BIOREMIDIATION SANITASI DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH

BIOREMIDIATION SANITASI DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH

Case Study

Sebuah perusahaan POM BENSIN terbesar di Las Vegas, USA sedang menhadapi masalah serius. Tangki yang ditanam dalam tanah sedalam 10 meter mengalami kebocoran.

Jika Anda sebagai Konsultan, diminta untuk menyelesaikan masalah perusahaan POM BENSIN, Las Vegas, USA tersebut. Apa yang akan anda lakukan ?

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

OUTLINE BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

What is BIOREMEDIATION 

The technology used to speed up the natural processes of waste degradation and recycling



Use of naturally occurring microorganism such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast to degrade pollutants or hazardous substances in soil, water and air into nontoxic or less toxic substances in order to return the environment to its original natural condition

RELATED TOPICS

ENVIRONMENTS

ENZYMES SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION

POLLUTANS

BIOREMIDIATION BIOREMIDIA TION TECHNIQUE

PHYTOREMIDIAT ION

CELLS IMMOBILIZATION

TRIPLE CORNERS PROSESS INORGANIC ORGANIC

POLLUTANS

ENVIRONMENT SOIL WATER AIR

ORGANISM MICROORGANISM

Municipal water well

po nd

Leaking petroleum tank Ocean

Water table Fresh water

Saline Water

septic tank leakage

Lateral intrusion of saline water

Infiltration of pesticides and fertilizers from farmlands Brine leakage from ruptured well casing

Municipal landfill

Contaminated shallow well

Accidental fuel spill Confining Unit

Confining Unit Abandoned oil well

Leakage from hazardous waste site

Deep Aquifer

PLANTS (Phytoremediation) ENZYME

POLLUTANS 

PENCEMAR senyawa- senyawa yang secara alami ditemukan di alam tetapi jumlahnya (konsentrasinya) sangat tinggi tidak alami Contoh : Minyak mentah, fosfat, Logam berat 

SENYAWA XENOBIOTIK senyawa kimia hasil rekayasa manusia yang sebelumnya tidak pernah ditemukan di alam Contoh : Pestisida, Herbisida, Plastik, Serat Sintetis

POLLUTANTS 

Bio-degradable petroleum products (gas, diesel, fuel oil) •crude oil compounds (benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene) •some pesticides (malathion) •some industrial solvents •coal compounds (phenols, cyanide in coal tars and coke waste)



Partially degradable / Persistent TCE (trichlorethylene) threat to ground water •PCE (perchlorethlene) dry cleaning solvent •PCB’s (have been degraded in labs, but not in field work) •Arsenic, Chromium, Selenium



Not degradable / Recalcitrant Uranium •Mercury •DDT

TYPE & KIND ORGANISMS 

Fungi



Plants (Phytoremediation)



Bacteria Natural Community Bioaugmentation

MICROORGANISM 1- Isolation of the microorganism

2- Purification of the obtained isolates 3- Identification of the microbial isolate 4- Optimization of the biodegradation conditions 5- Determination of the biodegradation efficiency 6- Identification of the biodegradation products. 7- Cell or enzyme immobilization. 8- Enzyme identification.

GMO APPLICATION FOR BIOREMIDIATION 

Deinococcus radiodurans organisme paling radioresistant dimodifikasi untuk dapat mencerna toluene dan ionic mercury dari limbah dg kandunga radioactive nuclear yang tinggi

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR BIOREMEDIATION Aerobic – where oxygen in some form is added to the treatment environment Anaerobic – where nitrate, iron, or other electron acceptor is added to the treatment environment Combinations - where a combination of the above is used, often in pulses

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION


CASE STUDY

PHYTOREMEDIATION 

Phytoremediation is use of plants (HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANT) for accumulation, removal or conversion of pollutants. PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN

TRANSPIRASI ZAT KONTAMINAN DLM BENTUK MENJADI LARUTAN TERURAI TDK BERBAHAYA

PENEMPELAN ZAT KONTAMINAN PADA AKAR

TUMBUHAN MENARIK ZAT KONTAMINAN, BERAKUMULASI DI DAUN

(Rhyzodegradation)PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN OLEH AKTIVITAS MO

HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANT 

Can adsorb more than 10.000 ppm for Mn, Zn, Ni



> 1.000 ppm for Cu and Se



> 100 ppm for Cd, Cr, Pb and Co



METAL CONTAMNANTS IN THE SOIL are ABSORBED by the roots (UPTAKE) move in to shoot (TRANSLOCATION)

are STORED in the shoot (ACCUMULATION)

Thiaspi caerulescens

Nicotina tabbacum

Berkheya sp

Alyssum murale

FITOREMIDIATION BENEFIT



LOW COST OPERATIONAL



DESCRESE CONTAMINANT POLLUTANS NATURALLY



CONTAMINATED PLANT CAN USED AS FUEL

MYCOREMEDIATION 

USE FUNGGI AS DECONTAMINATION AREAL



USED FUNGAL MYCELIA



EX: DIESEL OIL CONTAMINATED AREA INOCULATE WITH OYSTER FUNGI. CAN CHANGE PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon)  CO2 + H2O

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION


CASE STUDY

What Biological Technologies Are Available? 

In situ Bioremediation (ISB) or Enhanced Bioremediation



Natural Bioremediation (Biostimulastion)



Biopiles



Bioreactors



Bioventing/ Biosparging



Engineered Treatment Cells

Bioremediation techniques A) Soil bioremediation: (1) In-situ (without excavation). (2) Ex-situ (with excavation).

Source Zone Treatment vs. Plume Treatment

TYPES TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY –

Natural attenuation •

Example: phytoremediation (hyperaccumulators) store heavy metals in vacuoles – –

–

Sebertia acuminata 20% dry weight is nickel. Plants on side of freeways are taking up lead from gas exhaust

Bio-stimulation •

Add nutrients (nitrate/sulfate) that cause blooms of naturally occurring microbial bioremediators. –

Example: bacteria that metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or polychlorinated biphenyls

Bioaugmentation 

Definition: The addition of microorganisms to the reaction chamber whether in situ or above ground



Considerations before bioaugmenting: 

Ability to survive



Ability to function



Assurances that they are nonpathogenic to higher life forms –Alter organisms to manufacture proteins for desired metabolism »Yellow poplar tree given enzyme mercuric reductase thrives in mercury soil, cadmium, TCE »Bacteria gene breaks down TNT is linked to jellyfish gene that glows. Bacteria spread on soil glows green near explosives »Chakrabarty first patented oil eater bacterium. Combined 4 plasmids in one bacterial cell gave it the ability to degrade four components of crude oil.

TECHNOLOGY-OTHER OPTIONS 

Bioventing 



Composting 



treating soil by drawing oxygen though it to stimulate microbe growth

contaminated soils mixed with a bulking agent and exposed to air

Landfarming 

adaptation of traditional farming techniques (aerating, ploughing) to contaminated areas to increase microbes activity

IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (IN SITU PROCESSING) 

BIOVENTING

Pemompaan udara dan Nutrisi 

AIR SPARGING Pememompaan udara untuk meningkatkan aktifitas degradasi oleh mikroba

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (IN SITU PROCESSING) 

INJEKSI HIDROGEN PEROXIDA menggunakan sprinkler atau pemipaan



SUMUR EKSTRAKSI mengeluarkan air tanah yang kemudian ditambah nutrisi dan oksigen dan dimasukkan kembalike tanah melalui sumur injeksi

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING) 

Tanah terkontaminasi diangkat ke dan diperlakukan di permukaan


SLURRY PHASE menggunakan bioreaktor


COMPOSTING

Limbah dicampur dengan jerami atau bahan lain untuk mempermudah masuknya air, udara dan nutrisi

Tiga tipe Pengomposan : 1.

Dalam Vessel

2.

Mechanically Agigated in-vessel

3.

Tumpukan


BIOPILE

Tanah yang tercemar tidak dipindahkan namun diangkat ke permukaan, ditumpuk dan diberi perlakuan penambahan air, udara dan nutrisi


LAND FARMING Tanah terkontaminasi dipindahkan dan disebar di permukaan lapangan kemudian diperlakukan dengan penambahan bakteri, air, udara dan nutrisi

1- High density poly ethylene (HDPE) 2- Sump pump to collect leachate 3- Layer of pea gravel 4- Layer of polluted soil to be treated 5- Chopped alfalfa hay to retain moisture 6- Wheels on sprinkler piping system 7- Piping frame, aluminum or PVC pipes with frequent holes, sufficient to allow water, nutrients and bacteria to treat the land farm plot 8- Flexible leachate collection hose

9- Bypass valve that allows leachate to be circulated directly to water distribution tank, 10- Recirculation hose 11- Alken-Murray Bioactivator 2000, bioreactor unit 12- Fresh water supply hoses 13- Pumps for fresh water 14- Treated water hose 15- Water distribution tank 16- Pump for distribution tank

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (COMBINATION IN SITU & EX-SITU PROCESSING)

WATER AND GAS BIOREMIDIATION 

Biofiltration is a process, in which, microorganisms supported on inert materials are used to degrade organic pollutants for air, gas and water bioremediation.



Types of biofilters: 1- Bioscrubbers. 2- Biotrickling filters. 3- Slow sand or carbon filters.

Bioscrubber filters

Slow sand or carbon filters Slow sand or carbon filters work through the formation of a gelatinous layer (or biofilm layer) on the top few millimetres of the fine sand or carbon layer. This layer contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a range of aquatic insect larvae (i.e. rotifers).

Metals bioremediation mechanisms Metal immobilization

Complexation (Bioaccomulation) (Biosorption)

Precipitation

- Exopolysaccharide. - H2S producing bacteria - Siderophores. - Lipoproteins. - Metal reduction.

Solubilization (Bioleaching)

- Organic acids. - Siderophores. - Root exudates.

Chemical structure of some siderophores

pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid) SEM images of selenium-siderophore complex formed in P. stutzeri culture filtrate.

COMPARISON OF BIOREMEDIATION AND OTHER TECHNIQUES



Soil Gas Extraction: A process by which petroleum vapors are removed from the soil using wells and vacuum pumps. Volatile compounds are extracted from the area between soil particles by applying negative pressure to screened wells in the vadose zone.



Low Temperature Thermal Stripping: A process by which soil is excavated and fed into a mobile unit designed to heat the soil and drive off contaminates.



Excavation: A process which involves the digging up of contaminated soils and hauling them away.

Treatment Options for Contaminated Soils from Natusch, 1997. Remediation

Method

%

Use in Australia

Excavation-landfill

60-90

Containment

10-30

on-site

Landfarming/Bio

15-20

Co-burning

<5

Stabilisation

5-10

Thermal

<5

Soil

desorption

washing

Vapour

extraction

Dechlorination

<5 <5 <1

Advantages of Using Bioremediation Processes Compared With Other Remediation Technologies (1)

biologically-based remediation detoxifies hazardous substances instead of transferring contaminants from one environmental medium to another;

(2) bioremediation is generally less disruptive to the environment than excavation-based processes; and (3) the cost of treating a hazardous waste site using bioremediation technologies can be considerably lower than that for conventional treatment methods: vacuuming, absorbing, burning, dispersing, or moving the material .

Limitations to Bioremediation  Timescale  Residual

Contaminants Levels

 Inconsistency  Recalcitrant

Pollutants eg DDT, PAHs

 Bioavailability  Degrading microorganisms  Aqueous  Toxicity

solubility

CHALLENGES OF INNOVATION  

     

Technology Quality / Success Available Market Investment Capital Competent Management Regulatory Acknowledgment Right Timing Good Public Perception Good Information Dissemination

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION


CASE STUDY

Case study 2: THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL

Kasus tumpahnya minyak dari Supertanker milik Exxon di lepas pantai Alaska pada 23 Maret 1989 telah menjadi perhatian pemerhati lingkungan. Sampai saat ini, tumpahnya minyak ke laut yang dilakukan oleh Kapal Exxon itu adalah yang terbesar: lebih dari 12 juta gallon minyak mentah. Hal ini dianggap sebagai salah satu bencana lingkungan paling dahsyat yang disebabkan oleh manusia. Peristiwa Exxon Valdez adalah yang terbesar yang pernah di perairan AS. Daerah ini merupakan habitat salmon,berang-berang laut, anjing laut dan burung laut.Berbagai tuntutan telah dialamatkan ke Exxon, terutama oleh para pihak yang menggantungkan hidupnya dari laut Prince Willian Sound, Alaska. Exxon sendiri telah menghabiskan dana lebih dari $ 2,1 miliar untuk membersihkan lingkungan laut dari tumpahan minyak. Ia juga harus berhadapan dengan pemerintah Amerika dan Alaska yang mengejar Exxon terlibat dalam perbuatan pidana yang bertentangan dengan Clean Water Act, the Refuse Act, dan Migratory Bird Treaty Act.Exxon mengaku bersalah dan membayar denda $ 150juta.

Jika Anda sebagai utusan konsultan lingkungan diminta membantu permasalahan PT. Exxon Valdez tersebut. Apa solusi yang akan anda tawarkan pada perusahaan tersebut ? • Identifikasi faktor permasalahan (polutan, lingkungan, mikroorganisme) • Solusi penanggulangan

BIOREMIDIATION SANITASI DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH

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