Dit document mag slechts op een stand-alone PC worden geinstalleerd. Gebruik op een netwerk is alleen. toestaan als een aanvullende licentieovereenkomst voor netwerkgebruik met NEN is afgesloten. This document may only be used on a stand-alone PC. Use in a network is only permitted when a supplementary license agreement for us in a network with NEN has been concluded.
eld
be
iew
ev
Pr
or
Vo Nederlandse praktijkrichtlijn
NPR-CEN/TR 15278 (en)
Workplace exposure - Strategy for the evaluation of dermal exposure
ICS 13.100
april 2006
Dit document is een voorbeeld van NEN / This document is a preview by NEN
NPR-CEN/TR 15278
be
iew
ev
Pr
or
Vo
Als Nederlandse praktijkrichtlijn is aanvaard: - CEN/TR 15278:2006,IDT
Normcommissie 390 146 "Luchtkwaliteit"
The Netherlands Standardization Institute shall, with the exclusion of any other beneficiary, collect payments owed by third parties for duplication and/or act in and out of law, where this authority is not transferred or falls by right to the Reproduction Rights Foundation. Auteursrecht voorbehouden. Behoudens uitzondering door de wet gesteld mag zonder schriftelijke toestemming van het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door middel van fotokopie, microfilm, opslag in computerbestanden of anderszins, hetgeen ook van toepassing is op gehele of gedeeltelijke bewerking.
eld
Apart from exceptions provided by the law, nothing from this publication may be duplicated and/or published by means of photocopy, microfilm, storage in computer files or otherwise, which also applies to full or partial processing, without the written consent of the Netherlands Standardization Institute.
Although the utmost care has been taken with this publication, errors and omissions cannot be entirely excluded. The Netherlands Standardization Institute and/or the members of the committees therefore accept no liability, not even for direct or indirect damage, occurring due to or in relation with the application of publications issued by the Netherlands Standardization Institute.
Hoewel bij deze uitgave de uiterste zorg is nagestreefd, kunnen fouten en onvolledigheden niet geheel worden uitgesloten. Het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut en/of de leden van de commissies aanvaarden derhalve geen enkele aansprakelijkheid, ook niet voor directe of indirecte schade, ontstaan door of verband houdend met toepassing van door het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut gepubliceerde uitgaven.
Het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut is met uitsluiting van ieder ander gerechtigd de door derden verschuldigde vergoedingen voor verveelvoudiging te innen en/of daartoe in en buiten rechte op te treden, voor zover deze bevoegdheid niet is overgedragen c.q. rechtens toekomt aan de Stichting Reprorecht. ©2006 Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Postbus 5059, 2600 GB Delft Telefoon (015) 2 690 390, Fax (015) 2 690 190
Dit document is een voorbeeld van NEN / This document is a preview by NEN
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15278
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT
March 2006
ICS 13.100
English Version
Vo
Workplace exposure - Strategy for the evaluation of dermal exposure
Exposition sur les lieux de travail - Stratégie pour l'évaluation de l'exposition dermique
Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Strategie zur Beurteilung der Hautbelastung
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 20 September 2005. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 137.
be
iew
ev
Pr
or
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
eld
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
© 2006 CEN
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
B-1050 Brussels
Ref. No. CEN/TR 15278:2006: E
Dit document is een voorbeeld van NEN / This document is a preview by NEN
CEN/TR 15278:2006 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................4 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5
2
Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................5
3
Assessment of dermal exposure .........................................................................................................7
4
Control ..................................................................................................................................................11
Vo
1
Annex A (informative) The conceptual model ..............................................................................................12 Annex B (informative) Estimation and Assessment of Substance Exposure (EASE)..............................14 Annex C (informative) DeRmal Exposure Assessment Method (DREAM).................................................16 Annex D (informative) Determinants of dermal exposure ...........................................................................18
or
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................20
be
iew
ev
Pr
eld 2 Dit document is een voorbeeld van NEN / This document is a preview by NEN
CEN/TR 15278:2006 (E)
Foreword This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15278:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
be
iew
ev
Pr
or
Vo
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
eld 3 Dit document is een voorbeeld van NEN / This document is a preview by NEN
CEN/TR 15278:2006 (E)
Introduction Dermal exposure assessment explores the dynamic interaction between environmental contaminants and the skin. In contrast to inhalation exposure assessment, the assessment of dermal exposure remained a nascent field of scientific research and applied occupational hygiene for most of the twentieth century, although multiple fatalities and occupational skin diseases due to dermal exposure have been described in literature.
Vo
During the last decade, dermal exposure has received more attention, and one of the important results was the development of a conceptual model for dermal exposure (see [1]). The model systematically describes the transport of contaminant mass from exposure sources to the surface of the skin. The model provides a structure for evaluating dermal exposure both qualitatively and quantitatively. The purpose of evaluating dermal exposure can differ substantially, as exposure analysis (to give guidance to control), risk assessment, and evaluation of exposure control can all be objectives to undertake assessments. In order to give guidance and to harmonise basic concepts and actions a strategy for evaluation of dermal exposure is proposed.
be
iew
ev
Pr
or eld 4 Dit document is een voorbeeld van NEN / This document is a preview by NEN
CEN/TR 15278:2006 (E)
1
Scope
This Technical Report gives guidance on approaches for awareness and evaluation of dermal exposure in workplaces.
Vo
This Technical Report describes strategies to evaluate exposure of the skin to chemical and biological agents qualitatively and quantitatively, e.g. to analyse exposure, as part of the risk assessment process, to investigate associations between exposure and diseases, and to evaluate control measures. The definitions and procedures given in this document are primarily related to dermal exposure to chemical substances. The specifications given in this Technical Report are not applicable to microbiological skin contaminants.
2
Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Report, the following terms and definitions apply.
or
NOTE The definitions are based on the implementation of exposure terminology by IPCS (see [2]) and the conceptual model (see [1]), see also Annex A.
be
Adapted from EN 1540.
ev
NOTE
Pr
2.1 agent any chemical or biological entity on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state or as produced by any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally and whether or not placed on the market
iew
2.2 dermal contact volume volume containing the mass of the agent that contacts the exposure surface NOTE 1
The dermal contact volume is given in litres (l).
eld
NOTE 2 The dermal contact volume is equivalent to the volume of the skin contaminant layer, and for practical reasons it is defined by the mass in kilograms (kg) of all substances contained in this compartment.
2.3 dermal exposure process of contact between an agent and human skin at an exposure surface over an exposure period 2.4 dermal exposure concentration exposure mass divided by the dermal contact volume or the exposure mass divided by the mass contained in the skin contaminant layer NOTE The dermal exposure concentration is expressed in grams per liter (g/l) or grams per kilogram (g/kg) respectively.
2.5 dermal exposure loading exposure mass divided by the exposure surface NOTE For practical reasons it can be expressed as the time-averaged mass divided by area-averaged skin 2 contaminant layer surface area in grams per square centimetre (g/cm ).
5 Dit document is een voorbeeld van NEN / This document is a preview by NEN
CEN/TR 15278:2006 (E)
2.6 dermal exposure mass mass of agent present in the dermal contact volume NOTE 1
For practical reasons it is defined by the amount of agent in grams (g) present in the skin contaminant layer.
NOTE 2 The outcome of the process of dermal exposure, i.e. the contact, can be expressed by different parameters of exposure.
Vo
2.7 dermal exposure surface skin surface area where an agent is present NOTE For practical reasons this is represented by a two dimensional representation of the skin contaminant layer in 2 square centimetres (cm ).
2.8 exposure period time the agent is present in the skin contaminant layer, i.e. contact time
or
NOTE 1 The process by which an agent crosses an outer exposure surface of a target is called intake. In case of the concentration driven transport from the skin contaminant layer into the skin, i.e. crossing the (exposure surface) interface between skin contaminant layer and the stratum corneum as an absorption barrier, the process is called uptake. Therefore, relevant for uptake would be the time- exposure concentration profile for an identified area of the skin contaminant layer over a defined period of time. NOTE 2 Other relevant types of time intervals, e.g. sampling time (B-C), immission or loading time (A-D), and post emission time (D-E), are illustrated in Figure 1.
be
iew
ev
Pr
time exposure loading exposure/contact time immission/loading time
D-E post immission time B-C sampling time
eld
Key X Y A-E A-D
Figure 1 — Different types of time intervals relevant in view of dermal exposure 2.9 immission transport of an agent from a defined source to the skin or outer clothing contaminant layer compartment
6 Dit document is een voorbeeld van NEN / This document is a preview by NEN
CEN/TR 15278:2006 (E)
2.10 potential dermal exposure mass mass retrieved from (outer and inner clothing contaminant layer and exposure mass, i.e. mass retrieved from the covered and uncovered by clothing) parts of the skin contaminant layer compartment NOTE For practical reasons related to sampling methodology and strategy the term potential exposure mass has been introduced. It refers to the agent mass that has the potential the reach the skin (contaminant layer) since it has landed on the clothing and the agent mass that has actually reached the skin. The conceptual model distinguishes between outer and inner clothing contaminant layer compartment, respectively, and characterises the clothing itself as a buffer layer.
Vo
2.11 skin contaminant layer compartment compartment on top of the stratum corneum of the human skin NOTE The skin contaminant layer compartment is formed by sebum lipids, sweat and additional water from transepidermal water loss, rest products from cornification and unshed corneocytes, and is given by its three dimensional volume.
2.12 workplace the defined area or areas in which the work activities are carried out
or
[EN 1540:1998, 3.36]
3
Assessment of dermal exposure
be
Pr
3.1 General
iew
ev
Sampling strategies provide general guidelines to approach dermal exposure issues systematically. This approach is according to the conceptual model illustrated in Figure A.1. The conceptual model structures the process of dermal exposure to chemicals and assists in evaluating the performance of sampling methods. Basically, the model systematically describes the transport of contaminant mass from the source onto the surface of the skin. Six compartments, i.e. three environmental compartments (air, surface and source) and three personal compartments (outer and inner clothing, and skin contaminant layer) and eight mass transport processes onwards and from the compartments are distinguished and their mutual relationship is outlined. 3.2 Objectives
eld
In general, five objectives for assessing dermal exposure can be distinguished: a)
evaluation of exposure processes and pathways
Evaluation of exposure processes and pathways is an important tool for selecting an adequate sampling strategy and for effective risk management. b)
evaluation of exposure control measures or interventions
Evaluation of control measures is relevant in view of effectiveness of exposure reduction and post-intervention surveillance. c)
risk assessment
Results for risk assessment purposes should be linked to results of hazard assessment. Hazardous agents that show local effects are distinguished from hazardous agents that show systemic health effects after uptake (see [3]). For the first group of agents, quantitative exposure assessment seems to be very difficult, however some data are available on effect and dosage and duration.
7 Dit document is een voorbeeld van NEN / This document is a preview by NEN
Bestelformulier Stuur naar:
NEN Uitgeverij t.a.v. afdeling Marketing Antwoordnummer 10214 2600 WB Delft
NEN Uitgeverij Postbus 5059 2600 GB Delft Vlinderweg 6 2623 AX Delft T (015) 2 690 390 F (015) 2 690 271
Ja, ik bestel __ ex. NPR-CEN/TR 15278:2006 en Blootstelling op de werkplek - Strategie voor de evaluatie van huidblootstelling
www.nen.nl/normshop
€ 49.30
Wilt u deze norm in PDF-formaat? Deze bestelt u eenvoudig via www.nen.nl/normshop
Stel uw vraag aan Klantenservice via: @NEN_webcare
Gratis e-mailnieuwsbrieven
Retourneren
Wilt u op de hoogte blijven van de laatste ontwikkelingen op het gebied van normen,
Fax: (015) 2 690 271 E-mail:
[email protected] Post: NEN Uitgeverij, t.a.v. afdeling Marketing Antwoordnummer 10214, 2600 WB Delft (geen postzegel nodig).
normalisatie en regelgeving? Neem dan een gratis abonnement op een van onze e-mailnieuwsbrieven. www.nen.nl/nieuwsbrieven
Gegevens Bedrijf / Instelling T.a.v.
O M
O V
Voorwaarden
• De prijzen zijn geldig tot 31 december 2015, E-mail tenzij anders aangegeven. • Alle prijzen zijn excl. btw, Klantnummer NEN verzend- en handelingskosten Uw ordernummer BTW nummer en onder voorbehoud bij o.m. ISO- en IEC-normen. Postbus / Adres • Bestelt u via de normshop een Postcode Plaats pdf, dan betaalt u geen handeling en verzendkosten. Telefoon Fax • Meer informatie: telefoon (015) 2 690 391, dagelijks Factuuradres (indien dit afwijkt van bovenstaand adres) van 8.30 tot 17.00 uur. Postbus / Adres • Wijzigingen en typefouten in teksten en prijsinformatie Postcode Plaats voorbehouden. • U kunt onze algemene voorwaarden terugvinden op: Datum Handtekening www.nen.nl/leveringsvoorwaarden.
Normalisatie: de wereld op één lijn.
preview - 2015
