CODE MIXING USED BY RADIO BROADCASTER (A Case Study at Ardan Radio 105.9 Bandung) Eka.purnamasari Reg.No: 08.22.0188 E-mail:Chika_00012 English Education Study Program Language and Arts Departement STKIP Siliwangi Bandung ABSTRACT The objective of the research entitled “Code Mixing Used by Radio Broadcaster (A Case Study at Ardan Radio 105.9 Bandung)”. was to find out the kinds of code mixing used by radio broadcasters. The research applied a descriptive qualitative method. To gain the data, the researcher conducted an interview and recorded speech utterances of two broadcasters of Ardan Radio 105.9 Fm Bandung on June of 25 th-27 th 2012 using Handphone (HP) Nokia C3. The collected data were transcribed, identified, classified, and analyzed based on percentage categories using Gay’s theory. The results of this research showed that when Ardan Radio broadcasters were broadcasting music program, they used outer code mixing (54,32%) and inner code mixing (45,68%) their of conversation. Key Word : Code mixing used by radio broadcaster
A. Background Nowadays English is very important to be learned by people in the world, because it is the primary language in the world. To be able to adapt with global communication, people try to learn English. English is a foreign language in Indonesia, it considered as an important language for the absorption for the development of education, technology, art and culture. Our country is a multilingual society where many people have more than one language, the linguistic phenomenon of combining two or mixing of two or more languages or languages that are usually may occur within a multilingual setting where speakers share more than one language in the conversation. Here, the writer studied, the phenomenon on Ardan Radio, the presenter tends to mix the element of more the language. They insert English word or English sentence and another language to the bahasa Indonesia when they broadcast programs. This phenomenon is called code mixing. To sum up, in this study, the writer investigated the definition and type of code mixing, that used by Ardan Radio. The writer carried out a study entitled “Code Mixing Used By Radio Broadcaster (A Case Study at Ardan Radio 105,9 Bandung)”.
human system of communication which uses, structured vocal sounds and can be embodied in other media, such as writing, print and physical signs (Kaswan, 2010: 8). As a mean s of communication, language plays an important role in the process of social interaction. When speakers’ different language interacts, they may influence each other. Thus, the world today provides the people with a massive linguistic diversity that developed widely.
B. Theoretical Foundation Language Contact Language is a tool for communication that is used by mankind all over the world. Language refers to a
Code Mixing 1. Definition of Code Mixing In communication, code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example a letter, word,
Bilingualism Bilingualism is the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by a group of speakers (Kaswan, 2010: 28). On the other hand, Suwito (1985:41) argues that bilingualism is not language phenomenon, it is the chateristic of the language usage. This is not code characteristic, but characteristic of expression. It is not language but parole. He argues that one of the bilingualism characteristic is the use of languages by a speaker or a group of people, but those languages do not play separated roles is speech community. Based on the discussion above, the writer concludes that bilingualism is the ability of speaker to use two different languages.
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phrase, or gesture) not necessary of the same type (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/code). The use of different codes depends on the variability of the language of the language and the specification of the uses in a multilingual society. A speaker chooses different codes for particular occasions. In a multilingual country like Indonesia, the ability to shift from one language to another is regarded to be normal. There are the uses of bahasa Indonesia as the official language, ethnic and foreign language such as English, for some reason. The linguistic situation in Indonesia offer wide choice of language. The mass communication, national development, urbanization, and free trade bring about the increasing use of English in the country. Moreover, the mass media of the developing country revels the trend of using English besides Indonesian. In the bilingual situation, people are required to select particular codes when they speak, and they may decide to mix from one code to another or so- called code mixing. These are some examples of code mixing that happened in conversations: a. “ Silahkan dial di 105,9 Fm buat teman setia yang pengen request tembang” b. “ Buat Viena yang ada di Bekasi met ultah aja semoga happy selalu “ c. “ Yang nggak tahu lagu ini so ketinggalan banget. “
d) Squence Act, discussed in this element is the form, content and message topics to be discussed in the communication. This also affects of language and the utterancne of speakers. e) Key/tone of the spirit of art, of how the elements of tone and menner language used in communication will affect the shape utterance. f) Instrumentalists, the utterance would be used in communication. This point can form of utterance through print media, media heard, and so forth. g) Norm of intersection, the elements that should be the norm or utterance understood and adhered to in a communication. Norm is question can form of language norms that govern how the language is so easy understood. h) Genres, i. e. The form element type of message delivery. Type of delivery this message intangible poetry, dialogue, story and other. This also influenced by forms of language used. 3. The Difference between Code Mixing and Code Switching Switching between languages is extremely common and takes many forms. A long narrative may switch from one language to the other. Sentences may alternate. A sentence may begin in one language and finish in another. Such behavior is called code mixing refers to ”a change by speaker from one language or language variety to another one” (Richards, et al. 1995:43). Code-Switching or code-mixing can be explained as follows: a. Speakers cannot express themselves adequately in one language, so switch to the other to make good the deficiency. b. Switching to a minority language is very common as a means of expressing solidarity with a social group. c. The switch between language can signal the speaker’s attitude to the listener-friendly, irritated, distant and so on. Code switching or mixing are affected by a number of factors whose acronym is speaking ( setting and scene, participant, ends, act sequences, key or tone or spirit of act, instrumentalities, norms of interaction and interpretation, and genre) (Nababan, 1984:24).
2. Background of the Code Mixing Factors affecting the use of language is the language of the factors disclosed Hymes In Nababan, (1993:7) by the acronym “speaking “which, when translated, means: a) Scene setting and, in this section referred to elements that are circumstances, the atmosphere, and the situation of language use at the time done, it will affect someone in an utterance communication. b) Participant, i. e. Anyone who was involved in the event of speaking, this relation between the speakers and opponents said. Descision followlanguage speakers in this section influence the position and problem that underlie a communication. c) End (purpose and goal), discussed in this element is the or results and what the desired goal by speaker, this will influence on the form of language and utterance speaker.
C. Research Methodology In this chapter, the writer discusses methodology of the research. They include: Research method, 2
Ardan Radio. The interview was conducted on the 24 th June 2012 at 11.00 am. The writer interviewed them at the same time, all the interviews were recorded using Handphone Nokia C3 recording.
population and sample, instrument, data analysis, and research procedure. Research Method research. Based on the objective and the problem of research, the writer decided There were 2 kinds of research which are commonly used in educational research. They were: Qualitative and Quantitative to use qualitative method. Qualitative is a method which is used to analyze the condition of the natural object, where as the researcher is the key instrument. Qualitative methods involve a research describing kinds of the characteristic of people or events without comparing events in terms of measurements or amount (Thomas, 2003:1). Qualitative research methods were developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena. Examples of qualitative methodes are action research, case study research and etnography. Qualitative data sources include observation and participant observation (fieldwork), interviews and questionnaires, documents and texts, and the researcher’s impression and reactions (Mayers in http:www.qual.auckland.ac.nz). To make the above formula easy to comprehend, it will be simplified as follow:
P=
F N
E. Research Data Analysis The recorded data then transcribed, identified, and analyzed based on their code mixing categorized that occurred at Ardan Radio on music program. Data analysis The classification of code mixing based the type of code mixing from the data on: Day : Monday Date : 25 June 2012 Time : 18.00 Topic : Riau (Riquest layaw)
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x 100%
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Remark: P = the percentage of code mixing F = frequency of code mixing on the speech utterance N = sample (the total words/sentences used by the host) According to this technique, finally we can see the percentage what the type and what the function of code mixing that the most commonly occur by the host of Ardan radio speech utterances.
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D. Research Data Collection The data of this research were recorded of speech and utterences the radio broadcasters, speech and utterence when she/he was broadcasting at Ardan Radio 105,9 Fm Bandung and the result of interview the same radio broadcasters. The process of recording was conducted on 25th – th 27 June 2012. Each of this process took 1-2 hours per day. Interviews were carried out using an about the language used by radio broadcasters and their reason of why they used that language. Setting of the study is at
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Table 4.1 The Classification of Code Mixing The sentence Type of Code Mixing Puterin lagi lagu yang anda Outer code mixing request (request) Tapi sebelumnya you guys Outer code mixing (you guys) One information insan muda Outer code mixing (One information code mixing) Someday, kalau kamu Outer code sekarang lagi bingung mixing (Someday) Untuk ujian saringnya masuk Inner code hari sabtu mixing (saringanya) Manfaatin kesempatan ini cieh Inner code mixing (Cieh) Masik banyak waktu took Outer code belajar mixing (took) Kamu masih bisa daftar online Outer code mixing (online) Klik at maranatha.edu Outer code mixing (klik) All right next insan muda Outer code mixing (all right) Gua akan muterin lagu Jason Inner code Miraz mixing (muterin)
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You guysz denerin ya lagu nya
Outer code mixing (you guys) Jazon miraz chart posisi Outer code tertinggi mixing (chart) B and B come back Outer code mixing (b and b come back) May be Riau reques layaw Outer code mixing (may be,riquest) Stay cool and lovely Outer code mixing (stay cool and lovely) Play list lagu-lagu terbaru Outer code mixing (play list) Ok Ardan radio 105.9 Fm Outer code Bandung mixing (ok) Ada yang di cakar-cakar Inner and outer saking cintanya sama fans code mixing (fans)
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The classification of code mixing based on the type of code mixing from the data on:
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Day Date Time Topic
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:Tuesday : 26 June 2012 : 06.00 : Cipaganti (cinta pagi di Bandung city) Table 4.2 The Classification of Code Mixing The sentence Type Code Mixing Loh kedengeran Inner code mixing ngomong....sih he he.. (kedengeran) Biar lo tau Inner code mixing (lo) Aduh selamat ulang Outer code mixing tahun nih, listener (listener) dengerin Oh my God gua ga Outer code mixing nyangka (oh my God) Alhamdulilah susah Inner code mixing banget sih ngehubungin (menghubungi) elu Dit Ya...allah..gila gua Inner code mixing kagum,kalau semua (kagum) orang yang ulang tahun di telponin
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Ditelponin semua orang...stiap pagi nelponin orang yang ulang tahun Oh my God..aku ngantukbanget....!!!! Ngantuk .....? tidur lagi aja ok Iya gila loh...nih acara nelpon, kondang khan acara nich...? Ooii...?Namanya Dita yang siaran puterin donk lag Iya denger pasti lo Ge produser nya khan..? My God...gila,oh my God Cepetan..?ok
Inner code (ditelponin)
mixing
Outer code mixing (oh my God) Outer code mixing (ok) Inner code mixing (kondang) Inner code (puterin)
mixing
Inner code mixing (lo) Outer code mixing (my God) Outer code mixing (ok) Oh ya ntar aku mandi Inner code mixing dulu, tar ya! (ntar) Ok, Buat insan muda Outer code mixing setia dio Ardan radio (ok) 105.9 Fm Ya kembali lagi with me Outer code mixing Gege...di Ardan (with me) siliwangi Ada bo, seger banget Outer code mixing mandi pagi-pagi...ayo (listener) listener makanya cepetain bangun Yang udah bangun saat Outer code mixing nya request lagu, pasti (request) kita piterin dechh... Ok sambil nungguin Inner code mixing penelpon, ku mu tanya (nunguin) dulu ma kamu van? Mo nanya pa sich? Outer code mixing Sumpah oh my God (my God) Gini! kamu pernah putus Inner code mixing ga ama cewek kamu? (puterin) Secara kamu yang selalu diputusin duluan..he..he Wes gabah-gabah! Siapa Outer code mixing juga...(kring-kring) (stay cool and lovely) bentar ada peneplon dulu masuk! Hallo stay cool and lovely dengan siapa nih..?
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Eummm..lagunya pengen dari “Armada”, puterin ya Ada donk.. langsung aja kita puterin lagunya “Armada” pemilik hati Masih di 105.9 Fm Ardan radio...bersama si cakeup si imut he...haa Ok Ge! Balik lagi with teman kita! Eumm ..aku alamain sihh
Inner code (puterin)
mixing
Inner code (puterin)
mixing
Inner code (cakeup)
mixing
Outer code (with) Inner code (alamin)
mixing
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The classification of code mixing based the type of code mixing from the data on: Day :Wednesday Date : 27 June 2012 Time : 02.00 Topic : Ardan ngejamz
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Table 4.3 The Classification of Code Mixing The Sentence Type of code mixing Ada suara yang sexy Outer code mixing banget (sexy) Kenapa sih loh ga mau Inner code mixing siaran sama yang lain (loh) Karena kalau ga siaran Inner code mixing ngejamz sama loh (loh) pendengar kurang dari 200 ribu pendengar ha..ha Tolong di camkan ya Inner code mixing program ini (camkan) Program ini rating Outer code mixing tertinggi di Ardan radio (rating) Ya udah kalau gitu kasih Inner code mixing dukungan buat gua (dukungan) Mungkin yang 200 ribu Outer code mixing orang itu bintang tamu (special) special di Ardan Sabar ya vocalisnya lagi Outer code mixing ke toilet (toilet) Gua datengin buat elo Inner code mixing (datengin) Special buat elo, cakep- Outer code mixing cakep loh (special) Apa lagi sering masuk tv Inner code mixing (sering)
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Gila ngeceng juga sih...
Inner code mixin (ngeceng) Dimulai dari vocalis tadi Inner code mixing yang beser (beser) Hallo Andre Outer code mixing (hallo) Hallo Gerry Outer code mixing (hallo) Familiar juga ini orang Inner code mixing (familiar) Saya pemain keyboard Outer code mixing (keyboard) Hallo nama saya Idea Outer code mixing (hallo) Ha..haa familiar Inner code mixing (familiar) Terus tau juga informasi Outer code mixing itu, kaya orang-orang (information) yang punya Band Apa ini projeckan lain Inner code mixing atau ini serius (projeckan) Ini hal terigo?ini yang Inner code mixing serius (serius) Waz.........what up Outer code mixing (what up) Alterigo apa tuh Inner code mixing (alterigo) Kalau buat yang lain Inner code mixing meningkatkan ombak (meningkatkan) Lo cwo apanya Inner code mixing (lo) Kalau si Gerry itu cwo Inner code mixing komersil (komersil) Kalaau Andre? Untuk mengembangkan daya kreatifitas Oh.. ya allah aku ketoder Inner code mixing laki-laki tampan (kreatifitas) Jangan kau goda-godain Inner code mixing (goda-godain) Santai donk pemanasan Inner code mixing (pemasaran) Eum...kue lebaran yang di Inner code mixing cecebin ke es krim (cecebin) Ok..ok jadi maknanya Outer code mixing sejarah di masa yang akan (ok) datang
From the table that consist of 81 speech utterances that used code mixing on music program, we can see that almost of their uttterance mix between Indonesia and 5
English. The result of analysis show that broadcaster on music program used two type of code mixing, they were inner type code mixing and outer code mixing. E. Conclusions And Suggestion Conclusion Based on the analysis of code mixing used on music program Ardan radio the writer finding two type of code mixing that almost occur on the broadcaster speech utterance were is outer code and inner code mixing. The results of this research showed that when Ardan Radio broadcasters were broadcasting music program, they used outer code mixing (54,32%) and inner code mixing (45,68%) their of conversation. Suggestions After knowing about English-Indonesian code mixing, the writer would like to give some suggestions. First, to all of radio broadcasters, especially those who are in Ardan radio station, the hope should be able to use language attractively in broadcasting the program by considering the situation, the topic being talked, and to whom they talked. Then for the futere research the writer that there will be another research which a code mixing used broadcaster in different prespective. BILBIOGRAPHY Hymes Dell, 1993. Acronym (http://infoskripsi.com/Article.
of
Speaking.
Kaswan; (2010). Language in society. Cimahi: STKIP Siliwangi Bandung. Mayers in http:www.qual.auckland.ac.nz Richards J. and Platt John. 1992. Logman D ictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. Essex: Longman. Suwito. (1985). Background of code mixing. ....www.http: // infoskripsi.com/ Article Thomas, Robert Murray. (2003). Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Research methods.New Delhi. Corwin Press.Inc.
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