Disampaikan pada: Pelatihan Penulisan Buku, ITS, 19-21 Oktober 2016.
Menyampaikan informasi dengan jelas dan mengajak pembaca memahami argumentasi penulis. Dua kunci yang pertama kali harus dilakukan:
› Bayangkan siapa pembacanya dan apa
yang anda inginkan dari mereka untuk belajar dari tulisan anda. › Rencanakan struktur dan isi, sebelum menulis.
Pembaca bisa dari orang yang memiliki beragam tingkat pengetahuan dari subyek yang ditulis, dan keluangan waktu: › Orang yang terbiasa dengan subyek yang ditulis
mengharapkan pengetahuan rinci dari laporan. › Mahasiswa harapannya untuk mempercepat pemahaman. › Profesor senior (manager) punya sedikit waktu untuk membaca rinci dan hanya tertarik dengan ringkasan, kesimpulan dan rekomendasi.
•Cek syarat untuk tata letak/style •Cek segala sesuatunya siap: data, hasil, dsb. •Kerjakan secara bertahap
Merencanakan
Membuat draft •Tulis apa saja yang ada dipikiran •Gambar
•Memperbaiki kejelasan, keselarasan dan kemudahan dibaca •Tata bahasa dan gaya tulisan
Merivisi
Science does not select or mold specially honest people; it simply places them in a situation where cheating does not pay. . . For all I know, scientist may lie to the IRS or to their spouses just as frequently or as infrequently as everybody else. -- S. E. Luria
Originalitas Kepemilikan Ijin
› wajib jika hasil orang lain, dan kadang-
kadang milik sendiri akan dipublikasikan. › Untuk menghindari tuduhan plagiarisme.
Originalitas dalam sains memiliki arti lebih dalam daripada bidang lain, mis.: › Cerita pendek dapat dicetak ulang berkali-kali tanpa melanggar prinsip etika. › Makalah ilmiah (penelitian) hanya dapat dipublikasikan sekali
pada jurnal utama.
Dua publikasi bisa jadi sah jika hak cipta telah diperoleh tetapi umumnya dianggap berdosa melawan etika sains.
Pada setiap jurnal umumnya ada pernyataan:
› Submission of a paper (other than review) to a journal normally implies that it presents the results of original research or some new ideas not previously published, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, either in English or in any other language, without the consent of the editors.
Setiap penulis dari sebuah paper harus bertanggung jawab atas keabsahan sains yang dilaporkan.
Hak hukum eksklusif untuk mereproduksi, mempublikasi dan menjual materi dan bentuk karya tulis atau karya seni. Melindungi bentuk asli pernyataan tetapi bukan gagasan yang dinyatakan. › Data yang disajikan tidak dilindungi hak cipta. › Yang dilindungi adalah koleksi data dan cara data
tersebut disajikan.
Dapat dibagi dan dipindahkan. Diperbolehkan mengkopi dan mendistribusikan sebagian kecil karya berhak cipta, tetapi tidak seluruh artikel dan mempublikasikan lagi.
Tindakan atau praktek mengambil dan menggunakan hasil karya atau gagasan orang lain dan mengakuinya sebagai miliknya sendiri. › Menyalin bahasa dan/atau gagasan orang
lain seolah-olah milik sendiri, mis.:
Mengutip kalimat tepat sama seperti aslinya; Mengungkapkan arti menggunakan bahasa yang berbeda tanpa mensitasi sumbernya; Copas dari internet, dan berlaku untuk semua jenis sumber dan media, dipublikasi atau tidak.
Kekurangan penulisan yang terkait erat dengan plagiarisme; Menulis paragraf ke paragraf dari satu atau lebih sumber dan menyajikannya menjadi paper; Perbedaan dengan plagiarisme adalah disini setiap sumber disitasi dengan benar.
Selalu sitir dengan benar sumber kata-kata dan gagasan yang bukan milik kita. Selalu tulis ulang informasi dari sumber lain dan berikan sitasi yang benar. Kurung secara langsung bahan yang dikutip dengan tanda petik atau tulis kalimat yang lebih panjang keluar dalam paragraf tersendiri dan berikan sitasi yang benar, yang memasukkan nomor halaman dimana bahan dapat ditemukan dalam sumber asli. Gunakan bahan kutipan jarang-jarang dan hanya untuk mendukung sesuatu yang telah ditulis dengan kalimat sendiri. Pastikan kalimat yang ditulis adalah dengan katakata sendiri.
Kutipan
• Jika menggunakan kata-kata khusus seorang penulis, beri tanda kutip dan berikan sumbernya.
Informasi dan ide
• Meskipun menggunakan kata-kata sendiri, jika itu diperoleh dari suatu sumber, sumber tsb harus didokumentasikan.
Pengetahuan umum
• Tidak perlu mensitasi sumber untuk bahan yang dipandang pengetahuan umum.
Pengetahuan umum general •Informasi faktual yang menjadi domain publik •Tanggal kelahiran dan kematian tokoh terkenal. •Peristiwa sejarah.
Pengetahuan umum bidang tertentu •Hanya umum dalam bidang tertentu atau khusus: •Hukum konservasi •Hukum Thermodinamika
Sumber
Plagiarisme kata untuk kata
Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The nurse manager does not directly care for patients but follows the progress of unusual or long-term patients. On each shift a nurse assumes the role of resource nurse. This person oversees the hour-byhour functioning of the unit as a whole, such as considering expected admissions and discharges of patients, ascertaining that beds are available for patients in the operating room, and covering sick calls. Resource nurses also take a patient assignment. They are the most experienced of all the staff nurses. The nurse clinician has a separate job description and provides for quality of care by orienting new staff, developing unit policies, and providing direct support where needed, such as assisting in emergency situations. The clinical nurse specialist in this unit is mostly involved with formal teaching in orienting new staff. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist are the designated experts. They do not take patient assignments. The resource nurse is seen as both a caregiver and a resource to other caregivers. . . . Staff nurses have a hierarchy of seniority . . . . Staff nurses are assigned to patients to provide all their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p. 156)
Critical care nurses have a hierarchy of roles. The nurse manager hires and fires nurses. S/he does not directly care for patients but does follow unusual or longterm cases. On each shift a resource nurse attends to the functioning of the unit as a whole, such as making sure beds are available in the operating room, and also has a patient assignment. The nurse clinician orients new staff, develops policies, and provides support where needed. The clinical nurse specialist also orients new staff, mostly by formal teaching. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist, as the designated experts, do not take patient assignments. The resource nurse is not only a caregiver but a resource to the other caregivers. Within the staff nurses there is also a hierarchy of seniority. Their job is to give assigned patients all their nursing care.
Sumber
Penulisan ulang potongan
Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The nurse manager does not directly care for patients but follows the progress of unusual or long-term patients. On each shift a nurse assumes the role of resource nurse. This person oversees the hour-byhour functioning of the unit as a whole, such as considering expected admissions and discharges of patients, ascertaining that beds are available for patients in the operating room, and covering sick calls. Resource nurses also take a patient assignment. They are the most experienced of all the staff nurses. The nurse clinician has a separate job description and provides for quality of care by orienting new staff, developing unit policies, and providing direct support where needed, such as assisting in emergency situations. The clinical nurse specialist in this unit is mostly involved with formal teaching in orienting new staff. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist are the designated experts. They do not take patient assignments. The resource nurse is seen as both a caregiver and a resource to other caregivers. . . . Staff nurses have a hierarchy of seniority . . . . Staff nurses are assigned to patients to provide all their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p. 156)
Chase (1995) described how nurses in a critical care unit function in a hierarchy that places designated experts at the top and the least senior staff nurses at the bottom. The experts-the nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist--are not involved directly in patient care. The staff nurses, in contrast, are assigned to patients and provide all their nursing care. Within the staff nurses is a hierarchy of seniority in which the most senior can become resource nurses: they are assigned a patient but also serve as a resource to other caregivers. The experts have administrative and teaching tasks such as selecting and orienting new staff, developing unit policies, and giving hands-on support where needed.
Sumber
Penulisan ulang yang sah
Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The nurse manager does not directly care for patients but follows the progress of unusual or long-term patients. On each shift a nurse assumes the role of resource nurse. This person oversees the hour-byhour functioning of the unit as a whole, such as considering expected admissions and discharges of patients, ascertaining that beds are available for patients in the operating room, and covering sick calls. Resource nurses also take a patient assignment. They are the most experienced of all the staff nurses. The nurse clinician has a separate job description and provides for quality of care by orienting new staff, developing unit policies, and providing direct support where needed, such as assisting in emergency situations. The clinical nurse specialist in this unit is mostly involved with formal teaching in orienting new staff. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist are the designated experts. They do not take patient assignments. The resource nurse is seen as both a caregiver and a resource to other caregivers. . . . Staff nurses have a hierarchy of seniority . . . . Staff nurses are assigned to patients to provide all their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p. 156)
In her study of the roles of nurses in a critical care unit, Chase (1995) also found a hierarchy that distinguished the roles of experts and others. Just as the educational experts described above do not directly teach students, the experts in this unit do not directly attend to patients. That is the role of the staff nurses, who, like teachers, have their own “hierarchy of seniority” (p. 156). The roles of the experts include employing unit nurses and overseeing the care of special patients (nurse manager), teaching and otherwise integrating new personnel into the unit (clinical nurse specialist and nurse clinician), and policymaking (nurse clinician). In an intermediate position in the hierarchy is the resource nurse, a staff nurse with more experience than the others, who assumes direct care of patients as the other staff nurses do, but also takes on tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the entire facility.
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Ketika membaca sebuah kutipan, cobalah pertama untuk memahaminya secara keseluruhan, daripada berhenti sejenak untuk menuliskan gagasan atau frasa tertentu. Selektif. Jika tugasnya adalah bukan untuk menulis ulang formal atau “apa adanya”, tidak perlu menulis ulang seluruh frasa; pilih dan rangkum bahan yang membantu membuat inti tulisan. Pikirkan akan seperti apa “kata-kata anda sendiri” jadinya jika anda memberitahu seseorang yang tidak terbiasa dengan subyek anda. Ingat bahwa anda dapat menggunakan kutipan langsung frasa dari sumber aslinya tanpa penulisan ulang, dan bahwa anda tidak perlu merubah atau memberi tanda kutip pada kalimat yang dibagikan.
Singkirkan sumber; kemudian tulis
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Buat catatan
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› › 3.
Baca teks yang akan ditulis ulang beberapa kali – sampai anda merasa memahaminya dan mampu menggunakan kata-kata anda sendiri untuk menyatakan ulang kepada orang lain Singkirkan sumber dan tulis ulang teks tersebut dengan kalimat anda sendiri. Buat catatan singkat Tulis ulang dari catatan hari itu atau nanti, atau ketika anda menulis draft.
Ketika melihat sumber, pertama ubah struktur, kemudian kata-katanya.
Mulailah dari tempat yang berbeda dalam tulisan dan/atau kalimat, dasarkan pilihan pada fokus tulisan kita. Mungkin juga, pendekkan kalimat panjang, gabungkan yang pendek, kembangkan frasa untuk memperjelas.
E. Ross, Love and Toil (18701918; Asli) Fokus: pengaruh status ekonomi thd anak2 pd perbahan abad
Love and Toil maintains that family survival was the mother’s main charge among the large majority of London’s population who were poor or working class; the emotional and intellectual nurture of her child or children and even their actual comfort were forced into the background. To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence. (p. 9) Children of the poor at the turn of the century received little if any emotional or intellectual nurturing from their mothers, whose main charge was family survival. Working for and organizing household subsistence were what defined mothering. Next to this, even the children’s basic comfort was forced into the background (Ross, 1995).
Masih mengandung kutipan langsung!!!
Gunakan padan kata atau frasa yang menyatakan arti yang sama; Biarkan bahasa umum tidak berubah.
E. Ross, Love and Toil (18701918; Asli) Fokus: pengaruh status ekonomi thd anak2 pd perbahan abad
Love and Toil maintains that family survival was the mother’s main charge among the large majority of London’s population who were poor or working class; the emotional and intellectual nurture of her child or children and even their actual comfort were forced into the background. To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence. (p. 9) According to Ross (1993), poor children at the turn of the century received little mothering in our sense of the term. Mothering was defined by economic status, and among the poor, a mother’s foremost responsibility was not to stimulate her children’s minds or foster their emotional growth but to provide food and shelter to meet the basic requirements for physical survival. Given the magnitude of this task, children were deprived of even the “actual comfort” (p. 9) we expect mothers to provide today.
Untuk menunjukkan dukungan kuat pendapat anda. Untuk menyajikan posisi atau argumentasi terhadap kritik atau komentar. Untuk memasukkan khususnya bahasa penting yang berubah atau mengandung sejarah. Untuk menyajikan tulisan khusus yang dinyatakan dengan baik yang artinya akan hilang atau berubah jika ditulis ulang atau diringkas.
