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Invertebrates found in underground shelters of western Bohemia. I. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Libor Dvořák1 1
Municipal Museum Mariánské Lázně, Goethovo náměstí 11, CZ-35301 Mariánské Lázně, Czech Republic Corresponding author:
[email protected] First published online 19th December 2014
Abstract: Mosquitoes found hibernating in underground shelters were studied in western Bohemia, Czech Republic. Species collected included Culiseta alaskaensis, Cs. annulata, Cs. glaphyroptera, Culex spp., and Anopheles maculipennis s.l.. Culex spp. were the most common, followed by Cs. glaphyroptera and Cs. annulata with few records of Cs. alaskaensis and An. maculipennis s.l.. Culex spp. were found in a variety of shelters, An. maculipennis s.l. preferred cellars, and Cs. alaskaensis where they were found, exhibited little preference. Culiseta annulata and Cs. glaphyroptera were found in similar numbers of cellars, caves, and bunkers, but Cs. glaphyroptera were found more commonly in mines than Cs. annulata. Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association 32: 27-32, 2014 Keywords: Culicidae, Culiseta, Culex, Anopheles, hibernation, underground shelters, Czech Republic Introduction Mosquitoes found hibernating in underground shelters in the Czech Republic have only been studied in a few parts of the country. Although some previous data can be found in Pax & Maschke (1935) and Maschke (1936) from north-western Moravia, the first major study evaluating thousands of mosquitoes was published from south Moravia (Minář & Hájková, 1966). Other data has been published from northeast Bohemia (Kramář et al., 1967) and the Třeboň region (Rettich et al., 1978). A very detailed study on mosquitoes including hibernation habits was published by Minář (1975) from the Lipno reservoir area in southern Bohemia. Dvořák (2012) found Cs. glaphyroptera to be a common species found in underground shelters of western Bohemia. In this paper, more data is presented on mosquitoes hibernating in underground shelters in western Bohemia, with a specific objective of further defining the hibernating requirements for Culiseta species. Materials and Methods Mosquitoes were searched for in 217 underground shelters by using a head lamp. In most cases, mosquitoes were counted in the presently studied localities, only in the case of unclear specimens or for the collection of voucher specimens were mosquitoes collected using a killing bottle with ethyl acetate. Mosquitoes were identified using Kramář (1958) and Maslov (1989). The voucher specimens are deposited in the collections of Municipal Museum Mariánské Lázně, Czech Republic. Results From a total of 217 localities visited, 4507 specimens (except Culex spp.) of five taxa were found. Altogether, 56 mapping quadrants (6’N, 10’E; ~ 130 km2) were studied (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Studied map quadrants, W. Bohemia, Czech Republic Except for the Culex spp., the most common species found was Culiseta glaphyroptera. Culisetea annulata was also commonly found, while Cs. alaskaensis and Anopheles maculipennis s.l. were rarely encountered. Culex spp. was found in more than 90% of the recorded localities, Cs. glaphyroptera in more than 50% of these localities, Cs. annulata was found in almost 40% of these localities, and Cs. alaskaensis and An. maculipennis s.l. were found in ca. 5% of these localities (Figure 2).
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Figure 2. Number of localities inhabited by each mosquito species is expressed by percentage (%)
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hibernating in caves: one female in the Medvedí Jaskyňa cave in the Slovenský Raj Mts. (Košel, 1976) and 79 females in two caves in the Belianske Tatry Mts. (Košel, 2004). Common occurrences are recorded at the caves of the Polish Tatra mountains. (Kowalski, 1955) and in the mines of south Norway (Kjaerandsen, 1993). Cellars have also been recorded as a hibernation location, e.g., from Uppsala in Sweden (Jaenson, 1987). In the studied region, only 14 females of Cs. alaskaensis have been found in 12 localities in nine mapping quadrants (Figure 4). The altitudinal ranges recorded were from 530 m a.s.l. (Zelená Hora, quadrant 6547 in the cellars of a castle) to 900 m a.s.l. (Ždánov, quadrant 6847, military bunker No. 22). In Mariánské Lázně, quadrant 6042, two females were recorded in the cellars of the hotel Jitřenka, 30.X.2012, while a single female was recorded on all other localities.
Figure 3 depicts the altitude of underground sites surveyed and the associated species found. Cs. annulata is quite common up to ca. 600 m a.s.l. but is rarer in higher altitudes. Cs. glaphyroptera was commonly found from altitudinal ranges of 450–600 m and higher, while this species is rare in lower altitudes. The presence of all mosquito taxa in the individual localities is shown in Appendix 1.
Figure 3. Number of studied localities and localities occupied by each mosquito species is divided into altitudinal ranges higher than 150 m a.s.l.
Culiseta alaskaensis (Ludlow, 1906) A boreo-montane forest species (Minář, 1975, Minář & Halgoš, 1997), which is very rarely found at low altitudes. In the Czech Republic, it is present mainly in hilly and mountainous regions, especially in south Bohemia (Minář, 1975). For example, Cs. alaskaensis was a very rare species in southeast Moravia in the 1990s (Gelbič et al., 2003), but it has not been recorded since 2000 (I. Gelbič, pers. comm.). Similarly this species is rare in lowlands in other central European countries, for example near Balaton Lake in Hungary more than 16,000 adults from the genus Culiseta were caught, of which only 12 adults (0.075%) were of Cs. alaskaensis (Márkus et al., 2009). It is considered a very rare species in Slovakia (Országh et al., 2001; Országh, 2004). Hibernation of Cs. alaskaensis is known from various countries in Europe and from various underground shelters. Minář (1975) found only individual females in three cellars by Lipno Reservoir in Bohemia. A very interesting finding is the hibernation of one female in a cellar in Valtice, south Moravia, Czech Republic, where this species is very rare (Minář & Hájková, 1966). In Slovakia, the species has been found
Figure 4. Distribution of Culiseta species in the studied region. Light green background: Cs. annulata, brown quadrants: Cs. glaphyroptera, blue circles: Cs. alaskaensis
Culiseta annulata (Schrank, 1776) Culiseta annulata is a common Western Palaearctic species, in the Czech Republic and is widely distributed up to ca. 1000 m a.s.l. (Kramář, 1958). The hibernation of Cs. annulata in the Czech Republic has been recorded by previous authors of Czech speleobiology. Pax & Maschke (1935) and Maschke (1936) published this species from two caves in the Kralický Sněžník mountains (=Glatzer Schneeberges Mts.). Cellars have previously been reported as the most common hibernation site in northeast Bohemia (Kramář et al., 1967) and in the Třeboň region (Rettich et al., 1978). In a major study conducted in south Moravia 30,000 hibernating mosquitoes were counted, but Cs. annulata was recorded only in individual females in cellars and bunkers (Minář & Hájková, 1966). The authors also noted the hibernation of this species in the caves of the Český Kras karst (Minář & Hájková, 1966). Small numbers of females (9–11 females per 1 m2) have also been recorded in cellars by Lipno Reservoir (Minář, 1962, 1977).
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In Slovakia, Cs. annulata has been recorded in a cave in Liptov (Moravčík, 1976) or in Zbojnícka cave (Košel & Horváth, 1996). It is a very common and widely distributed species, so many records of hibernation in underground shelters have been published from various European countries: in cellars in Croatia (Merdić, 1989, 1990, Merdić & VujičićKarlo, 2005), in mines in south Norway (Kjaerandsen, 1993), in a cellar near Uppsala in Sweden (Jaenson, 1987), in caves in Montii Banatului in Romania (Boitan & Negrea, 2001), in caves in Oltenia in Romania (Motas et al., 1967) and in caves by Montpellier in south France (Gazave et al., 2001, only four female Cs. annulata from more than 1,500 mosquitoes). In the studied region, 1,113 female Cs. annulata were found in 85 localities from 41 mapping quadrants (Figure 4). It is the third most common mosquito found hibernating in underground shelters. It is widely distributed in the entire studied region and with the exception of the highest altitudes, it has been found from 300 m a.s.l. (Krašov, quadrant 6047, in cellars by a castle) up to 780 a.s.l. (Amálino Údolí valley, quadrant 6847, in Bedřich mine). This fact corresponds with the results of Kramář (1958), who has documented Cs. annulata from a maximum altitude of 1000 m. Culiseta annulata hibernates as either single specimens or in smaller numbers up to several dozens of females. The highest numbers were found in the following localities: Chotěšov, quadrant 6345, in the cellar of a monastery, 3.II.2014 (177 females), Čepice, quadrant 6747, in a mine, 25.XII.2011 (69 females), 17.XI.2012 (39 females); Bečov nad Teplou, quadrant 5943, in a mine under a railroad, 30.X.2013 (57 females); Karlovy Vary, 5743, in a mine behind Thermal, 30.X.2013 (56 females); and Cheb, 5940, and in a cellar in a castle court, 24.I.2013 (50 females). These findings are in contrast to the study of Minář (1975), who did not found such large numbers of Cs. annulata. Also one male was found in one shelter: Čepice, quadrant 6747, mine, 25.XII.2011.
Culiseta glaphyroptera (Schiner, 1864)
This species is considered as an endemic species which has been recorded in mountainous areas of Central Europe (Kramář, 1958, Minář, 1975, Minář & Halgoš, 1997), particularly at lower altitudes in shaded rivers and stream valleys (Kramář et al., 1967). In Slovakia, where the mosquito fauna has been well studied, Cs. glaphyroptera was only recorded in six localities (Minář & Halgoš, 1997). Országh et al. (2001) and Országh (2004) listed Cs. glaphyroptera from seven mapping quadrants in the following mountain ranges: Malá Fatra, High Tatra, Belianské Tatry, Slovenský Ráj, and Vihorlat. Studies similar to those in Slovakia are lacking from the Czech Republic. Culiseta glaphyroptera were recorded in several mountainous and sub-mountain regions: Jizerské Hory, Krušné Hory (Ore mountains), Hubý Jeseník (Altvater mountains), Českomoravská Vrchovina highlands (all Kramář, 1958), the Lipno Reservoir surroundings (Minář, 1962, 1977), northwestern Bohemia (Kramář et al., 1967), Třeboň region (Rettich et al., 1978), and the planned Hněvkovice Reservoir surroundings (Olejníček & Kohn, 1987). For the list of these localities see Dvořák (2012). In the most recent Red List of invertebrates of the Czech Republic Cs. glaphyroptera is listed as a vulnerable species (VU) and is one of the seven of the rarest species in the Czech Republic (Minář, 2005). The situation in Slovakia is similar: Cs. glaphyroptera is listed as one of four vulnerable species (Jedlička & Stloukalová, 2001). As Dvořák (2012) recorded, Cs.
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glaphyroptera should be removed from the Red List of both countries and listed as a common species.
Figure 5. Distribution of Culiseta glaphyroptera in the Western Palaearctic The southernmost European localities are from Bulgaria (Bozhkov, 1959, Dvořák, 2012). The records from Iran are doubtful (Azari-Hamidian, 2007). A Greek checklist (Samanidou-Voyadjoglou & Darsie, 1993) includes Cs. glaphyroptera as a member of Greek fauna based on distribution only, and Snow & Ramsdale (1999) did not include Cs. glaphyroptera in the list of Greek fauna. Unexpected new records of Cs. glaphyroptera were published from northeast Algeria (Boudemagh, 2013). The newest European records of Cs. glaphyroptera were published from Germany, where this species is rare (Kampen et al., 2013). The distribution of Cs. glaphyroptera in Europe and North Africa is shown on Figure 5. The published records of hibernating specimens are very scarce. There are records in a cave cellar in Mutzig in France (Eckstein, 1918), in a cave in Lower Austria (Martini, 1925), and in Slovakia where five females were found in Vlčie Diery cave in the Slovenský Ráj mountains. (Košel, 1999) and seven females in two caves of the Belianské Tatry mountains. (Košel, 2004). Minář (1975) found individual females in cellars by Lipno Reservoir in the Czech Republic. In the studied region, 3,290 females Cs. glaphyroptera have been found at 112 localities in 37 mapping quadrants (Figure 4). It is the second most common mosquito hibernating in underground shelters and a widely distributed species. The altitudinal level of localities varies from 340 m a.s.l. (Holýšov, quadrant 6344, mine in the Hradecká Skála rock) up to 940 m a.s.l. (Ždánov, quadrant 6847, military bunker No. 4). Culiseta glaphyroptera hibernates either as individual females, or in dozens, but scarcely in mass numbers. The highest numbers have been counted at the following localities: Broumov, quadrant 6142, in the cellars of Jánský castle, 26.XI.2013 (326 females), 16.I.2013 (236 females), 29.XII.2011 (201 females); Výškov, quadrant 6042, in a mine Starostova, 12.XI.2013 (202 females); Vysoká-Háj, quadrant 6041, Dyleňská cave, 29.X.2013 (183 females), 31.XII.2011 (105 females); Vítkov, quadrant 5841, in an ammunition depot of a former quarry, 13.II.2014 (148 females); Vysoká-Háj, quadrant 6041, in a cellar of a former gamekeeper’s lodge, 29.X.2013 (138 females), 12.I.2012 (136 females), Výškov, quadrant 6042, mine Trampský Převis, 12.XI.2013 (113 females), and Výškovice, quadrant 6042, in a mine Parukářka, 10.XI.2012 (111 females).
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Figure 6. The present known distribution of Culiseta glaphyroptera in the Czech Republic Also material of several hibernating females from east Bohemia (Krušné Hory mountains), central Bohemia (Český Kras karst and Prague), south Bohemian plateaux (Blatná environs), and east Moravia (Moravskoslezské Beskydy mountains) have been studied by the author. The present known distribution in the Czech Republic is based on published data and records of hibernating mosquitos is shown in Figure 6.
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Females could be identified with some difficulties by using scale index of the wings (e.g. Dirlbek, 1954). The studied specimens were identified as An. messeae, but owing to morphological complexities, these are listed here as An. maculipennis s.l. Both species are widely distributed throughout most of Europe, with An. maculipennis s.s. having a wider overall distribution (Snow & Ramsdale, 1999). The hibernation of An. maculipennis s.l. at various sites were published, e.g. Eckstein (1918). In the Czech Republic, the hibernation habits were observed in cold cellars in the Třeboň region (Rettich et al., 1978) or in south Moravia (Minář & Hájková, 1966). Minář (1975) found both species in cellars by Lipno Reservoir. Although specimens of Anopheles maculipennis s.l. prefer other shelters, they could be found hibernating in cold cellars (Minář, 1975). For example, other records were published from cellars in Osijek in Croatia (Merdić, 1990; Merdić & Vujičić-Karlo, 2005), from a cave near Montpellier in southern France (Gazave et al., 2001) or from a cellar by Uppsala in Sweden (Jaenson, 1987).
Culex spp. Only small numbers of Culex spp. females were collected and identified. Only Cx. torrentium and Cx. pipiens s.l. were found. Identification of females of Cx. torrentium and Cx. pipiens is very difficult and identification can accurately be made in only a few specimens (Onyeka, 1982; Jaenson, 1987). No Cx. territans Walker, 1856 or Cx. hortensis Ficalbi, 1889 were found. With this in mind all records are listed as Culex spp. A common species, Cx. pipiens s.l. is collected practically in all of Europe. Thousands of specimens are often collected. So, the hibernation habits are well known, e.g., in a cellar by Uppsala in Sweden (Jaenson, 1987; together with Cx. torrentium and Cx. territans), in a cave in Olteina in Romania (Motas et al., 1967), in a cave by Montpellier in southern France (Gazave et al., 2001; together with Cx. hortensis), in mines in southern Norway (Kjaerandsen, 1993; together with Cx. territans), in the Zbojnícka cave in Little Carpathians in Slovakia (Košel & Horváth, 1996), in caves in the Belianske Tatry mountains in Slovakia (Košel, 2004), in caves in the Liptov region in Slovakia (Moravčík, 1976; together with Cx. torrentium) or in caves in Croatia (Merdić, 1989, 1990; Merdić & Vujičić-Karlo, 2005). Minář (1975) regarded Cx. pipiens as the most common mosquito found in cellars by Lipno Reservoir with large numbers collected up to 6,280 females per 1 m2. In the present research, it is the most common species that occurred in 203 localities (93%) in 55 mapping quadrants (Figure 7), quite often it is found in huge numbers (these however were not counted). Also one male of Cx. pipiens s.l. was found in one shelter: Broumov, quadrant 6142, in the cellars of Jánský castle, 26.XI.2013.
Anopheles maculipennis s.l.
This complex includes several species, from which only two could be found hibernating in west Bohemia: An. maculipennis s.s. Meigen, 1818 and An. messeae Falleroni, 1926.
Figure 7 Distribution of Culex spp. (light green backround) and Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (blue circles) in the studied region Some authors separate both species and published records of An. maculipennis s.s. hibernating in the Třeboň region (Rettich et al., 1978) and by Montpellier (Gazave et al., 2001), An. messeae in Osijek (Merdić, 1990; Merdić & Vujičić-Karlo, 2005), while both species were found in south Moravia (Minář & Hájková, 1966) and by Lipno Reservoir (Minář, 1975). In the studied region, 90 females An. maculipennis s.l. have been found on 14 localities in nine mapping quadrants (Figure 7). The highest situated locality is Tři Sekery, 6041, cellar by the house No. 21 (665 m. a.s.l.). Minář (1975) stated that records of An. messeae higher than 700 m a.s.l. was very surprising. Only two “mass hibernacula” have been discovered: Tři Sekery, quadrant 6041, in a cellar by a house No. 21, 18.XII.2011 (23 females) and Dolní Žandov, quadrant 5941, cellar of a house by a former military training area, 7.I.2012 (21 females).
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Figure 4. Distribution of Anopheles maculipennis s.l. in the studied region. Discussion and conclusion Five taxa of mosquitoes were found in western Bohemia during research of underground hibernacula. Culex spp. are common everywhere and they occur in various underground shelters throughout the whole studied region. Culiseata glaphyroptera is the second most common mosquito species, found mainly at medium and higher altitudes. The third most common species is Cs. annulata which is widely distributed and is quite common except in higher altitudes. Culiseta alaskaensis is probably a very rare species, not only in underground shelters, but probably throughout the Czech Republic. Anopheles maculipennis s.l. is rarely found hibernating in underground shelters. Acknowledgements I wish to thank my colleagues who collected mosquitoes in some localities: Ivo Těťál, Michaela Říšová (Museum of West Bohemia, Pilsen), Jiří Lahoda (Chrastavice), Kateřina Dvořáková (Tři Sekery), Marie Plešáková (Municipal Museum Mariánské Lázně), Václav Benedikt, Stanislav Doležal (Pilsen), Zbyněk Kejval (Museum Chodska, Domažlice), Přemysl Tájek, Pavla Tájková (Slavkovský Les Protected Landscape Area Administration), Jan Matějů (Museum Karlova Vary), Václav Říš (Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Regional Centre Pilsen), Václav Týr (Žihle), and Petr Krása (Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Regional Centre Karlovy Vary). Anthony Daglio (Orlando, Florida, USA) revised English. References Azari-Hamidian, S. (2007): Checklist of Iranian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Ecology, 32(2), 235– 242. Boitan, V. & Negrea, S. (2001): Contribution to the knowledge of the terrestrial cavernicolous fauna from the Modele Cerna Halley (Banat, Romania). Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa”, 43, 11–22.
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Kramář, J., Chalupský, J. & Minář, J. (1967): Komáři Severočeského kraje [Die Mücken der Nordbömischen Kreises]. Sborník severočeského muzea, přírodní vědy, 3, 167–174 (in Czech, German summary). Martini, E. (1925): Zwei bemerkenswerte Culiciden von einem eigenartigen Biotop. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 12(5–6), 333–337. Maschke, K. (1936): Die Höhlenfauna des Glatzer Schneeberges. 5. Die Metazoenfauna der Bergwerke bei Mährisch-Altstadt. Beiträge zur Biologie des Glatzer Schneeberges, Heft 2, 175–191, Breslau. Maslov, A.V. (1989) Blood-sucking mosquitoes of the subtribe Culisetina (Diptera, Culicidae) in world fauna. English translation by Amerind Publishing Company, New Delhi, India 248 pp. (Original in Russian: Krovososushchie komary podtriby Culisetina (Diptera, Culicidae) mirovoĭ fauny. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, Izdavaemye Zoologicheskim, Instittutom Akademii Nauk SSSR, Number 93, Nauka Publishers, Leningrad, USSR, 1967). Merdić, E. (1989): Fluctuation of the number of mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae [sic!]) in cellars in the winter period in Osijek. Periodicum Biologorum, 91(1), 143-144. Merdić, E. (1990): Prezimljavanje komaraca (Dipt., Culicidae) u podrumina na području grada Osijeka [Hibernation of mosquitoes (Dipt. Culicidae) in cellars in town Osijek, Croatia, Yugoslavia]. Acta entomologica Jugoslavica, 23(1–2), 53–58 (in Croatian, English summary). Merdić, E. & Vujičić-Karlo, S. (2005): Two type sof hibernation of Culex pipienes komplex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Croatia. Entomologica Croatica, 9(1–2), 71–76. Minář, J. (1962) Ekologická studie komárů a dalších skupin parazitického dvoukřídlého hmyzu na větších umělých vodních nádržích [Ecological study of mosquitoes and other groups of parasitic flies on large artificial water reservoirs]. Ms., unpubl., dissertation, Parasitological institute of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 180 pp. Minář, J. (1977): Vliv hydrotechnických změn při výstavbě Lipenské vodní nádrže na výskyt komárů [The influence of hydrotechnical changes on the incidence of mosquitoes in the Lipno reservoir]. Acta Sci. Nat. Mus. Bohem. Merid., 15, Suppl. 1, 1–75 (In Czech; Engl. summ.). Minář, J. (2005): Culicidae (komárovití) [Family: Culicidae], p. 268. In: Farkač, J., Král, D. & Škorpík, M. (eds): Červený seznam ohrožených druhů České republiky. Bezobratlí [Red list of threatened species in the Czech Republic. Invertebrates]. Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny ČR, Praha, 760 pp. (in Czech and English).
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Minář J. & Hájková Z. (1966): Knowledge on the hibernation of mosquitoes in our territory, especially in South Moravia. Folia Parasitologica, 13, 237–247. Minář J. & Halgoš J. (1997): Zoogeographically significant mosquitoes in the territory of Bohemia and Slovakia. In: Vaňhara J. & Rozkošný R. (eds), Dipterologica bohemoslovaca. Vol. 8. Folia Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Masaryk. Brun., Biol., 95, 129–132. Moravčík, P. (1976): Ročná dynamika niektorých čeľadí Dipter (Culicidae, Heleomyzidae) vo vybraných jaskyniach Liptova [Year dynamics of some dipteran families (Culicidae, Heleomyzidae) in selected caves of the Lipton region]. – Ms., unpubl., diploma thesis (Faculty of Biology, Komenius University, Bratislava), 60 pp., Appendix 21 pp. Motas, C., Decou, V. & Buyghele, A. (1967): Sur ľassociation pariétala des Grottes D’Olténie. Annales se Speleologie, XXII (3), 487–521. Olejníček, J. & Kohn, M. (1987) Komáři oblasti budoucí přehrady u Hněvkovic a několik poznámek k fauně komárů jižních Čech [Mosquitoes in the prospective Hněvkovice Dam Lake Region, including some notes on the mosquito fauna of South Bohemia]. Sborník Jihočeského Muzea v Českých Budějovicích, Přírodní Vědy 27, 83–86. Onyeka, J. O. A. (1982): The taxonomic value of pre-alar scales in the identification of Culex (Culex) pipiens L. and Culex (Cx.) torrentium Martini (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 14 (l), 41–52. Országh, I. (2004): Catalogue of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Slovakia. Biologia, Bratislava, 59/Suppl. 15, 69– 156. Országh, I., Halgoš, J., Jalili, N. & Labuda, M. (2001): Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Slovakia II. European Mosquito Bulletin, 11 (2001), 1–26. Pax, F. & Maschke, K. (1935): Die Höhlenfauna des Glatzer Schneeberges. 1. Die rezente Metazoenfauna. Beiträge zur Biologie des Glatzer Schneeberges, Heft 1, 4–72, Breslau. Rettich, F., Albert, J. & Kadlčík, K. (1978): A study on the mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of the Třeboň basin. In: Országh I. (ed.), Dipterologica bohemoslovaca 1. Veda, Bratislava, pp. 229–241. Samanidou-Voyadjoglou, A. & Darsie, R. F, Jr. (1993): An annotated checklist and bibliography of the mosquitoes of Greece (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 25(3): 177-185 Snow, K. & Ramsdale, C. (1999): Distribution chart for European mosquitoes. European Mosquito Bulletin, 3, 14–31.
Dvorak, L. (2014). Invertebrates found in underground shelters of western Bohemia. I. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association. 32: 2732, 2014.
Appendix Locality
Quad
Stand
m a.s.l.
C. alas.
C. annul.
Liblín
6047
cellars of a distillery
290
Krašov
6047
cellars by a castle
300
Chrást
6246
culvert under the railway
310
Kozojedy
6047
mine No. 4
310
×
×
Plzeň
6246
cellar of a house Božkovské náměstí 15
310
×
×
Plzeň
6246
cellar of a house Tylova No. 22
325
Plzeň
6246
cellar of a house Bendova No. 21
330
Stříbro
6244
mine Marie
330
×
Holýšov
6344
mine in Hradecká skála rock
340
×
Kočín
6046
mine
350
Chotěšov
6345
cellars of a monastery
355
Plzeň
6246
cellar of a house Rokycanská No. 81
360
Stříbro
6244
exemplary stope by a mine Prokop
365
Kamenec
6147
mine
370
Karlovy Vary
5743
mine by hotel Thermal
370
×
×
Stříbro
6244
ammunition depot 50 m NNE of mine Prokop 370
×
×
Stříbro
6244
mine Dloutý tah
370
Stříbro
6244
mine Prokop
370
×
Rokycany
6247
cellars of a house No. 237
375
×
Stříbro
6244
mine Cecílie
375
Stříbro
6243
mine Sv. Jan na poušti
380
×
×
×
Stříbro
6243
mine Všech Svatých
380
×
×
×
Butov
6244
Malovická mine
385
×
×
Horšovský Týn
6443
cellar of a castle
385
Karlovy Vary
5743
cellars of a hotel Sevastopol
385
Kamenec
6147
mine Dolní by a road
390
Kamenec
6147
mine Horní by a road
390
Kladruby
6243
mine Koruna
390
Kladruby
6243
mine by mine Jakub
395
×
Stará Role
5743
mine Bažantí vrch II
395
×
Svojšín
6243
mine by kinder camp Radar
395
×
Šipín
6144
bunker by the bridge above Úterský stream
395
Švihov
6545
cellars of a castle
395
Klatovy
6645
cellars of a house Plzeňská No. 200
400
Klatovy
6645
cellars of a house Vančurova No. 54
400
×
Ohnišťovice
6443
mine by a pond
400
×
Kladruby
6243
cellars of a monastery
410
×
Vydřiduch
6247
mine
410
Gutštejn
6144
cellars of a castle
425
×
C. glap.
Culex
×
×
×
×
A. macul.
×
× × ×
×
×
×
×
×
×
× ×
× ×
×
×
×
× ×
× × ×
× ×
× × ×
× ×
×
× ×
×
× ×
× ×
×
×
×
×
×
Cheb
5940
cellars of a house Balthasara Neumanna 523 435
×
Prácheň
6648
mine
435
Hřebeny
5741
mine Petrova
440
×
Ohnišťovice
6443
colliery behind Kulich site
440
×
Svinná
6147
cellars of a castle
440
Hřebeny
5741
mine Velikonoční
445
Cheb
5940
baroque casemate in the castle wall
445
×
×
Cheb
5940
cellars of a museum
450
×
×
Cheb
5940
cellars on a castle court
450
×
×
Chrastavice
6543
cellar of a house No. 89
450
×
Pomezná
5839
cellars of a strong-hold
450
×
Boučí
5741
mine L
455
×
Červený vrch
6543
lower mine
455
×
Hřebeny
5741
mine by a tramp camp
455
×
Cheb
5940
crypt of cordelier church
460
×
Oloví
5741
mine by a framery
460
×
×
Klášter Teplá
6043
cellars of a monastery
465
×
×
×
Klášter Teplá
6043
cellars of a scout base
465
×
×
×
Starý Rybník
5840
cellars of a castle
465
×
×
×
Hřebeny
5741
cellars of a brewery
470
×
×
×
Hřebeny
5741
brewery cellars
470
×
×
Loreta
6645
mine
470
×
×
×
Roupov
6445
cellars of a castle
470
×
Letiny
6446
cellars of a house No. 35
475
Staré Sedlo
5842
mine in a quarry
480
Starý Rybník
5840
mine
480
×
Červený vrch
6543
mine
485
×
Hartenberk
5741
cellars of a castle
485
×
Pec
6642
cellars of a house No. 2
485
×
Čepice
6747
mine
500
×
Rabí
6747
cellars of a castle
500
×
Žihle
5946
cellars of a house No. 119
500
Planá
6142
cellars of a house Tylova 169
505
Bečov nad Teplou
5942
cellars of a hotelu No. 336
510
×
×
×
Bečov nad Teplou
5943
mine under railroad
510
×
×
×
Vítkov
5842
ammunition depot of the former quarry
510
×
×
×
Bečov nad Teplou
5942
mine
515
×
×
×
Dlouhá Ves
6846
mine by a bridge
520
×
Kyselecký Hamr
5940
cellar
520
Rozsedly
6747
cellar in a garden in NE part of a village
520
Svatobor
5744
cellars of a former rectory
520
Čkyně
6848
cellars by a castle
525
×
Hrad Nečtiny
6044
cellar under castle by a stream
525
×
Kraslice
5641
brewery cellars
525
×
Rotava
5741
underground lime quarry
525
Valeč
5845
Šibeniční vrch hill, mine
525
Bečov nad Teplou
5943
cellars of a castle
530
Bečov nad Teplou
5942
little cellar by a turning to Louka
530
×
×
×
× × ×
× × ×
×
×
× ×
×
× ×
×
× × × ×
×
× ×
× ×
×
× ×
×
× × × ×
×
× ×
×
×
Zelená Hora
6547
cellars of a castle
530
×
×
×
Chanovec
6747
mine
540
Dubina
5744
Skalky Skřítků NNM, pseudokarst cave
540
×
×
Kraslice
5641
mine behind the factory 1
540
×
×
Kraslice
5641
mine behind the factory 2
540
Kraslice
5641
mine in Skalní street
540
×
Valeč
5845
cellars of an administrative house of a castle 545
×
×
Valeč
5845
cellars of a castle
545
×
×
Valeč
5845
cellar in a wall
545
×
×
Hazlov
5839
mine by a stream
550
Michalovy Hory
6042
mine Barbora
550
×
×
Valeč
5845
cellars in the castle park
550
×
×
×
Výškov
6042
mine Trampský převis
550
×
×
×
Podhradí
5739
cellars of former Spodní castle
555
Podhradí
5739
cellar with a mushrooms
555
Podhradí
5739
cellar in a castle wall under the church
555
Podhradí
5739
cellar under red ash trees
555
Rotava
5641
mine Wolframová
555
Trdlina
6142
mine
Výškov
6042
mine Pokojíček
Broumov
6141
cellars of Jánský castle
560
Hazlov
5839
mine by a railstation
560
Rotava-Samoty
5641
mine by a stream
560
Dolní Žandov
5941
cellars of a house by military training area
565
Horní Luby
5740
cellars of a castle
565
×
Horní Slavkov
5842
cellars behind of a gas station
565
×
Horní Slavkov
5842
cellars of a rectory
570
Okrouhlé Hradiště
6143
mine in a quarry
570
×
Palič
5940
cellars of a strong-hold
570
×
Palič
5940
cellar under a hayloft
570
Strašín
6847
cave
570
Výškov
6042
mine Labyrint
Nové Městečko
6044
Úšovice
6042
Kraslice Horní Slavkov
×
× ×
× ×
× ×
×
×
×
×
× ×
×
×
×
555
×
×
555
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
× ×
×
×
×
×
×
×
570
×
×
cellars of a castle Preitenštejn
575
×
×
cellars of a rectory
575
×
×
5641
cellars in the area of former factory
575
5842
cellar in the road turn
580
×
Podhradí
5739
cellars of former castle Neuschloss
580
×
×
Podhradí
5739
cellar in a hollow way
580
×
×
Stichlův Mlýn
5743
mine
580
Výškov
6042
mine Věra
580
Zámek Kynžvart
5941
cellars of a brewery
580
Zámek Kynžvart
5941
cellar in a rock
580
Podhradí
5739
cellars behind Neuschloss castle
585
Sudslavice
6948
Sudslavická cave
585
Výškov
6142
mine Svatá Anna
585
Černá Řeka
6542
mine
590
Nejdek
5642
mine behind a garrage
585
Pivoň
6542
cellars of a monastery
590
×
×
× ×
×
×
×
× ×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
Výškov
6042
mine Starostova
590
×
×
×
Skoky
5944
right mine under a church
595
×
×
×
Velhartice
6746
mine
595
×
×
×
Kostelní Bříza
5841
cellars in a castle park
605
×
Kostelní Bříza
5841
cellars in a castle park II
605
Toužim
5943
cellars of a castle
605
Výškov
6042
mine Mramorová
605
Výškov
6042
mine Mezipatro
605
Výškov
6042
mine Mramorová
605
×
×
Výškov
6042
mine Pod hradem
605
×
×
×
Krásná Lípa
5941
cellar by a patch
610
×
×
×
Mýtina
5940
bunker A
610
×
×
Mariánské Lázně
6042
cellars behind the town swimming pool
615
×
×
Mýtina
5940
bunker B
615
×
×
Nový Dvůr
6043
Röllerův Mlýn, cellar of a ruin
615
Skoky
5944
cellars of a former tavern
615
Luka
5844
brewery cellars
625
Pístov
6042
cellar behind a rectory
625
Krásná Lípa
5941
cellars of a former castle
630
Smrčina
5739
cellar of a manor
630
Velhartice
6746
cellars of a castle
635
Mariánské Lázně
6042
cellars of the hotel Split
640
Mariánské Lázně
6042
cellars of the hotel Jitřenka
640
Mariánské Lázně
6042
cellars of a museum
640
Mariánské Lázně
6042
cellars under a rectory in Nehrova No. 26
640
Nejdek
5642
mine in a serpentine
640
×
Amálino údolí
6847
mine Průchodná
645
×
Amálino údolí
6847
mine Veřejné záchodky
650
×
Boučí-Nové Domy
5741
mine No. 5
650
Amálino údolí
6847
mine A
655
Amálino údolí
6847
mine B
655
Výškovice
6042
mine U silnice
655
×
×
Tři Sekery
6041
cellars of a council
660
×
×
Poustka
6041
mine
665
Tři Sekery
6041
cellar of a house No. 99
665
Tři Sekery
6041
cellar of a house in W part of the village
665
Tři Sekery
6041
cellars of a school
665
Tři Sekery
6041
cellar by the house No. 21
665
×
×
Krásná
5738
mine U sečtělého bezdomovce
670
×
×
Mariánské Lázně
6042
water house on the Žižkův vrch hill
670
×
Tři Sekery
6041
cellars of the restaurant No. 97
670
×
Nová Ves
5942
upper mine
675
Amálino údolí
6847
mine Myší díra
680
Nezdice
6847
Fík cave
680
Vysoká-Háj
6041
cellar by a sagging
685
Kraslice
5641
mine Tisovec
690
Vysoká Pec
5642
štola
690
Výškovice
6042
cellar of a ruin
690
× ×
×
× × ×
×
×
×
×
×
× ×
× ×
×
×
× ×
× ×
×
× ×
×
×
×
×
×
×
× ×
× ×
×
× × ×
×
× ×
×
×
× ×
×
× ×
×
× ×
×
×
×
Výškovice
6042
mine Parukářka
690
×
×
Výškovice
6042
mine S jezírkem
690
×
×
Vysočany
6042
cellars of a manor
695
Výškovice
6042
mine Šikmá plocha
695
Amálino údolí
6847
mine Kristýna
700
Mariánské Lázně
6042
mine by Zoo am Berg
700
×
×
Vysoká-Háj
6041
cellar of a lime-kiln
700
×
×
Výškovice
6042
mine Horní Hrom
700
Výškovice
6042
mine Jeskyně Inků
700
×
×
×
Vysoká-Háj
6041
Dyleňská cave
705
×
×
×
Vysoká-Háj
6041
Hájská cave
705
×
×
Vysoká-Háj
6041
cellar of a former gamekeeper's lodge
705
×
×
Amálino údolí
6847
mine Dóm
715
×
×
Amálino údolí
6847
mine II
720
×
×
Podzuklín
6847
cellar in a rock
730
Nežichov
5944
mine
750
Zlatý vrch
5845
mine
750
Čistá
5842
Jeroným mine
760
Amálino údolí
6847
mine Překvapení
770
Prameny
5942
mine Manganová
770
×
×
Zádub
6042
cellars of a house No. 65
770
×
×
Amálino údolí
6847
mine Bedřich
780
Lázně Kynžvart
5941
mine Spletená
780
×
Pernink
5642
mine Červená
840
×
Ryžovna
5543
×
×
× ×
× ×
×
×
×
× ×
× × ×
× ×
×
×
mine Dolní Perníková
850
Jelení u Nových Hamrů 5541
mine Neomys
870
Ždánov
6847
bunker 5
885
Žlíbek
6847
bunker 6
890
Žlíbek
6847
bunker 51
890
Ždánov
6847
bunker 23
895
Ždánov
6847
bunker 22
900
Pernink
5642
mine behind the railstation
815
Ždánov
6847
small cellar
930
×
Ždánov
6847
bunker 4
940
×
Ryžovna
5643
bunker by a radiostation
1040
×
× ×
×
×
×
×
×
× ×
× ×
