DAFTAR PUSTAKA. 1. Kidd EAM, Joyston-Bechal S. Dasar-dasar karies: Penyakit dan. penanggulangannya. Alih Bahasa Sumawinata N. Jakarta: EGC, 1992

49

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Kidd

EAM,

Joyston-Bechal

S.

Dasar-dasar

karies:

Penyakit

dan

penanggulangannya. Alih Bahasa Sumawinata N. Jakarta: EGC, 1992. 2. Houwink, Dirks B, Winchel, C., 2000,

Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi Pencegahan.

Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 3. SKRT, 2004. Balai Penelitian Kesehatan Jakarta. Depkes RI 4. Riech E, Lussi A, Newburn E. Caries risk assessment. Int Dent J 1999 ; 19 :15-26 5. Winarno, F.G.

1993.

Pangan Gizi, Teknologi dan Konsumen.

Jakarta:

Gramedia Pustaka Utama 6. Zaitsev et al., 1969. Fish Curing and Processing. MIR Publishers, Moscow 7. Forrest J O. 1995. Pencegahan Penyakit Mulut (Alih bahasa : Lilian Yuwono). Jakarta : Hipokrates:p.38 – 70. 8. Sundoro EH. Serba-Serbi Ilmu konsevasi Gigi, Jakarta FKG Universitas Indonesia. 2005, p 32-172 9. Hiranya Putri, Eliza Herijulianti, Neneng Nurjannah., Ilmu pencegahan penyakit jaringan keras dan jaringan pendukung gigi. Jakarta : EGC 2011. pp; 154-155 10. Kidd EAM, Smith BGN, Pickard HM. Manual konservasi restoratif menurut Pickard. Alih Bahasa. Narlan Sumawinata. Jakarta : Penerbit Widya Medika, 2002 : 3 11. Brotosoetarno S. Peran serta mikroorganisme dalam proses terjadinya karies gigi. Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi UI, vol. 4. Edisi khusus KPPIKG XI, 1997: 728-39

50

12. Eccles JD. dan Green RM. Konservasi gigi, alih bahasa Lilian Yuwono. Ed. 2, Jakarta: Widya medika, 1994. 4-9 13. Panjaitan M. Pencegahan dental cares dengan topikal aplikasi fluor. upgrading dosen FKG UNAIR, 1977/1978: 1-11 14. Panjaitan M. Etiologi karies gigi dan penyakit periodontal. Medan: USU Press, 1997: 4-2 15. Amerongen AVN. Ludah dan Kelenjar Ludah: Arti bagi Kesehatan Gigi. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. 1991. 1-39p. 16. Tarigan R. Karies gigi. Jakarta: Hipokrates, 1990 :1,8-12,36-48 17. Touger R, Loveren CV. Sugars and dental caries. Am J clin nutr 2003;78:8815925 18. Pintauli Sondang, Harahap KA. Erosi gigi yang disebebkan kandungan asam dalam minuman ringan. Dentika Dent J 2005; 10(2): 136-41. 19. Hughes cv. Burns RA, Davis WJ. Dental Caries and imunity prospects for a vaccine. Ohio Dent J. 1984; 58(3) : 43-6 20. Dentistry Operative, Dental caries: the incipient carious lesion. Dent 2003; 2: 1-5 21. Fehrenbach MJ. The Preventive Angle: remineralization, protection and the caries experience. Young dental 2004; 3(4): 1-8 22. Tarigan, Rasinta, 1993. Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut. Jakarta : Edisi Revisi, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran 23. Budiardjo SB. Penyakit Jaringan Gigi pada Anak. In : penuntun Kuliah Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi Anak FKG UI. Jakarta: FKG UI; 2001

51

24. Priyoono, B. Pengantar epidemologi untuk Kesehatan gigi dan mulut, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Gajah Mada. 25. Anne AS. Indeks def-t dan DMF-T masyarakat desa Cipondoh dan desa Mekarsari kecamatan Tirtamulya kabupaten Karawang [Tesis]. Bandung: Universitas Padjadjaran; 2008. 26. Pine, C and Rebecca. H. 2007. Community Oral Health. Berlin: Quintessemce Publishing Co. Ltd. p. 165-167. 27. Hadiwiyoto S, Darmadji P, Purwasari SR. 2000. Perbandingan Pengasapan Panas dan Penggunaan Asap Cair pada Pengolahan Ikan. Tinjauan Kandungan Benzopiren, Fenol dan Sifat Organoleptik Ikan Asap. Agritech. 20 (1) 14-19 28. Winarno FG, Fardiaz S. 1980. Dasar Teknologi Pangan. Departemen Teknologi Hasil Pertanian. Fatemeta. IPB, Bogor 29. Maga JA. 1988. Smoke in Food Processing. CRC Press. Inc. Boca Raton. Florida 30. Harris RS, Karmas E. 1989. Evaluasi Gigi Pada Pengolahan Pangan. Terjemahan Achmadi. ITB Press, Bandung.k 31. Yuval V, Harold D. Self-perceived and clinically diagnosed dental and periodontal health status among young adults and their implications for epidemiological surveys. Jerusalem: Hebrew University; 2003. Tersedia pada: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6831-3-3.pdf [diakses 01 Juli 2014] 32. Carranza FA, Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR. Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology. 10th ed. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2006

52

33. K. Bruno-Ambrosius, G. Swanholm and S. Twetman. Eating habits, smoking and toothbrushing in relation to dental caries: a 3-year study in Swedish female teenagers. In: International journal of pediatric dentistry, volume 15.2005,p.190196.

53

Lampiran 1 .Informed consent

INFORMED CONSENT PENELITIAN HUBUNGAN ANTARA PAPARAN ASAP DENGAN KEJADIAN KARIES GIGI (Studi pada Pekerja Pengasapan Ikan di Desa Bandarharjo, Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah) Setelah mendengar penjelasan dan diberi kesempatan untuk mengajukan pertanyaanpertanyaan mengenai tujuan, manfaat, prosedur, lamanya waktu, dan resiko penelitian ini, saya atas nama pribadi memahami tujuan,manfaat, prosedur, lamanya waktu, dan resiko penelitian ini serta bersedia tanda tangan dibawah ini secara sukarela untuk berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini: Nama

: ..........................................................................................................

Jenis kelamin : .......................................................................................................... Umur

: ..........................................................................................................

Alamat

: .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

No Telp/Hp

: ..........................................................................................................

Dengan ketentuan apabila ada hal-hal yang tidak berkenan pada saya, maka saya berhak mengajukan pengunduran diri dari penelitian ini.

Semarang,...../...../2014 Peneliti

Responden

(Uun Uniati Melinda Sari)

(.........................................) Saksi

(.....................................)

Lampiran 2. Indeks DMFT Indeks DMFT

54

Nama : Usia : Jenis kelamin : a. Laki-laki b. Perempuan

1. Pengalaman Karies Indeks DMFT (WHO)

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

47

46

45

44

43

42

41

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

D = decay M = missing F = filling

Lampiran 3. Daftar Pertanyaan

DAFTAR PERTANYAAN

55

Pertanyaan

Ya / Tidak

1. Apakah saudara suka makanan atau minuman manis seperti teh manis, permen, sirup dan sebagainya dalam jumlah banyak? 2. Frekuensi menggosok gigi dalam sehari? Apakah rutin kontrol ke dokter gigi 6 bulan sekali? 3. Apakah setelah makan anda membersihkan sisasisa makanan yang menempel pada sela gigi anda? Dengan cara kumur atau mencongkel? 4. Apakah anda memiliki kebiasaan merokok? Berapa batang sehari? 5. Apakah anda sering mengkonsumsi makanan tinggi fluorida seperti sayur-sayuran, makanan laut, daging dan buah-buahan? Konsumsi air dari aqua, sumur atau ledeng?

Lampiran 4. Formulir data sampel

PENELITIAN HUBUNGAN ANTARA PAPARAN ASAP DENGAN KEJADIAN KARIES GIGI (Studi pada Pekerja Pengasapan Ikan di Desa Bandarharjo, Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah) I.

IDENTITAS Nama

: ..............................................................................................

56

Jenis kelamin : .............................................................................................. Umur

: ..............................................................................................

Alamat

: .............................................................................................. ...............................................................................................

No Telp/Hp

II.

: ..............................................................................................

DIAGNOSA Diagnosa karies gigi :

III.

Ya

/

Tidak

TOTAL SKOR INDEKS KARIES :........................

Lampiran 5. Analisis data

57

Usia * Indek s k arie s Cross tabulation

Usia

< 48

>= 48

Total

Indeks karies Rendah Tinggi 24 11 16.8 18.2 66.7% 28.2% 32.0% 14.7% 12 28 19.2 20.8 33.3% 71.8% 16.0% 37.3% 36 39 36.0 39.0 100.0% 100.0% 48.0% 52.0%

Count Ex pected Count % w ithin Indeks karies % of Total Count Ex pected Count % w ithin Indeks karies % of Total Count Ex pected Count % w ithin Indeks karies % of Total

Total 35 35.0 46.7% 46.7% 40 40.0 53.3% 53.3% 75 75.0 100.0% 100.0%

Chi-Square Te s ts

Pearson Chi-Square Continuity Correctiona Likelihood Ratio Fisher's Exact Test Linear-by -Linear A ss ociation N of V alid Cas es

V alue 11.126 b 9.635 11.409

df 1 1 1

10.978

A sy mp. Sig. (2-s ided) .001 .002 .001

1

Ex ac t Sig. (2-s ided)


.001

.001

.001

75

a. Computed only f or a 2x 2 table b. 0 cells (.0%) hav e ex pec ted count less than 5. The minimum expected c ount is 16. 80.

Ris k Estim ate

V alue Odds Ratio f or Usia (< 48 / >= 48) For c ohort Indeks karies = Rendah For c ohort Indeks karies = Tinggi N of V alid Cas es

95% Conf idence Interval Low er Upper

5.091

1.905

13.607

2.286

1.354

3.859

.449

.264

.763

75

58

Cas e Sum m aries Usia Paparan as ap Tidak Ya Total

N 34 41 75

Mean 46.26 48.05 47.24

Std. Deviation 9.699 7.252 8.437

Median 45.00 50.00 48.00

Minimum 30 32 30

Max imum 66 60 66

Crosstabs

Je nis ke lam in * Paparan as ap Cr os stabulation

Jenis kelamin

Laki-laki

Perempuan

Total

Count % w ithin Paparan asap % of Total Count % w ithin Paparan asap % of Total Count % w ithin Paparan asap % of Total

Paparan as ap Tidak Ya 10 8 29.4% 19.5% 13.3% 10.7% 24 33 70.6% 80.5% 32.0% 44.0% 34 41 100.0% 100.0% 45.3% 54.7%

Total 18 24.0% 24.0% 57 76.0% 76.0% 75 100.0% 100.0%

59

Explore

Usia

Des criptives Usia

Indeks karies Rendah

Tinggi

Mean 95% Conf idence Interval f or Mean 5% Trimmed Mean Median V arianc e Std. Deviation Minimum Max imum Range Interquartile Range Skew nes s Kurtosis Mean 95% Conf idence Interval f or Mean

Low er Bound Upper Bound


5% Trimmed Mean Median V arianc e Std. Deviation Minimum Max imum Range Interquartile Range Skew nes s Kurtosis

Statistic 44.81 42.11

Std. Error 1.328

47.50 44.78 45.00 63.533 7.971 30 60 30 11 .308 -.456 49.49 46.79

.393 .768 1.333

52.19 49.57 50.00 69.309 8.325 32 66 34 10 -.370 -.208

.378 .741

Tes ts of Norm ality a

Usia

Indeks karies Rendah Tinggi

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic df Sig. .143 36 .059 .147 39 .033

a. Lillief ors Signif icance Correction

Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df .953 36 .956 39

Sig. .132 .128

60

T-Test

Group Statis tics

Usia


N 36 39

Mean 44.81 49.49

Std. Dev iation 7.971 8.325

Std. Error Mean 1.328 1.333

Inde pe nde nt Sam ples Te st

Levene's Test f or Equality of V ariances t-test f or Equality of Means

Usia Equal variances Equal variances as sumed not assumed .008 .930 -2.483 -2.488 73 72.897 .015 .015

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Dif f erence Std. Error Dif f erenc e 95% Conf idence Interval of the Dif f erence

Low er Upper

-4.682

-4.682

1.885

1.882

-8.439 -.924

-8.433 -.931

61

62

Explore

Lama paparan

Des criptives Lama paparan

Indeks karies Rendah

Tinggi

Mean 95% Conf idence Interval f or Mean 5% Trimmed Mean Median Varianc e Std. Deviation Minimum Max imum Range Interquartile Range Skew nes s Kurtosis Mean 95% Conf idence Interval f or Mean



5% Trimmed Mean Median Varianc e Std. Deviation Minimum Max imum Range Interquartile Range Skew nes s Kurtosis


Std. Error 1.418

19.11 15.72 15.00 20.100 4.483 10 25 15 6 .637 .847 23.32 20.34

.687 1.334 1.460

26.30 22.96 20.00 66.092 8.130 10 45 35 10 .779 .628

.421 .821

Tes ts of Nor m ality a

Lama paparan


Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic df Sig. .180 10 .200* .207 31 .002

*. This is a low er bound of the true signif ic anc e. a. Lillief ors Signif icance Correc tion

Statistic .934 .929

Shapiro-Wilk df 10 31

Sig. .488 .042

63

NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks Lama paparan

Indeks karies Rendah Tinggi Total

N 10 31 41

Mean Rank 11.50 24.06

Sum of Ranks 115.00 746.00

64

Tes t Statis ticsb

Mann-Whitney U Wilc oxon W Z Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed) Ex ac t Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]

Lama paparan 60.000 115.000 -2.931 .003 .003

a

a. Not c orrec ted f or ties. b. Grouping Variable: Indeks karies

Crosstabs

Je nis ke lam in * Inde ks k ar ie s Cross tabulation

Jenis kelamin

Laki-laki

Perempuan

Total



Total 18 18.0 24.0% 24.0% 57 57.0 76.0% 76.0% 75 75.0 100.0% 100.0%

Chi-Square Te s ts


V alue .542 b .217 .542

.534

df 1 1 1

1

A sy mp. Sig. (2-s ided) .462 .642 .462



.590

.321

.465

75


65

Ris k Estim ate

V alue Odds Ratio f or Jenis kelamin (Laki-laki / Perempuan) For c ohort Indeks karies = Rendah For c ohort Indeks karies = Tinggi N of V alid Cas es

95% Conf idenc e Interval Low er Upper

1.490

.513

4.327

1.218

.738

2.010

.817

.463

1.443

75

Crosstabs

Usia * Indek s k arie s Cross tabulation

Usia

< 48

>= 48

Total



Total 35 35.0 46.7% 46.7% 40 40.0 53.3% 53.3% 75 75.0 100.0% 100.0%

66

Chi-Square Te s ts


V alue 11.126 b 9.635 11.409

df 1 1 1

10.978

A sy mp. Sig. (2-s ided) .001 .002 .001

1



.001

.001

.001

75


Ris k Estim ate

V alue Odds Ratio f or Usia (< 48 / >= 48) For c ohort Indeks karies = Rendah For c ohort Indeks karies = Tinggi N of V alid Cas es

Explore

95% Conf idence Interval Low er Upper

5.091

1.905

13.607

2.286

1.354

3.859

.449

.264

.763

75

67

Des criptives Usia

Indeks karies

Mean 95% Conf idence Interval f or Mean



5% Trimmed Mean Median V arianc e Std. Deviation Minimum Max imum Range Interquartile Range Skew nes s Kurtosis Mean 95% Conf idence Interval f or Mean

Std. Error .974

49.18 47.27 48.00 71.185 8.437 30 66 36 14 -.026 -.662 10.19 8.87


.277 .548 .662

11.51


9.84 9.00 32.857 5.732 3 28 25 7 .953 .240

.277 .548


Usia Indeks karies


a. Lillief ors Signif icance Correc tion

Statistic .977 .905


Sig. .195 .000

68

Nonparametric Correlations

Cor relations Spearman's rho

Usia

Indeks karies

Correlation Coef f ic ient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation Coef f ic ient Sig. (2-tailed) N

**. Correlation is s ignif icant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Usia Indeks karies 1.000 .378** . .001 75 75 .378** 1.000 .001 . 75 75

69

Explore

Indekskaries

Des criptives Indeks karies

Jenis kelamin Laki-laki

Perempuan

Mean 95% Conf idence Interval f or Mean 5% Trimmed Mean Median V arianc e Std. Deviation Minimum Max imum Range Interquartile Range Skew nes s Kurtosis Mean 95% Conf idence Interval f or Mean




Statistic 8.94 6.38

Std. Error 1.214

11.51 8.77 7.50 26.526 5.150 3 18 15 8 .620 -.903 10.58 9.02

.536 1.038 .780

12.14 10.21 9.00 34.712 5.892 3 28 25 8 1.002 .265

.316 .623


Indeks karies

Jenis kelamin Laki-laki Perempuan


a. Lillief ors Signif icance Correction

Statistic .892 .894


Sig. .042 .000

70

NPar Tests

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks Indeks karies

Jenis kelamin Laki-laki Perempuan Total

N

Tes t Statisticsa Mann-Whitney U Wilc oxon W Z A sy mp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Indeks karies 462.000 633.000 -.731 .465

a. Grouping V ariable: Jenis kelamin

18 57 75

Mean Rank 35.17 38.89

Sum of Ranks 633.00 2217.00

71

Logistic Regression

Cas e Proces s ing Sum m ary a

Unw eighted Cases Selected Cas es

N Included in A naly sis Mis sing Cases Total

Unselected Cases Total

75 0 75 0 75

Percent 100.0 .0 100.0 .0 100.0

a. If w eight is in ef f ect, s ee c las sif ication table f or the total number of cases .

Depe ndent Variable Encoding Original Value Rendah Tinggi

Internal Value 0 1

Block 0: Beginning Block

72

Clas sification Tablea,b Predicted

Step 0

Obs erved Indeks karies

Indeks karies Rendah Tinggi 0 36 0 39

Rendah Tinggi

Percentage Correc t .0 100.0 52.0

Overall Perc entage a. Cons tant is included in the model. b. The cut value is .500

Variables in the Equation

Step 0

Cons tant

B .080

S.E. .231

Wald .120

df

Sig. .729

1

Ex p(B) 1.083

Variables not in the Equation Step 0

Variables

Score 11.126 20.198 24.957

kat.us ia paparan

Overall Statis tics

df 1 1 2

Sig. .001 .000 .000

Block 1: Method = Backward Stepwise (Likelihood Ratio)

Om nibus Tes ts of Mode l Coe fficients Step 1

Step Bloc k Model

Chi-s quare 27.515 27.515 27.515

df 2 2 2

Sig. .000 .000 .000

Model Sum m ary Step 1

-2 Log Cox & Snell likelihood R Square 76.337 a .307

Nagelkerke R Square .410

a. Es timation terminated at iteration number 5 bec aus e parameter es timates c hanged by less than .001.

73

Clas sification Tablea Predicted

Step 1

Obs erved Indeks karies

Indeks karies Rendah Tinggi 26 10 8 31

Rendah Tinggi

Overall Perc entage

Percentage Correc t 72.2 79.5 76.0

a. The cut value is .500

Variables in the Equation

Step a 1

kat.us ia paparan Cons tant

B 1.399 2.153 -5.386

S.E. .567 .570 1.299

Wald 6.078 14.286 17.191

df 1 1 1

Sig. .014 .000 .000

Ex p(B) 4.051 8.613 .005

a. Variable(s ) entered on step 1: kat.us ia, paparan.

Model if Te rm Re m ove d

Variable Step kat.us ia 1 paparan

Model Log Likelihood -41.327 -46.222

Change in -2 Log Likelihood 6.318 16.107

df 1 1

Sig. of the Change .012 .000

95.0% C.I.f or EXP(B) Low er Upper 1.332 12.318 2.820 26.306

DAFTAR PUSTAKA. 1. Kidd EAM, Joyston-Bechal S. Dasar-dasar karies: Penyakit dan. penanggulangannya. Alih Bahasa Sumawinata N. Jakarta: EGC, 1992

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