to be the object of the present research. The four short stories are chosen based on the repetition of the same prepositions that are translated differently in Indonesian. Therefore, it might trigger a problem in the back translation process. The following examples show the cases of the translations of the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s “The Capital of the World”. 1. ST: The middle aged waiter was seated on the terrace of the Café Alvarez drinking a small beer. (Hemingway, 2003: 36)

TT: Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvares sambil minum bir. (Hemingway, 2015: 21)


4

2. ST: Paco was alone, first sitting up, then huddled over, then slumped on the floor. (Hemingway, 2003: 37)

TT: Pertama-tama ia duduk tegak, kemudian berjalan terhuyung-huyung, lalu merosot ke lantai. (Hemingway, 2015: 24)

The examples above show how the locative preposition on is translated into Indonesian preposition. In the first example, it can be seen that preposition on is translated into di. In the second example, the preposition on is translated differently into Indonesian preposition ke. Thus, the preposition on has the possibility to be translated into more than one Indonesian prepositions. The locative prepositions in the present research are analyzed based on the meaning it carries which is affected by the prepositions’ “environment”. The environment of the prepositions here is the words that follow and precede the prepositions. Thus, the analysis shows the translation variations of the locative preposition at, in, and on. The back translation method applied in the present research is also used to see how the translated prepositions are translated back into English prepositions by the English native speakers who learn Indonesian as their foreign language. In addition, the products of the back translation process are used to see whether or not the prepositions have other translation probabilities. The present research is expected to provide a clearer distinction of the usage of English prepositions at, in, and on and probabilities of its translation variations in Indonesian. By understanding the translation problems that may arise in translating prepositions, the readers of the present research are expected to produce a better translation of the English prepositions, especially prepositions at,


5

in, and on. The researcher is also optimistic that the present research will help other researchers to open up new discussions about translation studies from new perspectives. B. Problem Formulation The problem of the present research can be formulated as follows: 1. What are the translation variations of the locative prepositions at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s four short stories in Indonesian? 2. What are the translation variations of the locative prepositions at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s four short stories when assessed with the back translation method? C. Objectives of the Study According to the formulated problems, the objectives of this research are two layers. The first is to analyze the variations of the Indonesian translations of the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. The second is to see if there are other translation variations of the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories using back translation method. D. Definition of Terms In order to avoid misconception and confusion about the terms used in the present study, certain terms are defined below. Preposition. As quoted from THE STUDENTS' ABILITY IN USING PREPOSITION “A Case Study at Faculty Of Letters Of Hasanuddin University” by Binti Mus, it is stated that preposition is a word that shows the relationship between two words in a sentence. Prepositions are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are


6

connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentences elements: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence (2012: 2). Translation. Catford in A Lingusitic Theory of Translation states that “translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another” (1974: 1). Back translation.

As quoted from ”Translation of Measurement

Instruments and their Reliability: An Example of Job-Related Affective WellBeing Scale”, the back translation method is “where first the instrument is translated into the target language and then translated back to the source language by an independent translator” (Rode, 2005: 16). Derived from the statement above, back translation method is conducted by asking the native speaker of the source language who is also fluent in both source and target language to translate the target text back into its source language.


CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part provides reviews of some researches with similar topics done previously by other researchers to see how the previous researches are relevant and different with the present research. The second part is the reviews of related theories. It explains the theories that are relevant to be used in analyzing the problems in the present research. The last part of this chapter consists of the explanation on how the theories are able to solve the formulated problems. A. Review of Related Studies 1.

Purwaningsih’s undergraduate thesis “Translation Mapping of the English Preposition Above, Beyond, and Over in Jeanne’s DuPrau City of Ember into Indonesian and Their Equivalence in Back Translation” Purwaningsih’s undergraduate thesis discusses the translation mapping of

preposition above, beyond, below and its equivalence seen using back translation method. By using back translation method, Purwaningsih proves that the more similar the result of the back translation method, the greater the equivalence of the translation. This study is relevant to the present research for the reason that both researches focus on the translation variations of prepositions and use back translation method. Both theses also use semantic perspective in analyzing the translation variations. However, Purwaningsih’s thesis uses back translation method to assess the equivalence of the translation, yet the present research uses back translation method to see the possibility of the translation of locative preposition at, in, and on. Purwaningsih’s thesis focuses on the preposition above, 7

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8

beyond, and below, whereas the present research focuses on the preposition at, in, and on. In addition, Purwaningsih’s thesis uses Jeanne Du Prau’s novel City of Ember as the data source, while the present research uses Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” as the object data source of the research. 2.

Antonius Heri Purwanta’s thesis “A Contrastive Analysis between English Preposition of Place AT, IN, ON and Indonesian Preposition of Place DI, DI ATAS, DI DALAM, PADA” Purwanta’s thesis focuses on the contrastive analysis between locative

preposition at, in, on and certain Indonesian prepositions. Both Purwanta’s thesis and the present research use semantic approach to analyze the prepositions. Both theses also have the same locative prepositions which are at, in and on as the object. The differences lay on the topic, Purwanta’s thesis contrasts the locative prepositions with certain Indonesian prepositions and the difficulties found in learning them, whereas, the present research has the aim to find out the translation variations of the locative prepositions. The present research also employs back translation method in order to see how the Indonesian translations of those locative prepositions are translated back into English, while Purwanta’s thesis does not. The data source of the research is also different. Purwanta collects the data for his thesis from some editions of “Jakarta Post” newspaper. The present research, however, uses Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of


the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” as the data source. B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theories of Translation “Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another” (Catford, 1974: 1). Basically, translation is the activity of transferring a message from the source language to the target language. As stated by Nida and Taber in the book The Theory and Practice of Translation, translation has the goal to reproduce the message. In reproducing the message, however, the translator needs to make grammatical and lexical adjustments (1974: 12). Therefore, the changes that occur during the translation process are inevitable. 2. Theories of Prepositions Prepositions are classified as function words that have the main function to relate words and form grammatical structures (Withers and Brockman, 1980: v). In Indonesian, according to the classification made by Anto M. Moeliono in Tata Bahasa Indonesia: Penggolongan Kata, generally, a preposition always precedes a noun and it never comes in the end of a sentence (Ramlan, 1985: 43). Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language propose that prepositions may denote several possible meanings. First is the prepositions that denote spatial relation, second is the prepositions that denote temporal meaning, third is the prepositions that denote the cause/purpose spectrum, fourth is the prepositions that denote the


means/agentive spectrum, fifth is prepositions that denote accompaniment meaning, and sixth is the prepositions that denote support and opposition meaning (1985: 674 – 703). The present research only focuses on locative prepositions which show spatial meaning. The spatial relation shown by the prepositions includes the locative and directive meaning carried by the prepositions. When repositions are used to indicate space, the dimensional properties of the location affect the prepositions’ meaning and the spatial relation shown by the locative preposition (1985: 673). There are four kinds of dimension regarding the spatial relationship that an object may have. First is the dimension-type 0 which shows that the subject is located in the dimensionless location or can be said that the subject’s position is in a point related to the object. Second is the dimension-type 1 which carries the meaning that the object of the preposition is perceived as a line. Third is the dimension-type 2 which takes the object of the preposition as a surface and thus the subject can be positioned on the top of the object. Fourth is the dimension-type 3 which denotes the meaning that the object is three dimensional and has a volume (1985: 673-676). The classification above is used to categorize the meaning of the locative prepositions. In accordance with the theory of Indonesian preposition by Alwi et al. in Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, based on its structure, prepositions can be classified

into

monomorphemic

and

polymorphemic

prepositions.

Monomorphemic prepositions are prepositions that only contain one morpheme. Followings are the examples of monomorphemic prepositions and its meaning. 1. Bagi, untuk, buat, guna: showing the target recipient


2. Dari: showing the source location 3. Dengan: showing the manner 4. Di: indicating position 5. Karena, sebab: showing cause 6. Ke: showing directive meaning/ destination place 7. Oleh: showing agentive meaning 8. Pada: indicating place or time relation 9. Tentang: showing the subject matter 10. Sejak: showing time, duration from a certain time to another time There are two kinds of polymorphemic prepositions. First is the affixed polymorphemic prepositions which are structured by adding an affix to the free or bound morphemes. For instance, the addition of affix –kan to morpheme bagai constructs the affixed polymorphemic bagaikan that carries the meaning of showing likelihood. The other polymorphemic prepositions are the prepositions that consist of two free morphemes. The two morphemes can be both prepositions or only one of them is preposition. The examples of polymorphemic preposition that consists of two prepositions are 1. Daripada: showing comparison 2. Kepada: showing destination of place 3. Oleh karena, oleh sebab: showing cause 4. Sampai dengan/ke: showing time limit 5. Selain dari: showing exception


The examples of polymorphemic prepositions that consist of preposition and non preposition are di atas, di bawah, di muka, di belakang, ke dekat, ke depan, ke dalam, ke luar, ke tengah, dari balik, dari samping, dari luar, and dari tengah. The meaning of the prepositions is the combination of the meaning carried by each morpheme (1988: 230 – 234) In Indonesian, according to the word classification by Soetarno in his book Sari Tatabahasa Indonesia II, syntactically, prepositions are classified into two categories. 1. Simple prepositions (kata depan tunggal) that consist of one word, such as di, ke, dari, untuk 2. Complex prepositions (kata depan majemuk) that consist of more than one word, such as di dalam, ke dalam, di atas (Ramlan, 1985: 22) 3. Back Translation Theories “As a review, back translation is the practice of taking a translated document and translating it back into the original language as a means of checking the accuracy of the translation” (Paegelow, 2008; 22). Thus, basically, back translation is a tool to assess the quality of a translation by contrasting the retranslated text with its ST. Harkness and Gulsberg in Questionnaires in Translation explain the method of back translation as follows: a.

A source language text (Source Language Text 1, SLT1) is translated into the target language (Target Language Text, TLT) by the first translator


b.

The target language text (SLT1) is later translated back into the source language (Source Language Text 2, SLT2) by a second translator who is a native of the source language and not aware of the existence of the original ST

c.

Comparison of the SLT1 and SLT2

d.

A conclusion is drawn based on the similarities and differences between the SLT1 and SLT2 The conclusion can be inferred from more identical the SLT1 and SLT2,

the better the quality and the equivalence of the translation. Yet, as the present research does not discuss about translation equivalence, the back translation method employed in this research is used to see if there is new translation probabilities when the locative prepositions are translated back into SL. C. Theoretical Framework In answering the questions, applicable and relevant theories are needed. The theories of preposition and translation are employed in answering the first question that deals with how the prepositions are translated into TT. The theories of preposition and translation are used to determine which word is the translation of the locative preposition and the meaning of the prepositions. The second question dealing with the translation possibilities of the preposition at, in, on is also related to the theories of preposition and its meaning. Harkness and Gulsberg’s theory of back translation is applicable in seeing whether there are new translation probabilities of the locative preposition or not.


CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Areas of Research The present research employs the research area of text analysis and translation with the focus on the translation variations of the locative preposition at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. Text analysis and translation research area, as stated by William and Chesterman (2002: 6), includes the analysis of the translated text which is the analysis and comparison of the product of the translation (the text in the TL) and the original text (the text in the SL). The focus of the study varies, yet it cannot have several focuses at once. The study must take one aspect in the source text as the focus of the study. For instance, it can be its linguistic features, translation problems, or translation strategies applied. Thus, in comparing the source text and the target text, the research can begin with finding the significant feature in the original text that later can be used as the focus of the study. B. Object of the Study The object of the present research is the locative prepositions at, in, and on in the four short stories of Ernest Hemingway. The short stories used as the data sources are “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”. The four short stories above are chosen among the other Hemingway’s short stories for the reason that among the seventeen translated short stories in Ernest Hemingway: 17 Cerita Terbaik, the four short stories above contain at least five data points for each preposition that become the focus of the present research. Hence, the chosen short stories are considered to 14


have enough representation of the translation variations and are qualified to be the objects of the present research. C. Method of the Study The library and field research are used in the present research. The library research is conducted by reading any relevant book and journal. The present research employs the library research in the purpose of collecting sufficient ground and theories from various books to support the research. The field research is implemented through the back translation method conducted for the research. The back translation method is used in the form of a survey that requires the participants to complete the given questionnaires. D. Research Procedure 1.

Types of Data a.

Objective Data The data taken from the Source Text are the objective data. The objective

data of the present research are collected from Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” which are published in The Complete Short stories of Ernest Hemingway published by Scribner in 1985 and the Indonesian version of the short stories translated by Sutrisno, S.Pd. in Ernest Hemingway: 17 Cerita Terbaik published by IndoLiterasi in 2015.


b. Affective Data Affective data of the research are the data taken from the respondents or readers involved in the research. The contribution of the respondents or readers to the research can be in the form of questionnaires, interviews, or observations. In the present research, the affective data are the result of the back translation method as a mean of a questionnaire. The present research conducts the back translation method with four respondents whose native language is English and who has a good proficiency of Indonesian, so that the respondents are expected to be able to translate the translated text into its source language well. The respondents are coded as R1, R2, R3, and R4. R1 was an American citizen whose job was a congress staff and spent 4 years living in Indonesia. R2 was an American artist who had been staying in Indonesia for 33 years. R3 was an American lecturer who had been staying in Indonesia for 3 years. R4 was an Australian diplomat who had been staying in Indonesia for 3 years and purposely learning Indonesian. 2.

Data Collection The data of the present research were collected in two steps. First, the

objective data were collected through reading. Second, the affective data were collected through the back translation method using questionnaires. In collecting the objective data, locative preposition at, in, and on in the short stories “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” were highlighted. This process includes the activity of dividing the whole data into three different categories, the data containing


locative preposition at, in, and on. Next, the data were collected in the tables with certain coding to make it easier to refer to certain datum. The affective data were gathered from the questionnaires of the back translation method. The present research involves four respondents coded as R1, R2, R3, and R4. To gather the affective data, the locative preposition at, in, and on in both of the Indonesian translation and the result of the back translation method were highlighted and collected in tables which are grouped based on the data’s SLT1 preposition. 3.

Population and Sample The population of this study is the locative preposition at, in, and on found

in the Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”. Total population of the data is 138 data points with 28 data points of locative preposition at, 61 data points of locative preposition in, and 49 data points of locative preposition on. Out of the total population, 21 data which best represent the whole population are purposely and proportionally selected using the sampling method proposed by Widodo in Cerdik Menyusun Proposal Penelitian. Proportional sampling method used in the data population that has the equal classification (2012: 58), in this case, all of the three subgroups contain three different locative prepositions that become the focus of the present research. 4.

Data Analysis The analysis of the data includes the analysis of the Source Text and the

Target Text. To answer the first formulated problem of the present research, the


data containing the locative preposition at, in, and on and its translation are collected and grouped based on what locative preposition is contained in the data. The grouped data which are still in the full sentences are then specified into a table that only contains the locative prepositions, object preceding the locative preposition, object following the locative preposition, the meaning of the locative preposition, and the Indonesian translation of the locative preposition. Table 1. Example of the Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at Object Object Indonesian precedin Prepo following translation Number of data g the Meaning sition the of the prepositi preposition preposition on a small Dimension 13/ST/At/5/30 alone at di table -type 0 the Dimension 93/ST/At/21/193 at the bull pada match -type 0 Dimension 111/ST/At/22/200 one at each side -type 0 Dimension 130/ST/At/25/293 that town at one end dari -type 0 Dimension 133/ST/At/27/293 down at the station ke -type 0

The table has the function to show the meaning of the locative preposition related to its “environment” or the words that come before and after the locative preposition and to show the translation of the locative preposition in Indonesian. The Indonesian translation of the locative preposition is then presented in the form of a table which becomes the result of the translation variations of the locative prepositions in Indonesian.


Table 2. Example of Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at English Preposition At

Indonesian Translation Di Pada Not translated Dari Ke

Number of Data 13/TT/At/5/5 93/TT/At/21/149 111/TT/At/22/170 130/TT/At/25/251 133/TT/At/27/252

To answer the second problem, the back translation method is conducted. Twenty one samples of the data, in this case, the Indonesian translation of the locative preposition at, in, and on, are given to the respondents to be translated back into English. The results of the back translation are then re-checked with the source text whether or not the respondents translate it back to the same preposition. The results of back translation method are presented in different tables based on the locative prepositions contained in the data. Table 3. The Example of the Data Analysis of the Back Translation Results Number of Data

SLT1

13/ST/At/5/30 93/ST/At/21/293 111/ST/At/22/200

at at at

130/ST/At/25/293 133/ST/At/27/293

at at

TLT1 di pada not translated dari ke

R1 at on from at

TLT 2 R2 R3 at on at to from at

from at

R4 at to from to

The datum numbering 13/ST/At/5/30 has the explanation that ‘13’ means the first datum of the whole population, ‘ST’ means the data was taken from the Source Text, ‘At’ means the datum containing the locative preposition at, ‘5’ means the fifth datum of the data which contains the locative preposition at, ‘30’ means the page number at which the datum was taken from. TLT1 is the


abbreviation of Target Language Text 1 which refers to the Target Text. SLT1 is the abbreviation of Source Language Text 1 which refers to the Source Text. SLT2 is the abbreviation of Source Language Text 2 which refers to the text as the result of the back translation method. Each table shows how many data of each locative preposition are translated into each different Indonesian prepositions. From the classified data, the translation probability of each preposition can be seen clearly. The result of the back translation will show the translation variations of the locative prepositions and whether the locative prepositions are translated back to the same prepositions or not.


CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS This chapter is divided into two subdivisions. The translation variations and meaning of locative preposition at, in, and on is presented in the first section. The discussion and the results of the back translation method are presented in the second section of this chapter. The first section is the translation variations of English locative preposition at, in, and on in Indonesian. Among the 21 sample data points collected, it includes 5 data points with the locative preposition at, 9 data points with the locative preposition in, and 7 data points with the locative preposition on. This first section contains the locative prepositions at, in, and on that is analyzed semantically and its translation variations in Indonesian. The analysis is presented in the forms of tables that contain the data partially, not in the form of full sentences. The second section is the results and discussion of the back translation method. As mentioned in the earlier chapter, the present research employs the back translation method whose results are discussed in this section. The results of the back translation method are not shown in the form of full sentences, but only the translations of the locative preposition are presented in the form of tables which are grouped based on each locative preposition. A. Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition at, in, and on in Indonesian To answer the first problem, the meaning of locative preposition at, in, and on is analyzed based on the context of the sentences and compared to its 21


Indonesian translation. According to the data collection mentioned, the whole sample data are divided into three groups, data points containing locative preposition at, in, and on. The full-sentence data are specified into words preceding the preposition, the preposition, and words following the preposition. In analyzing the meaning of the locative prepositions, the theory proposed by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik was used. According to Quirk et al. in A Comprehensive Grammar of English Language, prepositions can denote several different meanings (1985: 673). Yet, since the present research only focuses on the locative preposition at, in, and on, the meaning donated by the prepositions is only related to the object’s spatial relation. 1. The Meanings and Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition at There are 5 data points in the sample data containing locative preposition at found in the Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. Each datum is translated differently in Indonesian. The following table discusses the meaning of each preposition regarding to its context and the translation variations of the locative preposition in Indonesian. Table 4. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at Object Indonesian Object precedin translation following Prepo Meaning g the Number of data of the the sition prepositi preposition preposition on a small Dimension 13/ST/At/5/30 alone at di table -type 0 93/ST/At/21/193 the at the bull Dimension pada


match 111/ST/At/22/200

one

at

each side

130/ST/At/25/193

that town

at

one end

133/ST/At/27/293

down

at

the station

-type 0 Dimension -type 0 Dimension -type 0 Dimension -type 0

dari ke

Based on the classification by Quirk et al., locative preposition at in all data containing locative preposition at is classified into the category of preposition that has the meaning of dimension-type 0, in which the subject takes place in a point somewhere related to the object following the locative preposition. The objects following the locative preposition are treated as a dimensionless object, although in reality, the object may not be. For instance, the object a small table has a surface which can be categorized into objects which has the meaning of dimension-type 2, but the relation between the subject and the object is considered to have a dimension-type 0 meaning. It goes the same with the datum 133/ST/At/27/293 which has the station as the object following the preposition. Literally, a station is a building that has a volume. Therefore, the meaning of the preposition may fall into the category of dimension-type 3, but the station is treated as a dimensionless object regarding the subject is in a point somewhere related to the station and it is considered to have a dimension-type 0 meaning. In Indonesian, the meaning of the preposition di only indicates the exact position of a subject regardless the dimension of the object. In some cases, preposition di is interchangeable with the preposition pada (Ramlan, 1980:65) as both prepositions have the function of indicating position. Locative preposition at


in datum 111/ST/At/22/200 is not translated into any Indonesian preposition due to the changes done by the translator. The translator translates the prepositional phrase at each side to Indonesian adverb bersisihan. Therefore, the preposition at is omitted and considered as not translated. Locative preposition at in datum 130/ST/At/25/193 and 133/ST/At/27/293 undergoes a change in meaning. Locative preposition at which indicates the location of a subject is translated into Indonesian preposition dari and ke that contains directive meaning. These changes occur for the reason that the translator has different focus in the context of the sentences. The translator focuses on the activity done rather than the location of the activity, so that locative preposition at loses its locative meaning and translated into Indonesian directive preposition. From the discussion about the translation of locative preposition at in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories above, the translation variations of locative preposition at can be presented in the table below. Table 5. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at English Indonesian Number of Preposition Translation Data Di 13/TT/At/5/5 At Pada 93/TT/At/21/149 Not translated 111/TT/At/22/170 Dari 130/TT/At/25/251 Ke 133/TT/At/27/252 As shown in the table above, locative preposition at is translated into various Indonesian prepositions and also has the probability of not being translated. Locative preposition at is translated into Indonesian preposition di, pada, dari, ke, and not translated in datum 111/TT/At/22/170.


2. The Meanings and Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition in Nine data points containing locative preposition in are collected. There are some data points that have the same meaning but translated differently in Indonesian. Although there are also some data points with the same meaning that are translated into the same Indonesian preposition, the meaning and translation of those data points are still presented in the table. Table 6. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition in Object Object Indonesian precedin Prepo following translation Number of data g the Meaning sition the of the prepositi preposition preposition on Dimension 26/ST/In/15/35 have in a ring di -type 2 Dimension 41/ST/In/20/111 show in the picture dalam -type 2 Dimension 52/ST/In/26/112 breakfast in bed di -type 2 Dimension 65/ST/In/31/183 someone in the office di dalam -type 3 Dimension 74/ST/In/34/185 it in his pocket ke dalam -type 3 his empty Dimension 81/ST/In/36/187 warming in di dalam stomach -type 3 his right Dimension 90/ST/In/44/192 held in hand -type 2 the swelling hump of muscle Dimension 98/ST/In/47/193 pic in pada above the -type 3 bull’s shoulder Dimension 138/ST/In/61/297 read in the papers di -type 2


It is stated that even though locative preposition in denotes the meaning of being inside, which logically, only belongs to the category of dimension-type 3, locative preposition in can also belong to the category of dimension-type 2 in which the object following the preposition is treated as an enclosed space (being in area with boundaries) (Quirk et al., 1985: 674). Among the total of nine data points containing locative preposition in, five data points belong to the category of dimension-type 2 with the objects following the preposition are a ring, the picture, bed, his right hand, and the paper. The objects mentioned are treated as non three-dimensional objects since the subjects are not literally located inside the objects. Four objects following the preposition, the office, his pocket, his empty stomach, the swelling hump of muscle above the bull’s shoulder, however, are treated as three dimensional objects which have a volume. Data points that have the dimension-type 2 meaning are translated into three different Indonesian prepositions. Three of the data points are translated into Indonesian preposition di which carries the meaning of indicating position without any specified dimensional object. One data point is translated into preposition dalam which emphasizes that the object has a volume although it is contradictory with the meaning of the locative preposition, which is dimension-type 2. Locative preposition in in another data point, datum 90/ST/In/44/192, is not translated into any Indonesian preposition since the translator makes some structural changes in translating the sentence. Four data point containing the dimension-type 3 meaning are translated into three different Indonesian prepositions. One data point is translated into a simple Indonesian preposition and three data points are translated


into complex Indonesian prepositions. Datum 98/ST/In/47/193 is translated into Indonesian preposition pada which has the function to indicate the position of a subject without specified dimension of the object. Two data points, datum 65/ST/In/31/183 and datum 81/ST/In/36/187 are translated into complex preposition di dalam which is from the preposition di that indicates the subject’s position and the preposition dalam that emphasizes the multidimensionality of the object. Locative preposition in in datum 74/ST/In/34/185 is translated into complex Indonesian preposition ke dalam which consists of simple preposition ke that carries directive meaning and preposition dalam that shows the volume of the object. The meaning shift from the locative meaning to the directive meaning carried by the preposition is affected by the different emphasis of the sentence. The ST has the emphasis on the destination point or the current position of the subject, but in contrast, the TT has the emphasis on the destination or the goal of the activity being done. The translation of all four data points, however, supports the dimension-type 3 meaning carried by the preposition. The following table shows the translation variations according to the analysis on the translation of locative preposition in in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories above. Since some of the data are translated to the same Indonesian preposition, only one of the data is chosen to be presented in the translation mapping of locative preposition in table as follows. Table 7. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition in English Indonesian Number of Preposition Translation Data Di 26/TT/In/15/21 In Dalam 41/TT/In/20/46 Di dalam 65/TT/In/31/122


Ke dalam Not translated Pada

74/TT/In/34/130 90/TT/In/44/147 98/TT/In/47/151

The table above shows that there are six translation variations of locative preposition in in which locative preposition in is translated into five different Indonesian prepositions and not translated in one datum. Locative preposition in is translated into Indonesian preposition di, dalam, di dalam, ke dalam, pada and not translated in datum 90/ST/In/44/192. 3. The Meanings and Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition on The total number of data containing locative preposition on collected from Ernest Hemingway’s short stories are 7. Despite the fact that some of the data are translated into the same Indonesian preposition, all data are still presented in the table. Table 8. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition on Object Object Indonesian precedin Prepo following translation Number of data g the Meaning sition the of the prepositi preposition preposition on the terrace Dimension 31/ST/On/6/36 seated on of the café di -type 2 Alvarez his Dimension 69/ST/On/20/183 on the desk knuckles -type 2 Dimension 72/ST/On/22/184 forward on his head di depan -type 2 Dimension 87/ST/On/26/192 spat on the sand di atas -type 2 Dimension 96/ST/On/29/193 pivoted on his heels pada -type 2 134/ST/On/47/293 lemon on his hands Dimension di


juice 137/ST/On/49/295

out

on

on the coast

-type 2 Dimension -type 1

ke

In accordance to the meaning of preposition on, which is “located at the upper surface of” something, the meaning of locative preposition on can fall into two out of four categories (Quirk et al., 1985: 674). Locative preposition on can have the dimension-type 1 meaning that treats the object following the preposition as a line. Locative preposition on can also have the dimension-type 2 meaning that treats the object following the preposition as an object that has a surface. From seven data points containing locative preposition on, six data points have the dimension-type 2 meaning. The objects that are treated as a surface are the terrace of the café Alvarez, the desk, his head, the sand, his heels, and his hands. Literally, those objects have a surface as the subject’s supporting point. On the coast, however, is categorized into dimension-type 1 meaning. As mentioned in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, the coast is treated as a line if it is preceded by locative preposition on (Quirk et al., 1985: 676). Therefore, the meaning of locative preposition on in datum 137/ST/On/49/295 falls into the category of the dimension-type 1, although in reality, the coast is not a real line. Six data points that contain the dimension-type 2 meaning have four translation variations in Indonesian. Three data points are translated into simple Indonesian prepositions, one data point is not translated into any Indonesian preposition, and two data points are translated into two different complex Indonesian prepositions. Locative preposition on in datum 31/ST/On/6/36 and datum 134/ST/On/47/293 are translated into Indonesian preposition di

that


indicates the subject’s position without any indication about the dimension of the object. One data point is translated into Indonesian preposition pada which denotes the same meaning with the preposition di. The dimension of the object is not specified by the use of preposition pada. Datum 69/ST/On/20/183 does not have any Indonesian preposition as its translation for the reason that the sentence structure gets changed and thus, the locative preposition on contained in the ST s not translated. Datum 72/ST/On/22/184 is translated into complex Indonesian preposition di depan. Preposition di depan is structured by preposition di indicating the subject’s position and depan which means the object is positioned behind the subject, but it does not indicate the multidimensionality of the object. The second data point that is translated into a complex Indonesian preposition is datum 87/ST/On/26/192. The locative preposition is translated into complex Indonesian preposition is datum 87/ST/On/26/192. The locative preposition is translated into complex Indonesian preposition di atas. Preposition di atas consists of preposition di that indicates the subject’s position and atas that has the meaning ”on top of”. Preposition di atas supports the dimension-type 2 meaning which datum 87/ST/On/26/192 carries, for atas implicates that the object has a surface. One data point, datum 137/ST/On/49/295 containing the dimension-type 1 meaning is translated into Indonesian preposition ke. By translating locative preposition on into Indonesian preposition ke, the locative meaning is substituted by directive meaning. Nonetheless, preposition ke does not contradict with the dimension-type 1 meaning carried by the locative reposition on since ke does not have the function to indicate the dimension of the object.


Based on the explanation about the translation of locative preposition on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories above, the table below summarizes the translation variations of locative preposition on. For the data that are translated to the same Indonesian preposition, only one of the data is listed as a representation.

Table 9. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition on English Indonesian Number of Preposition Translation Data Di 31/TT/On/6/21 On Not translated 69/TT/On/20/122 Di depan 72/TT/On/22/124 Di atas 87/TT/On/26/147 Pada 96/TT/On/29/149 Ke 137/TT/On/49/258

Table 9 recapitulates the translation of locative preposition on. There are six translation variations of the locative preposition on found in the analysis. Locative preposition on is translated into Indonesian preposition di, di depan, di atas, pada, ke, and one datum, datum 69/TT/On/20/122 is not translated. B. Results and Discussions of the Back Translation Method In the second section of this chapter, the results and discussions of the back translation method are presented in order to answer the second problem. The back translation method is conducted in order to see whether or not the locative prepositions are translated back into the SLT1 prepositions or whether there are other translation variations found or not. The survey was conducted in May 2016 until June 2016 and there were four respondents participated in the survey. The results of the back translation method are divided into three groups in accordance with the source text’s English locative preposition contained in the data. Only the


prepositions as the result of the back translation method are presented in the tables. 1. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition at In the first subdivision of this section, the results and discussion of back translation applied to data points containing locative preposition at are presented. Five data points with each respondent’s result are collected in the table below. Table 10. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition at Number of Data SLT1 TLT1 TLT 2 R1 R2 R3 R4 13/ST/At/5/30 at di at at on at 93/ST/At/21/293 at pada on at to to 111/ST/At/22/200 at not translated 130/ST/At/25/193 at dari from from from from 133/ST/At/27/293 at ke at at at to

Locative preposition at in datum 13/ST/At/5/30 is translated into preposition di in Indonesia. The results of the back translation method are R1, R2, and R4 back translate preposition di into its preposition in SLT1, locative preposition at, and R3 is the only respondent who translate the preposition di into another expected locative preposition which is on. According to Ramlan, preposition di in Indonesian is used to show the subject’s position (1980: 65). Locative preposition at in datum 13/ST/At/5/30, he ate alone at a small table, contains the meaning that the subject (he) is doing something while making physical contact with the landmark (a small table) as “it is well known that at very often indicates that its subject has a typical, practical connection with its landmark” (2010: 177). The reason why R3 translates preposition di into locative preposition on is that R3 perceives that the contact the subject makes with the


landmark is on the surface of it or the object uses the landmark as “a supporting surface” (2010: 51) and thus R3 translates preposition di into locative preposition on. Datum 93/ST/At/21/293 which contains preposition at is translated into preposition pada in datum 93/TT/At/21/149. Only one respondent, R2, who translates preposition pada into locative preposition at, the same preposition it has in SLT1. R1 translates preposition pada into another expected preposition on. R3 and R4 translate preposition pada in datum 93/TT/At/21/149 into the same English

preposition

which

is

to.

Locative

preposition

at

in

datum

93/ST/At/21/293, as contained in tossed the match at the bull indicates “the usage of at to indicate that the Landmark is a target (2010: 179), as it goes the same with preposition pada which also has the function to indicate the target destination (1980: 94). R1 translates preposition pada into locative preposition on since locative preposition on shows that the match as the subject makes a physical contact with or touches the bull as the landmark. Showing the subject making any physical contact with the landmark is one of the functions of locative preposition on (2010: 52). R3 and R4 translate preposition pada into locative preposition to for it “marks the Landmark as the recipient” (2010: 179), or it can be said that the bull is the object that receives the match. Unlike the other data that has Indonesian prepositions as its translation, locative preposition at in datum 111/ST/At/22/200 is not translated into any Indonesian preposition. All of the respondents fail to back translate it into any English preposition.


Locative preposition at in datum 130/ST/At/25/193 has the Indonesian translation dari in datum 130/TT/At/25/251. Although it is written in the questionnaire that the respondents are required to translate the preposition into one of the locative preposition at, in, and on as best they can, all of the respondents translate preposition dari into English preposition from. All respondents translate preposition dari into preposition from since preposition dari indicates the prior position of the subject (1980: 40) and preposition from ”is used to describe a path in terms of its origin” (2010: 43). The Indonesian translation of locative preposition at in datum 133/ST/At/27/293 is the Indonesian preposition ke as seen in datum 133/TT/At/27/252. R1, R2, and R3 back translate preposition ke into the same locative preposition it has in SLT1 which is locative preposition at. R4, however, translate preposition ke in datum 133/ST/At/27/293 differently into English preposition to. R4 translates preposition ke which also has the function to show the target direction or place (1980: 74) into preposition to due to the fact that preposition to also indicates a landmark as “the recipient”. The usage of locative preposition at and to is quite interchangeable since both prepositions have the “target-marking” function with the slight difference of preposition to indicates the landmark as a recipient (2010: 179). Overall, the back translation results of locative preposition at can be summarized as follows. Among five data points containing preposition at, there is no data with all four respondents back translate the preposition in TLT1 into its original preposition (preposition in SLT1). There are two data points with three


respondents back translate the preposition in TLT1 into locative preposition at and one respondent translates the preposition in TLT1 into another English preposition. In one datum (datum 13/TT/At/5/5), the respondent translates the preposition in TLT1 into locative preposition on. In another datum (datum 133/TT/At/27/252), one respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into English preposition to. There is also no datum with two respondents successfully translate the TLT1 preposition into SLT1 preposition and two other respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into other English prepositions. In datum 93/TT/At/21/149, one respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into SLT1 preposition and the other three respondents come up with two different results. One respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition on and two respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into English preposition to. Two data points show that all respondents do not translate the TLT1 preposition into the SLT1 preposition. All respondents do not translate datum 111/TT/At/22/170 which contains no preposition in TLT1 into any English preposition. Four respondents translate the TLT1 preposition in datum 130/TT/At/25/251 into English preposition from. 2. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition in The second subdivision of this section presents the results and discussion of back translation applied to data points containing locative preposition in. The table below shows nine data points with each respondent’s result. Table 11. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition in TLT 2 Number of Data SLT1 TLT1 R1 R2 R3 R4 26/ST/In/15/35 in di in in in in


41/ST/In/20/111 52/ST/In/26/112 65/ST/In/31/183 74/ST/In/34/185 81/ST/In/36/187

in in in in in

90/ST/In/44/192

in

98/ST/In/47/193 138/ST/In/61/297

in in

dalam di di dalam ke dalam di dalam Not translated pada di

in in in in in

in to in in in

in on in in in

in in in into in

on

-

-

-

to on

at in

toward on

to in

The translation of locative preposition in in datum 26/ST/In/15/35 is preposition di, as displayed in datum 26/TT/In/15/21. The back translation method results in all respondents successfully back translate preposition di in datum 26/TT/In/15/21 into the same locative preposition in SLT1 which is in. Datum 41/ST/In/20/111 that contains locative preposition in has the Indonesian preposition dalam as its translation as shown by datum 41/TT/In/20/46. All respondents of back translation method translate preposition dalam into locative preposition in according to its SLT1 preposition. Indonesian preposition di in datum 52/TT/In/26/49 as the translation of locative preposition in in datum 52/ST/In/26/112 is back translated into three different prepositions by the respondents. R1 and R4 successfully translate preposition di back into locative preposition in as it is its preposition in SLT1. R2 translates preposition di into English preposition to, which is not included in the expected locative prepositions. R3 translates preposition di into locative preposition on, one of the locative preposition expected. R2 translates preposition di which has the meaning of showing position (1980: 65) into preposition to as preposition to also indicates the subject’s position toward a landmark that has no boundaries (2010: 31), like the landmark in datum 52/ST/In/26/112. A bed,


logically, does not have any boundary and an interior, therefore, R2 translates preposition di into preposition to. R3, however, translates preposition di into locative preposition on which contains the sense of the subject being on top of the landmark, in this case, the meal (breakfast) as the subject is in contact with a landmark that is used as a supporting surface (2010: 51). Di dalam, which is contained in datum 65/TT/In/31/122, is the translation of locative preposition in in datum 65/ST/In/31/183. With the back translation method, preposition di dalam is back translated into exactly the same English locative preposition in SLT1 (datum 65/ST/In/31/183), which is in, by all respondents. Back translation method applied to datum 74/TT/In/34/130 that shows locative preposition in in datum 74/ST/In/34/185 is translated into preposition ke dalam results in two different outcomes. R1, R2, and R3 are able to back translate preposition ke dalam into locative preposition in, which is the same locative preposition it has in SLT1, while R4 translates preposition ke dalam into English preposition into. R4 translates preposition ke dalam which marks the target location has boundary (1980: 75) into preposition into that only has focus difference with locative preposition in. locative preposition in focused on the landmark, whereas preposition into focuses on the movement that leads up to the current position of the subject and the landmark (2010: 32). As shown in the table 5 above, locative preposition in contained in datum 81/ST/In/36/187 is translated into Indonesian preposition di dalam in datum


81/TT/In/36/134. All respondents satisfyingly back translate preposition di dalam into locative preposition in, its SLT1 preposition. Locative preposition in in datum 90/ST/In/44/192 is not translated into any Indonesian preposition in datum 90/TT/In/44/147. R2, R3, and R4 are not able to back translate datum 90/TT/In/44/147 into any English preposition, whereas, unexpectedly, R1 is able to translate datum 90/TT/In/44/147 one of expected locative preposition, even though it is not the same with the SLT1 preposition in datum 90/ST/In/44/192. R1 translates datum 90/TT/In/44/147 into locative preposition on. Datum 98/TT/In/47/151 as the Indonesian translation of locative preposition in in datum 98/ST/In/47/193 contains Indonesian preposition pada. The back translation method respondents translate preposition pada into three different English prepositions and none of the respondents translates it back into the same preposition the datum has in SLT1. Both R1 and R4 translate preposition pada into English preposition to. R2 translates preposition pada into one of the expected preposition, at. R3 has a different result by translating preposition pada into English preposition toward. As explained earlier, locative preposition in and preposition pada have the same function to indicate position. Locative preposition at, in addition, also functions as a position marker, thus, the translation of preposition pada into locative preposition at is possible. Preposition to and toward, however, as the back translation result of R2 and R3, indicate directive meaning rather than direct contact (2010: 179). This is because the meaning of preposition pada gets affected by the word mengarah that precedes preposition


pada. Mengarah contains directive meaning in Indonesian. Hence, R2 and R3 translate preposition pada into prepositions that have directive meaning as well. Back translation method applied to datum 138/TT/In/61/262 shows two different results. Locative preposition in contained in datum 138/ST/In/ 61/297 is translated into Indonesian preposition di in datum 138/TT/In/61/262. By R1 and R3, preposition di is translated into locative preposition on. R2 and R4, however, successfully translate preposition di into locative preposition in. The landmarks following preposition also affect the choice of preposition used in the sentence. This what happens in datum 138/TT/In/61/262. Locative preposition in can also be used when the landmark is like a line (2010: 73). Locative preposition on is used when the landmark “has only the dimension of length” (2010: 73). As surat kabar, or paper in English, as the landmark which follows preposition di in datum 138/TT/In/61/262, does not have any “volume”, the usage of locative preposition in and on to translate preposition di into English is interchangeable. To summarize, the result of back translation method applied to data points containing locative preposition in can be seen as follows. From the total nine data points with preposition in, all respondents satisfyingly back translate four data points back into its preposition in SLT1. One datum has the result that three respondents translate the TLT1 preposition back into the SLT1 preposition and one respondent translate the TLT1 preposition into English preposition into. There are two data points with two respondents are able to translate the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition. The TLT1 preposition in datum 52/TT/In/26/49 is translated into two different prepositions by the two other


respondents. One respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into English preposition to and the other respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition on. However, back translation method applied to datum 138/TT/61/262 shows different result. Both of the respondents who do not translate the TLT1 preposition into SLT1 preposition translate the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition on. No data point results in one respondent is able to translate the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition and three respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into other English prepositions. There are two data points with no respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition in datum 90/TT/In/44/147 which does not have any TLT1 preposition, three respondents do not translate it into any English preposition. One respondent, however, translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition on. The other datum with no respondent successfully back translate the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition (datum 98/TT/In/47/151), has three different results of back translation method. Two respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into English preposition to. One respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition at. The other respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into English preposition toward. 3. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition on The results and discussion of back translation applied to data points containing locative preposition on are presented in the third subdivision of this section. Seven data points with the result of each respondent are collected in the table below.


Table 12. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition on TLT 2 Number of Data SLT1 TLT1 R1 R2 R3 R4 31/ST/On/6/36 on di on on in on Not 69/ST/On/20/183 on on translated on top in front in front 72/ST/On/22/184 on di depan of of of 87/ST/On/26/192 on di atas on on on on 96/ST/On/29/193 on pada on on on on 134/ST/On/47/293 on di on in on on 137/ST/On/49/295 on ke to to to to

The translation result of datum 31/ST/On/6/36 containing locative preposition on is the Indonesian preposition di as seen in the datum 31/TT/On/6/21. R1, R2, and R4 exactly back translate preposition di into locative preposition on, the same locative preposition the SLT1 has in datum 31/ST/On/6/36. However, R3 fails to translate preposition di into the same preposition it has in SLT1 and translates it into locative preposition in instead. R3 translates preposition di into preposition in since both prepositions indicate position. According to the basic meaning of locative preposition in and on explained in English Preposition Explained by Seth Lindstromberg, both locative prepositions differ only on how the translator perceive the position of the subject and the landmark. If the respondent perceives a terrace (the landmark in datum 31/TT/On/6/21) as an object that the subject can step on, then there is a tendency to use locative preposition on. Yet, if the respondent perceives a terrace as a place with volume where the subject can be inside it, the tendency to use locative preposition in will be stronger.


Datum 69/TT/On/20/122 shows that locative preposition on in datum 69/ST/On/20/183 does not have any Indonesian preposition as its translation. As the back translation method conducted, R1, R3, and R4 are not able to translate datum 69/TT/On/20/122 into either any of the expected locative prepositions or the non-expected English prepositions. Surprisingly, R2 is able to back translate datum 69/TT/On/20/122 into the exact SLT1 preposition which is locative preposition on. Locative preposition on in datum 72/ST/On/22/184 is translated into Indonesian preposition di depan as shown in datum 72/TT/On/22/124. All respondents of back translation method do not translate preposition di depan into any of the expected locative prepositions. R1 translates preposition di depan into English preposition on top of. R2 and R4 come up with the same result. Both of R2 and R4 translate preposition di depan into English preposition in front of. R3, however, does not translate preposition di depan into any English preposition. None of the respondents translate preposition di depan that functions to indicate that the landmark is located behind the subject (1980: 67) in datum 72/ST/On/22/124 back into locative preposition on since locative preposition on does not have the function of showing that the subject is placed before the landmark. Locative preposition on is translated into Indonesian preposition di depan because in the SLT1, locative preposition on is preceded by word forward which has the meaning at the front. Datum 87/ST/ON/26/192 that contains locative preposition on is translated into Indonesian preposition di atas as seen in datum 87/TT/On/26/147. The result


of back translation method for datum 87/TT/On/26/147 is as expected. All respondents well translate preposition di atas into locative preposition on, the exact same preposition it has in the SLT1. As the translation of locative preposition on in datum 96/ST/On/29/193, the Indonesian preposition pada in datum 96/TT/On/29/149 shows a satisfying result of back translation method. All respondents of back translation method come up with the identical result. All four respondents successfully back translate preposition pada in datum 96/TT/On/29/149 into locative preposition on, its preposition in SLT1. The Indonesian translation of locative preposition on in datum 137/ST/On/47/293 is Indonesian preposition di in datum 134/TT/On/47/253. Back translation method applied to datum 134/TT/On/47/253 has two different results. Three of the respondents, R1, R3, and R4, translate preposition di into locative preposition on, its preposition in SLT1. On the other hand, R2 translates preposition di differently into locative preposition in. R2 considers locative preposition in as the translation of preposition di in datum 134/TT/On/47/253 in view of the fact that locative preposition in is also can be used when the subject is not geometrically inside the landmark. Moreover, locative preposition in is commonly used when the landmark is hand, as in datum 134/TT/On/47/253 whose landmark is tangannya. As shown in datum 137/TT/On/49/258, locative preposition on in datum 137/ST/On/49/295 is translated into Indonesian preposition ke. The results of back translation method applied to datum 137/TT/On/49/258 are all identical. None of


the respondents translates preposition ke into one of the expected locative prepositions. All respondents back translate preposition ke in

datum

137/TT/On/49/258 into English preposition to that contains the directive marking as the result of locative preposition on in SLT1 that is translated into preposition ke, which makes the sentence gain directive meaning. According to the back translation method applied to data which contain locative preposition on, the result can be concluded as follows. Two of the seven data points containing locative preposition on are satisfyingly translated by all four respondents into the SLT1 preposition. Three out of four respondents are able to translate the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition in two data points (datum 31/TT/On/6/21 and datum 134/TT/On/47/253). One respondent who is not able to translate the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition in in both data points. There is no data point which has the result that two respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into its preposition in SLT1 and two other respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into other English prepositions. There is one data point, datum 90/TT/In/44/147, with one respondent successfully translates the TLT1 preposition in the datum into its SLT1 preposition and the other three respondents translate it differently. As datum 90/TT/In/44/147 does not have any TLT1 preposition (the SLT1 preposition is not translated into any preposition in TLT1), three of the respondents do not translate it into any English preposition. Two data points show that all four respondents are not able to translate the TLT1 preposition back into its SLT1 preposition. In the


first data point, the TLT1 preposition in datum 72/TT/On/22/124, the back translation method results in three different outcomes. One respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into English preposition on top of,, two respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into English preposition in front of,, and one respondent do not translate the TLT1 preposition into any English preposition. In the second data point, the TLT1 preposition in datum 137/TT/On/49/258, all four respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into the English preposition to. In brief, pie charts below illustratee the results of back translation method of locative preposition at, in, and on in the data. Diagram 1. The Percentage of Locative Preposition at Translations Translated Back to the SL

Preposition At From 20% At 35% Not translated 20% To 15%

On 10%


Diagram 2. The Percentage of Locative Preposition in Translations Translated Back to the SL

Preposition In

At 3%

Not translated 8% Into 3% On 11%

To 8%

Toward 3%

In 64%

Diagram 3. The Percentage of Locative Preposition on Translations Translated Back to the SL

Preposition On

Not translated 14% To 14% In front of 7% On top of 4%

On 54%

In 7%

Pie charts above visualize the results of back translation method in percentage by the means of translation variations seen through the back translation method. Evidently, 35% of locative preposition preposi at is translated back into the same locative preposition, 64% for locative preposition in, and locative preposition on 54%.


The results of back translation method that show the rest of the data are translated variously into different English prepositions prove the nature of prepositions as stated by Withers and Brockman in The Key to English: Prepositions 1 that prepositions have some inherent meaning (on the table is quite different from under the table; on usually means resting on the upper surface of” and under usually means “lower than”), but we shall see that we cannot always depend on logic or meaning to tell us which preposition must be used in which expression. For instance, we live at an address, in a house, on a street, and in a city (1980: v). Thus, the translation variations of prepositions, or in the present research, locative preposition at, in, and on, as the result of back translation method show that it is possible to translate a preposition in a language into several different prepositions in another language. Furthermore, the use of the prepositions is also affected by the landmark that follows the subject, the words that precede the prepositions, and how the translator perceives the contact between the subject and the landmark.


CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Since locative prepositions express spatial relation between the subject and the object, the meaning of those prepositions can vary due to the different spatial relation between each subject and object. In relation to the four spatial meanings denoted by the prepositions, locative preposition at only denotes the dimension-type 0 meaning, locative preposition in denotes the dimension-type 2 and dimension-type 3 meaning, locative preposition on denotes the dimensiontype 1 and dimension-type 2 meaning. The analysis on the translation of English locative preposition at, in, and on shows each preposition has different translation variations. Locative preposition at is translated into four different Indonesian prepositions, di, pada, dari, ke, and has the probability of not being translated. Locative preposition in has five different Indonesian prepositions as its translation which are di, dalam, di dalam, ke dalam, pada and also has the probability of not being translated into any Indonesian preposition. There are six translation variations of locative preposition on, that are five Indonesian preposition (di, di depan, di atas, pada, ke) and not translated into any Indonesian preposition. The back translation method employed in the present research results in the outcome that not all respondents successfully back translate the prepositions in the TLT1 into the same prepositions the data have in SLT1. Only 35% of the data containing locative preposition at get translated back into its SLT1 preposition, in the data containing locative preposition in 64%, and 54% for the data containing locative preposition on. Although not all prepositions are successfully translated 48


back into the SLT1 prepositions, the results of the back translation method do not have much difference in meaning with the SLT1 prepositions. The reason is that beside that prepositions have it inherent meanings, the usage of preposition is also affected by its environment (the landmark, words that follow and precede) and context (how the translator perceives the contact between the subject and the landmark). The present research closes with findings which are still researchable. The present research demonstrates that in addition to the fact that locative preposition at, in, on is possible to be translated into various Indonesian preposition, the usage of English prepositions is quite interchangeable with slight differences in meaning.


BIBLIOGRAPHY Alwi, Hasan et al. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Perum Balai Pustaka, 1988. Binti Mus, Musliyanti. THE STUDENTS' ABILITY IN USING PREPOSITION “A Case Study at Faculty of Letters of Hasanuddin University”. Undergraduate thesis. Makassar: Universitas Hasanuddin, 2012. Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press,1974. Finch, Geoffrey. Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. Second Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Harkness, Janet A. and Alicia Schoua-Glusberg. “Questionnaires in Translation”. ZUMA – Nachrichten Spezial, (January 1998). Harvard. (http://isited.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topics506406.files/znspez3_04_Harkness_Glusb erg.pdf). October 1, 2015. Hemingway, Ernest. (Translator: Sutrisno, S.Pd.) 17 Cerita Terbaik. Yogyakarta: Indoliterasi, 2015. Hemingway, Ernest. The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc, 2003. Lindstromberg, Seth. English Preposition Explained. Revised Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010.

Edition.

Nida, Eugene and Charles R Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1974. Purwaningsih, Yani. Translation Mapping of the English Preposition Above, Beyond, and Over in Jeanne’s DuPrau City of Ember. Undergraduate thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013. Purwanta, Heri Antonius. A Contrastive Analysis between the English Preposition of Place AT, ON, IN and Indonesian Preposition of Place DI, DI ATAS, DI DALAM, PADA. Undergraduate thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2000. Ramlan, M. Kata Depan atau Preposisi dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Yogyakarta: U.P. Karyono, 1980. Ramlan, M. Tata Bahasa Indonesia: Penggolongan Kata. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 1985. Paegelow, Richard S. “Back Translation Revisited: Differences that Matter (and Those that Do Not)” The ATA Chronicle. (August 2008): p. 22-25. (http://www.interel.net/translate/Downloads/Back%20Translation%20ATA%20Articl e.pdf). October 19, 2015. Quirk, Randolph. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

50

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 51 Rode, Nino. “Translation of Measurement Instruments and their Reliability: An Example of Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale”. Metodološki zvezki. Vol. 2 No. 1 (2005): p. 15-26. (http://www.stat-d.si/mz/mz2.1/rode.pdf). October 19, 2015. Widodo. Cerdik Menyusun Proposal Penelitian. Jakarta: MAGNAScript Publishing, 2012. Williams, Jenny and Andrew Chesterman. The MAP: A Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research on Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 2002. Withers, Sara and Earle W. Brockman. The Key to English Prepositions 1. New York: Collier Macmillan Publisher, 1980.


APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative Preposition at Number of Data 1/ST/At/1/29

Source Text Number of Data Paco meet me at hotel 1/TT/At/1/1 Montana noon Tuesday all is forgiven papa.

2/ST/At/2/29

But this Paco, who 2/TT/At/2/1 waited on table at the Pension Luarca, had no father to forgive him, nor anything for the father to forgive.

3/ST/At/3/29

He had two older sisters 3/TT/At/3/1 who were chambermaids at the Luarca.

7/ST/At/4/29

Second-rate matadors 7/TT/At/4/3 lived at that pension because the address in the Calle San Jeronimo was good, the fod was excellent and the room and board was cheap. He ate alone at a small 13/TT/At/5/5 table and looked up very little.

13/ST/At/5/30

14/ST/At/6/30

He also ate alone at a 14/TT/At/6/5 separate table and he smiled very rarely and never laughed.

17/ST/At/7/31

The banderillero was 17/TT/At/7/6 middle-aged, gray, catquick in spite of his years and, sitting at the table he looked a moderately prosperous business man.

19/ST/At/8/31

On this evening every 19/TT/At/8/7 one had left the dining 52

Target Text Paco temui aku di hotel Montana Selasa siang, semua telah dimaafkan Ayah. Tetapi Paco yang menunggu di meja makan di Pension Luarca, tidak mempunyai ayah yang memaafkannya, dan tidak punya masalah dengan ayahnya untuk dimaafkan. Dia mempunyai dua kakak yang bekerja sebagai pembantu di hotel Pension Luarca. Para matador kelas dua ini tinggal di Pension Luarca karena tempat di Calle de San Jeronimo memang bagus, makanannya enak dan sewa kamarnya murah. Ia makan sendirian di sebuah meja terpisah dan makan sangat sedikit makanan. Ia juga sedang makan sendirian di meja terpisah dan jarang tersenyum serta tidak pernah tertawa. Si Banderillero berusia paruh baya, berambut putih, dan secepat kucing terlepas dari usianya, dan ia sekarang sedang duduk di meja memandang seorang pebisnis yang cukup makmur. Malam ini setiap orang telah meninggalkan

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 53 room except the hawkfaced picador who drank too much, the birthmarked-faced auctioneer of watches at the fairs and festivals of Spain, who also drank too much, and two priests from Galicia who were sitting at a corner table and drinking if not too much certainly enough.

20/ST/At/9/31 30/ST/At/10/36

The three waiters stood 20/TT/At/9/7 at the end of the room. All the bullfighters 30/TT/At/10/20 except the one who was ill had made their evening appearance at the café Fornos, where the big, dark-haired picador was playing billiards, the short, serious matador was sitting at a crowded table before a coffee and milk.

43/ST/At/11/111

At first Krebs, who had 43/TT/At/11/46 been at Belleau Wood, Soissons, the Champagne, St. Mihiel and in the Argonne did not want to talk about the war at all.

45/ST/At/12/112

Even his lies were not 45/TT/At/12/47 sensational at the pool room.

48/ST/At/13/112

Krebs acquired the 48/TT/At/13/47 nausea in regard to experience that is the

ruang makan kecuali picador berwajah elang yang minum terlalu banyak, beserta seorang juru lelang arloji yang wajahnya dihiasi dengan toh kelahiran. Juru lelang ini biasa bekerja di pameran dan festival di Spanyol, dan malam ini ia juga minum terlalu banyak, dan dua pendeta dari Gallicia duduk di meja sudut dan juga minum jika tidak terlalu banyak mungkin cukup banyak. Ketiga pelayan berdiri di sudut ruangan. Semua petarung banteng kecuali satu yang sakit telah muncul di kafe Fornos, dimana picador bertubuh besar dan berambut hitam sedang bermain biliar, sementara matador bertubuh pendek sedang duduk di meja yang ramai dengan kopi dan susu di hadapannya, bersama dengan banderillero paruh baya dan pekerja serius lainnya. Pada awalnya Krebs, yang pernah berada di Belleau Wood, Saoissons, the Champagne, St. Mihiel, dan di Argonne, tidak ingin berbicara tentang perang sama sekali. Bahkan kebohongankebohongannya tidak sensasional di ruang biliar. Krebs menderita nausea hasil dari ketidakbenaran atau cerita yang

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 54 result of untruth of exaggeration, and when he occasionally met another man who had really been a soldier and they talk a few minutes in the dressing room at a dance he fell into the easy pose of the old soldier among other soldiers: that he had been badly sickeningly frightened all the time. 49/ST/At/14/112

During this time, it was 49/TT/At/14/48 late summer, he was sleeping late in bed, getting up to walk down town to library to get a book, eating lunch at home, reading on the front porch until he became bored and then walking down through the town to spend the hottest hours of the day in the cool dark pool room.

59/ST/At/15/114

His sister sat down at the 59/TT/At/15/54 table and watched him while he read. “We’re playing indoor 60/TT/At/16/54 over at school this afternoon,” she said.

60/ST/At/16/114

67/ST/At/17/183

77/ST/At/18/186

78/ST/At/19/186

79/ST/At/20/186 93/ST/At/21/193

A little man sat behind 67/TT/At/17/122 the desk at the far side of the room. There were a few men 77/TT/At/18/130 sitting at tables against the wall. A man sat at a table in 78/TT/At/19/130 the corner asleep. Manuel sat down at one 79/TT/At/20/130 of the tables. The critic of El Heraldo 93/TT/At/21/149

berlebihan, dan ketika ia kadang-kadang bertemu orang lain yang pernah benar-benar menjadi tentara dan mereka bercakap-cakap selama beberapa menit di ruang ganti klub dansa, ia berlagak menjadi prajurit tua di antara prajurit-prajurit lainyya, bahwa ia merasa sangat takut sekali sepanjang waktu. Selama waktu ini, di akhir musim panas, ia tidur larut malam, lalu bangun untuk jalan-jalan di pusat kota menuju ke perpustakaan untuk meminjam sebuah buku, makan siang di rumah, membaca di beranda depan rumah hingga ia merasa bosan dan kemudian jalan-jalan ke kota untuk menghabiskan saat-saat terpanas hari itu di ruang biliar yang gelap dan sejuk. Adiknya duduk di meja dan melihat kakaknya membaca. “Kami akan bermain di dalam ruangan di sekolah sore ini,” kata adiknya. Seorang pria kecil duduk di belakang meja di sisi jauh ruangan. Beberapa orang duduk di meja yang menempel pada dinding. Seorang pria duduk di sebuah meja di sudut dan tertidur. Manuel duduk di salah satu meja. Kritikus dari “El

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 55 lit a cigarette and tossed the match at the bull, then wore in his notebook. 111/ST/At/22/200 Hernandez motioned 111/TT/At/22/170 them to stand one at each side. 120/ST/At/23/204 They carried him across 120/TT/At/23/180 the ring to infirmary, running with him across the sand, standing blocked at the gate as the mules came in.

125/ST/At/24/292 It was a bowl of pickled 125/TT/At/24/250 of pig’s feet and there was a wooden thing that worked like a scissors, with two wooden forks at the end to pick them up with. 130/ST/At/25/293 We’d come in that town 130/TT/At/25/251 at one end and we were going out to the other. It smelled of hides and tan bar and the big piles of sawdust.

132/ST/At/26/293 It was getting dark as we 132/TT/At/26/251 came in and now that it was dark it was cold and the puddles of water in the road were freezing at the edges. 133/ST/At/27/293 Down at the station there 133/TT/At/27/252 were five whores waiting for the train to come in. 136/ST/At/28/294 Two Indians were sitting 136/TT/At/28/254 down at the end of the bench and one standing up against the wall.

Heraldo” menyalakan rokok dan melemparkan rokoknya pada banteng, kemudian ia menullis dalam buku catatannya. Hernandez memerintahkan mereka untuk berdiri bersisihan. Mereka membawa Manuel melintasi arena menuju ruang pengobatan, berlari dengan Manuel melintasi pasir, berdiri terhalang di pintu gerbang saat gerombolan keledai masuk. Itu adalah semangkuk acar kaki babi dan ada sesuatu yang terbuat dari kayu yang bekerja seperti gunting, dengan dua garpu kayu di ujungnya untuk mengambil acar. Kami akan memasuki kota dari satu ujung kota dan keluar dan ke luar kota dari ujung lainnya. Bau kulit yang disamak menyambut hidung kami saat kami keluar dari bar. Hari sudah gelap saat kami sampai di stasiun, udara terasa dingin dan genangan-genangan air di jalanan membeku di ujung-ujungnya. Kami turun ke stasiun. Ada lima pelacur sedang menunggu kereta datang. Dua orang Indian duduk di ujung bangku dan yang satunya berdiri bersandar pada dinding.


Appendix 2: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative Preposition in Number of data 4/ST/In /1/29

5/ST/In/2/29

6/ST/In/3/29

Source Text He came from a village in a part of Extramadura where conditions were incredibly primitive, food scarce, and comforts unknown and he had worked hard ever since he could remember. He loved his work which, done under bright lights, with clean linen, the wearing of evening clothes, and abundant food in the kitchen, seemed romantically beautiful. There were from eight to dozen other people who lived at the Luarca and ate in the dining room but for Paco, the youngest of the three waiters who served at the table, the only ones who existed were the bullfighters.

Number of Data 4/TT/In/1/2

5/TT/In/2/2

6/TT/In/3/2

8/ST/In/4/30

Decorum and dignity 8/TT/In/4/3 rank above courage as the virtues most highly prized in Spain.

9/ST/In/5/30

The Luarca was luxury 9/TT/In/5/3 for the picadors and the banderilleros who, with their families in Seville, required lodging in Madrid during the spring season.

10/ST/In/6/30

The Luarca was luxury 10/TT/In/6/4 for the picadors and the banderilleros who, with their families in Seville,

Target Text Paco berasal dari sebuah desa di Extramadura di mana kondisinya masih sangat primitive, makanan sulit didapat, serta tidak ada kenyamanan, dan ia telah bekerja keras selama yang dia ingat. Ia mencintai pekerjannya yang terlihat romantis. Pekerjaan yang dia lakukan dengan mengenakan pakaian seragam malam di bawah lampu-lampu terang dan berlimpah makanan. Ada delapan sampai selusin orang lainnya yang menginap di Pension Luarca dan makan di ruang makan, tetapi bagi Paco, yang termuda dari ketiga pelayan yang mengurus meja makan, hanya para petarung banteng yang menarik perhatiannya. Kesopanan dan martabat di atas keberanian sebagai kebajikan yang paling dihargai di Spanyol. Luarca adalah kemewahan untuk para picador dan banderillero yang, dengan keluarga mereka di Sevilla, membutuhkan penginapan di Madrid selama musim semi. Luarca adalah kemewahan untuk para picador dan banderillero yang, dengan keluarga

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 57 required lodging in Madrid during the spring season. 11/ST/In/7/30

The coward had at one 11/TT/In/7/5 time, until he had received a peculiarly atrocious horn wound in the lower abdomen at the start of his first season as a full matador.

12/ST/In/8/30

He had great many 12/TT/In/8/6 handkerchiefs which he laundered himself in his room and, lately, he had been selling his fighting suits.

16/ST/In/9/31

Of the picadors one was 16/TT/In/9/7 a thin, hawk-faced, grayhaired man, lightly built with legs and arms like iron, who always wore cattlemen’s boots under his trousers, drank too much every evening and gazed amorously at any woman in the pension.

18/ST/In/10/31

The difference would be 18/TT/In/10/8 that when his speed of foot would be gone he would always be frightened where now he was assured and calm in the ring and out of it. The matador who was a 22/TT/In/11/12 coward had the older sister of Paco in his room with him and was trying to get her to do something which she was laughingly refusing to do. His face still had the 23/TT/In/12/12 contortion which, in the

22/ST/In/11/31

23/ST/In/12/33

mereka di Sevilla, membutuhkan penginapan di Madrid selama musim semi. Si matador pengecut dulu sangat pemberani dan terampil, ia memiliki sikap hangat di masamasa kesuksesannya, hingga ia suatu hari mendapat luka serius akibat ditanduk banteng di perut bagian bawah di awal musim pertamanya sebagai matador penuh. Ia mempunyai banyak sapu tangan yang ia cuci sendiri di dalam kamarnya, dan akhirakhir ini ia telah menjual setelan-setelan baju matadornya. Satu orang berbadan kurus, berwajah elang, beambut putih, berpostur ringan tetapi dengan kaki dan tangan seperti besi yang selalu mengenakan bot peternak, minum terlalu banyak setiap malam dan menatap dengan cinta kasih pada setiap wanita di Pension. Perbedannya mungkin adalah bahwa ketika kecepatan kakinya sudah hilang ia yakin akan dikeluarkan dari arena pertarungan. Si matador pengecut sedang bersama kakak perempuan Paco di kamarnya dan sedang mencoba membujuk kakak Paco melakukan sesuatu yang ia dengan tertawa menolaknya. Wajahnya masih menunjukkan perubahan

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 58 ring, he made into a constant smile which frightened those people in the first rows of seats who knew that they were watching.

24/ST/In/13/33

25/ST/In/14/34

26/ST/in/15/35

He could remember the 24/TT/In/13/15 weight of the heavy gold-brocaded fighting jacket on his houlders on that hot afternoon in May when his voice had still been the same in the ring as in the café. The priests left 25/TT/In/14/18 immediately after the picador, hurriedly conscious of being the last people in the dining room, and there was no one in the room now but Paco and the middleaged waiter. The same fear you would 26/TT/In/15/21 have in a ring with a bull.

32/ST/In/16/36

The woman who owned 32/TT/In/16/45 the Luarca was already asleep in her bed, where she lay on her back with the bolster between her legs; big, fat, honest, clean, easy-going, very religious and never getting ceased to miss or pray daily for her husband, dead, now twenty years.

33/ST/In/17/36

In his room, alone, the 33/TT/In/17/45 matador who was ill lay face down on his bed with is mouth against a handkerchief.

35/ST/In/18/36

Now, in the deserted 35/TT/In/18/45

ekspresi yang ada di dalam arena pertarungan, ia ubah menjadi senyum konstan yang menakuti mereka yang duduk di baris pertama yang tahu apa yang sedang mereka lihat. Ia bisa mengingat berat dari jaket pertarungan emas brokat di pundaknya di suatu sore yang panas dibulan Mei ketika suaranya di dalam arena pertarungan masih sama seperti di kafe. Kedua pendeta segera pergi setelah picador, buru-buru sadar menjadi orang terakhir di ruang makan sekarang kecuali Paco dan pelayan paruh baya.

Ketakutan yang sama akan kamu rasakan di arena pertarungan melawan banteng. Wanita yang memiliki Luarca telah tidur di tempat tidurnya, dimana ia berbaring dengan guling di antara kedua kakinya. Ia bertubuh besar, gemuk, jujur, bersih, santai, sangat religius dan tidak pernah berhenti atau melewatkan untuk berdoa setiap hari untuk suaminya yang meninggal dua belas tahun yang lalu. Di dalam kamarnya, sendirian matador yang sakit sedang tengkurap di atas tempat tidurya dengan mulut menempel pada sebuah sapu tangan. Sekarang, di ruang tamu

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 59 dining room, Enrique tied the last knot in the napkins that bound the knives to the chair legs and lifted the chair. 39/ST/In/19/111

41/ST/In/20/111 42/ST/In/21/111

43/ST/In/22/111

Krebs went to the war from a Methodist college in Kansas. The Rhine does not show in the picture. By the time Krebs returned to his home town in Oklahoma the greeting of heroes was over. At first Krebs, who had been at Belleau Wood, Soissons, the Champagne, St. Mihiel and in the Argonne did not want to talk about the war at all.

39/TT/In/19/45

41/TT/In/20/46 42/TT/In/21/46

43/TT/In/22/47

46/ST/In/23/112

His acquaintances, who 46/TT/In/23/47 had detailed accounts of German women found chained to machine guns in the Argonne forest and who could not comprehend, or were barred by their patriotism from interest in, any German gunners who were not chained, were not thrilled by his stories.

47/ST/In/24/112

Krebs acquired the 47/TT/In/24/48 nausea in regard to experience that is the result of untruth of exaggeration, and when he occasionally met another man who had really been a soldier and they talk a few minutes in the dressing room at a dance he fell into the easy pose of the old

yang sepi, Enrique mengikatkan simpul terakhir pada serbet yang mengikat pisau pada kaki kursi dan mengangkat kursi tersebut. Krebs pergi perang dari sebuah perguruan tinggi Methodist di Kansas. Sungai Rhine tidak terlihat dalam foto itu. Pada saat Krebs pulang ke kota kelahirannya di Oklahoma, sambutan untuk para pahlawan telah berlalu. Pada awalnya Krebs, yang pernah berada di Belleau Wood, Saoissons, the Champagne, St. Mihiel, dan di Argone, tidak ingin berbicara tentang perang sama sekali. Kenalan-kenalannya, yang pernah mendengar pernyataan mendetil mengenai wanita-wanita Jerman yang ditemukan terantai pada senapansenapan mesin di hutanhutan Argone dan yang tidak dapat memahami, atau dilarang oleh patriotism dari kepentingan pribadi, tidak senang dengan cerita-cerita Krebs itu. Krebs menderita nausea hasil dari ketidakbenaran atau cerita yang berlebihan, dan ketika ia kadang-kadang bertemu orang lain yang pernah benar-benar menjadi tentara dan mereka bercakap-cakap selama beberapa menit di ruang ganti klub dansa, ia berlagak menjadi prajurit


51/ST/In/25/112

soldier among other soldiers: that he had been badly sickeningly frightened all the time. During this time, it was 51/TT/In/25/48 late summer, he was sleeping late in bed, getting up to walk down town to library to get a book, eating lunch at home, reading on the front porch until he became bored and then walking down through the town to spend the hottest hours of the day in the cool dark pool room.

52/ST/In/26/112

His mother would have 52/TT/In/26/49 given him breakfast in bed if he had wanted it.

54/ST/In/27/112

Nothing was changed in 54/TT/In/27/50 town except that the young girls had grown up. He did not like them 56/TT/In/28/121 when he saw them in the Greek’s ice cream parlor. Manuel, standing in the 63/TT/In/29/121 hallway, felt there was someone in the room.

56/ST/In/28/112

63/ST/In/29/183

64/ST/In/30/183

Manuel, standing in the 64/TT/In/30/121 hallway, felt there was someone in the room.

65/ST/In/31/183

“Who’s there?” said someone in the office. Something in the door clicked several times and it swung open. He leaned back in the chair and looked at Manuel. Manuel picked it up and put in his pocket.

66/ST/In/32/183

70/ST/In/33/183

74/ST/In/34/185

65/TT/In/31/122 66/TT/In/32/122

70/TT/In/33/124

74/TT/In/34/130

tua di antara prajuritprajurit lainnya, bahwa ia merasa sangat takut sekali sepanjang waktu. Selama waktu ini, di akhir musim panas, ia tidur larut malam, lalu bangun untuk jalan-jalan di pusat kota menuju ke perpustakaan untuk meminjam sebuah buku, makan siang di rumah, membaca di beranda depan rumah hingga ia merasa bosan dan kemudian jalan-jalan ke kota untuk menghabiskan saat-saat terpanas hari itu di ruang biliar yang gelap dan sejuk. Ibunya akan menyediakan makan pagi di tempat tidur jika ia menginginkannya. Tidak ada yang berubah di kota kecuali gadisgadis muda yang tumbuh dewasa Ia tidak menyukai mereka ketika ia melihat mereka di toko es krim Yunani. Manuel, sedang berdiri di lorong, merasa ada beberapa orang di dalam ruangan. Manuel, sedang berdiri di lorong, merasa ada beberapa orang di dalam ruangan. “Siapa itu?” kata seorang di dalam kantor. Sesuatu di pintu berbunyi klik beberapa kali dan pintu berayun terbuka. Ia bersandar di kursinya dan memandang Manuel. Manuel mengambil dan memasukkannya ke


75/ST/In/35/186

81/ST/In/36/187

82/ST/In/37/187

83/ST/In/38/189 84/ST/In/39/190

85/ST/In/40/190 86/ST/In/41/191

88/ST/In/42/192

89/ST/In/43/192 90/ST/In/44/192

91/ST/In/45/192

It was very hot in the 75/TT/In/35/132 street and the light on the white buildings was sudden and hard on his eyes. He stirred it and drank it 81/TT/In/36/134 down, sweet, hot, and warming in his empty stomach. He had poured the brandy the waiter had slopped over in the saucer into his glass and drank it while they were talking. “You’ve been in the hospital.” Manuel stood in the patio de caballos waiting for the Charlie Chaplins to be over. The electrc light went on in the patio. He had, already, since he had mounted, sitting in the half-dark in the big, quilted saddle, waiting for the paseo, pic-ed through the whole corrida in his mind. Zurito sat there, his feet in the box-stirrups, his great legs in the buckskin-covered armor gripping the horse.

82/TT/In/37/138

83/TT/In/38/140 84/TT/In/39/144

85/TT/In/40/147 86/TT/In/41/147

88/TT/In/42/147

The reins in his left 89/TT/In/43/147 hand. The long pic held in his 90/TT/In/44/147 right hand. In the first row of seats, 91/TT/In/45/148 slighty bored, leaning toward to write on the cement wall in front of his knees, the substitute bull-fight critic of El Herado scribbled.

dalam sakunya. Sungguh sangat panas di jalanan dan cahaya di gedung-gedung putih sangat menyilaukan matanya. Ia mengaduk kopinya dan meminumnya, manis, panas, dan hangat, di dalam perutnya yang kosong. Ia minum brandy yang dituangkan oleh pelayan ke dalam gelasnya.

“Kamu baru saja dirawat di rumah sakit.” Manuel berdiri di patio de caballos menunggu pertunjukkan ‘Charlie Chaplins’ selesai. Lampu listrik menyala di teras. Ia telah siap sejak ia naik ke punggung kuda, duduk di sadel besar dalam keremangan menunggu di pintu gerbang untuk masuk ke arena pertarungan. Zurito duduk di sana, kaki-kakinya ada di dalam kotak sanggurdi, kaki-kaki besarnya yang dilapisi kulit rusa, menjepit kuda. Tali kendali ada di tangan kirinya. Sementara tangn kanannya memegang tombak panjang. Di barisan tempat duduk pertama, sedikit merasa bosan, sambil mencondongkan tubuh ke depan, seorang kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menulis.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 62 94/ST/In/46/193

98/ST/In/47/193

100/ST/In/48/194

101/ST/In/49/194

103/ST/In/50/196

107/ST/In/51/197

108/ST/In/52/198

109/ST/In/53/200

113/ST/In/54/202

115/ST/In/55/203

Then wrote in his 94/TT/In/46/149 notebook, large and with enough horns to satisfy the cash customers.

Kemudian ia menulis dalam buku catatannya, banteng besar dengan tanduk besar memuaskan para penonton. Zurito sunk the point of 98/TT/In/47/151 Zurito menurunkan ujung the pic in the swelling tombaknya mengarah hump of muscle above pada gumpalan otot di the bull’s shoulder. atas bahu banteng. “Huh!” He called to the 100/TT/In/48/152 “Huh!” Manuel berteriak bull, “Tomar!” holding ke arah banteng. Ia the cape in both hands so memegang jubah dengan it would catch his eye. kedua tangannya sehingga jubah itu akan menarik perhatian banteng. Zurito felt the moment 101/TT/In/49/153 Zurito merasa lega sesaat when the horse was clear ketika kudanya bisa and the bull could come melepaskan diri dari past, and relaxed the banteng dan banteng bisa absolute steel lock of his lewat, dan ia merasa resistance, and the rileks ujung tombaknya triangular steel point of bisa merobek otot bahu punuk banteng dan si the pic ripped in the bull’s hump of shoulder banteng mendapati jubah muscle as he tore loose to Hernandez berada di depan moncongnya. find Hernandez’s cape before his muzzle. Alone in the center of the 103/TT/In/50/158 Sendirian di tengah ring the bull stood, still arena banteng itu fixed. berdiri, masih kokoh. Somebody in the crowd 107/TT/In/51/162 Seseorang di kerumunan penonton shouted a warning. memperingatkannya. Out in the ring, the bull 108/TT/In/52/164 Di arena si banteng stood quiet, looking at berdiri tenang, tidak nothing. menatap apa-apa. He was watching Manuel 109/TT/In/53/169 Ia sedang melihat Manuel out in the center of the di tengah arena. arena. Bumped his back, 113/TT/In/54/174 Manuel ditubruk di bumped his face in the bagian sebelah sand. punggung, wajahnya masuk ke pasir. He felt the sword buckle 115/TT/In/55/177 Ia merasa gesper pedang as he shoved in it, saat ia memasukkan leaning his weight on it, pedang, menyadarkan and then it shot high in berat badannya pada the air, end-over-ending gesper pedang, dan into the crowd. kemudian pedang itu


116/ST/In/56/203 Then one hit him in the 116/TT/In/56/177 face, his bloody face looking toward the crowd. 123/ST/In/57/292 When he saw us come in 123/TT/In/57/249 the door the bartender looked up and then reached over and put the glass covers on the two free-lunch bowls. 127/ST/In/58/292 Tom held the wooden 127/TT/In/58/260 scissors fork in his hand. 128/ST/In/59/292 Tom said, and spit what 128/TT/In/59/260 he had in his mouth on the floor. 131/ST/In/60/293 It was getting dark as we 131/TT/In/60/261 came in, and now that it was dark it was cold and the puddles of water in the road were freezing at the edges. 138/ST/In/61/297 Everything else you just 138/TT/In/61/262 read in the papers.

menusuk tinggi di udara. Penonton bersorak. Kemudian satu alas duduk mengenai wajahnya, wajah berdarahnya menatap kerumunan penonton. Ketika ia melihat kami, bartender mendongak kemudian mengambil dan meletakkan penutup gelas di atas mangkuk makan siang. Tom memegang garpu gunting kayu di tangannya. Kata Tom, dan meludahkan apa yang ada di mulutnya di atas lantai. Hari sudah gelap saat kami sampai di stasiun, udara terasa dingin dan genangan-genangan air di jalanan membeku di ujung-ujungnya. Kamu hanya membaca hal-hal lainnya di surat kabar.

Appendix 3: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative Preposition on Number of Data 15/ST/On/1/30

Source Text Number of Data His name on a poster 15/TT/On/1/5 would draw no one to a bull ring.

21/ST/On/2/31

Upstairs the matador 21/TT/On/2/7 who was ill was lying face down on his bed alone. His weight on his left 27/TT/On/3/13 leg. And then his weight 28/TT/On/4/13 wasn’t on his leg.

27/ST/On/3/33 28/ST/On/4/33

29/ST/On/5/33

His weight was on his 29/TT/On/5/13 lower belly.

Target Text Namanya pada sebuah poster tidak akan menarik orang untuk datang ke arena pertarungan banteng. Di lantai atas, matador yang sakit sedang tengkurap di atas tempat tidurnya sendirian. Berat badannya berada di kaki kirinya. Dan kemudian berat tubuhnya tidak lagi berada di atas kakinya. Berat tubuhnya kini bertumpu pada perut bagian bawah.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 64 31/ST/On/6/36

34/ST/On/7/33

The middle-aged waiter 31/TT/On/6/21 was seated on the terrace of the Café Alvarez drinking a small beer. In his room, alone, the 34/TT/On/7/21 matador who was ill lay face down on his bed with is mouth against a handkerchief.

36/ST/On/8/37

“Ay! Ay! Let me get it 36/TT/On/8/23 out!” and Paco slipped forward on the chair, the apron cape still held.

37/ST/On/9/37

The knife was out now 37/TT/On/9/23 and he sat on the floor in the widening warm pool.

38/ST/On/10/37

Paco was alone. First 38/TT/On/10/24 sitting up, then huddled over, then slumped on the floor.

40/ST/On/11/111

There is a picture which 40/TT/On/11/45 shows him on the Rhine with two charming girls and another corporal.

50/ST/On/12/112

During this time, it was 50/TT/On/12/48 late summer, he was sleeping late in bed, getting up to walk down town to library to get a book, eating lunch at home, reading on the front porch until he became bored and then walking down through the town to spend the hottest hours of the day in the cool dark pool room.

51/ST/On/13/112

The car always stood 51/TT/On/13/49

Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvarez sambil minum bir. Di dalam kamarnya, sendirian, matador yang sakit sedang tengkurap di atas tempat tidurnya dengan mulutnya menempel pada sebuah sapu tanagn “Ay! Ay! Biar aku yang menariknya!” Dan Paco tergelincir ke depan di atas kursi dengan masih memegang jubah celemek. Pisau telah dicabut keluar sekarang dan ia duduk di lantai dalam kolam hangat yang semakin melebar. Paco sendirian. Pertamatama ia duduk tegak, kemudian berjalan terhuyung-huyung, lalu merosot ke lantai. Ada sebuah foto yang menunjukkan dirinya di Rhine dengan dua gadis Jerman dan seorang kopral. Selama waktu ini, di akhir musim panas, ia tidur larut malam, lalu bangun untuk jalan-jalan di pusat kota menuju ke perpustakaan untuk meminjam sebuah buku, makan siang di rumah, membaca di beranda depan rumah hingga ia merasa bosan dan kemudian jalan-jalan ke kota untuk menghabiskan saat-saat terpanas hari itu di ruang biliar yang gelap dan sejuk. Mobil selalu berada di


55/ST/On/14/112

57/ST/On/15/113

58/ST/On/16/113

61/ST/On/17/115

outside the First National Bank building where his father had an office on the second floor. He liked to look at them from the front porch as they walked on the other side of the street. He sat there on the porch reading a book on the war. One morning after he had been home about a month his mother came into his bedroom and sat on the bed. Harold looked at the bacon fat hardening on his plate.

55/TT/On/14/49

57/TT/On/15/52

58/TT/On/16/52

61/TT/On/17/57

62/ST/On/18/116

Krebs put his arm on her 62/TT/On/18/59 shoulder.

68/ST/On/19/183

Over his head was a 68/TT/On/19/122 bull’s head, stuffed by a Madrid taxidermist; on the walls were framed photographs and bullfight posters.

69/ST/On/20/183

Manuel knocked with his 69/TT/On/20/122 knuckles on the desk.

71/ST/On/21/184

There was a brass plate 71/TT/On/21/123 on the oak shield the bull’s head was mounted on.

72/ST/On/22/184

He looked pale, and his 72/TT/On/22/124 coleta pinned forward on his head so that it would not show under the cap.

73/ST/On/23/184

He tapped with his 73/TT/On/23/126 knuckles on the table. It was very hot in the 76/TT/On/24/130 street and the light on the white buildings was sudden and hard on his

76/ST/On/24/186

luar gedung First National Bank tempat ayahnya memiliki kantor di lantai dua. Ia suka melihat mereka dari teras depan saat mereka berjalan di sisi lain jalan. Ia duduk di sana di teras sedang membaca sebuah buku tentang perang. Suatu pagi setelah ia berada di rumah sekitar sebulan, ibunya masuk ke kamar tidurnya dan duduk di tempat tidur. Harold memandang lemak bacon yang mengeras di atas piringnya. Krebs melingkarkan tangannya di bahu ibunya. Di atas kepalanya ada sebuah kepala banteng, diawetkan oleh orang Madrid, di dinding terpasang foto-foto yang dibingkai dan poster adu banteng. Manuel mengetukngetuk meja dengan buku-buku jarinya. Ada sebuah piring kuningan di atas perisai kayu oak di mana kepala banteng itu dipasang. Ia nampak pucat, dan kuncirnya disematkan di depan kepalanya sehingga menutupi bagian kepala yang tertutup topinya tadi. Not translated Sungguh sangat panas di jalanan dan cahaya di gedung-gedung putih sangat menyilaukan


80/ST/On/25/186

eyes. Manuel took off his cap 80/TT/On/25/131 and the waiter noticed his pigtail pinned forward on his head.

87/ST/On/26/192

“I’ll pic him, kid,” Zurito 87/TT/On/26/147 spat on the sand.

90/ST/On/27/192

In the first rows of seats, 90/TT/On/27/148 slightly bored, leaning forward to write on the cement wall in front of his knees, the substitute bull critic of El Heraldo scribbled. Manuel stepped out on 95/TT/On/28/149 the hard sand as the bull banged into the fence.

95/ST/On/28/193

96/ST/On/29/193

The bull turned, diving 96/TT/On/29/149 into the cape as Manuel side-stepped, pivoted on his heels with the charge of the bull, and swung the cape just ahead the horns.

97/ST/On/30/193

Then, at the end of the 97/TT/On/30/150 fifth swing, he held the cape against his hip and pivoted, so the cape swung out like a ballet dancer’s skirt and wound the bull around himself like a belt, to step clear, leaving the bull facing Zurito on the white horse.

99/ST/On/31/194

The horse, lifted and 99/TT/On/31/152 gored, crashed over with the bull driving into him, the picador gave a shove with his boots against the horse and lay clear, waiting to be lifted and

matanya. Manuel melepas topinya dan si pelayan memperhatikan kucir yang disematkan di depan kepalanya. “Aku akan menusuk banteng itu, nak,” Zurito meludah di atas pasir. Di barisan tempat duduk pertama, sedikit merasa bosan, sambil mencondongkan tubuh ke depan, seorang kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menulis. Manuel melangkah keluar di atas pasir keras saat banteng menabrak pagar. Banteng itu berbalik, lalu berlari kencang menuju jubah saat Manuel bergerak ke samping, berputar pada tumitnya saat banteng menerjang, dan ia mengayunkan jubahnya tepat di depan tanduk. Kemudian, di akhir ayunan kelima, Manuel memegang jubah menempel pada pinggulnya dan berputar pada tumitnya, sehingga jubah berayun keluar seperti rok penari balet dan melilit kerbau di sekitar dirinya seperti sebuah sabuk, meninggalka si banteng menghadapi Zurito di atas kuda putih. Si kuda tertusuk tanduk dan jatuh diterjang banteng. Picador memberikan dorongan dengan sepatunya pada kudanya. Si picador tergeletak, menunggu


102/ST/On/32/19 5

hauled away and put on his feet. And the bull, the great, 102/TT/On/32/15 black bull, with a horse 5 on his back, hooves dangling, the bridle caught in the horns.

104/ST/On/33/19 6

Fuentes twitched two 104/TT/On/33/15 banderillas and the light 8 on the steel points caught the bull’s eye.

105/ST/On/34/19 6

“Tell him to drop the next pair on the right,” he said to the kid who started to run out to Fuentes with the new banderillas. A heavy hand fell on his shoulder. “Knock on the wood.”

106/ST/On/35/19 7 110/ST/On/36/20 0 112/ST/On/37/20 2

105/TT/On/34/15 9

106/TT/On/35/15 9 110/TT/On/36/16 9 Manuel lay as though 112/TT/On/37/17 dead, his head on his 4 arms, and the bull bumped him.

114/ST/On/38/20 3

He furled the muleta, 114/TT/On/38/17 drew the sword out, 7 profiled and drove in on the bull.

117/ST/On/39/20 3 118/ST/On/40/20 3

It hit Manuel on the foot.

117/TT/On/39/17 7 The bull was on him as 118/TT/On/40/17 he jumped back and as 8 he tripped on a cushion he felt the horn go into him, into his side.

untuk diangkat dan diseret pada kakinya. Dan si banteng hitam besar dengan kuda di punggungnya, berdiri dengan kaki memendek, kemudian melengkungkan lehernya dan mengangkat, menusuk, menyerang untuk menyingkirkan kuda, kuda meluncur ke bawah. Dua banderillos yang dibawa Fuentes bergemerincing dan cahaya di ujung-ujung baja banderillos tertangkap mata banteng. Not translated

Sebuah tangan besar menepuk bahunya. “Pukul kayu itu.” Manuel berbaring seolah-olah mati, kepalanya di atas kedua lengannya, dan banteng menubruknya. Manueal melipat muleta, menarik pedang, mendekatkan diri pada banteng dan mencoba menusuk banteng. Botol itu mengenai kaki Manuel. Banteng berada di atas Manuel saat manuel melompat ke belakang dan ke arena dia tersandung alas duduk, ia merasa tanduk banteng menembus


119/ST/On/41/20 3

The blood was hot on his 119/TT/On/41/17 knuckles, and he was on 9 top of the bull.

121/ST/On/42/20 4

He’d been on plenty of 121/TT/On/42/18 operating-tables before. 1

122/ST/On/43/20 4 124/ST/On/44/29 2

Manuel sat up on the operating-table. I put the nickel on the wood and he slid the beer toward me.

126/ST/On/45/29 2

“No,” said the bartender 126/TT/On/45/25 and put the glass cover 0 back on the bowl.

129/ST/On/46/29 2

Tom said, and spit what 129/TT/On/46/25 he had in his mouth on 0 the floor.

134/ST/On/47/29 3

“He puts lemon juice on 134/TT/On/47/25 his hands,” the man said. 3

135/ST/On/48/29 3

They sat side by side on 135/TT/On/48/25 3 the bench.

137/ST/On/49/29 5

“Were you out on the 137/TT/On/49/25 coast with him?” 8

122/TT/On/43/18 2 124/TT/On/44/24 9

tubuhnya, ke sisi tubuhnya. Darah terasa hangat di buku-buku jarinya, dan ia berada di atas banteng. Ia pernah berada di atas meja operasi sebelumnya. Manuel duduk tegak di atas meja operasi. Aku menaruh uangku di atas meja dan segelas bir meluncur di atas meja ke arahku. “Jangan,” kata bartender dan menaruh penutup gelas kembali di atas mangkuk. Kata Tom, dan meludahkan apa yang ada di mulutnya di atas lantai. “Ia menaruh jus lemon di tangannya,” kata pria itu. Mereka duduk bersisihan di atas bangku. “Apakah kamu pernah ke pantai dengannya?”

Appendix 4: The Sample Data Number of Data 13/ST/At/5/30

130/ST/At/25/193

93/ST/At/21/293

Source text He ate alone at a small table and looked up very little. We’d come in that town at one end and we were going out the other. The critic of El Heraldo lit a cigarette and tossed the match at the bull, then wrote in his note book.

Number of Data 13/TT/At/5/5

130/TT/At/25/251

93/TT/At/21/149

Target text Ia makan sendirian di sebuah meja kecil dan makan sangat sedikit makanan. Kami akan memasuki kota dari satu ujung kota dan ke luar kota dari ujung lainnya. Kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menyalakan rokok dan melemparkan koreknya pada banteng, kemudian ia menulis dalam buku catatannya.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 69 111/ST/At/22/200

133/ST/At/27/293

Hernandez 111/TT/At/22/170 motioned them to stand one at each side. Down at the station 133/TT/At/27/252 there were five whores waiting for the train to come in. The same fear you 26/TT/In/15/21 would have in a ring with a bull.

Hernandez memerintahkan mereka untuk berdiri bersisihan. Kami turun ke stasiun. Ada lima pelacur sedang menunggu kereta datang.

Ketakutan yang sama akan kamu rasakan di arena pertarungan melawan banteng. 52/ST/In/26/112 His mother would 52/TT/In/26/49 Ibunya akan have given him menyediakan makan breakfast in bed if pagi di tempat tidur jika he had wanted it. ia menginginkannya. 138/ST/In/61/297 Everything else you 138/TT/In/61/262 Kamu hanya membaca just read in the hal-hal lainnya di surat papers. kabar. 41/ST/In/20/111 The Rhine does not 41/TT/In/20/46 Sungai Rhine tidak show in the picture. terlihat dalam foto itu. “Siapa itu?” kata 65/ST/In/31/183 “Who’s there?” said 65/TT/In/31/122 seseorang di dalam someone in the office. kantor. 81/ST/In/36/187 He stirred it and 81/TT/In/36/134 Ia mengaduk kopinya drank it down, dan meminumnya, manis, panas, dan hangat sweet, hot, and di dalam perutnya yang warming in his empty stomach. kosong. 74/ST/In/34/185 Manuel picked it up 74/TT/In/34/130 Manuel mengambilnya and put it in his dan memasukannya ke pocket. dalam sakunya. 90/ST/In/44/192 … the long pic held 90/TT/In/44/147 .. Sementara tangan in his right kanannya memegang hand…… tombak panjang… 98/ST/In/47/193 Zurito sunk the 98/TT/In/47/151 Zurito menurunkan point of the pic in ujung tombaknya mengarah pada the swelling hump of muscle above the gumpalan otot di atas bull’s shoulder bahu banteng. 134/ST/On/47/293 “He puts lemon 134/TT/On/47/253 “Ia menaruh jus lemon juice on his hands,” di tangannya,” kata pria the man said. itu. 31/ST/On/6/36 The middle-aged 31/TT/On/6/21 Pelayan paruh baya waiter was seated duduk di teras kafe on the terrace of the Alvares sambil minum Café Alvarez bir. drinking a small beer. 87/ST/On/26/192 “I’ll pic him, kid,” 87/TT/On/26/147 “Aku akan menusuk 26/ST/In/15/35

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 70 Zurito spat on the sand.

banteng itu, nak, “ Zurito meludah di atas pasir. 96/ST/On/29/193 The bull turned, 96/TT/On/29/149 Banteng itu berbalik, diving into the cape lalu berlari kencang menuju jubah saat as Manuel sidestepped, pivoted on Manuel bergerak ke his heels with the samping, berputar pada charge of the bull, tumitnya saat banteng and swung the cape menerjang, dan ia just ahead of the mengayunkan jubahnya horns. tepat di depan tanduk. 137/ST/On/49/295 “Were you out on 137/TT/On/49/258 “Apakah kamu pernah the coast ke pantai dengannya?” with him?” 69/ST/On/20/183 Manuel knocked 69/TT/On/20/122 Manuel mengetukwith his knuckles ngetuk meja dengan on the desk. buku-buku jarinya. 72/ST/On/22/184 He looked pale, and 72/TT/On/22/124 Ia nampak pucat, dan kuncirnya disematkan di his coleta pinned depan kepalanya forward on his head, so that it sehingga menutupi would not show bagan kepala yang under the cap. tertutup topinya tadi.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 71 Appendix 5: The Form used for the Survey

Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The collected data will be used for my undergraduate thesis on the English locative prepositions at, in, and on at Sanata Dharma University. Before getting down into the survey, please fill out the following information provided. The method used in analyzing the data for my undergraduate thesis is a coding method. Thus, by using the coding method, the respondents’ name will not be directly mentioned in the thesis. First name: Country of origin: Occupation: Length of stay in Indonesia: Please kindly translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English by using the one of locative English prepositions at, in, and on for the words in italic and bold. Note that some of the expressions in Indonesian may not contain a preposition (e.g. number 3, 12, 19), but can be translated into English using one of the locative prepositions: at, in, and on. Feel free to directly type and submit the translation via e-mail to [email protected] if you prefer.

1. Ia makan sendirian di sebuah meja kecil dan makan sangat sedikit makanan. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. “Apakah kamu pernah ke pantai dengannya?” ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Hernandez memerintahkan mereka untuk berdiri bersisihan. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Ibunya akan menyediakan makan pagi di tempat tidur jika ia menginginkannya. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. “Aku akan menusuk banteng itu, nak, “ Zurito meludah di atas pasir. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Kamu hanya membaca hal-hal lainnya di surat kabar. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Kami turun ke stasiun. Ada lima pelacur sedang menunggu kereta datang. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 72 8. Kami akan memasuki kota dari satu ujung kota dan ke luar kota dari ujung lainnya. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9.

“Siapa itu?” kata seseorang di dalam kantor. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvares sambil minum bir. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. Ia mengaduk kopinya dan meminumnya, manis, panas, dan hangat di dalam perutnya yang kosong. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12. Sementara tangan kanannya memegang tombak panjang. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. Banteng itu berbalik, lalu berlari kencang menuju jubah saat Manuel bergerak ke samping, berputar pada tumitnya saat banteng menerjang, dan ia mengayunkan jubahnya tepat di depan tanduk. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14. Zurito menurunkan ujung tombaknya mengarah pada gumpalan otot di atas bahu banteng. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15. “Ia menaruh jus lemon di tangannya,” kata pria itu. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. Sungai Rhine tidak terlihat dalam foto itu. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

17. Kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menyalakan rokok dan melemparkan koreknya pada banteng, kemudian ia menulis dalam buku catatannya. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18. Ketakutan yang sama akan kamu rasakan di arena pertarungan melawan banteng. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19. Manuel mengetuk-ngetuk meja dengan buku-buku jarinya.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 73 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20. Ia nampak pucat, dan kuncirnya disematkan di depan kepalanya sehingga menutupi bagian kepala yang tertutup topinya tadi. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21. Manuel mengambilnya dan memasukannya ke dalam sakunya. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank you very much for your time and effort! Cheers,

Arum

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 74 Appendix 6: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 1 (R1) Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The collected data will be used for my undergraduate thesis on the English locative prepositions at, in, and on at Sanata Dharma University. Before getting down into the survey, please fill out the following information provided. The method used in analyzing the data for my undergraduate thesis is a coding method. Thus, by using the coding method, the respondents’ name will not be directly mentioned in the thesis. First name: Country of origin: USA Occupation: Congress Staff Length of stay in Indonesia: 4 years Please kindly translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English by using the one of locative English prepositions at, in, and on for the words in italic and bold. Note that some of the expressions in Indonesian may not contain a preposition (e.g. number 3, 12, 19), but can be translated into English using one of the locative prepositions: at, in, and on. Feel free to directly type and submit the translation via e-mail to [email protected] if you prefer.

1. Ia makan sendirian di sebuah meja kecil dan makan sangat sedikit makanan. He ate alone at a small table and eating very little food. 2. “Apakah kamu pernah ke pantai dengannya?” Did you ever go to the beach with him? 3. Hernandez memerintahkan mereka untuk berdiri bersisihan. Hernandez ordered them to stand next each other. 4. Ibunya akan menyediakan makan pagi di tempat tidur jika ia menginginkannya. Her mom will prepare breakfast in bed if she wants to 5. “Aku akan menusuk banteng itu, nak, “ Zurito meludah di atas pasir. I will stab that bull, kiddo ! “ Zuritto spitting on the sand 6. Kamu hanya membaca hal-hal lainnya di surat kabar. You only read the other things on the newspaper. 7. Kami turun ke stasiun. Ada lima pelacur sedang menunggu kereta datang. We were down at the station. There were five prostitutes waiting for the train to come. 8. Kami akan memasuki kota dari satu ujung kota dan ke luar kota dari ujung lainnya.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 75 We will enter the city from one side and getting out from the other side. 9.

“Siapa itu?” kata seseorang di dalam kantor. “Who is that?” said someone in the office.

10. Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvares sambil minum bir. The middle aged waitress sat on the Alvares café’s terrace while drinking a beer. 11. Ia mengaduk kopinya dan meminumnya, manis, panas, dan hangat di dalam perutnya yang kosong. He stirred his dark, hot, sweet, coffee and drank it.And it felt warm in his empty stomach. 12. Sementara tangan kanannya memegang tombak panjang. Meanwhile his right hand was holding on a long spear. 13. Banteng itu berbalik, lalu berlari kencang menuju jubah saat Manuel bergerak ke samping, berputar pada tumitnya saat banteng menerjang, dan ia mengayunkan jubahnya tepat di depan tanduk. The bull turned and sprinted toward the robes when Manuel moved to the side , spinning on his heels when the bull struck, and he swung his cape right in front of the horns. 14. Zurito menurunkan ujung tombaknya mengarah pada gumpalan otot di atas bahu banteng. Zurito lowering his spearhead leading to muscle clumps on the shoulder’s bull. 15. “Ia menaruh jus lemon di tangannya,” kata pria itu. “She put the lemon juice on her hand” said that man. 16. Sungai Rhine tidak terlihat dalam foto itu. The Rhine river doesn’t appear in that photo. 17. Kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menyalakan rokok dan melemparkan koreknya pada banteng, kemudian ia menulis dalam buku catatannya. Critics of " El Heraldo " lit a cigarette and threw the matches on the bull , then he wrote in his notebook . 18. Ketakutan yang sama akan kamu rasakan di arena pertarungan melawan banteng. The same fear you would feel in the battle’s arena against bulls. 19. Manuel mengetuk-ngetuk meja dengan buku-buku jarinya. Manuel tapping the table with his knuckles . 20. Ia nampak pucat, dan kuncirnya disematkan di depan kepalanya sehingga menutupi bagian kepala yang tertutup topinya tadi.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 76 She looked pale , and she pinned her ponytail on top of her head so that it covers part of the head which was covered by her hat then . 21. Manuel mengambilnya dan memasukannya ke dalam sakunya. Manuel took it and put it in his pocket . Thank you very much for your time and effort! Cheers,

Arum

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 77 Appendix 7: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 2 (R2) Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The collected data will be used for my undergraduate thesis on the English locative prepositions at, in, and on at Sanata Dharma University. Before getting down into the survey, please fill out the following information provided. The method used in analyzing the data for my undergraduate thesis is a coding method. Thus, by using the coding method, the respondents’ name will not be directly mentioned in the thesis. First name: Nia Fliam Country of origin: USA Occupation: artist Length of stay in Indonesia: since 1983 Please kindly translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English by using the one of locative English prepositions at, in, and on for the words in italic and bold. Note that some of the expressions in Indonesian may not contain a preposition (e.g. number 3, 12, 19), but can be translated into English using one of the locative prepositions: at, in, and on. Feel free to directly type and submit the translation via e-mail to [email protected] if you prefer.

1. Ia makan sendirian di sebuah meja kecil dan makan sangat sedikit makanan. She eats by herself at a small table and eats only very little. 2. “Apakah kamu pernah ke pantai dengannya?” Have you ever gone to the beach with her? 3. Hernandez memerintahkan mereka untuk berdiri bersisihan. Memandez ordered them to stand side by side. 4. Ibunya akan menyediakan makan pagi di tempat tidur jika ia menginginkannya. His mother will bring breakfast to the bed if he would like it. 5. “Aku akan menusuk banteng itu, nak, “ Zurito meludah di atas pasir. I will stab that bull my child. Zurito spit on the sand. 6. Kamu hanya membaca hal-hal lainnya di surat kabar. You only read other things in the newspaper. 7.

Kami turun ke stasiun. Ada lima pelacur sedang menunggu kereta datang. We got off at the station. There were five prostitutes who are waiting for the train to come.

8. Kami akan memasuki kota dari satu ujung kota dan ke luar kota dari ujung lainnya.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 78 We will enter the city from one end and go out at the other 9.

“Siapa itu?” kata seseorang di dalam kantor. Who is that? Asked someone in the office.

10. Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvares sambil minum bir. The young waiter sat on the terrace of the café Alvares while drinking beer. 11. Ia mengaduk kopinya dan meminumnya, manis, panas, dan hangat di dalam perutnya yang kosong. She stirred her coffee and drank it, sweet, hot and warm in her empty stomach. 12. Sementara tangan kanannya memegang tombak panjang. At the same time his right hand held the long sword. 13. Banteng itu berbalik, lalu berlari kencang menuju jubah saat Manuel bergerak ke samping, berputar pada tumitnya saat banteng menerjang, dan ia mengayunkan jubahnya tepat di depan tanduk. That bull turned around and ran very fast towards the cape at the time Manuel moved to the side, turned on his heels at the time the bullcharged, and he waved his cape in front of its horns, 14. Zurito menurunkan ujung tombaknya mengarah pada gumpalan otot di atas bahu banteng. Zurit brought down the point of his sword and pointed it at a clump of muscles above the shoulders of the bull. 15. “Ia menaruh jus lemon di tangannya,” kata pria itu. He put the lemon juice in her hand, said that guy. 16. Sungai Rhine tidak terlihat dalam foto itu. The Rhine River could not be seen in the picture 17. Kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menyalakan rokok dan melemparkan koreknya pada banteng, kemudian ia menulis dalam buku catatannya. The critic from El Heraldo lit his cigarette and threw the match at the bull, then he wrote in his notebook. 18. Ketakutan yang sama akan kamu rasakan di arena pertarungan melawan banteng. You would feel the same fear in the arena if you were fighting against a bull. 19. Manuel mengetuk-ngetuk meja dengan buku-buku jarinya. Manuel pounded on the table with buku-buku of his fingers.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 79 20. Ia nampak pucat, dan kuncirnya disematkan di depan kepalanya sehingga menutupi bagian kepala yang tertutup topinya tadi. She looked pale and her braids were placed in front of her head so that it closed part of her head that was covered by her hat earlier.

21. Manuel mengambilnya dan memasukannya ke dalam sakunya. Manuel took it and put it in his pocket.


Arum

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 80 Appendix 8: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 3 (R3) Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The collected data will be used for my undergraduate thesis on the English locative prepositions at, in, and on at Sanata Dharma University. Before getting down into the survey, please fill out the following information provided. The method used in analyzing the data for my undergraduate thesis is a coding method. Thus, by using the coding method, the respondents’ name will not be directly mentioned in the thesis. First name: Erik Country of origin: USA Occupation: lecturer/editor Length of stay in Indonesia: 3 years Please kindly translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English by using the one of locative English prepositions at, in, and on for the words in italic and bold. Note that some of the expressions in Indonesian may not contain a preposition (e.g. number 3, 12, 19), but can be translated into English using one of the locative prepositions: at, in, and on. Feel free to directly type and submit the translation via e-mail to [email protected] if you prefer.

1. Ia makan sendirian di sebuah meja kecil dan makan sangat sedikit makanan. I eat alone on a small table and I only eat a little bit of it. 2. “Apakah kamu pernah ke pantai dengannya?” Have you ever been to the beach with him? 3. Hernandez memerintahkan mereka untuk berdiri bersisihan. Hemandez asked them to stand side by side 4. Ibunya akan menyediakan makan pagi di tempat tidur jika ia menginginkannya. Her mother can provide food on the bed if she wants it

5. “Aku akan menusuk banteng itu, nak, “ Zurito meludah di atas pasir. “I will stab that buffalo, son.” Zurito spit on the sand. 6. Kamu hanya membaca hal-hal lainnya di surat kabar. You only read other things on the newspaper. 7. Kami turun ke stasiun. Ada lima pelacur sedang menunggu kereta datang. We will get off at the train station. Five prostitutes are waiting for a train to come.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 81 8. Kami akan memasuki kota dari satu ujung kota dan ke luar kota dari ujung lainnya. We are going to enter the city from one side of the entrance of the city and go out from the other exit of the city 9.

“Siapa itu?” kata seseorang di dalam kantor. “ who is that?” said someone in the office.

10. Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvares sambil minum bir. A waitress is sitting in the terrace of Alvares café while he was drinking a cup of beer. 11. Ia mengaduk kopinya dan meminumnya, manis, panas, dan hangat di dalam perutnya yang kosong. He is stiring his coffee and drinking it, sweet, hot, and warm in his empty stomach. 12. Sementara tangan kanannya memegang tombak panjang. While his hand was handling a long tombak. 13. Banteng itu berbalik, lalu berlari kencang menuju jubah saat Manuel bergerak ke samping, berputar pada tumitnya saat banteng menerjang, dan ia mengayunkan jubahnya tepat di depan tanduk. That buffalo was turning around, then was running fast getting the robe when Manuel was moving to the side, turning round on his toe as the buffalo attaching and he was moving his robe right on its horn. 14. Zurito menurunkan ujung tombaknya mengarah pada gumpalan otot di atas bahu banteng. Zurito put the tip of the tombak toward the muscle of the soulder of the buffalo. 15. “Ia menaruh jus lemon di tangannya,” kata pria itu. “She put the lemon just on her hand” said that man. 16. Sungai Rhine tidak terlihat dalam foto itu. Rhine River does not appear in that picture. 17. Kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menyalakan rokok dan melemparkan koreknya pada banteng, kemudian ia menulis dalam buku catatannya. The critics from “El Heraldo” put the cigarrete on and threw the lighter to the buffalo, then he wrote it on his notes. 18. Ketakutan yang sama akan kamu rasakan di arena pertarungan melawan banteng. You would experience the same fear in the battle against the buffalo. 19. Manuel mengetuk-ngetuk meja dengan buku-buku jarinya.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 82 Manuel hit the table with his fingertip. 20. Ia nampak pucat, dan kuncirnya disematkan di depan kepalanya sehingga menutupi bagian kepala yang tertutup topinya tadi. She looked pale and her pony tale was put covering his head so that it covered part of her head with the hat. 21. Manuel mengambilnya dan memasukannya ke dalam sakunya. Manuel took it and put it in his pocket.


Arum

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 83 Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 4 (R4) Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The collected data will be used for my undergraduate thesis on the English locative prepositions at, in, and on at Sanata Dharma University. Before getting down into the survey, please fill out the following information provided. The method used in analyzing the data for my undergraduate thesis is a coding method. Thus, by using the coding method, the respondents’ name will not be directly mentioned in the thesis. First name: Erik Country of origin: Australia Occupation: PNS Length of stay in Indonesia: 3 years Please kindly translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English by using the one of locative English prepositions at, in, and on for the words in italic and bold. Note that some of the expressions in Indonesian may not contain a preposition (e.g. number 3, 12, 19), but can be translated into English using one of the locative prepositions: at, in, and on. Feel free to directly type and submit the translation via e-mail to [email protected] if you prefer.

1. Ia makan sendirian di sebuah meja kecil dan makan sangat sedikit makanan. He ate alone at a small table and ate very little food. 2. “Apakah kamu pernah ke pantai dengannya?” Have you ever gone to the beach together? 3. Hernandez memerintahkan mereka untuk berdiri bersisihan. Hernandez instructs them to stand side by side. 4. Ibunya akan menyediakan makan pagi di tempat tidur jika ia menginginkannya. Ibu will provide breakfast in bed if you wish. 5. “Aku akan menusuk banteng itu, nak, “ Zurito meludah di atas pasir. I will impale that bull, nak, Zurito spat on the sand. 6. Kamu hanya membaca hal-hal lainnya di surat kabar. You only read different things in the newspaper. 7. Kami turun ke stasiun. Ada lima pelacur sedang menunggu kereta datang. We went down to the station. The 5 sluts waiting for the train to come. 8. Kami akan memasuki kota dari satu ujung kota dan ke luar kota dari ujung lainnya.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 84 We will enter the city from one end and exit from another. 9.

“Siapa itu?” kata seseorang di dalam kantor. Who is that, said someone in the office.

10. Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvares sambil minum bir. Middle aged servet sat on the terrace of café Alvares while drinking beer. 11. Ia mengaduk kopinya dan meminumnya, manis, panas, dan hangat di dalam perutnya yang kosong. He stirs coffee and drinks it, sweet, hot, and warm in his empty stomach. 12. Sementara tangan kanannya memegang tombak panjang. Meanwhile, the right hand holds the long stick. 13. Banteng itu berbalik, lalu berlari kencang menuju jubah saat Manuel bergerak ke samping, berputar pada tumitnya saat banteng menerjang, dan ia mengayunkan jubahnya tepat di depan tanduk. Bull was turned, and ran towards the robes when Manuel moved sideways, spinning on his heels, swung his clonk in front of the horn. 14. Zurito menurunkan ujung tombaknya mengarah pada gumpalan otot di atas bahu banteng. Zurito threw down the spear ro the muscle on the shoulder of the bull. 15. “Ia menaruh jus lemon di tangannya,” kata pria itu. He put lemon juice on his hand. 16. Sungai Rhine tidak terlihat dalam foto itu. The Rhine river is not seen in the photo.

17. Kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menyalakan rokok dan melemparkan koreknya pada banteng, kemudian ia menulis dalam buku catatannya. Critic from El Heraldo lighted a smoke and threw match to bull, later, he wrote a note in his book. 18. Ketakutan yang sama akan kamu rasakan di arena pertarungan melawan banteng. You will feel fear in the arena when you fight the bull. 19. Manuel mengetuk-ngetuk meja dengan buku-buku jarinya. Manuel knocked the table with the book binding.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 85 20. Ia nampak pucat, dan kuncirnya disematkan di depan kepalanya sehingga menutupi bagian kepala yang tertutup topinya tadi. He looked pale, and his pigtail pinned in front of his face so that it covered part of his face which covered by the hat. 21. Manuel mengambilnya dan memasukannya ke dalam sakunya. Manuel picks up and put it into the pocket.


Arum

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY S SHORT STORIES

Recommend Documents