DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abdul Rohman, Riyanto, S., & Hidayati, N., 2007, Aktivitas Antioksidan, Kandungan Fenolik Total, dan Flavonoid Total Daun Mengkudu (Morinda citrifoia L), Agritech, Vol.27 No.4. Andersen, O.M. & Markham, K.R., 2006, Flavonoids, Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications, CRC Press, USA. Ariesnawati, A.D., 2007, Identifikasi Flavonoida Hasil Fraksinasi dengan Kromatogram Kolom Vakum Ekstrak Metanol-Air Herba Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpoides Lmk.), Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Ariyanto, R., 2006, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan, Penentuan Kandungan Fenolik dan Flavonoid Total Fraksi Kloroform dan Fraksi Air Ekstrak Metanolik Pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban), Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Barwick, V.J., 1997, Strategies for Solvent Selection – a Literature Review, Trends Anal Chem 16, 293-309. Brenner, M., & Hearing, V.J., 2008, The Protective Role of Melanin Against UV Damage in Human Skin, Photochem Photobiol, 84: 539–549. Budilaksono, W., Wahdaningsih, S., & Fahrurroji, A., 2014, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi N-Heksana Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus lemairei Britton dan Rose) Menggunakan Metode DPPH (1,1 – Difenil – 2 Pikrilhidrazil), Jurnal Mahasiswa Farmasi Fakultas Kedokteran UNTAN, vol.1 no.1. Chaiwut, P., O-ki-la, A., Phuttisatien, I., Thitilertdecha, N., Pintathong, P., 2012, Extraction and Stability of Cosmetic Bioactive Compounds from Dragon Fruit Peel, Conference, School of Cosmetic Science Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand. Chet, N.W., 2009, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoids Content of Pitaya Peels by Water Extraction, Thesis, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Christinawati, T., 2007, Identifikasi Flavonoid pada Herba Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lmk.) Hasil Isolasi Secara Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Preparatif (KLTP), Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Choo, W.S. & Yong, W.K., 2011, Antioxidant Properties of Two Species of Hylocereus Fruits, Advances in Applied Science Research, 2 (3): 418-425. Choquenet, B., Couteau, C., Paparis, E., & Coiffard, I.J., 2008, Quercetin and Rutin as Potential Sunscreen Agents: Determination of Efficacy by an In Vitro Method, J Nat Prod, 71:1117–1118.
45
46
Ciptaningsih, E., 2012, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Karakteristik Fitokimia pada Kopi Luwak Arabika dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Tekanan Darah Tikus Normal dan Tikus Hipertensi, Tesis, Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Damogalad, V., Edy, H.J., Supriati, H.S., 2013, Formulasi Tabir Surya Ekstrak Kulit Nanas (Ananas Comosus L Merr) dan Uji In Vitro Nilai Sun Protecting Factor (SPF), Pharmacon, Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi – UNSRAT, Vol.2 No.2. Dembitsky, V.M., Poovarodom, S., Leontowicz, H., Leontowicz, M., Trakhtenberg, S., Gorinstein, S., & Vearasilp, S., 2011, The Multiple Nutrition Properties of Some Exotic Fruits: Biological Activity Andactive Metabolites, Food Research International, 44 (2011) 1671–1701. Desmiaty, Y., Ratnawati, J., Andini, P., 2009, penentuan Jumlah Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Daun Buah Merah (Pandanus Conoideus Lamk) Secara Kolorimetri Komplementer, Presentasi Seminar Nasional POKJANAS TOI XXXVI, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Droge, W., 2002, Free Radicals in the Physiological Control of Cell Function, American Physiological Society, 82 : 47-95. Dungir, G., Katja, D.G., & Kamu, V.S., 2012, Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Fenolik dari Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L), Jurnal MIPA UNSRAT ONLINE, 1(1) 11-15. Dutra, E.A., Oliveira, D.A.G.C., Kedor-Hackmann, E.R.M., & Santoro, M.I.R.M., 2004, Determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of Sunscreens by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry, Rev Bras Cienc Farm., 40: 381-385. Fessenden, R.J. & Fessenden, J.S., 1986, Kimia Organik, Jilid 1. Edisi Ketiga Terjemahan Aloysius Hadyana Pudjaatmaka Ph.D, Erlangga, Jakarta. Foong, J.H., Hon, W.M., & Ho, C.W., 2012, Bioactive Compounds Determination In Fermented Liquid Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus), Borneo Science, volume 31. Gandjar, I.G., & Abdul Rohman, 2007, Kimia Farmasi Analisis, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta. Grotewold, E., 2006, The Scince of Flavonoids, Springer Science + Business Media Inc, New York. Handayani, H., Sriherfyna, F.H., Yunianta, 2016, Ekstraksi Antioksidan Daun Sirsak Metode Ultrasonic Bath (Kajian Rasio Bahan: Pelarut dan Lama Ekstraksi), Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, vol.4 no.1 p.262-272. Harborne, J., 1987, Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan, Cetakan kedua, Penerjemah: Padmawinata,K. Dan I. Soediro, ITB, Bandung.
47
Indriasari, I., 2012, Ekstrak Ethanol Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Memperbaiki Profil Lipid pada Tikus Wistar Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus) Dislipidemia, Tesis, Program Magister Program Studi Ilmu Biomedik Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana Denpasar. Isabelle, D., Rouyanne, T.R., Henk, C.M., Guus, S.M., Linsie, M., Peter, L.Z., Johanna, M.G., & Elka, A.T, 2009, Continuous Dose-Response Relationship of the LDL-Cholesterol Lowering Effect of Phytosterol Intake, Journal of Nutrition, 139: 271-284. Jamilah, B., Shu, C.E., Kharidah, M., Dzulkifly, M.A., & Noranizan, A., 2011, Physico-chemical Characteristics of Red Pitaya (Hylocereus lemairei) Peel, Int. Food. Res. J, 18 : 279-286. Josephy, P.D., 1997, Molecular Toxicology, Oxford University Press, New York. Jung, K., Seifert, M., Herrling, Th., & Fuchs, J., 2008, UV-Generated Free Radicals (FR) in Skin: Their Prevention by Sunscreens and Their Induction by Self-Tanning Agents, Elsevier, Volume 69, Issue 5, Pages 1423–1428. Junior, R.G.O., Araujo, C.S., Souza, G.R., Guimaraes, A.L., Oliveira, A.P., LimaSaraiva, S.R.G., Morais, A.C.S., Santos, J.S.R., & Silva, A.J.R.G., 2013, In Vitro Antioxidant and Photoprotective Activities of Dried Extracts from Neoglaziovia variegata (Bromeliaceae), Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, Vol. 3 (01), pp. 122-127. Kaur, C. D., & Saraf, S., 2010, In Vitro Sun Protection Factor Determination of Herbal Oils Use in Cosmetics, Pharmacognosy Research, 2(1), 22–25. Kristanto, 2008, Buah Naga Pembudidayaan di Pot dan di Kebun, Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. Kumar, S., 2011, Free Radicals and Antioxidants: Human and Food System, Advances in Applied Science Research, 2 (1): 129-135. Lucas, R.M., Norval, M., Neale, R.E., Young, A.R., de Gruijl, F.R., Takizawa, Y., & van der Leun, J.C., 2015, The Consequences for Human Health of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion in Association with Other Environmental Factors, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci.,14,53–87. Mahdi, S., & Altikriti, Y., 2010, Extraction of natural products, Student Presentation, Uppsala Universitet. Mangindaan, R.E.P. & Lesnussa, M.S.P., 2013, Aktivitas Siototoksik dari Ekstrak Bintang Ular (Ophiomastix annulosa) terhadap Perkembangan Awal Embrio Bulu Babi (Tripneustes gratilla), Jurnal Pesisir dan Laut Tropis, Volume 3 Nomor 1. Mansur, J.S., Breder, M.V.R., Mansur, M.C.A., Azulay, R.D., 1986, Determinação do fator de proteção solar por espectrofotometria. An Bras Dermatol, 61:121-124.
48
Marinova, G., & Batchvaron, V., 2011, Evaluation Of The Methods For Determination Of The Free Radical Scavenging Activity by DPPH, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 17 (No 1) 2011, 11-24. Marxen, K., Vanselow, Klaus, H., Lippemeier, S., Hintze, R., Ruser, A., & Hansen, U.P., 2007, Determination of DPPH Radical Oxidation Caused by Methanolic Extracts of Some Microalgal Species by Linear Regression Analysis of Spectrophotometric Measurements, Sensors, 7, 2080-2095. McKinlay, A., & Diffey, B.L., 1987, A Reference Action Spectrum for Ultraviolet Induced Erythema in Human Skin: In Human Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation, Risks and Regulations, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, p 83. Mead, M.N., 2008, Benefits of Sunlight: A Bright Spot for Human Health, Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(4): A160–A167. Mikamo, E., Okada, Y., Semma, M., Itto, Y., Morimoto, T., 2000, Studies on Structural Correlationship with Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids, J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. 7:97-101. Mishra, A.K., Mishra, A., & Chattopadhyay, P., 2011, Herbal Cosmeceuticals for Photoprotection from Ultraviolet B Radiation: A Review, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research; 10 (3): 351-360. Molyneux, P., 2004, The Use of The Stable Free Radical Diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol, 26 (2):211-219. Nurhaeni, F., Trilestari, Wahyuono, S., Abdul, R., 2014, Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanolik Berbagai Jenis Sayuran serta Penentuan Kandungan Fenolik dan Flavonoid Totalnya, Media Farmasi, Vol. 11 No.2 September 2014 : 167-178. Nuria, M.C., Faizatun, A., Sumantri, 2009, Uji aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L) terhadap Bakteri Staphilococcus aureus ATCC 1408, Mediagro, vol.5 no.2 hal. 26-37. Nurliyana, R., Syed Z.I., Mustapha S.K., Aisyah, M.R., & Kamarul R.K., 2010, Antioxidant Study of Pulp and Peel Dragon Fruits: a Comparative Study, Int. Food. Res. J, 17:365-375. Pallab, K., Barman, T.K., Pal Tapas K., Kalita, R., 2013, Estimation of Flavonoid Content (TPC) and Antioxidant Activities of Methanolic Whole Plant Extract of Biophytum Sensitivum Linn, Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 2013, 3 (4). Pandey, A., & Tripathi, S., 2014, Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 2 (5): 115-119. Pervical, M., 1996, Antioxidants, Advanced Nutrition Publication, Inc., NUT031 1/96.
49
Pham-Huy, L.A., He, H., & Pham-Huyc, C., 2008, Free Radical, Antioxidant in Disease and Health. Int.J. Biomed. Sci. 4(2):89-96. Pieta P-G., 1999, Flavonoids as Antioxidant, Review, J.Nat. Prod., 63, 10351042. Pranata, R., 2013, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi Kloroform Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus Lemairei Britton dan Rose) Menggunakan Metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil), Skripsi, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak. Petrussa, E., Braidot, E., Zancani, M., Peresson, C., Bertolini, A., Patui, S., Vianello, A., 2013, Plant Flavonoid-Biosynthesis, Transport and Involvment in Stress Responses, Int. J. Mol. Sci.14, 14950-14973. Puspita, V.A., 2011, Karakterisasi Flavor Buah Naga Putih (Hylocereus undatus) dan Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus), Skripsi, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Rahmawati, A., 2009, Kandungan Fenol Buah Mengkudu, Skripsi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia. Rai, R., & Srinivas, C.R., 2007, Photoprotection., Indian dermatol venerol lepro, vol.73, issue 2. Sadek, P.C., 2002, The HPLC Solvent Guide, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York. Saewan, N., & Jimtaisong, A., 2013, Photoprotection of Natural Flavonoids, Journal of applied pharmaceutical scienc, vol.3 (09). Saini, N.K., Singhal, M., Srivastava, B., 2011, Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Tecomaria capensis Leaves Extract, Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 2011, Issue 2. Sayre, R.M., Agin, P.P., Levee, G.J., Marlowe, E., 1979, Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Testing of Sunscreening Formulas, Photochem Photobiol, 29:559-566. Sing, Y.Y., 2007, Determination of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Food Items Using HPLC and Total Antioxidants Using FIA Approaches, Thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Sudewo, B., 2009, Buku Pintar Hidup Sehat Cara Mas Dewo, PT. Agro Media Pustaka, Jakarta. Sugrani, A., & Waji, R.A., 2009, Flavonoid (Quercetin), Makalah, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Hasanuddin. Suhendi, A., Sjahid, L.R., Hanwar, D., 2011, Isolasi dan Identifikasi Flavonoid dari Daun Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.), Pharmacon, Vol.12 No.2 Sumarny, R., Sofiah, S., Nurhidayati, L., Fatimah., 2014, Antioxidant activity of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Fruit Rind Extract in Oral Solution
50
Dosage Form, Presentation, International Symposium on Medicinal Plants & Traditional Medicine. Suwendiyanti, R., 2014, Efektivitas Ektrak Akar, Batang, Kulit Batang, Daun, dan Fraksi Avicennia marina Sebagai Antioksidan, Skripsi, Universitas Padjadjaran. Talapessy, S., Suryanto, E., Yudistira, A., 2013, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Ampas Hasil Pengolahan Sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb), Jurnal Ilmiah farmasi – UNSRAT, vol.2 no.03. Thomas, D., 2009, Apoptosis, UV-radiation, Precancerosis and Skin Tumors, Acta Med Croatica., Oct;63 Suppl 2:53-8. Triyati, E., 1985, Spektrofotometer Ultra-Violet dan Sinar Tampak Serta Aplikasinya dalam Oseanologi, Oseana, Volume X, Nomor 1 : 39 – 47. Umayah, E., & Amrun, M., 2007, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Ekstrak Buah Naga (Hylocereus Undatus (Haw.) Britt & Rose), Jurnal ILMU DASAR, vol 8 No.1: 83-90. United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Centre for Science and High Technology (CSI-UNIDO), 2008, Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, ICS-UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy. Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncola, J., & Cronin, M.D., 2007, Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Normal Physiological Functions and Human Disease. Review, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol, 39: 44-8. Vilela, F.M.P., Fonseca, Y.M., Vicentini, F.T.M.C., Fonseca, M.J.V., & Amaral, M.P.H., 2011, Determination of Three Ultraviolet Filters in Sunscreen Formulations and From Skin Penetration Studies by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Quim Nova, 34: 879-883. Viqhi, A.V., 2014, Kromatografi Lapis Tipis, Laporan Praktikum, Fakultas Farmasi, Universtas Hasanuddin. Wachidah, L.N., 2013, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan serta Penentuan Kandungan Fenolat dan Flavonoid Total dari Buah Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa blume), Skripsi, Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Wasitaatmaja, S.M., 1997, Penuntun Ilmu Kosmetik Medik, UI Press, Jakarta. Webber, L.J., Whang, E., Fabo, D.E.C., 1997, The Effects of UVA-I (340-400 nm), UVA-II (320-340 nm) and UVA-I+II on the Photoisomerization of Urocanic Acid In Vivo, Photochem Photobiol, 1997; 66(4): 484-492. WHO, 2015, Protection Against Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation, Publication, Diakses 10 Mei 2015 pukul 11.57 WIB, dari http://www.who.int/uv/publications/proUVrad.pdf.
51
Widyastuti, Fratama, R.I., Seprialdi, A., 2015, Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Naga Super Merah (Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose), Scienta, vol.5 no.2. Wikanta, T., Gusmita, D., Rahayu, L., Marraskuranto, E., 2012, Kajian Bioaktivitas Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksinya dari Spons Callyspongia sp. terhadap Sel Lestari Tumor Hela, JPB Perikanan, vol.7 no.1: 1-10. Wisesa, T.B., & Widjanarko, S.B., 2014, Penentuan Nilai Maksimum Proses Ekstraksi Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus), Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, Vol.2 (3).88-97. Zhinshen, J., Tang, M., & Wu, J., 1999, The Determination of Flavonoid Content in Mulberry and Their Scavenging Effect on Superoxide Radicals, Food Chemistry, 64 555-559.