PROTOTYPE STEAM POWER PLANT (Efesiensi Termal SteamPower PlantDengan Variasi Bahan Bakar Campuran Kerosin dan Minyak Jelantah)
Disusun untuk Memenuhi Syarat Menyelesaikan Pendidikan Sarjana Terapan (S.1 Terapan) Teknik Energi pada Jurusan Teknik Kimia Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya
Oleh:
ERIK SAPUTRA 0611 4041 1499
POLITEKNIK NEGERI SRIWIJAYA PALEMBANG 2015
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN TUGAS AKHIR
PROTOTYPE STEAM POWER PLANT (Efisiensi Fire Tube Boiler pada Steam Power Plant Ditinjau dari Perbandingan Udara dan Bahan Bakar)
Palembang,
Juni 2015
Menyetujui, Pembimbing I
Pembimbing II
Ir. Arizal Aswan, M.T NIP. 195804241993031001
Ir. Fatria, M.T NIP. 196602211994032001
Menyetujui, Ketua Program Studi S.1 Terapan Teknik Energi
Ketua Jurusan Teknik Kimia
Ir. Arizal Aswan, M.T NIP. 195804241993031001
Ir. Robert Junaidi, M.T NIP. 196607121993031003
ABSTRAK Efisiensi Termal Steam power Plant dengan Variasi Bahan Bakar Campuran Kerosin dan Minyak Jelantah (Erik Saputra, 2015 : 111 halaman, 25 tabel, 34 gambar, 5 lampiran) Prototype Steam Power Plant adalah satu unit mini plant pembangkit listrik tenaga uap, dilengkapi dengan beberapa unit utama seperti boiler furnace, kompresor, pompa, tabung bahan bakar, turbin uap, dan kondensor. Tujuan dari tugas akhir ini adalah menentukanrasio optimal campuranminyakjelantahdankerosinterhadapefisiensitermal Prototype Steam Power Plant dan daya yang dihasilkan. Metode yang dilakukan adalah studi literatur dan rancang bangun. Prosedur dilakukan dengan parameter tetap yaitu volume bahan bakar solar yang digunakan sebanyak 5 Liter, sedangkan parameter peubah yaitu rasio bahan bakar campuran kerosin dan minyak jelantah dari 60%:40%, 70%:30%, dan 80%:20%. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin tinggi persentase kerosin dalam bahan bakar campuran maka semakin tinggi efisiensi boiler dan daya yang dihasilkan. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan rasio bahan bakar campuran optimum adalah 80% kerosin : 20% minyak jelantah dengan efisiensi 40,55 % dan daya yang dihasilkan 7,692 J/s.
Kata kunci : Fire Tube Boiler, rasio bahan bakar campuran, efisiensi termal.
ABSTRACT Thermal Efficiency of Steam Power Plant with a Variation of Kerosene and Fuel Mixture Used Cooking Oil (Erik Saputra, 2015 : 111 pages, 25 tabels, 34 figures, 5 appendixes) Prototype Steam Power Plantis a mini unit plant steam power plant, equipped with several major units such as boiler furnaces, compressors, pumps, fuel tubes, steam turbine and condenser. The aim of this thesisis to determines optimum ratio mix of used cooking oil and kerosene to the thermal efficiency of Prototype Steam Power Plant and power generated.The method is carried out literature studies and design. The procedure is done with fixed parameters, namely volume of diesel fuel that is used as much as 5 liters, while the variable parameter is the ratio of the fuel mixture of kerosene and cooking oil from 60%:40%, 70%:30%, and 80%: 20%. Based on calculations it can be concluded that the higher the percentage of kerosene in the fuel mix, the higher the efficiency of boilers and power generated. From research conducted optimum mixture ratio fuel kerosene is 80%: 20% used cooking oil with 40.55% efficiency and power generated 7.692 J/s. Keywords : Fire Tube Boiler, mixed fuel ratio, thermal efficiency.
MOTTO “Bukan mencoba untuk menjadi orang yang sukses, tapi lebih pada menjadi orang yang memiliki nilai” (Albert Einstein)
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................
iii
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................
v
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................
vii
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................
ix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .....................................................................................
xi
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................ 1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................... 1.2 Tujuan ............................................................................................ 1.3 Manfaat .......................................................................................... 1.4 Rumusan Masalah ..........................................................................
1 1 3 3 3
BAB II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ...................................................................... 2.1 SistemPemipaan ............................................................................. 2.2 Valve .............................................................................................. 2.3 Pompa ............................................................................................ 2.4 Kompresor ..................................................................................... 2.5 Kondensor ...................................................................................... 2.6 Boiler ............................................................................................. 2.7 Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap .................................................... 2.8 Minyak Jelantah ............................................................................. 2.9 Kerosin ........................................................................................... 2.10 PerhitunganEfisiensiTermalFire Tube Boiler ................................
5 5 12 14 18 22 24 32 34 36 38
BAB III. METODELOGI PENELITIAN ....................................................... 3.1 Pendekatan Desain Fungsional ...................................................... 3.2 Pendekatan Desain Struktural ........................................................ 3.3 Pertimbangan Percobaan................................................................ 3.4 Pengamatan .................................................................................... 3.5 Prosedur Percobaan........................................................................ 3.6 Tahap Mematikan ..........................................................................
43 43 43 49 51 51 53
BAB IV. HASIL DANPEMBAHASAN ....................................................... 4.1 Hasil ............................................................................................ 4.2 Pembahasan ................................................................................
54 54 57
BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................... 60 5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 60 5.2 Saran .............................................................................................. 60 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................
62
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
1.
Diameter Nominal Pipa ................................................................................ 6
2.
Diameter Pipa Menurut ANSI dan ASME ................................................... 7
3.
Fitting Pipe .................................................................................................. 9
4.
Sambungan Coupling dan Nipple ................................................................ 10
5.
Elbow Connection ........................................................................................ 10
6.
Tee Fitting .................................................................................................... 11
7.
Plug .............................................................................................................. 11
8.
Gate Valve.................................................................................................... 12
9.
Globe Valve.................................................................................................. 12
10. Pompa Senrtifugal Rumah Keong................................................................ 15 11. PompaSentrifugal Diffuser .......................................................................... 15 12. PompaSentrifugalTurbin .............................................................................. 15 13. Pompa Rotari Roda Gigi Luar ..................................................................... 16 14. Kompresor piston/torak (Reciprocating) ..................................................... 19 15. Kompresor piston kerjaganda ...................................................................... 20 16. Kompresor diafragma .................................................................................. 20 17. Kompresorputar (Rotary) ............................................................................. 21 18. KompresorSentrifugal .................................................................................. 21 19. Kompresor Aksial ........................................................................................ 22 20. Penampung Horizontal kondensor ............................................................... 23 21. PenampungVertikalKondensor .................................................................... 24 22. Fire Tube Boiler (Boiler PipaApi) ............................................................... 29 23. Water Tube Boiler (Boiler Pipa Air) ............................................................ 30 24. Packaged Boiler (Paket Boiler) ................................................................... 31 25. Komponen-komponen Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap ............................. 32 26. Diagram Neraca Massa Fire Tube Boiler .................................................... 39 27. Diagram NeracaPanasFire Tube Boiler ....................................................... 40 28. Fire Tube Boiler ........................................................................................... 44
29. DesainFire Tube Boilertampakdepan .......................................................... 45 30. DesainFire Tube Boilertampaksamping ...................................................... 46 31. DesainFire Tube Boilertampakatas .............................................................. 47 32. DesainSteam Power Plant SecaraKeseluruhan ............................................ 47 33. GrafikHubunganRasioBahan Bakar CampuranterhadapEfisiensiTermal Boiler ...................................................................................................................... 57 34. GrafikHubunganRasioBahan Bakar CampuranterhadapDaya yang Dihasilkan ......................................................................................................................59
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
1.
SpesifikasiKerosin ....................................................................................... 38
2.
Neraca Massa Boiler FurnacedenganRasioBahan Bakar Campuran 60% Kerosin : 40% MinyakJelantah .................................................................... 54
3.
Neraca Massa Boiler FurnacedenganRasioBahan Bakar Campuran 70% Kerosin : 30% MinyakJelantah .................................................................... 54
4.
Neraca Massa Boiler FurnacedenganRasioBahan Bakar Campuran 80% Kerosin : 20% MinyakJelantah .................................................................... 55
5.
NeracaPanasdenganRasioBahan Bakar Campuran 60% Kerosin : 40% minyakJelantah ............................................................................................ 55
6.
NeracaPanasdenganRasioBahan Bakar Campuran 70% Kerosin : 30% MinyakJelantah ............................................................................................ 56
7.
NeracaPanasdenganRasioBahan Bakar Campuran 80% Kerosin : 20% MinyakJelantah ............................................................................................ 56
8.
EfisiensiTermal Boiler Furnace danDaya yang DihasilkandenganVariasiBahan Bakar Campuran ....................................... 57
9.
Data PengamatanRasio Bahan Bakar Campuran 60% Kerosin : 40% Minyak Jelantah ........................................................................................................ 64
10. Data Pengamatan Rasio Bahan Bakar Campuran 70% Kerosin : 30% Minyak Jelantah ........................................................................................................ 66 11. Data Pengamatan Rasio Bahan Bakar Campuran 80% Kerosin : 20% Minyak Jelantah ........................................................................................................ 68 12. Spesifikasi kerosin dan Minyak Jelantah ..................................................... 69 13. Komposisi flue gas kering ........................................................................... 71 14. Komposisi udara masuk furnace .................................................................. 72 15. Komposisi flue gas basah ............................................................................. 72 16. Neraca Massa seputar Furnace ..................................................................... 73 17. Neraca Massa Boiler Furnace ...................................................................... 73 18. Komponen flue gas kering ........................................................................... 75
19. Panas sensibel flue gas ................................................................................. 76 20.Data desain boiler ........................................................................................... 77 21. Konduktivitas material boiler....................................................................... 77 22.Entalpi steam .................................................................................................. 81 23. Neraca Panas ................................................................................................ 82 24. Entalpi steam ................................................................................................ 83 25. Entalpi steam ................................................................................................ 83
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran
Halaman
1.
Data Hasil Pengamatan ............................................................................. 63
2.
Perhitungan Tugas Khusus........................................................................ 69
3.
Perhitungan Desain ................................................................................... 85
4.
Gambar ...................................................................................................... 112
5.
Surat-surat ................................................................................................. 126
