Food Diversification in Rural Areas* Esta Lestari
* This presentation is part of the study of Rekonstruksi Pola Konsumsi Pangan Menuju Ketahanan Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat, funded By LIPI under competitive reasearch scheme
|Outline • Background: Changing pattern of food consumption • Figures of food production and consumption in Indonesia
Changing of food pattern and expenditure
Monthly Average income per capita 1999-2013
Prove of Engel curve; indicating low income and welfare Changing of food pattern to non-rice and processes food
Consumption of several commodities (kg/cap/annually) No
Consumption
2005
2006
2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Beras
105.2
104
100
104.9
102.2
100.76
102.82
2
Terigu
8.4
8.2
11.3
11.2
10.3
10.34
10.92
3
Umbi-umbian
21.9
18.5
19.4
18.9
14.7
14.2
14.61
4
Daging Unggas
4.1
3.2
4.4
4.2
3.9
4.5
4.75
5
Daging ruminansia
1.8
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.02
6
Ikan
18.6
17.8
17.9
18.4
17.1
18.1
18.98
7
Sayuran
50.8
51.1
57.8
56.3
49.7
49.3
48.8
8
Buah
31.7
23.6
34.1
31.9
23.1
27.9
23.22
Consumption of flour was the only which increased
Rata‑Rata Pengeluaran Makanan per Kapita Sebulan (rupiah), 1998-2012 Kelompok Barang
1998
Kota+Desa
Kota
Desa
Kota+Desa
Kota
Desa
Kota+Desa
47242
291678
219803
254520
332509
254926
293556
375110
272249
323478
12380
11984
39141
48548
44004
40065
48752
44427
54851
60941
57908
762
771
768
1947
2865
2422
2240
3770
3008
1939
3625
2785
Ikan
5041
3781
4248
22940
20091
21467
26003
24740
25369
28706
24511
26600
Daging
4255
1989
2829
13695
7262
10370
13973
7995
10972
18146
8043
13075
Telur dan susu
4428
1971
2882
21339
10690
15834
22855
11405
17106
25007
13088
19024
Sayur-sayuran
3746
2799
3150
19093
18903
18995
25355
25769
25563
25051
22856
23949
Kacang-kacangan
2393
1774
2003
8273
6560
7387
8430
6577
7500
9637
7258
8443
Buah-buahan
3211
1542
2161
14829
10005
12335
15200
10338
12759
19079
11835
15443
Minyak dan lemak
3001
2535
2708
9743
9246
9486
11221
11462
11342
13478
11220
12344
Bahan minuman
3135
2727
2878
11008
11369
11195
10363
10997
10681
9662
12197
10934
Bumbu-bumbuan
1627
1420
1497
5677
5121
5390
6386
6150
6268
6805
6078
6440
Konsumsi lainnya
1551
898
1140
7233
5560
6368
7160
5608
6381
8105
5828
6962
Makanan dan minuman jadi
7999
2868
4770
89258
39019
63286
111584
51737
81536
112566
48749
80532
Tembakau dan sirih
4625
3857
4141
27502
24563
25982
31674
29629
30647
42078
36023
39038
Umbi-umbian
57189
41384
11310
Kota+Desa
2012
Desa
Padi-padian
Desa
2011
Kota
Makanan
Kota
2010
Food price in rural areas were always more expensive than in urban for agriculture commodities
Indonesia is the second richest country in biodiversity
Staple Food Map by Region
Indonesia is the second richest country in biodiversity after Brazil Endowed with 800 species of food plants + 1000 species of medical plants Thousands species of micro algae
77 75 26 389 228 110
Source of carbohydrates Source of oil and fats Varieties of beans Varieties of Fruits varieties of vegetables types of spices
9
Yet….
Gap of Food supply and consumption
Widening gap of supply and demand, while increasing production Indeks Swasembada 2012 Energi (Kkal/kap/hr) 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
120
84
Protein (gr/kap/hr)
82
100
80
80
78 60 76 40
74
20 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ketersediaan*
Konsumsi**
72
0
70 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ketersediaan
Konsumsi
PPH**
But, why are we still vulnerable for food?
Paradox of food security and sovereignty
Food security >< Food sovereignty • Food security: “..exist when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle.” • It says nothing about where food comes from, or how and under what conditions it is produced and consumed • Billions of foods are fed to automobiles (biofuels) and livestock (feed) despite hundreds of millions of people are hungry • 80% of all livestock production is of industrial variety. 1/3 of worlds cultivated land is used to produces livestock feed directly (Sheneider, M. 2014)
Food Sovereignty • “…the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produces through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture system.” • How to change the food system in order to enhance rural livelihood and maintaining cultural knowledge of seed, farming and ecology
Food diversification as a strategy to achieve both Stabilitas Pangan Ketersediaan Pangan Akses Pangan
Food Sovereignty
Pemanfa atan Pangan
Food security Kerawanan pangan dan gizi kronis
Food Diversification
Kerawanan pangan Transien
UU Pangan No. 68/2002
Perpres No. 22/2009
UU. NO. 12/2008
Keberagaman Pangan Untuk Kedaulatan Pangan
What is Food Diversification? Boarder scope
• Food adequacy/food security is defined as physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious foods which meet the individual dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Production based Narrow scope
• Vertical • Horizontal • Staple food diversification
Measurement Kel. Pangan
PPH Nasional Energy cons Protein cons PPH FAO 2020 (Kkal/cap/day) (gr/cap/day)
Weight
Score
40
50
1.100,0
300
0.5
Umbi-umbian
5
6
132,0
100
0.5
25,0 2.5
Pangan Hewani
20
12
264,0
150
2,0
2.4
6
5
110,0
35
2,0
5
6
132,0
250
5,0
3
3
66,0
10
0.5
10
10
220,0
25
0.5
8
5
110,0
30
0.5
3
5
66,0
-
100
100
2200
Padi-padian
Minyak dan Lemak Buah/Biji Berminyak
Kacang-kacangan Gula Sayur dan Buah Lain-lain
10,0 30,0
1,0 5,0 2.5
100
Achievement of food diversification
National food consumption: figures
Energy consumption (kal)
Source: BKP based on Susenas 2014 (I)
Protein consumption (gr)
Source: BKP based on Susenas 2014 (I)
Score of PPH 2014
Sumber: BKP, 2014 (diolah dari Susenas 2014 (I)
Nutritional status for Indonesia
Calorie intake by foods types (Kkal)
Nutritional status of Indonesians is still low • Cereals; added fats and oils; and processed food are the main contributors of calorie and protein intake • Calorie and protein intake in Indonesia is still lower than they should be
Protein intake by foods types (gr) Calories and protein intake for Indonesia 2007-2013
WNPG X (2012) AKE & AKP: 2200 kal dan 57 gr
The staffed and the Starve: Beban-Ganda Malnutrisi
• Stunted children in Indonesia is four times higher than total number of poor people, or 1/3 of total children under 5 y.o. • Malnutrition in Indonesia is not always related to level of economy (poverty), economic access and poverty alleviation program but mainly due to low level of understanding of healthy food habits (WFP, 2015)
Empirical results
Peta kemiskinan
Basis for research locations Tingkat Kemiskinan
Jumlah Penduduk Miskin
INDONESIA
77 75 26 389 228 40 110
NTT
Jenis Sumber Karbohidrat Jenis Sumber Lemak/Minyak Jenis Kacang-kacangan Jenis Buah-buahan Jenis Sayuran Jenis Bahan Minuman Jenis Rempah-rempah dan Bumbu-bumbuan
DIVERSIFIKASI PANGAN SANGAT PENTING
34
Extent of Food Diversification in NTT and Jogja (Yk) • Staple food diversification is already implemented in both area • Yet, degree of accomplishment of diversification are varies by locations, endowment and income • Yk perceives local food higher than NTT does. • Implementation of border FD in Yk is better than NTT; local foods in Yk have been a competitive product
Varieties of local foods Ubi Kayu Ubi Jalar
Garut
Keladi/ Talas
Kabupaten
Jagung
Uwi
Kimpul
Suweg Ganyong Putak Bakau Jewawut
Kota Yogyakarta
X
X
X
X
Gunung Kidul
X
X
X
X
Kota-Kab. Kupang
X
X
X
X
X
X
TTS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
Source: DKP DIY dan BKP NTT
Horizontal diversification can be achieved
36
NTT
- Corn based staple food
- Root and tubes - Adjusting consumption by season
Rice is complementary when available, especially during raskin delivering
Rice is superior food, consumed during special cultural occasions
YK
Rice is the main staple food, combine with roots and tubes (gaplek is the most popular)
- Non-rice usually consumed as breakfast - Local source of protein
- Local food is superior - Non-rice is perceived as healthy
- Local food is competitive product
Performance of PPH
PPH score Kel. Pangan Padi-padian Umbi-umbian Pangan Hewani Minyak dan Lemak Buah/Biji Berminyak Kacang-kacangan Gula Sayur dan Buah Lain-lain * 2012 **2013 ***2014
DIY* 25 2,3 16,3 3,9 1 7 2,5 22,9 80,9
Gunung Kidul** TTS*** 25,0 22,3 2,3 2,5 16,3 17,2 3,9 5 1,0 1 7,0 10 2,5 2,4 22,9 22,6 0 76.2 83.1
National 25,0 0,9 21,0 5,0 0,7 5,3 1,8 29,2 0,0 88,,9 88
Role of culture
• History and culture build buffer stock system in communities, subsequently created informal institution • Cultural occasions either positively or negatively impact local food habits • Shocks in welfare are different between NTT and Yk
Food culture in GUNUNGKIDUL • Menus are determined by the events • Based on togetherness Cultural occasions: 1. Rasulan/bersih dusun ...........menu khusus 2. Hajatan (sunatan, pernikahan) 3. Nyadran 4. Sapi melahirkan 5. Syukuran (aqiqah dll) 6. Harian 7. Sambelan bersama
Food Institution in NTT • Household barns • Food banks • Farming methods
Determinants of HH calorie intake
X1 0.275
0.126 -0.126 -0.41
0.681
X2
0.289
0.48 -0.320
X5
X3
0.47 0.116
-0.16
X4 X1 : Income X2 : Age X3 : Number of family member X4 : Knowledge on 4 sehat 5 sempurna X5 : calorie intake/pers/day
Sampel for Yk only, Respondents account for 100 housewifes
Policy and programs
Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Pekarangan dengan konsep Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL)
Model Pengembangan Pangan Pokok Lokal (MP3L)
Sosialisasi dan Promosi
NGO
Problems on implementation of food diversification
Effectiveness of the policy and programs • • • • • •
Program based Rice bias Lack of sustainability Regional characteristics bias Sporadic Statistical biased Challenges Climate changes, crises PEF
Food diversification program
Health policy
Private and international intervention
Food policy: food trade, food price stability, food stock, food production etc
Local food campaign, regulation of food imports, local food buffer stock, food fortification, nutritional school children additional foods, education on healthy food, etc
Health policy
Food diversification program
donors
Food policy: food trade, food price stability, food stock, food production etc
Recommendation • Harmonization policy of central and local government • Strengthen and diversification of main living • Increasing local food crop production followed by financial support (apart from Pajale) • Improving access of poor to local food as part of safety nets local staple food; subsidized and fortification (non rice) • Integrating and implementing program to increase effectiveness: avoid program based activities, customizing central government policies on local food based.
• Flexibility to implement UU No. 18/22 on: Article 27 (2) local buffer stock [Inpres RI No. 3/2012 ttg CBP] Article 50 (3) local food promotion Article 58 flexibility to local gov to provide local food in case of disaster and force major vs flexibility on bansos regulation • Nutrition improvement Need reconstruction on food habits and behavior amongst children Tumpeng gizi seimbang, PMT-AS, 1000-first day • Optimizing role of culture (religious role and international intervention and NGO)
