DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Asian Elephant distribution. EleAid. Retrieved on May 2007 Asian Elephant Specialist Group (1996). Elephas maximus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006 Blanc, JJ; Barnes, RFW, Craig, GC, Dublin, HT, Thouless, CR, DouglasHamilton, I, Hart, JA, (2007). African Elephant Status Report 2007: An update from the African Elephant Database. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, 276. Bogenhagen, D.F., (1999), Repair of MtDNA in Vertebrates, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64, 1276-1281 Browning, K.S., RajBhandary, U.L., (1982), Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit III Gene in Neurospora Crassa Mitochondrial: Location and Sequence, J. Biol. Chem., 157, 5253-5256. Cann, R.L., Stoneking, M., Wilson, A.C., (1987), Mithocondrial DNA and Human Evolution, Nature, 325, 243-247. Chen, F., Sun, S. C., Kuh, D. C., Gaydos, L. J. and Demers, L. M. (1995). Essential Role of NF-kB Activation in Silica-Induced Inflammatory Mediator Production in Macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 214, 985-992. Cheng, S., and Kolmodin, L.A., (1997), XL PCR amplification of long tergets from genomic DNA, Methods in Molecular Biology: PCR Cloning Protocols, edited by Bruce A. White, 67, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, page 17-29 Cooper, G.M. (2000), The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 2nd edition, ASM Press, USA. Douglas-Hamilton, Iain (1979). The African Elephant Action Plan. unpublished report: IUCN/WWF/NYZS. Eggert, Lori S.; Caylor A. Rasner, David S. Woodruff (2002). "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269 (1504): 1993-2006 Giles, R.E., Blanc, H., Cann, H.M., Wallace, D.C., (1980), Maternal Inheritance of Human Mitochondrial DNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 77, 6715-6719. Hauf, J., Waddell,P.J., Chalwatzis,N., Joger,U. and Zimmermann,F.K. (2000). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), phylogenetic relationships of Proboscidea to other mammals and D-loop heteroplasmy. Zoology 102, 184-195
41
Helena, K., (1999), Genetic maternal effect on human life span through the inheritance of mitochondrial DNA, Hum. Hered., 49, Page 183-185. Howell, N., Kubacka, I., dan Mackey, D.A, (1996), How Rapidly Does The Human Mithocondrial Genome Evolve?, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 59, 501-509. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion, diakses tanggal 2 Juni 2008 http://www.elephanttag.org/General/range_asia.html, diakses tanggal 5 Juni 2008 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&val=AJ224821, diakses tanggal 7 Juni 2008 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&val= DQ188829, diakses tanggal 7 juni 2008 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&val=DQ316068, diakses tanggal 7 Juni 2008 http://www.scionline.org/index.php/Category:African_Elephant, diakses tanggal 5 Juni 2008 Innis, M.A., and Gelfans, D,H., (1990), Optimization of PCRs, PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, Inc., California, page 3-12. Krause J, Dear PH, Pollack JL, Slatkin M, Spriggs H, et al. (2005) Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae. Nature. 2006 Feb 9;439(7077):673. Lodish, H., (2001), Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, England. Maksum, I. P. (2003), Tiga Mutasi Substitusi Spesifik Daerah D-loop DNA Mitokondria yang Lestari pada Tujuh Generasi Segaris Keturunan Ibu Manusia Indonesia, Tesis, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung. Manfredi, G., Thyagarajan, D., Papadopoulou, L.C., Palotti, F., Schon, E.A., (1997), The Fate of Human Sperm-Derived MtDNA in Somatic Cells, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 61, 953-960. Margulis, L., (1981), Symbiosis in Cell Evolution, W.H. Freeman and Company, England Newton, C.R., and Graham, A., (1997), PCR, 2nd edition, BIOS Scientific Publisher Limited, UK.
42
Noer, A.S., Sudoyo, H., Lertrit, P., Thyagarajan, D., Uttahanaphol, P., Kapsa, R.M.I., Byrne, E., and Marzuki, S., (1991), A tRNALys mutation in the mtDNA is the causal genetic lesion underlying Myoclonic Epylepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber (MERRF) syndrome, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 49, page 715-722. Noer, A. S., Martasih, F., Mulyani, S., Muktiningsih, Wirahadikusumah, M., (1994) Analisis Variasi Urutan Nukleotida D-loop MtDNA Manusia dari Beberapa Daerah di Indonesia, Prosiding Seminar Bersama Universitas Kebangsaan Malaysia-ITB Pertama, Bandung, 201-214. Parker, Ian; Amin, Mohammed (1983). Ivory Crisis. Chatto and Windus, London, 184 Ratnayani, K. (2000), Varian Normal Fragmen 1,6 Kb Daerah Gen ND4 dan ND5 DNA Mitokondria 10 Individu Indonesia, Tesis Magister, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, h. 24-28, 33-35. Richter, C., (1988), Do Mitochondrial DNA Fragments Promote Cancer and Aging?, FEBS Lett. 241, 1-5. Robertson, M., (1996), Sequensing difficult template, Biomolecular Techniques, University of Utah. Roca, Alfred L.; Nicholas Georgiadis, Jill Pecon-Slattery, and Stephen J. O'Brien (24 August 2001). "Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa.". Science 293 (5534): 1473. doi:10.1126/science.1059936. Retrieved on 2006-1208. Rogaev EI, Moliaka YK, Malyarchuk BA, Kondrashov FA, Derenko MV, et al. (2006) Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of Pleistocene mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. PLoS Biol 4(3): e73. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., and Maniatis, T., (1989), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. Strachan, T.; Read, AP. Human Molecular Genetics. 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons; New York:1999. Wallace, D.C., (1989), Mitochondrial DNA mutation in neuromuscular disease, Hum, Genet, Dis., page 9-13 Wallace, D. C. (1997), Mitochondrial DNA in Aging and Disease, Scientific American, 22-29.
43
LAMPIRAN
44
Lampiran A Elektroforegram Sampel AG-1 (Yamon) Menggunakan Primer P22F
45
Lampiran B Elektroforegram Sampel IG-1 (Yani) Menggunakan Primer P22F
46
Lampiran C Elektroforegram Sampel GL-1 (Ira) Menggunakan Primer P22F
47
Lampiran D Urutan nukleotida fragmen 403 pb sampe AG-l pada posisi 15717-16120
48
Lampiran E Urutan nukleotida fragmen 403 pb sampe IG-1 pada posisi 15717-16120
49
Lampiran F Urutan nukleotida fragmen 403 pb sampe GL-1 pada posisi 15717-16120
50
Lampiran G Tabel Kode Genetik mtDNA
51