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4. Normen: Normen voor de concentratie pathogenen in de lucht zijn niet terug te vinden maar om toch een referentiewaarde te hebben staan in de volgende tabellen een aantal achtergrondwaarden. Tabel 1: Densiteiten voor de activatie van een waterzuiveringsinstallatie in de Verenigde Staten (Fannin et al., 1985)
Micro-organisme Totale bacteriën Totale Coliformen Fecale Coliformen Fecale Streptococci Colifagen Enterovirussen
Densiteiten voor activatie van de installatie Nacht Dag 76-270 CFU/m_ 65-163 CFU/m_ 0.12-0.28 CFU/m_ 0.21-0.28 CFU/m_ 0 0 0.58-1.00 CFU/m_ 0.06-0.14 CFU/m_ <2.5x10-2 – 5.0x10-2 0 0
Tabel 2: Natuurlijke atmosferische microbiële condities in een typische voorstedelijk gebied (Jones & Cookson, 1983).
Micro-organisme Aërobe bacteriën Fecale streptococci Fecale coliformen
Concentratie-range (Viable Gemiddelde particles/m_) 4.2-1640 79 0-5.7 0 0 0
5. Besluit: Besluitend kan gesteld worden dat de huidige kennis terzake ontoereikend is om tot een éénsluitend antwoord te komen. Dit documentje kan dus enkel dienstdoen als een leidraad en niet als definitieve lijst van pathogenen die zouden moeten gemeten worden.
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EPA-822-K-94-001, Office of science and technology, Office of Water. Fannin KF Gannon JJ, Cochran KC, Spendlove JC, 1977. Field studies on coliphages and coliforms as indicators of airborne animal viral contamination from wastewater treatment facilities. Water Research, 11:181-188. Fannin KF, Vana SC, Ehrlich R, 1981. Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., Q115, p. 219. Fannin KF, Vana SC, Jakubowski W, 1985. Effect of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant on ambient air densities of aerosols containing bacteria and viruses. Appl. Environ. Microbiology, 49(5):1191-1196. Fiorella de los Reyes M, de los Reyes FL, Hernandez M, Raskin L, 1998. Quantification of Fordona amarae Strains in foaming activated sludge and anaerobic digester systems with oligonucleotide hybridization probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiology, 64(7):2503-2512. Goff GD et al., 1973. Emission of microbial aerosols from sewage treatment pants that use trickling filters. Health Serv. Rept., 88(7):640. Gregersen P, Grunnet K, Uldum SA, Andersen BH, Madsen H, 1999. Pontiac fever at a sewage treatment plant in the food industry. Scand J Work Environ Health, 25(3):291-5. Heidelberg JF, Shahamat M, Levin M, Rahman I, Stelma G, Grim C, Colwell RR, 1997. Effefct of aerosolization on culturability and viability of gram-negative bacteria. Appl Environ Micorbiol., 63(9):3585-8. Hickey JLS, Reist PC, 1975. Health significance of airborne microorganisms from wastewater treatment processes.Part II: health significance and alternatives for action. J. Water Poluut. Control Fed., 47(12):2758-73. Higgins FB, 1964. Bacterial aerosols from bursting bubbles. Ph.D. thesis, Georgia Inst. Of Technol., Atlanta. Ishimatsu S, Miyamoto H, Hori H, Tanaka I, Yoshida S, 2001. Sampling and detection of Legionella pneumophila aerosols generated from an industrial cooling tower. Ann Occup Hyg, 45(6):421-7. 15
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Jones BL, Cookson JT, 1983. Natural atmospheric microbial conditions in a typical suburban area. Appl. Eviron Microbiol., 45(3):919-34. Kenline PA, Scarpino PV, 1972. Bacterial air pollution from sewage treatment plants. Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. Journal, 33(5):346. King ED et al., 1973. Airborne bacteria from an activated sludge plant. Jour. Envrion Health, 36(1):50. Muscillo M, La Rosa G, Carducci A, Cantiani L, Marianelli C, 1997. Molecular analysis of polivirus 3 isolated from an aerosol generated by a waste water treatment plant. Water Research, 31(12):3125-3131. Muscillo M, La Rosa G, Maranelli C et al., 1998. La tipizzazione RT-PCR dei reovirus applicata all’acqua di balneazione. Biologi Italiani, 4:23-28. Nethercott JR, Holness DL, 1988. Health status of a group of sewage treatment workers in Toronto, Canada. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 49(7):346-50. Palmer CJ, Tsai YL, Paszko-Kolva C, Mayer C, Sangermano LR, 1993. Detection of Legionella species in sewage and ocean water by polymerase chain reaction, direct fluorescent-antibody, and plate culture methods. Appl Environ Microbiol, 59(11):3618-24. Pereira MR, Benjaminson MA, 1973. Microbial air pollutants disseminated by a sewage treatment plant. Paper presented at Symp. On aerobiology, Science and man in the americal. Amer. Acad. For Advancement of Sci., Mexico City. Randall CW, Ledbetter JO, 1966. Bacterial air pollution from activated sludge units. Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. Journal, 27(6):506. Sawyer B, Elenbogen G, Rao KC, O’Brien P, Zenz DR, Lue-Hing C, 1993. Bacterial aerosol emission rates from municipal wastewater aeration tanks. Appl Envrion Microbiol, 59(10):3183-6. Scarlett-Kranz JM, Babish JG, Strickland D, Lisk DJ, 1987. 16
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Health among municipal sewage and water treatment workers. Toxicol Ind Health, 3(3):311-9. Seviour EM, Williams CJ, Seviour RJ, Soddell JA, Lindrea KC, 1990. A survey of filamentous bacterial populations from foaming activated sludge plants in eastern states of Australia. Water Research, 24(4):493-498. Wlazlo A, Pastuszka JS, Ludzen-Izbinska B, 2002. Assessment of workers’ exposure to airborne bacteria at a small wastewater treatment plant. Med Pr, 53(2):109-14.
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