CODE SWITCHING STUDY IN BUKAN EMPAT MATA ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CODE SWITCHING STUDY IN BUKAN EMPAT MATA ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM

A Thesis

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto Student Number: 041214139

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010


CODE SWITCHING STUDY IN BUKAN EMPAT MATA ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM

A THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto Student Number: 041214139

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 23 June 2010

The Writer

Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto 04 1214 139

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ABSTRACT

Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto, (2010).Code-Switching Study in Bukan Empat Mata Entertainment Program. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University. Code-switching is one of the phenomena in sociolinguistics. Codeswitching normally occurs in multilingual community. People from different backgrounds and languages may switch to each other’s language. One of the purposes is to smooth communication. This study was aimed at accomplishing two major objectives: (1) to analyze the types of code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata; (2) to identify the possible reasons for code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata entertainment program. In order to accomplish the research objectives, the researcher conducted descriptive study in which qualitative data analysis was employed. To answer the first question, the researcher used content analysis. The researcher used library study to answer the second question. The steps were: 1) organize the data, 2) peruse the data, 3) identify the data, 4) integrate and summarize the data. The steps were done to answer the first research questions. In order to reveal the answers to the second research question, further interpretation of the data of codeswitching and the answer to the first research question was conducted. After perusing all necessary data from 3 episodes of Bukan Empat Mata and going through in depth analysis, the researcher found 3 findings. First, the answer to the first question was there were three types of code-switching which occurred in Bukan Empat Mata namely, conversational code-switching, singleword code-switching and integrated loanwords. Among 76 code-switching cases found in the Bukan Empat Mata, 41 cases were conversational code-switching, 31 cases were single-word code-switching and 4 cases were integrated loanwords. From the data analysis, it can be concluded that conversational code-switching was the most frequent type in the occurrence. Second, the answer to the second question was there were three possible reasons for code-switching namely topic under discussion, building intimate relationship and efficiency. Among 76 possible reasons cases found in the Bukan Empat Mata, 38 cases were building intimate relationship, 30 cases were efficiency and 8 cases were topic under discussion. Building intimate relationship was the most frequent possible reason occurred in Bukan Empat Mata. Third, the researcher found the answer to ungrammaticality in code-switching. The researcher found that the word gesture followed by the word tubuh asserted ineffectiveness in code-switching happened in Bukan Empat Mata. From the research findings, the researcher would like to suggest the future researcher to conduct further study on code-switching.

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ABSTRAK

Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto. (2010). Code-Switching Study in Bukan Empat Mata Entertainment Program. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma. Alih kode adalah salah satu fenomena sosiolinguistik. Alih kode biasanya terjadi di masyarakat multilingual. Orang berasal dari latar belakang berbeda dan bahasa ibu yang berbeda dapat mengalihkan bahasa satu sama lain untuk memperlancar komunikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencapai dua tujuan utama: (1) untuk menganalisa tipe alih kode di Bukan Empat Mata; (2) untuk mengidentifikasi alasan yang memungkinkan dari alih kode di Bukan Empat Mata. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, peneliti menggunkan deskriptif dimana analisis data kualitatif diterapkan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama, peneliti menggunakan konten analisis. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan peneliti adalah sebagai berikut 1) menggorganisir data, 2) mengkaji data, 3) mengidentifikasi data, 4) mengkaitkan semua data dan merangkum kesimpulan. Langkah-langkah tersebut dilakasanakan guna menjawab pertanyaan yang pertama. Sedangkan untuk menguak jawaban dari pertanyaan yang kedua, proses interprestasi lebih jauh dari data mengenai code-switching dan jawaban dari pertanyaan penelitian yang pertama dilaksanakan. Setelah membaca dengan seksama seluruh data yang dibutuhkan dari 3 episode di Bukan Empat Mata dan melakukan analisa yang mendalam, peneliti menemukan tiga penemuan. Pertama, jawaban dari pertanyaan pertama adalah ada tiga tipe alih kode yaitu conversational code-switching, single-word codeswitching dan integrated loanwords. Di antara 76 kasus alih kode di Bukan Empat Mata, 41 kasus adalah conversational code-switching, 31 kasus adalah singleword code switching, dan 4 kasus adalah integrated loanwords. Dari analisa data conversational code-switching merupakan tipe alih kode yang paling sering muncul di Bukan Empat Mata. Kedua, jawaban dari pertanyaan kedua adalah ada tiga alasan alih kode: topik yang di bahas, membina hubungan yang akrab, dan efisiensi. Dari 76 kasus, 38 kasus adalah membina hubungan akrab, 30 kasus adalah efisiensi, dan 8 kasus adalah topik yang di bahas. Membina hubungan akrab adalah alasan alih kode yang paling sering muncul di Bukan Empat Mata. Ketiga, peneliti menemukan jawaban atas kesalahan tata bahasa dalam alih bahasa. Peneliti menemukan bahwa kata gesture yang di ikuti kata tubuh merupakan kesalahan tata bahasa yang muncul dalam acara Bukan Empat Mata. Dari hasil penelitian, peneliti menyarankan pada peneliti lain untuk melakukan studi lebih mendalam tentang alih kode.

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Dedicated to

My beloved father and mother Bejo Riyanto & Niken Kristiani

My wife and my daughter Sonya Vera Novita and Filia Yafa Shalomita Imanuela

Thank you for your support. I’ll do my best.

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama

: Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 04 1214 139

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: Code-Switching Study in Bukan Empat Mata Entertainment Program Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta, Pada tanggal: 23 Juni 2010 Yang menyatakan

Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to praise Elohim YAHWEH for giving me the belief that encourages me to always keep doing the right things. I thank Him for the belief that I have which whispers that there is something I can admire at the end of this exhausting process so I have good reasons why I have to finish my study. I also would like to express my gratitude to those who have supported me. First, I thank Carla Sih Prabandari, S.Pd., M.Hum., my sponsor, for her guidance in the process of completing my thesis. I thank her for her kindness and patience in correcting simple-minor errors in which I should have been able to produce everything correctly. Second, I thank Drs. Y.B. Gunawan, M.A. for giving me a new hope in the new topic for my thesis. I thank him for his trust that I can produce a fruitful research on code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata entertainment program. I hope that I have given beneficial interpretations of language phenomenon. Third, I thank all lecturers and staff of the English Language Education Study Program for their care and guidance. I thank them for the shared knowledge and experience that would be very useful for me in the future. Next, I also would like to give my never-ending thanks to my parents, Bejo Riyanto & Niken Kristiani, for all of the opportunity that I have had. My warmest thanks are addressed to my wife, Sonya Vera Novita and my daughter, Filia Yafa Shalomita Imanuela. I thank them very much for giving me another reason for finishing my study.

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Last, I also express my big thanks to all my friends in PBI, especially Hebi, Riko, Lexi, Bekti, Vensi, Sigit, Linda, Susan, Alit, Dika, Dita, Pebni, Agnes, Ayu, and Esti. I thank them for their willingness to study together with me in our beloved, Sanata Dharma University.

Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................

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APRROVAL PAGES ............................................................................................

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ..................................................... iv ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................

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ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................... vi PAGE OF DEDICATION...................................................................................... vii LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………… ... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xiv LIST OF FIGURE .................................................................................................. xv LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………… .... xvi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................

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A. Background of the Study.................................................................................

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B. Problem Formulation ......................................................................................

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C. Problem Limitation .........................................................................................

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D. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................

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E. Benefits of the Study .......................................................................................

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F. Definition of Terms .........................................................................................

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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..............................

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A. Theoretical Description ...................................................................................

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1. Linguistics.................................................................................................

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2. Sociolinguistics .........................................................................................

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3. Nature of Code-Switching ....................................................................... 10 4. Types of Code-Switching ......................................................................... 12 5. Reasons for Code-Switching .................................................................... 15 B. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................... 19 A. Research Method............................................................................................. 19 B. Research Subject ............................................................................................. 21 C. Research Instruments ...................................................................................... 22 D. Data Gathering Techniques............................................................................. 23 E. Data Analysis Techniques............................................................................... 24 F. Research Procedures ....................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ........................ 29 A. Types of Code-Switching................................................................................ 29 1. Diglossia.................................................................................................... 30 2. Situational Code-Switching ...................................................................... 30 3. Metaphoric Code-Switching ..................................................................... 31 4. Conversational Code-Switching ............................................................... 31 5. Single-Word Code-Switching ................................................................... 32 6. Integrated Loanwords ............................................................................... 32

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B. Possible Reasons for Code-Switching………………………………………... 33 1. Topic Under Discussion…………………………………………………. 34 2. Building Intimate Relationship…………………………………………... 34 3. Efficiency……………………..………………………………………….. 35 C. Other Finding .................................................................................................... 35 1. The Tendency to Apply Various Types in a Single Utterance…………… 35 2. The Answer to Ungrammaticality in Code-Switching ………………. ..... 36 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGETION ...................................... 38 A. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 38 1. The Types of Code-Switching in Bukan Empat Mata............................... 38 2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching in Bukan Empat Mata ........... 39 B. Suggestion ....................................................................................................... 40 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 41 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 43

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LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 3.1: Observation form of the Types of Analysis .......................................... 22 Table 3.1: Observation form of the Possible Reasons of Analysis ........................ 23 Table 4.1: The Result of the Analysis of the Types of Code-Switching ............... 29 Table 4.2: The Result of the Analysis of the Possible Reasons of Code-Switching 33

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LIST OF FIGURE

Page Figure 3.1: The Data Analysis Spiral ..................................................................... 26

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page 1

Observation form of Types of Code-Switching .............................................. 43

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Observation form of Possible Reasons ........................................................... 49

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study Language as a means of communication is used by all humans to communicate, to share ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions with each other. In many communities in this world, there are a lot of people that are able to communicate using more than one language. This phenomenon is known as bilingualism or multilingualism. People with bilingual or multilingual ability are able to switch languages in the middle of their conversation. This phenomenon is known as code-switching. Asher (1994: 581) explains the term code-switching refers to the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects. So someone may switch the language that she or he uses from one language to another. She or he can produce a language utterance which consists of language elements from two or more different languages. The speaker should pay attention to the appropriate contexts, style, medium and intonation. Code-switching is not only a phenomenon in a society where the members use more than one language, but also has become a necessity in that society because sometimes people find it difficult to explain something in their native language since there is no obvious word or expression in the language being used. To compensate, they decide to find the more obvious expression from other languages. They employ the more expressive or representative words or phrases from foreign languages to explain

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 2

what they want to say. So they speak within two different languages. For example, the Indonesian prefers adopting an English word ‘gender’ to using the Indonesian phrase jenis kelamin. It is not strange at all to find alteration between two different languages within a single utterance, which is called code-switching, as far as the speaker has appropriate reasons to apply it. Code-switching is used by speakers to make their meaning clear. When someone considers their language is not appropriate or not successful in conveying the message, he needs to switch to a language that can be understood by other people. There is a great deal of implementation of code-switching dealing with the foreign language elements being adopted. There is apparent distinction on the range of the length of these elements which vary from only a single word up to a full sentence. Language theories are chief matters which should be obeyed as guidance toward better understanding and implementation of various kinds of code-switching. In Indonesia, the use of bilingualism and multilingualism is inseparable from the fact that Indonesia consists of so many ethnic groups with different languages and cultures. The use of the language is also affected by the entertainment programs in television. Therefore, code-switching highly likely occurs on the television. The presenters or the host of a show may speak more than one language in order to convey their messages or just to entertain their television viewers. As stated above, code switching on the television is common. A television show called Bukan Empat Mata seems to be one of many shows that


have a large degree of code switching. This entertainment show is hosted by Thukul Arwana. Bukan Empat Mata makes its audiences laugh.

With his

comments and spontaneity, Thukul is able to combine a talk show format with his spontaneous jokes and humor. Everybody knows Thukul as an eccentric man with short hair and a long moustache like fish. He has become very famous since his talk show began airing on Trans 7. His fame grew quickly and he is now a top Indonesian presenter. His unmistakable face, actions, and jokes that flow like water are often on the television. On this hit show, Thukul uses a catch phrase namely Kembali ke Laptop (back to the laptop) because Thukul’s questions are provided in his laptop. Thukul comes from a village in Semarang and he does not have glamorous good looks so he can prove that physical appearance is not everything. Although he has ordinary looks and dark skin like a manual worker, he can present the show perfectly through joke and responses relying on his quick-thinking. With his apparent innocence he amuses a lot of audiences. Thukul never covers up his weaknesses and he presents the show with a great self-esteem. One interesting language feature that can be found in Bukan Empat Mata is the prominent borrowing of words, phrases, or even sentences from English language juxtaposed with Indonesian words, phrases, or sentences to create interesting comments and catch phrases. Thukul’s utterances like tepuk tangan very good, fish to fish (which means to be “face to face”), dangdut night and kembali ke laptop are able to provide viewers with fun situations. These expressions are the main ammunition Thukul uses them to make his audiences


laugh. All of those above expressions can be categorized as code-switching because he often switches from one language to the other. By doing that, he has successfully brought Bukan Empat Mata to the top of the Indonesian ratings. The code switching in Bukan Empat Mata show provokes the writer’s curiosity to dig deeper into Thukul’s performance in presenting the Bukan Empat Mata show, especially his code switching. He uses code switching for his quips and jokes very often so it is really interesting to analyze what he is actually doing. Based on the above description and explanation, the researcher can conclude that code switching is worth analyzing because it is a phenomenon that influences our community today. This is very interesting since Thukul lacks proficiency in English and yet he still uses it. This becomes even more interesting because his show Bukan Empat Mata has been viewed by millions of viewers in Indonesia. Nowadays, there are so many young people who are using Thukul’s ways of speaking; a lot of code-switching in their conversation.

B. Problem Formulation There are two problems formulated in this study in order to specify the main goal of the study. The problems can be formulated as follow: 1. What are the types of code-switching used by the host in Bukan Empat Mata? 2. What are the possible reasons for the use of the code-switching?


C. Problem Limitation The problems in this research are specified to code-switching which occurred in Bukan Empat Mata. This involves only code-switching between Indonesian language and English language found in the program. In order to obtain adequate data and also consider the time efficiency, the researcher 3 episodes. The episodes the researcher choose are Bukan Empat Mata episode aired on November 2, 2009 entitled “Ungu”, Bukan Empat Mata episode aired on November 3, 2009 entitled “Stress” and Bukan Empat Mata episode aired on November 4, 2009 entitled “Mertua vs Menantu”. Those episodes are representative since they are considered enough to describe the existence of codeswitching.

D. Objectives of the Study Related to the problems above, the objectives of the research are: 1. To reveal and discuss the types of code switching in Thukul’s utterances in Bukan Empat Mata. 2. To identify the possible reasons for the code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata.

E. Benefits of the Study The result of the research is hoped to bring advantages for learners, presenters, and also other researchers:


1. English learners English learners will have broader knowledge of code-switching, especially about the types of code switching that exist in society. The codeswitching with various types in Bukan Empat Mata can be models for English learners to be applied in their daily communication activities. The learners will also obtain some possible reasons for code-switching so they can understand where and when to apply it appropriately. 2. The other presenters The positive result of this research hopefully will broaden the knowledge about code-switching in entertainment world and enable many other presenters able to improve their skills in using the code-switching when presenting the shows. 3. The other researchers Hopefully this thesis can encourage other researchers to conduct further study about code-switching. They will hopefully also have a kind of enlightenment or inspiration to explore other language phenomena which exist in society.

F. Definition of Terms There are some terms that need to be defined to avoid confusion in the thesis:


1. Code-Switching Code-switching is one of the subjects of sociolinguistics, the study which involves the relationship between language use and the condition of the society. Crystal as cited by Skiba (1987) explains that “code-switching happens when a bilingual person employs more than one language in his or her speech. This involves the alteration of the language expression of languages used by the speakers. The alternated elements take a number of forms such as sentences and phrases.” In this thesis, the context of code-switching is from Indonesian to English. 2. Bukan Empat Mata It is an entertainment show that is broadcasted by Trans 7 television station from Monday to Friday at 10.00 PM and hosted by Thukul Arwana.


CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into two main parts namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description presents general understanding of code-switching, which is explained through discussion of some definition, and a number of types of and reason for it as the main points of this study. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework summarizes and synthesizes all major relevant theories which will help to solve the research problems

A. Theoretical Description To obtain thorough understanding about code-switching, this theoretical description is presented. This section elaborates the definition of code-switching, types, and reasons for it. 1. Linguistics There are different definitions of what linguistics is which are proposed by various linguists. Those definitions are changing from isolated structured context to a wider scope or language in society. The aim of linguistics is therefore to study language systematically. Its purpose is to study language objectively and explain language as it is. It has twofold aim: “to cover general principles underlying human language and to provide reliable descriptions of individual languages.” (McArthur, 1992: 608). Linguistics has three classic subdivisions: (1) Phonology the study of sound

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pattern; (2) Morphology and syntax the composition of words and sentences; (3) Semantics the study of meaning. In the later development, some areas have become

increasingly

important

namely

pragmatics,

sociolinguistics,

psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, linguistic typology, computational linguistics, stylistic linguistic and applied linguistics. (McArthur, 1992: 609). 2. Sociolinguistics According to Romaine (1994: 2005), “sociolinguistic is the subdiscipline of linguistics which deals with the relationship between language and society.” It also encompasses the study of “….attitude to language and language change…” Language users may act towards the language. The act depends on the context, situation or people they communicate with. Sociolinguistics deals with language and the society which use the language and social background of the language user, the speaker and the listener. For that reason, the relationship between speaker and addressee, the context and manner of the interaction are important factors to maintain good communication. In a social relationship, people modify their language so that massage is clearly understood by the addressee. The same is true in the context of language teaching learning. Language teachers modify the language they use in order to achieve successfully transferred information. In other word, language teachers do the teacher talk. Teacher may simplify or lengthen the utterance to make meaning clearer. It is also normal to switch to mother language to smooth the communication.


3. Nature of Code-Switching According to Wardhaugh (1992: 103) the term ‘code’ refers to any dialect or language used by a speaker to build communication with others. He asserts that a person may use more than one code in his speech instead of just employing only a single code. People may switch or mix the codes that they use. And a term ‘code-switching’ is used to name this language phenomenon. There are a number of definitions of code-switching according to some linguists. Every linguist has various arguments about it and employs different way to explain it. Stockwell (2002: 135) states that “Code-switching is often the specific mechanism through which the borrowing of words and constructions happens.” From these two arguments, it can be understood that there are, at least, two languages involved in a code-switching phenomenon which are used together by the speaker. As a result, there is a kind of alteration within a language utterance which involves language elements of those two languages by the process of borrowing and constructing or combining. The speaker may borrow a certain language element from another language and combine it with the language elements of his or her native language. The language elements here can be a matter of words, phrases, clauses or even the whole sentences. But of course codeswitching pursues a number of requirements such as the speaker language competence of the two languages in order to construct together the language elements of those both languages appropriately. The construction needs match combination of the grammatical rules of the languages involved in the code-


switching as it has been explained by Chana (1984) that code-switching is the juxtaposition within the passage of one speech utterance involved items of two different languages. The items are tied together according to the rules of both languages so that the speaker is obliged to put much respect on both language rules. Since code-switching is the study of sociolinguistics, social context is also important to be put in the discussion. The setting that enables code-switching to happen may be described. Wardhaugh (1992: 103-104) elaborates where codeswitching may happen. First, code-switching may happen in a multilingual country. It is a country which employs more than one language as media of communication among the citizens. Singapore, for instance, has five languages which are English, the Mandarin variety of Chinese, Tamil, Malay, and Hokkien, another variety of Chinese. The educational activity in formal school is held in formal Singapore English and Mandarin. Meanwhile, people tend to bargain something with either Hokkien or informal Singapore English in traditional market. Second, code-switching may also occur where there are multilingual people meet each other in a foreign setting. For example, Indonesian students who live in the United State have a tendency to use not only English language all the time but they may also speak with their mother language or dialect in a certain occasion. When they discuss academic work they may use English language, but when they want to share daily activities in their spare time, they may choose Indonesian language.


4. Types of Code-Switching McCormick (1994:582) defines there are 6 major types of code-switching namely (1) diglossia, (2) situational code-switching, (3) metaphoric codeswitching, (4) conversational code-switching, (5) single-word code-switching; borrowing and (6) integrated loanwords. a. Diglossia Diglossia happens “in whole discourse types.” (Mc.Cormick 1994:581). There are two distinctive varieties of code that exist in diglossic communities. There are high (H) and low (L) variety. The first one is the prestige variety which is used in formal discourse, and the other, which is lack of prestige, is used in less formal discourse. The switching in diglossia occurs between two different discourses. People may use L variety when they speak to their family at home but choose H variety, the more formal variety, when they are in the office doing job presentation. Length of juxtaposed utterances of diglossia is whole discourse types. b. Situational Code-Switching Situational code-switching happens “in whole conversation, in one context” (Mc.Cormick 1994:581). Wardhaugh (1992:106) also says that “situational code-switching happens when the language which is used by a speaker changes according to the situation which is faced by the speaker.” The language change depends on the occasion faced by a speaker since certain occasion may encourage the speaker to exchange the language which is used. The changes happen for the whole part of one’s speech in one context. For example,


an English teacher may talk in English for the whole part of the explanatory speech of past-continuous tense among the second-grade students of Junior High School. Unfortunately, the students have not understood the teacher’s explanation of when to use this tense. It is helpful and possible if the teacher re-explains his or her English explanatory speech in Indonesian so that the students can fairly comprehend it. Despite the framework of the context of occurrence which should be within one context, this example of situational code-switching also gives salient description that situational code-switching happens without any change of the topic. c. Metaphoric Code-Switching Metaphoric code-switching happens in “a whole conversation, each within one role relationship.” (Mc.Cormick 1994:581).The role of relationship between the speakers in a conversation may change. The change of the language or dialect that they use may also change in line with it. Wardhaugh (1992:106) explains that one thing that enables people to identify metaphorical code-switching is that it has an affective dimension; formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, etc. Unlike the previous one, this type of code-switching asserts changes of the topic. When someone meets his or her neighbor doing his or her duty as a bank teller the person may greet his or her neighbor with their daily language, the less formal one, such as a local dialect. But the person, then, appropriately and politely chooses the more formal language to assert his or her main purpose to come to the bank, in which he or she wants to draw some money. Here, the speakers change their role of relationship from personal to official. The


different relationship built by the speakers accompanied by the change of the code asserts the existence of metaphoric code-switching. d. Conversational Code-Switching Conversational code-switching can also be called style shifting or code mixing. It occurs “in whole conversational turns/chunks within a turn; whole sentences or clauses/whole clause constituents.” (Mc.Cormick 1994:581).A speaker may exchange to another language in one turn conversation. This phenomenon normally occurs to second language learners. They may mix the target language they learn with their mother tongue language to smooth the communication. Wardhaugh (1992:106) also states that “Conversational codeswitching occurs when conversances use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance.” e. Single-Word Code-Switching Single-word code-switching or borrowing is also called lexical borrowing.”It involves single words, mainly nouns, and it is motivated by lexical need.” (Wardhaugh, 1992:42). People use the borrowed words usually according to the rules of the first language, as if they are part of the first language for example: ‘Ceritanya dari film itu mengambil setting di Portugal.’ From the example, it can be seen that the speaker replaces an Indonesian word lokasi with an English word setting.


f. Integrated Loanwords The change in this type happens within a morpheme level (McCormick, 1994:581). Morpheme is a minimal functional element of a word. Here, someone may integrate a word from one language with affixes from another language to form a morpheme for example:‘Luna Maya adalah seorang aktris cantik yang berskill tinggi.’ From the sentence above, the speaker combines the Indonesian prefix berwith an English word skill. 5. Reasons for Code-Switching Crystal (1987) identifies three reasons why people employ code-switching in their communication activities. First, there is a possibility that a speaker may not be able to express her or himself in one language so she or he switches to another language to compensate for the deficiency. Someone’s language competence, even in her or his native language, may be limited. For a multilingual person who is able to speak more than one language, switching the language that she or he uses may be the best answer for the deficiency problems. Second, code-switching is used because someone wants to express solidarity with a particular social group of speakers. She or he may use a language which is used to show her or his sympathy or express what they feel toward others. Almost every ethnic group has vernacular language or dialect, and switching the language toward the language of a particular ethnic group can be one way to express solidarity toward the group.


Third, someone applies code switching as a sort of variation in the level of formality of her or his speech. A speaker has to be able to decide the opportunity when to use each of them appropriately. Someone may accidentally change the degree of the formality of the language by code switching. It is needed to give special effect of the relationship such as to build intimate relationship. Wardhaugh (1992: 106) provides three reasons for code switching. The first reason is to express solidarity with the listeners. Language can be used as a bridge of solidarity. People may choose a language from a certain country or ethnic group to show their solidarity toward the people from that country or ethnic group besides to build the more intimate atmosphere or relationship. The second reason is because of the choice of topic. In a conversation, people often switch the topic under discussion. A particular language might be appropriate to discuss a certain topic. The change of the topic might also be accompanied by language switching so the variety of the language can be appropriate with the new topic. The last reason for code switching given by Wardhaugh is that someone switches code because she or he perceives social and cultural distance. It is related to the level of formality of the language. Someone may choose an informal variety if she or he talks to her or his friend, on the other, a formal-standard variety will be the best choice if she or he talks to her or his teachers. Other researchers mention “modernization, westernization, efficiency, professionalism and social advancement” (Kachru, 1989; Kamwangamalu, 1989 as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91) as some reasons why people use English in their


communication. These reasons can be related to reasons of code-switching since this research studies code-switching between Indonesian language and English language. English language as one of the most-widely used language may represent modernization as well as westernization in Indonesia. For instance there are many international schools which require English as the communication device in teaching learning activities. This phenomenon makes English language popular to school-age students. Efficiency makes communication more efficient than using translated version which probably takes longer explanation. Professionalism and social advancement correlate more on working world. In professional work, he or she will take into more consideration than those who are less competitive in English. As a result, it may effect his social advancement since he or she gets more chance to deal with wider community.

B. Theoretical Framework Based on the theoretical description, the researcher wraps up the appropriate theories to accomplish the objectives of the study. Therefore, the researcher used the types of code-switching according to McCormick (1994:581), a reason of code-switching by Crystal (1987), a reason by Wardhaugh(1992:106) and a reason by Kachru and Kamwangamalu (1989 as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91). First, according to McCormick (1994:581), there are six terms used to designate types of code juxtaposition namely diglossia, situational code-


switching, metaphorical code-switching, conversational code-switching, singleword code-switching, and integrated loanwords. Second, there are three possible reasons which will be used to explain the code-switching phenomenon in Bukan Empat Mata. The first possible reason asserted by Crystal (1987) is that the speaker is expected to be able to build good relation to the target audience. The second possible reason asserted by Wardhaugh(1992:106) is that the speakers switch their language because of the choice of the topic. The last reason is efficiency. It makes communication more efficient than using translated version which probably takes longer explanation. This theory is asserted by Kachru and Kamwangamalu (1989 as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91).


CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The researcher used a certain methodology to conduct this study, and this chapter aimed to discuss the methodology systematically. The discussion included research method, research subject, research instruments, data gathering techniques, data analysis techniques, and research procedures.

A. Research Method A certain methodology was needed as guidance to conduct and organize steps or procedures of this study. Since this study was aimed to observe and try to comprehend a language phenomenon in society, in this case code-switching, qualitative research was considered as the most appropriate term to name the method for this study because Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 133) argued that qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomenon in their natural setting. Code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata was considered as a social phenomenon in language use because the host employed code-switching prominently. Through this study, I was going to analyze and comprehend this kind of social phenomenon found in Bukan Empat Mata. To answer the second problem, library study was involved. The objective of finding some possible reasons for code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata was to interpret the meaning of the existence of code-switching in the show since it was essential, in qualitative research, to figure out interpretations of the phenomenon

19


which were constructed in the particular setting. The identification of the possible reasons could represent my interpretations of code-switching. Merriam (2002:4) discussed this further:

The key to understand qualitative research lies with the idea that meaning is socially constructed by individual in interaction with their world. There are multiple constructions and interpretations of reality that are flux and change over time. And qualitative research tries to understand what those interpretations are at a particular point in time and in a particular context.

A content analysis was used in this research. Content analysis is a methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication. Earl Babbie defines it as "the study of recorded human communications, such as books, websites, paintings and laws." It is most commonly used by researchers in the social sciences to analyze recorded transcripts of interviews with participants. Researchers quantify and analyze the presence, meanings and relationships of such words and concepts, then make inferences about the messages within the texts, the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part. Texts can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, essays, interviews, discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, historical documents, speeches, conversations, advertising, theater, informal conversation, or really any occurrence of communicative language. In this part, the researcher tried to find out the possible reasons behind the code switching phenomenon. Since this research was an in-depth study of code switching that presented further analysis and an explanation of this existing phenomenon, it was considered a descriptive research. Bungin (2007: 68-69) explained that descriptive study


involved an in-depth exploration of the object being studied. That was why it was appropriate and necessary not only to identify the types of code-switching but also analyze the possible reasons for code-switching on Bukan Empat Mata.

B. Research Subject The subject of this study was a television show called Bukan Empat Mata. It was a talk show hosted by Thukul “Reynaldi” Arwana and broadcasted by Trans 7 television, from Monday to Friday from 10.00 p.m. to 11.00 p.m. The object of the research was the code-switching often utilized by Thukul in his dialogues with the guest stars. The researcher decided to take three episodes to get adequate date and consider the time efficiency. The researcher took 3 episodes entitled “Ungu”, “Stress” and “Mertua vs Menantu”. These episodes ranged from 2 November to 4 November of 2009. 1. Ungu This episode aired on November 2, 2009. The guests of this episode were Ungu band, Rosa, and Imelda Therine and Ayim(food stall owner in Kemang). The topic they discussed was about Ungu career, Rosa career and Imelda career. They told how they started their career until they succeed. 2. Stress This episode aired on November 3, 2009. The guests were Astrid, Sheila on 7, Karenina, Laura Basuki and Niam Muis( a man who concerned on laughing therapy). The topic they discussed was how to deal with stress.


3. Mertua Vs Menantu This episode aired on November 3, 2009. The guests were Laudya Cynthia Bella, Ami Qanita, Andrew White, Jamal Mirdad, and RAN. The topic they discussed was the relationship between parents in law and a son or a daughter in law.

C. Research Instruments In this research, the researcher used qualitative research. Lofland in Moleong (2005: 157) stated that the main data sources in qualitative research were words, action, and also supported documents. Moleong (2005:157) says that in qualitative research, the main instrument was the researcher; therefore the main instrument of this research was the researcher himself. Moleong (2005: 158) stated also that in the qualitative research, the writer played the role as the designer, the data collector, the analyst, the data interpreter, and eventually the reporter of the research findings. In this research, the researcher collected the data, in the form of utterances and action by recording the show. Supported documents included written data, video and audio tapes, pictures, and also film taking. The example of the means to obtain data was shown below. Table 3.1 Observation Form of the Types of Analysis No

Utterances

Types of Code Switching D

SCS

MCS CCS

SW

IL


D=Diglossia SCS=Situational Code-Switching MSC=Metaphoric Code-Switching CCS=Conversational Code-Switching. SW=Single-Word IL=Integrated Loanword

Table 3.2 Observation Form of the Possible Reasons of Analysis Possible Reasons No

Utterances

Topic

Building

Under

Intimate

Efficiency

Discussion Relationship

D. Data Gathering Techniques The methods of collecting data were mainly observations and transcript of the video (VCDs). The researcher collected the data. Because of the nature of the qualitative research, the data collected were in the form of words, not in the form of numbers. The data were notes and video transcripts. The procedures of the data collection were as follows:


1. The researcher collected data by watching episodes of Bukan Empat Mata that had been recorded to CDs 2. The researcher made the transcript of the conversation in the show. 3. The researcher read the scripts and highlighted the sentences that contain codeswitching. 4. The researcher moved the highlighted data in to the data table to facilitate the analysis

E. Data Analysis Techniques Data analysis was the most important part in this study. The analysis process was based on the theoretical review and the researcher’s interpretation. The researcher’s interpretation in the data analysis, later, was very important to identify the possible reasons of code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata. The researcher followed the organized steps in analyzing the data of a qualitative research which were constructed by Creswell (1998). He described a data analysis spiral which was implemented within the following steps: 1. Organize the data The large bodies of text should be broken down into the smaller one which could be presented in the form of sentences or individual words. The researcher conducted this step to analyze the code-switching phenomenon by watching carefully. The switching which was found, then, listed on the observation form.


2. Peruse the data The sense, here, might arise from my early interpretation toward the phenomenon being studied. The researcher might get early overview of the data collected in the previous step which could be very helpful for the later steps. 3. Identify general categories and classify each piece of data This step might come to the general sense of patterns of the data. The data presented in the observation form was the primary object of the identification. Every code-switching listed on the observation form was identified for its type. This step revealed the types of code-switching case in Bukan Empat Mata. 4. Integrate and summarize the data After the classification process of the types of the code-switching had been finished, the identification process of the possible reasons for the codeswitching phenomenon was conducted. The theory or the explanation of the reasons for code-switching from some linguists presented in Chapter II was also used as a consideration to figure out the possible reasons of code-switching.


The data analysis spiral could be figured out as follows:

The Raw Data

Organization

Perusal

Classification

Synthesis

The Final Report Figure 3.1: The Data Analysis Spiral

F. Research Procedure This section described the procedures of this study which were followed to obtain deep comprehension of the phenomenon being studied. There were nine steps conducted to accomplish the research as follow: 1. Selecting the target show There were only three episodes in Bukan Empat Mata used in this research since it had already been able to describe the existing phenomenon in this entertainment program.


2. Designing the observation form It was important to carry out the observation systematically. Observation form was needed to accommodate the data of code-switching cases from Bukan Empat Mata. It was used to list every instance of code switching found in the show so it could be clearly seen within its context of the occurrence. The observation form was used after I watched the shows several times. 3. Watching the video several times The researcher watched the video several times to identify the host’s utterances and also gave preliminary understanding on the code switching used by Thukul. 4. Recording the shows The researcher recorded the shows using PC’s TV tuner. The show was recorded into the hard drive. The format for the recorded video file was AVI. There were three episodes recorded for this research. 5. Listing the code-switching in the observation form After the observation form had been designed, code-switching identification on Bukan Empat Mata could be conducted. Since the borrowed language elements were italicized, I gained much help to identify the codeswitching in. Every code switching case which was found in Bukan Empat Mata listed on the observation form. This facilitated the way I analyzed the phenomenon.


6. Analyzing the types of the list of code-switching Code-switching cases listed on the observation form were directly analyzed to find out the types according to the categories employed by this study 7. Identifying the possible reasons for code-switching A number of researchers had asserted some reasons for the application of code-switching. It could be one of the bases to figure out the possible reasons for code-switching on Bukan Empat Mata. The researcher’s interpretation toward the language phenomenon was also very important here. 8. Making conclusion based on the findings The results of the steps done previously were concluded in this step. They were the answers to the research questions presented in the problem formulation. 9. Reporting The writer reported the result of the research in the form of thesis.


CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

As it had been stated in the problem formulation, this thesis had two questions to be answered. They were: 1) what are the types of the code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata? 2) what are the possible reasons for the use of the code switching? The researcher conducted some preliminary processes to make the research systematic. This chapter was presented to discuss the implementation of the research procedures to gain in-depth interpretation of the language phenomenon.

A. Types of Code-Switching From the data presented in the observation form and had been analyzed, the writer could inform that there were 47 utterances which contained codeswitching. One utterance could contain more than one code-switching and therefore, there were 76 cases of code switching. The summary of the number of code switching cases and the percentage of every type of code-switching could be seen in the table below.

No The Types of Code Switching

The Case of Code

Percentage

Switching 1

Diglossia

-

0%

2

Situational Code-Switching

-

0%

29


3

Metaphorical Code-Switching

-

0%

4

Conversational Code-Switching

41

54%

5

Single-Word Code-Switching

31

41%

6

Integrated Loanwords

4

5%

76

100%

Table 4.1: The Result of the Analysis of the Types of Code Switching From the data above it could be concluded that conversational codeswitching was the most frequent type in the occurrence. Furthermore, the number of occurrence was 41 times. Single-word code-switching had 31 occurrences. Integrated loanwords had 4 times of occurrence. Diglossia, situational codeswitching, and metaphorical code-switching didn’t exist in Bukan Empat Mata. 1. Diglossia Diglossia is a feature of speech community rather than individuals. In this study, the object of the research was a feature individual utterance, the code codeswitching utilized by Thukul in his dialogues with the guest stars. From the definition, the researcher concluded that there was no diglossia in Bukan Empat Mata. 2. Situational Code-Switching Situational code-switching happens when the language which is used by a speaker changes according to the situation which is faced by the speaker. The language change depends on the occasion faced by a speaker since certain occasion may encourage the speaker to exchange the language which is used. The changes happen for the whole part of one’s speech in one context. Based on the


researcher analysis, the researcher couldn’t find situational code-switching case in Bukan Empat Mata since the host of Bukan Empat Mata switched to another language in one turn conversation. He didn’t switch for the whole part of one’s speech in one context. 3. Metaphoric Code-Switching Metaphoric code-switching happens in whole conversation, each within one role relationship. From the definition, the researcher concluded that metaphoric code-switching didn’t happen in Bukan Empat Mata. 4. Conversational Code-Switching Conversational code-switching occurs within conversations and may take place within one speaker’s turn. In three episodes of Bukan Empat Mata conversational code-switching was the most frequent type in occurrence. The total number of conversational code-switching was 41. The highest amount was 19 cases in Ungu episode. The smallest amount was found in Mertua vs Menantu with 8 cases of conversational code-switching. These were some examples of conversational code-switching cases in Bukan Empat Mata: a. Phrase 1) Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari the family man, wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau tetep ngeksist ngga stelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo. (17) 2) Nyambung soal first kiss tadi, gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataanya? (50)


b. Sentence 1) Ada apa? What’s wrong? What do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! (39) 2) OK sekarang waktunya It’s facebook time. (38) 5. Single-Word Code-Switching Word is the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own. In the three episodes of Bukan Empat Mata, the total number of single-word code-switching was 31 cases. The highest amount was 16 cases in Ungu episode. The smallest amount was found in Mertua vs Menantu with 6 cases of single-word code-switching. Many of single-word code-switching cases were noun words such as infotainment, mall, gesture, face, bant, and clickers. Many words were English words which had been fully adapted into Indonesian. These were some examples of single-word code-switching cases in Bukan Empat Mata: a. Lauraku yang imut kamu kan wajah baru di dunia infotainment, apa yang berubah dalam hidup kamu setelah jadi artis?(45) b. Untuk Rosa atau Pasha gimana ni kerja sama diva dan vocalis band populer.(22) c. My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience.(64) d. Terima kasih untuk semua bintang tamu, mari kita sambut performance dari RAN. (76) 6. Integrated Loanwords Integrated loanwords occur between morphemes. It is the combination of two morphemes of different codes to express a word. The total numbers of


integrated loanwords cases in Bukan Empat Mata were 4 cases, 3 cases in Ungu episode and 1 case in Stress episode. There was no integrated loanwords case in Mertua vs Menantu episode. These were two examples of integrated loanwords cases in Bukan Empat Mata: a. Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers.(4) b. Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?”(48)

B. Possible Reasons for Code-Switching From the data presented in the observation form and had been analyzed, the writer could inform that there were 47 utterances which contained codeswitching. The total cases were 76. The summary of the number of possible reasons cases and the percentage of possible reasons could be seen in the table below.

No

Possible Reasons

The Case of

Percentage

Possible Reasons 1

Topic Under Discussion

8

10%

2

Building Intimate Relationship

38

50%

3

Efficiency

30

40%

76

100%

Table 4.2: The Result of the Analysis of the Possible Reasons of Code Switching


From the data above it could be concluded that building intimate relationship was the most frequent possible reason in the occurrence. Furthermore, the number of occurrence was 38 times. Efficiency had 30 occurrences. Topic under discussion had 8 times of occurrence. 1. The Topic Under Discussion One of the reasons for code-switching proposed by Wardhaugh (1992:106) is the topic under discussion. Code-switching was employed because of the special terms related to the topic under discussion that should be used. Every topic might have some specific terms which were sometimes very difficult to be translated to another language like the term facebook in the following example which means social networking. Indonesian language did not have an exact term to describe the term facebook, as the compensation, the host borrowed and then juxtaposed it with an Indonesian sentence. Another term from the research was clickers which is the name of Ungu’s fans. 2. Building Intimate Relationship This was appropriate with the reason stated by Crystal (1987) in which code-switching could be used to express solidarity with others. Thukul chose words or terms which were very familiar with audiences. The existence of such terms as good, jealous, sweetheart, and friend distract the boundaries between the host and the audiences so the audiences could feel that the host became the members of their society. The use of such term also enabled the host to build up and close communication with audiences and described that they really understand the audiences.


3. Efficiency One

of

the

code-switching

reason

proposed

by

Kachru

and

Kamwangamalu(1989as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91) is efficiency. The presence of English terms was more efficient than using the representative Indonesian word which could be a log explanation. For instance thank you, audience, please, and sorry which possible to use the translated Indonesian word. Nevertheless, in order to make the utterance more efficient, English term was used.

C. Other Finding 1. The Tendency to Apply Various Types in a Single Utterance The researcher counted code-switching based on the existence of the foreign language elements, in this case English language elements, which were combined with Indonesian language elements. The data implied that within a single sentence, there could be more than one unit of the juxtaposed element with various lengths. The researcher assumed that within a single utterance, there could be more than one type of code-switching as it could be observed from the examples below. a. Integrated loanwords and conversational code-switching. Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?”(47) In the example, a morpheme kissnya was combined with the word first. It becomes conversational code-switching (a phrase ) first kissnya.


b. Single-word code-switching, conversational code-switching and integrated loanwords. Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari the family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? (17) The example contained three types of code-switching. The first one was single-word code-switching with familiar and show as the borrowed word. The second one was conversational code-switching which involved an English phrase the family man and family man. The last one was integrated loanwords which could be identified by the existence of a morpheme ngeksist. c. Single-word code-switching and conversational code-switching 1) Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah,

“The lucky guy”. (7) 2) OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time.(37)

From the first example, single-word code-switching could be identified by the existence of an English word sorry. Whereas the English it’s facebook time revealed that there was also conversational code-switching.

2. The Answer to Ungrammaticality in Code-Switching A single mistake in the implementation of code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata really distracted my understanding that a code-switching phenomenon in the television show had given good models to understand English language. But, the understanding of the essence of sociolinguistics which also account the culture and the structure of the setting of the society might give permission for it.


Audiences who frequently used informal-ungrammatical dialect in their communication encouraged the host, to really enter their custom of communication. Like this understandable example, yet grammatically ineffective. ’Di film “I love You” om kamu jadi orang yang stress karena di putusin pacar, tunjukkin lagi dong gesture tubuh kamu, coba ceritanya saya ini yang mutusin kamu.’(44) In above example, the word gesture actually had described the movement of the part of the body. The Indonesian word for body, tubuh, which followed the word gesture, asserted the ineffectiveness. It might also deviate the meaning of gesture itself. But as it had been stated, the salient message was the most important matter for code switching in Bukan Empat Mata. The repetition could describe that the host or Thukul wanted to produce a clear message.


CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

This chapter is intended to accommodate final results of this research and some suggestions. The results were the answers to the research questions of this study. The suggestions were presented for the importance of current practice of code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata and future research of code-switching.

A. Conclusions 1. The Types of Code-Switching in Bukan Empat Mata. From the perusal process of the data of code switching cases in Bukan Empat Mata, The researcher found that three types of code switching which are presented by McCormick existed in the Bukan Empat Mata. The classification was based on the length of the juxtaposed language elements. The three types and the examples of code switching from the Bukan Empat Mata were as follows: a. Conversational code-switching; the juxtaposed element can be a phrase, a clause or a sentence. E.g.: 1) Terima kasih terima kasih itu tadi dari unique community. (36) 2) My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience. (63) b. Single-word code-switching; the juxtaposed element is a single word, E.g.: 1) Kalo tipe-tipe face Laura itu ya cocoknya model-model melankolis peranperan yang selalu disakiti cowok. Seneng kaya gitu ato semuanya? (46) 2) Pe, acting kamu bagus, kita beri tepuk tangan untuk Ape. (49)

38


d. Integrated loanwords; the juxtaposed element is a morpheme which is constructed by two languages. E.g.: 1) Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari the family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?(20) 2) Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers.(4) Among 76 code-switching cases found in the Bukan Empat Mata, 41 cases were conversational code-switching, 31 cases were single-word code-switching and 4 cases were integrated loanwords. From the data, it can be concluded that conversational code-switching was the most frequent type in the occurrence. 2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching in Bukan Empat Mata There are several possible reasons that the researcher could identify. They were as follows: a. Code-switching was used because of the special terms related to the topic under discussion. Every topic might have various terms that sometimes were very difficult to be translated to another language. b. Thukul employed code switching to build intimate relationship with the audiences and also the guest stars. It was possible since the juxtaposed language elements were the terms which were frequently used by audience in their social interaction.


c. Code-switching was used because of efficiency. Some English expressions were more efficient than using the explanation in Indonesian language since direct translation was not representative. Among 76 possible reasons cases found in the Bukan Empat Mata, 38 cases were building intimate relationship, 30 cases were efficiency and 8 cases were topic under discussion. From the data, it can be concluded that building intimate relationship was the most frequent possible reason in the occurrence.

B. Suggestion After accumulating, analyzing data and discovering meaningful findings, the researcher would like to give a suggestion to other researchers who are interested code-switching phenomena. Other researchers may conduct study on code-switching in wider scope for instance using more various kinds of television programs with more samples.


REFERENCES Asher, R.E. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Volume 2. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Ayeomoni, M.O. 2006. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing : Style of Language Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech Community. Nordic Journal of African Studies 15(1) : 90-99 Bungis, H. M. Burhan. 2007. Penelitian Kualitatif: Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Kebijakan Publik, dan Ilmu Sosial. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group Beales, A.R., Spindler, G. and Spindler, L. 1967. Culture in Process. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Chana, U. 1984. Evaluative reactions to Punjabi/English code-switching. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 5 (6), pp. 447-473 Crystal, D. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Clark, R. and Ivanič, R. 1997. The Politics of Writing. London: Routledge. Cook, V. 1991. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. Melbourne: Edward Arnold/ Hodder Headline Group. Creswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Holliday, A. 2002. Doing and Writing Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Holmes, J. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Inc. Indriani, M.I. 2003. English Pronunciation: the English Speech Sounds Theory & Practice. Jakarta: RT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Kountur, R. 2003. Metode Penelitian Untuk Penulisan Skripsi dan Tesis. Jakarta: PPM Leedy, P. D. and Ormrod, J. E. 2005. Practical Research: Planning and Design. 8th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

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McArthur, T. 1992.The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford : Oxford University Press. McCormick, K.M. 1994. Code-switching and Mixing. In R.E. Asher. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford : Pergamon Press. Meriam, S.B. and Associates. 2002. Qualitative Research in Practice: Example for Discussion and Analysis. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass. Spolsky, B. 1998. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press Stockwell, P. 2002. Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge. Poole, S. C. 1999. An Introduction to Linguistics. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Pride, J. B. 1971. The Social Meaning of Language. London: Oxford University Press. Richards, C. J., and Schmidt, R.W. 1983. Language and Communication. New York: Longman Inc. Wardaugh, R. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Auer, P. 1998. Code-switching in Conversation: Language , Interaction, and Identity, http://www.udc.es/dep/lx/cac/c-s/ (accesed on November, 2007) Cohan, J. 2005. Recycled Knowledge, http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2005/06/codeswitching.html(accesed on November, 2007) Sert,

O. The Function of Code-Switching in ESL Clasrooms, http://iteslj.org/Articles/Sert-CodeSwitching.html (accesed on November, 2007)


Appendix 1 The Observation Form of Types of Code-Switching No 1 2 3 4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16

17

Utterances Ok! ketemu lagi di “Bukan Empat Mata”. Good…good luar biasa ya? Good…good luar biasa ya? Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers. Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers. Untuk Onci yang digelari “the young one” wua…! semua personil Ungu sudah menikah kecuali Onci ni. Kapan ni mau nyusul? Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”. Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”. Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”. Lucky itu adalah beruntung, fortune. Lucky itu adalah beruntung, fortune. Masih suka belanja sepatu di mall ga? Kan sepatu kamu ada ratusan. Kamu just friend, just friend team. Kamu just friend, just friend team. Untuk Maki alias the philosoper, ngga nyangka ya tampang kaya kamu ternyata lulusan S2 dari Amerika. Sebel..sebel…kamu buka kartu aja…please deh. Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari the family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga

Types of Code-Switching D

SCS

MCS

CCS

SW

IL

√ √ √ √ √

√

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √


No

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Utterances setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rosa atau Pasha gimana ni kerja sama diva dan vokalis band populer? Gimana ni ada kendala gak misalnya ngatur schedule recordingnya yang susah banget kan sama-sama super sibuk ne? monggo Untuk Rosa , menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo. Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost


SCS

MCS

CCS

SW

IL

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√


No

26

27

28

29 30 31

32

Utterances kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo. Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo. Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo. Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo. Untuk Imelda sweetheart, kalo menurut ini anak-anak Ungu selain pasha gimana pribadinya dan fisiknya? Monggo. It’s time to kuis. Tepuk tangan untuk penontonnya,,,terima kasih …thank you..masih bertahan? Bagus….kembali ke lap top. Untuk Pasha, by the way udah ada penggantinya Oki belum di hatimu? Ato ingin kembali sama Oki supaya jangan hampa ni?


SCS

MCS

CCS

SW

√

√

√

√ √ √

√

IL


No 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

43

44

45

46

47 48 49

Utterances Kelihatanya lebih bagus back to family. Waktunya break. Mari kita cooling down dengan penampilan Rosa dan Pasha…. Terimakasih-terimakasih itu dari unique community. OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time. OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time. Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! Sampai sekarang masih single ya….jadi umur 25 tahun sampe sekarang masih single? Sampai sekarang masih single ya….jadi umur 25 tahun sampe sekarang masih single? Di film “I love You” om kamu jadi orang yang stress karena di putusin pacar, tunjukkin lagi dong gesture tubuh kamu, coba ceritanya saya ini yang mutusin kamu. Lauraku yang imut kamu kan wajah baru di dunia infotainment, apa yang berubah dalam hidup kamu setelah jadi artis? Kalo tipe-tipe face Laura itu ya cocoknya model-model melankolis peran-peran yang selalu disakiti cowok. Seneng kaya gitu ato semuanya? Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?” Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?” Pe, acting kamu bagus, kita beri tepuk tangan untuk Ape.


SCS

MCS

CCS

SW

IL

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

√

√

√

√ √ √


No 50

51

52 53 54

55

56 57 58 59 60 61

62 63 64 65 66 67

Utterances Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya? Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya? Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya? Kamu jealous? Untuk Karenina my darling, Karenina my hone bunny Katanya kalo kamu stress sukanya nonton film India Untuk Karenina, my darling , Karenina my honey bunny Katanya kalo kamu stress sukanya nonton film India. Untuk Bang Niam, abang ini Who is that? Abang ini siapa sih kok bisa bikin orang ketawa? Never mind, never mind kembali ke laptop Never mind, never mind kembali ke laptop. Dukung temen kamu untuk back to girlfriend.


SCS

MCS

CCS

√ √ √ √ √

√

√ √ √ √ √

Canggih…import. Untuk semuanya, for all, kalian pernah ngga ke Spa hanya untuk ngilangin stress? Untuk semuanya, for all, kalian pernah ngga ke Spa hanya untuk ngilangin stress? My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience. My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience. Ow..very-very nice…delicious. Ow..very-very nice…delicious. For Ami Kanita, mamanya Rafi Ahmad, informasi nya gara-gara

SW

√ √ √ √ √ √

IL


No

68

69 70

71

72 73 74

75

76

Utterances sifat mama dan bela mirip, mama jadi deket banget sama bela sampesampe sering jogging bareng, monggo. For Ami Kanita, mamanya Rafi Ahmad, informasi nya gara-gara sifat mama dan bela mirip, mama jadi deket banget sama bela sampesampe sering jogging bareng, monggo. Ow…jelas welcome….menantu come here! Ow…jelas welcome….menantu come here! For my brother Andrew White, Gimana cara kamu ngedeketin Bang Jamal sebagai calon mertua? Pake sogokan martabak ga? Thank you…thank you……..penonton. Thank you…thank you……..penonton. For all my guests, gimana pendapat kalian mengenai BBM yang turun lagi? Pemirsa, cara ngedekatin mertua itu hard to hard easy, alias susah susah gampang yang penting kita harus sopan tau unggah-ungguh, etika dan karamtika di jamin calon mertua pasti suka. Terima kasih untuk semua bintang tamu, mari kita sambut performance dari RAN.


SCS

MCS

CCS

SW

√

√

√ √ √ √ √ √

√

IL


Appendix 2 The Observation Form of Possible Reasons

No

1 2 3 4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17

Utterances Ok! ketemu lagi di “Bukan Empat Mata”. Good…good luar biasa ya? Good…good luar biasa ya? Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers. Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers. Untuk Onci yang digelari “the young one” wua…! semua personil Ungu sudah menikah kecuali Onci ni. Kapan ni mau nyusul? Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”. Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”. Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”. Lucky itu adalah beruntung, fortune. Lucky itu adalah beruntung, fortune. Masih suka belanja sepatu di mall ga? Kan sepatu kamu ada ratusan. Kamu just friend, just friend team. Kamu just friend, just friend team. Untuk Maki alias the philosoper, ngga nyangka ya tampang kaya kamu ternyata lulusan S2 dari Amerika. Sebel..sebel…kamu buka kartu aja…please deh. Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah

Possible Reasons Topic Building Under Intimate Efficiency Discussion Relationship √ √ √ √ √

√

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √


No

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Utterances kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? Untuk Rosa atau Pasha gimana ni kerja sama diva dan vokalis band populer? Gimana ni ada kendala gak misalnya ngatur schedule recordingnya yang susah banget kan sama-sama super sibuk ne? monggo Untuk Rosa , menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.


Possible Reasons Building Intimate Efficiency Relationship

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√


No

25

26

27

28

29 30

31

Utterances Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo. Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo. Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo. Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo. Untuk Imelda sweet heart, kalo menurut ini anak-anak Ungu selain pasha gimana pribadinya dan fisiknya? Monggo. It’s time to kuis. Tepuk tangan untuk penontonnya,,,terima kasih …thank you..masih bertahan? Bagus….kembali ke lap top.


Possible Reasons Building Intimate Efficiency Relationship

√

√

√

√

√ √ √


No

32

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

43

44

45

46

Utterances Untuk Pasha, by the way udah ada penggantinya Oki belum di hatimu? Ato ingin kembali sama Oki supaya jangan hampa ni? Kelihatanya lebih bagus back to family. Waktunya break. Mari kita cooling down dengan penampilan Rosa dan Pasha…. Terimakasih-terimakasih itu dari unique community. OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time. OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time. Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! Sampai sekarang masih single ya….jadi umur 25 tahun sampe sekarang masih single? Sampai sekarang masih single ya….jadi umur 25 tahun sampe sekarang masih single? Di film “I love You” om kamu jadi orang yang stress karena di putusin pacar, tunjukkin lagi dong gesture tubuh kamu, coba ceritanya saya ini yang mutusin kamu. Lauraku yang imut kamu kan wajah baru di dunia infotainment, apa yang berubah dalam hidup kamu setelah jadi artis? Kalo tipe-tipe face Laura itu ya cocoknya model-model melankolis peran-peran yang selalu disakiti cowok. Seneng kaya gitu ato semuanya?


Possible Reasons Building Intimate Efficiency Relationship √ √ √ √

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

√

√

√


No

47 48 49 50

51

52 53 54

55

56 57 58 59 60 61

62

Utterances Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?” Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?” Pe, acting kamu bagus, kita beri tepuk tangan untuk Ape. Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya? Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya? Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya? Kamu jealous? Untuk Karenina, my darling , Karenina my honey bunny Katanya kalo kamu stress sukanya nonton film India Untuk Karenina, my darling , Karenina my honey bunny Katanya kalo kamu stress sukanya nonton film India Untuk Bang Niam, abang ini Who is that? Abang ini siapa sih kok bisa bikin orang ketawa? Never mind, never mind kembali ke laptop Never mind, never mind kembali ke laptop. Dukung temen kamu untuk back to girlfriend.


Possible Reasons Building Intimate Efficiency Relationship √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

√

√ √ √ √ √

Canggih…import. Untuk semuanya, for all, kalian pernah ngga ke Spa hanya untuk ngilangin stress? Untuk semuanya, for all, kalian pernah ngga ke Spa hanya untuk ngilangin stress?

√ √


No

63 64 65 66

67

68

69 70

71

72 73 74

75

76

Utterances My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience. My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience. Ow..very-very nice…delicious. Ow..very-very nice…delicious. For Ami Kanita, mamanya Rafi Ahmad, informasi nya gara-gara sifat mama dan bela mirip, mama jadi deket banget sama bela sampe-sampe sering jogging bareng, monggo. For Ami Kanita, mamanya Rafi Ahmad, informasi nya gara-gara sifat mama dan bela mirip, mama jadi deket banget sama bela sampe-sampe sering jogging bareng, monggo. Ow…jelas welcome….menantu come here! Ow…jelas welcome….menantu come here! For my brother Andrew White, Gimana cara kamu ngedeketin Bang Jamal sebagai calon mertua? Pake sogokan martabak ga? Thank you…thank you……..penonton. Thank you…thank you……..penonton. For all my guests, gimana pendapat kalian mengenai BBM yang turun lagi? Pemirsa, cara ngedekatin mertua itu hard to hard easy, alias susah susah gampang yang penting kita harus sopan tau unggah-ungguh, etika dan karamtika di jamin calon mertua pasti suka. Terima kasih untuk semua bintang tamu, mari kita sambut performance dari RAN.


Possible Reasons Building Intimate Efficiency Relationship √ √ √ √ √

√

√ √ √ √ √ √

√

√

CODE SWITCHING STUDY IN BUKAN EMPAT MATA ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM

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