CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction This chapter gives an account of the methodology of the research which is adopted in this study, and a description of the procedures that have been followed. It is organised around five main headings: Research Approach; Research Design; Procedures and Preparation; Data Source and Data Gathering; Method of Analysis; Presentation of Data Analysis. It is appropriate at this point to be reminded of the research questions presented in Chapter One; to discover if (1) the explicit and implicit meaning potential change in the translation from Indonesian text to the English one in Tempo magazine (2) shifts of cohesion in influence the meaning of the translation from Indonesian text to the English one in Tempo magazine and (3) if culture changes the shifts of cohesion in the translation from Indonesian text to the English one in Tempo magazine. 3.2 Research Approach: Qualitative Basically, there are two types of research method: qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative method used to be considered as one which fulfils the requirements of a qualified research method since it advocates the use of instruments in order to measure certain phenomena and is processed statistically. However, it is a known fact that data comprising of figures and systematic processes are not necessarily able to explain the truth. The approach in the present research is essentially qualitative. The researcher’s key concepts are on meaning, understanding and context. In 41
quantitative research, the researcher wishes to test a hypothesis, establishes facts or statistically describes a phenomenon, but the qualitative research on the other hand, strive to develop understanding, to interpret and describe natural realities or capture naturally occurring behaviour. In a qualitative research approach, the data may consist of interviews, narratives or texts, documents or artifacts. Qualitative research emphasizes on observatory method in the field, and the data are analyzed non-statistically even though it does not mean that there will not be any figures in it. Qualitative research emphasizes more on the use of the researcher himself as the instrument. He has to be able to reveal the social phenomena in the field by exerting all his five senses. Therefore, he has to be able to be accepted by his respondents and his environment so that he is able to disclose the hidden data through utterances, gestures, attitude, or idiomatic expression which are developing in the respondents’ world and environment. This study can therefore be categorized as a qualitative descriptive analytical research performed within a research framework in which the concepts are investigated using documents which in this case, is a set of articles from an independently published magazine. Analysis is focused on the occurrence of shifts in cohesion in a translated version of the documents, to discover if there is a change in meaning and message in the target text. 3.3 Research Design The theory guiding this research is that proposed by Shosana Blum-Kulka in Venuti (2000: 288-314 ) on the concepts of shifts of cohesion (and coherence) in translation. Specifically, the shifts of cohesion from the meaning point of view which could be considered as an overt relationship that combined parts of a text and
42
are expressed by using language specific markers. The argument was developed by adopting a discoursal and communicative approach to the study of translation. The shifts of cohesion proposed by Kulka in Venuti is an approach which is viewed as an act of communication related at least to linguistic, discoursal, and social system found in two different languages in which there were, of course, cultural elements. In addition, the researcher also adopts Larson’s theory of meaning-based translation. Larson points out that translation is the presentation of the same meaning in the second language as what is intended in the first language. Larson further states that searching for the translated text meaning would include searching for the explicit and the implicit information. A translator is normally aware of the implicit and explicit information meant. In order to rewrite a text semantically, there most probably be numerous implicit concepts which should be made explicit. Beckman and Callow in Larson (1984: 494) pointed out that there are three types of implicit information which is obtained from (a) the closest context in the document, (b) the farther context in the document, and (c) cultural context. Whereas, implicit information could be made explicit if it is (a) required by the grammar of the target language, (b) required to expose the meaning of the source text correctly and clearly, (c) needed for natural style or for creating the same emotive effect as the source language, and (d) implicitly expressed in the source text. It could be concluded that implicit information in a source text should be made explicit in a translation, and vice versa. The target of a translation was to transfer the meaning in the source text correctly to the target text.
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The model for the analysis of data in this study emulates that proposed by Miles and Huberman,1994 depicted below, and following the model is the description
of
the
procedures
that
the
researcher
undertakes.
Figure 3.1 Component of Data Analysis: Interactive model Matthew Miles and Huberman,(1994 : 26)
It needs to be stated that the components of data analysis include the following: 1. Data reduction, which refers to the process of selecting, focusing, and simplifying the “raw” data which occur in the researcher’s field research. 2. Data display, defined as the amount of information which is arranged in an orderly manner so that it allows the conclusion to be described and action to be taken. 3. The third stage of analyzing the data is interpreting the findings. From the beginning of the data collection, the qualitative researcher searches from
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every phenomenon s/he has obtained, take notes on the regularity or pattern of explanation and, the existing configuration, linear of causality, and proposition. During the study, each conclusion which has been drawn would be verified so that the researcher would obtain valid conclusion. 3.4 Procedures and Preparation The first step is to be clear on the key concepts involved in this study. Thus the researcher needs to gather enough information to have an in-depth understanding of what is translation, cohesion, shifts in cohesion and impact on the target text. Next it is necessary to explicate and interpret the overall theoretical framework, which is the approach taken by Kulka in Venuti with regards to shifts in cohesion and the resulting explicitness or implicitness in the target text. The third step is to decide on the source of data and the amount needed to produce a sufficient and reasonable set of findings. 3.5 Data Source and Data Gathering As referred to in Chapter One, the source of data for this study is Tempo, a weekly Indonesian magazine that covers news on politics and economics. It was founded by Goenawan Mohamad and Yusril Djalinus and, with the first edition published on March 6, 1971. Under the New Order of President Suharto, Information Minister Harmoko banned the publishing of Tempo magazine, along with two others, citing them as a threat to national stability. Its publication however resumed following Suharto's departure from office. In response to the ban, a number of journalists established the Alliance of Independent Journalists. The English version began to be published
45
on September 20, 2000. It adopted 80 percent of the content of the Indonesian version and 20 percent from other countries. However, the content of the cover story was adopted 100% from the Indonesian version: Berita Utama The data source of the research consisted of the main source from Tempo magazine, both in Indonesian version and in the English version. The data were obtained the texts found in the column of “Berita Utama” and the text found in the Cover Story of Tempo magazine in the Indonesaian version and the English version respectively. The data were the texts above – Tempo magazines of the 24th of January, the 31st of January, the 14th of March, 2010, the 24th of March, the 27th of March, the 24th of April, the 16th of May, the 3rd of July, the 24th of july, the 28 of August, 2011, and the 15th of June, 2012 editions. Therefore, all of the texts consisted of 11 articles which consisted of 363 paragraphs. The samples were taken by using random sampling technique: the 14th of March, 2010 and the 28 of August, 2011 editions which consisted of 54 paragraphs both same in Indonesian and English text in which words, phrases, and clauses were analyzed according to their analytical problems. Apart
from
the
weekly magazine, Tempo also
publishes
a
daily
newspaper, Koran Tempo. It provides semi-investigative news about political and economic issues in Indonesia. The newspaper is only published in Indonesian but foreign readers can read the English version at Tempo.co. It has a unique style of journalism and quite different from other Indonesian daily newspapers. It is what they call 'the story behind the story’ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo 2015).
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It can be seen therefore that Tempo is very influential, sufficient for the Indonesian government to label it a threat to national stability and ban it. It means that the authority considers it to have the power to influence the masses. This study selected texts randomly from 11 articles of the published magazine from January 2010 to July 2012. These samples are thus purposive, the researcher reduces the number of data to be analyzed and interpreted them according to the categories discussed in the research questions.
3.6 Method of Data Analysis In a qualitative research, the analysis commences since the beginning of the study. The data obtained is directly analyzed. This continues until the adequate results are obtained and completed. This is particularly a characteristic aspect of qualitative research, the emphasis is on the process rather than the result. It means that the gathering of the data is concerned with the result and the consequence of various affected variables. Analyzing the data is actually doing the interpretation, and there was a valid reason for this. Scientific knowledge is a creation or development rather than an imitation, a concept, or hypothesis, of the theories which have not been found yet in reality but they have to be developed. Miles and Huberman (1994: 21-23) point out that there are three stages in the activities of analyzing the data. The process of analysis flows from the first stage until the stage of drawing the conclusion. Miles & Huberman (1994) called the analysis of qualitative data the ‘flow’ model. The components of the data
47
analysis include data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification.
3.7 Presenting the Data Analysis The analysis begins by presenting the product of the translation, that is the cover stories in Tempo magazines, the Indonesian version as well as the English version. The process of shift of cohesion in translation is examined in each paragraph that make up each of the 11 selected articles. The shifts that the researcher looks for are the linguistic and lexical forms which would occur in the process of translating the source text in Indonesian to the target text in English. The occurrence of shifts is indicated by underlining the phrases and expressions in the original text and presenting them separately as Source Text (ST) and Target Text (TT). The result of the analysis will be represented in the form of description, tables, and diagrams for each of the segment that has been analyzed. The following is an example of each type of analysis and presentation. ST : di ruangan lain TT : taking place in another room LIT: in another room The phrase, di ruangan lain literally means ‘in another room’, but here it is translated to ‘taking place in another room’. Here, the translator again adds some words in order to make the phrase clearly understood by the target text reader. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text.
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Table 3.1 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness higher than that of the ST No.
ST
TT
Occurrence
Percentage
1
word
Phrase
6
17 %
2
word
clause
2
5,5 %
3
phrase
phrase
12
33 %
4
phrase
Clause
5
14 %
4
clause
Clause
11
30,5 %
36
100 %
TOTAL
Percentage of the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the source text 14 33%
12
30,5%
10 8 6
17% 11%
4 5,5%
2 0 words - phrases
words - clauses
phrases - phrases
words - phrases
words - clauses
phrases - clause
clauses - clauses
phrases - clause
clauses - clauses
phrases - phrases
Figure 3.2 Representation/diagram of the finding of a segment
In conclusion, this chapter has detailed the procedures taken to obtain the data for a research of this nature. The next two chapters present the complete analysis of the data and discussion of the major findings.
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CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter consisted of two parts: data and data analysis. The main data were obtained from Tempo magazines randomly, either from the Indonesian version as the ST or from the English version as the TT. The data were taken specifically from the text of Berita Utama as the ST and of the ‘Cover Story’ as the TT. The raw data were presented in columns and classified based on the types, according to the subject matter of the research which was related to the shifts of meaning in cohesion found in the source text and in the target text explicitly and implicitly. 4.1 Data Analysis Data analysis was obtained from the two types of text, ST (Indonesian version) and TT (English version). The analysis dealt with words, phrases, clauses which were found in the ST and then classified and analyzed the two texts in order to find out and to determine whether there were the shifts in meaning from the ST to the TT. The classified shifts which were related to the problems of the research were then extended. The extension could be divided into -
Shifts in the level of explicitness; namely, the general levels of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher or lower than that of the source text;
-
Shifts in text meaning(s); namely, the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the source changes through translation.
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4.1.1
Shifts of Cohesion: the General Level of Target Text’s Textual Explicitness higher than that of Source Text The overt cohesive relationships between part of the texts are necessarily
linked to a language‘s grammatical system (Halliday and Hasan 1976). Kulka in Venuti further points out that the difference between languages will be expressed with the changes in the types of cohesive ties from the source languages to the target languages. These changes will make a shift in the text in the level of explicitness which is higher or lower than that of the ST (Kulka in Venuti in Venuti: 2000). The following is shifts in the level of explicitness which are higher than those of the ST. ST: Lobi intensif hingga detik akhir (March 7, 2010) TT: Intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moments (March 9, 2010) LIT: Intensive lobbying until the last second In the paragraphs below, the shift in the level of explicitness; namely, the general level of the target texts’ textual explicitness is higher than that of the ST. ST: Wakil presiden Boediono dan Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani Indrawati kemungkinan besar lolos dari jerat panitia angket Bank Century. Lobi intensif hingga detik terakhir (1), TT: ‘Vice president Boediono and Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati are likely to fare well in the final decision of the Bank Century inquiry special committee. Intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moments’ (1). 1.
ST: Lobi intensif hingga detik terakhir TT: Intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moments LIT: intensive lobbying up to the last moment
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The change occurs in the level of explicitness, the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the ST (Kulka in Venuti in Venuti, 2000:299). The shift is caused by the grammatical distinction which is indicated by the change in the cohesion; that is, the phrase becomes a clause which is explicitly shifted. In ST, the verb is omitted while in TT it appears: ‘is being done’. Therefore, the shift occurs in the higher level: the verb ‘is being done’ is inserted, ‘lobby’ becomes ‘lobbying’ and ‘moment’ becomes ‘moments’. It is worth noted that this is the Heading which is usually a short statement. In this case, Tempo seems translates it to a long sentence. It is much better if it is translated to a phrase, ‘Intensive lobbying up to the final moments’. ST: TIDAK mudah menyamakan isi kepala (2) sembilan orang. Apalagi jika mereka mewakili sembilan kepentingan politik yang berbeda. Kamis pekan lalu, rapat tim kecil (3) panitia khusus penyelidikan bailout Bank Century, di Hotel Santika, Slipi, Jakarta Barat, tak bisa menemukan kata sepakat Padahal, dua jam lebih mereka berembuk, merumuskan laporan final Panitia Angket yang akan dibacakan dalam Rapat Paripurna Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Selasa pekan ini. TT: ‘It is not easy to get nine people to think along the same lines (2), especially if they represent nine different political interests. On Thursday last week, at a meeting of a team of representatives (3) of the special committee to investigate the Bank Century bailout case, at Santika Hotel, in West Jakarta, no agreement was reached. They met for more than two hours, formulating the final report of the DPR's Bank Century Special Inquiry Committee, which was to be read at the DPR
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Plenary Session on Tuesday this week’. 2. ST: menyamakan isi kepala TT: get to think along the same line LIT: treat as equal [the] content [of] head In the clause, menyamakan isi kepala, there are two types of shift in cohesion: the shift in the implicit and explicit potential of the ST which changes through translation and the general level of TT is higher than that of the ST. menyamakan isi kepala is literally translated as
‘treat as equal
[the] content [of] head’. Here, it is translated into ‘get to think along the same line’ so that the TT reader will clearly understand which has been intended by the writer of the ST which will automatically indicates the general level explicitness of TL is in a higher level. 3.
ST : tim kecil TT : team of representatives LIT: small team The phrase tim kecil has the shift of cohesion in the general level of
target text which is higher than the SL. The word kecil/small is omitted because the word. kecil in the context above will cause the TT reader to be confused with the question, how small? Therefore, in TT it is replaced to the word, ‘representatives’, or in other words, the translator uses the shift of the text meaning; and there is also another shift of cohesion that is a meaning potential of the SL changes through the translation: ‘small team’ becomes ‘team of representatives’.
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ST: “Dibolak-balik (4), tetap saja tidak ketemu," kata politikus (5) Fraksi Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, Muhammad Romahurmuziy, saat dihubungi akhir pekan lalu. Mereka baru bubar (6) setengah jam lepas tengah malam. TT: “We kept going over it, but(4) we still failed to reach an agreement,” said Muhammad Romahurmuziy, a member (5) of the United Development Party (PPP) faction, at the end of last week. The meeting had just broken up (6) a half hour after midnight. 4. ST : dibolak balik TT: we kept going over it LIT: turned over and over The clause, dibolak balik, which literally means ‘turned over and over’, is translated as ‘we kept going over it’ in the target text. In this case, the translator changes the clause dibolak balik which is a collocation in the ST might bewilder the TT. To avoid this, the translator has to find its explicit form in his translation and change it to a clause which indicates that there is a shift in the grammatical level ST is in passive but in TT active. Besides that, there is also the shift in higher level explicitly by using grammatical cohesion of reference ‘we’. The conjunction in the target text from the source text is disguised. This indicates that there is a shift of cohesion in the target text to a higher level. 5. ST : politikus TT : as a member of PPP’s party LIT: politician
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The word, politikus in the source text literally means ‘politician’. This literal translation is, of course, does not match with the context of the source text, and the translator also believe that the reader of the target text will be confused since the word does not go anywhere. The translator then tries to find the right translation (in this case, the correct phrase), and finally translates it ‘as a member of PPP’s party’ in the target text. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text
(reiteration at super-ordinate cohesion device/lexical
cohesion). 6.
ST: bubar TT: had just broken up LIT: [to] disperse The same is true to the word, ‘bubar’ in the source text literally
means ‘[to] disperse’, but the translator might think that this word is not appropriate to be used in the target text; therefore the translator has to find the right word or phrase which in part with the intention of the context in the source text; therefore, the translator finally choose the clause, ‘had just broken up’ from word in ST becomes clause in TT. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text (reiteration/lexical cohesion). ST: Agenda rapat malam itu memang bukan soal sederhana. Mereka harus menyatukan sedikitnva empat kubu pendapat menjadi satu laporan tunggal untuk disikapi 560.anggota parlemen dalam rapat paripurna pada (7) Rabu, 3 Maret. Semula mereka berusaha berkompromi agar Panitia Angket bulat bersikap. Tapi
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gradasinya terlalu lebar, tidak mungkin disamakan (8)." kata Romahurmuziy lagi. TT: The meeting's agenda that night was no simple matter. They had to bring together at least four viewpoints into one single report to be read out to 560 members of the legislalure at a plenary session scheduled for March 3. They initially tried to compromise so that the Special Committee could come up with a unanimous stance. "However, the differences were too great. We could not unify them," stressed Romahurmuziy. 7.
ST : pada TT : [be] scheduled for LIT: on The same is true to the word, pada which literally means ‘on’, as the
preposition of indicating days and dates, but in the target text the translator translates it to the phrase, ‘[be] scheduled for’ which is called reiteration (synonym). Here, the translator, of course, intends to let the reader in TT know in more detailed as the result of the shift in the level of explicitness in the higher level. Therefore, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. 8.
ST : tidak mungkin disamakan TT : we could not unify them LIT: impossible to be equalized The clause, tidak mungkin disamakan in the source text is in the
passive form which literally means ‘impossible to be equalized’. In the target text the translator translates it to active clause, ‘we could not unify them’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness
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higher than that of the source text. Here, there is a mistranslation since one cannot ‘unify differences’; therefore, the translator should find anothe word to replace the word, unify. It is better to change it to ‘settle’ differences or to ‘reconciliate’.
ST: Wakil Sekjen Partai Ka'bah ini benar belaka. Persepsi sebagian (9) fraksi atas proses penyelamatan Bank Century memang berbeda bak langit dan bumi. Meski sudah hampir empat bulan bersama-sama menguliti dokumen dan kesaksian dari berbagai pihak yang diduga terlibat, kesepahaman tampaknya mustahil (10) dicapai (11). TT: This PPP Deputy Secretary-General was entirely correct. The differences of opinion among some of the factions regarding the Bank Century bailout process were like night and day. Even though they spent almost four months together going through documents and the testimonies of various parties suspected of involvement, it was impossible (10)to reach some kind of an agreement (11). 9.
ST : sebagian TT : among some of LIT: a part The word, sebagian in the source text literally means ‘a part’. In the
target text the translator translates it to the phrase ‘among some of’ which causes the occurrence of shift of cohesion in the level of explicitness to be higher than that in source target. 10. ST : dicapai TT : to reach some kind of
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LIT: [be] achieved The word dicapai in the source text literally means ‘[be] achieved’ but in the target text the translator translates it into the phrase, ‘to reach some kind of’. In this case, basically the translator only adds or develops a word which comes from the source text in order to be adjusted to the grammar of the source text which has the existing pattern. In consequence, there is the shift of cohesion in general level of explicitness which is higher than that of the source text. 11. ST : mustahil TT : it was impossible LIT: impossible The word mustahil in the source text literally means ‘impossible’, but in the target text the translator translates it to a clause, ‘it was impossible’. In this case, a word in ST is changed to a clause in TT because in TT this word is grammatically conveyed in the form of clause which is in TL there are some expressions which are I n clauses so that the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source language. ST: Perbedaan itu tercermin jelas (12) dari sesi pemandangan akhir fraksi-fraksi (13), yang digelar di Senayan, Selasa pekan lalu. Fraksi Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan, Partai Golkar, Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, dan Hanura tegas-tegas menilai telah terjadi kesalahan pengambilan kebijakan. Keempat fraksi menuding Wakil Presiders Boediono yang saat itu menjabat Guburnur Bank Indonesia dan Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani selaku Ketua Komite Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan harus bertanggungjawab (14).
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TT: These differences were clearly reflected (12) during the session of the factions, at which they submitted their final viewpoints (13), which was held on Tuesday last week. The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) faction, Golkar Party, the Justice Prosperity Party (PKS), and Hanura emphatically concluded that an error in policy was made. Four factions charged that Vice President Boediono–who at that time was Governor of Bank Indonesia –and Finance Minister Sri Mulyani, acting as head of the Financial System Stability Committee (KSSK), should take responsibility for the error (14). 12. ST : tercermin jelas TT : were clearly reflected LIT: [be] reflected The clause, tercermin jelas in the target is translated according to its meaning in SL: tercermin literally means ‘[were] reflected’ and jelas literally means ‘clear’, and the clause is translated to ‘[were] clearly reflected’. Here, the word class is changed from adjective (clear) to adverb (clearly) since it modifies the adjective, ‘reflected’. In this case, the shift occurs in the arrangement of words only. 13. ST : dari sesi pemandangan akhir fraksi-fraksi TT : during the session of the factions, at which they submitted their final viewpoints. LIT: the final to from the session of viewpoint of factions The phrase, dari sesi pemandangan akhir fraksi-fraksi /from session viewpoint last factions/ - is literally translated ‘the final from the session of viewpoint of factions’ is shifted to ‘during the session of the factions, at
59
which they submitted their final viewpoints’. Here, clearer information about the meaning in ST is highly needed in order that the TT reader will clearly understand what is intended by the writer of the ST; in consequence, there is the shift in the level of explicitness higher than that of SL. 14. ST : bertanggung jawab TT : take the responsibility for the error LIT: responsible [for] The phrase, bertanggung jawab in the source text literally means ‘[be] responsible [for]’, but in the target text it is translated to the verb + noun + preposition + object: ‘take the responsibility for the error’. Here, the translator thinks that the adjective, ‘responsible itself’’ is not enough to make the reader of the target text understand the context because the word above has specific meaning which has its own grammatical form in TT. Besides that, the translator needs to add some information for the TL reader. Therefore, he needs to add the object of the preposition in order that it will match with the context in the target text. In this case, there is the shift in the general level explicitness of TL is higher than that of SL. ST: Pandangan lima fraksi lain lebih moderat, meski juga tak sepenuhnya seragam (15). Partai Persatuan Pembangunan dan Partai Grerindra menilai kebijakan penyelamatan krisis perbankan sudah tepat, namun formulasi kebijakan dan implementasinya bermasalah. Partai Amanat Nasional hanya menyoroti penerapan kebijakan penyelamatan yang bolong di sana-sini. Sedangkan Partai Demokrat dan Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa bersikap lebih tegas: tak ada yang salah dalam bailout Century.
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TT: The views given by the other five factions were more moderate, even though they were not in complete agreement. The PPP and Gerindra party felt that the policy to aid a bank in crisis was appropriate, but that there were mistakes in the way the policy was formulated and implemented. The National Mandate Party (PAN) pointed to the various shortcomings in the application of the policy. Meanwhile, the Democrat Party and the National Awakening Party (PKB) emphatically stated there was nothing wrong with the Bank Century bailout. 15. ST : tak sepenuhnya seragam TT : they were not in complete agreement LIT: completely uniformed The phrase, tak sepenuhnya seragam literally means ‘not completely uniformed’, but the translator translates it to ‘they were not in complete agreement’. It seems that he changed the phrase to the clause so as to make it clear for the reader in TL. The reference ‘they were not and in complete agreement’ has caused the shift in the level of explicitness higher than that of SL text. ST: Menurut Achsanul, semua partai koalisi sepakat adanya enam temuan itu, tapi berbeda sikap soal penafsiran temuan itu. Fraksi Demokrat, misalnya, menilai tidak ada indikasi korupsi atau pelanggaran hukum di enam temuan int. "Lain ceritanya (16) kalau Panitia Angket menemukan aliran dana sekian puluh miliar ke Boediono dan Sri Mulyani. Tapi ini kan tidak ada?" kata Achsanul keras. TT: According to Achsanul, all of the coalition parties agreed on these six findings, however they took different positions on what the findings implied. The Democrat Party faction, for instance, felt that there were no indications of
61
corruption or crime in these six findings. "It would be a different story(16) if the Special Committee found tens of billions of rupiah going to Boediono and Sri Mulyani. However, nothing like this happened," stressed Achsanul. 16. ST : lain ceritanya TT : It would be a different way [if…] LIT: its different story. The phrase, lain ceritanya in the source text literally means ‘its different story’, but in the target text it is translated to a clause, ‘It would be a different way [if…]’. In this case, the translator attempts to provide more explicit information for the TL reader what it means by the word, ceritanya which can be accepteds in TL. The result is that the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Ketika satu jurnalis bertanya apakah keceriannya hari itu berkaitan dengan dukungan politik Partai Demokrat dan kualisinva (17) di DPR, Sri Mulyani tertawa. "Tidak ada hubungannya,” katanya. "Kalau proses hukum, politik, dan administrasi dievaluasi secara obyektif, saya tenang (18). Saya tahu saya sudah menjalankan semuanya sesuai undang-undang." TT: When one journalist asked if her good mood that day was connected with the political support of the Democrat Party and its coalition (17) partners in the DPR, Sri Mulyani laughed. "That has nothing to do with it." she said. "If the legal, political, and administrative processes are evaluated objectively, I should be nothing but calm (18). I know that I have implemented everything according to law." 17. ST : kualisinya
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TT : its coalition partner LIT: its coalition The phrase kualisinya in the source text literally translated into ‘its coalition’, but in the target text the translator translates it into ‘its coalition partner’. In this case, there is no difference in meaning; the translator only needs to add words explicitly in order that the target text reader will understand clearly in receiving information which has been intended by the writer in the source text. Therefore, the shift of cohesion occurs in the general level of explicitness which is higher than that of the source text. 18. ST : saya tenang TT : I should be nothing but calm LIT: I am calm The clause, saya tenang in the source text literally means ‘I am calm’, but here it is translated to the clause, ‘I should be nothing but calm’. Here, the translator attempts to provide clearer information according the condition. He attempts to avoid vague information; therefore, he adjusts it to the accepted form and style for the TL reader whici in line with what has been pointed out by Larson (1988-24) that in creating idiomatic translation, a translator should avoid ambiguity like this; he should translate the meaning which has been intended by the writer of the ST. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. (Wahyu Dhyatmika) ST: Nazaruddin sempat menolak didampingi Kaligis. Akibat kesal ditagih (19) pendampingan hukum (20).
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TT: Rarily refused to be legally represented by Kaligis. He was upset at being billed for(19) supposedly free legal assistance (20).
19. ST : Akibat kesal ditagih duit TT : He was upset at being billed for LIT: annoyed to be dunned or requested [a payment of a debt] The clause, akibat kesal ditagih which literally means ‘annoyed to be dunned or requested [a payment of a debt]’ is translated to the clause ‘He was upset at being billed for’. In this case, the clause in ST has explicit meaning. It is similar to TT which changes its form to clause; it still not only has its explicit meaning but also has the different form and grammar from that of ST. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in a higher level of explicitness.
20. ST : pendampingan hukum TT : supposedly free legal assistance LIT: legal assistance The phrase, pendampingan hukum literally means ‘legal assistance’, but here it is translated to ‘supposedly free legal assistance’. In this case, its shifts of cohesion are in general level explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: PENGACARA Otto Cornels Kaligis menyodorkan pulpen ke tangan Muhammad Nazaruddin. Tersangka perkara suap proyek wisma atlet SEA Games (21) itu diam saja, mengabaikan sodoran sang pengacara. Ia menolak menandatangani kertas di depannya. Hanya dua orang itu yang terlihat di ruang 64
pertemuan rumah tahanan Markas Komando Brigade Mobil Kepolisian RI di Kelapa Dua, Depok, Jawa Barat, Senin pekan Ialu. TT: LAWYER Otto Cornelis Kaligis held out a pen for Muhammad Nazaruddin to sign. Nazaruddin, a suspect in a bribery case regarding an athletes' accommodation project for the upcoming SEA Games (21) just sat still, ignoring the offer made by the lawyer. He refused to sign the paper in front of him. Only these two were in the meeting room located inside the detention facility of the police's Mobile Brigade (Brimob) Command Headquarters in Kelapa Dua, Depok, West Java, on Monday last week. 21. ST : perkara suap proyek wisma atlet SEA Games TT : a bribery case regarding an athlete’s accommodation project for the upcoming Sea Games LIT: bribery case of SEA Games Athlete guesthouse project Here, the phrase perkara suap proyek wisma atlet SEA Games literally means ‘bribery case of SEA Games athlete guesthouse project’, but the translator has to lengthen the translation by adding some words since he has to make it clear to the target text reader since the latter will not quite understand the real condition of the case. Here, the shift occurs in the general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Alat perekam Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, yang sengaja dipasang di ruangan itu, kemudian menangkap adegan di ruangan lain (22). Muhammad Nasir, anggota Komisi Hukum Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, kakak kandung Nazaruddin, menemui mantan Bendahara Umum Partai Demokrat itu. Bertemu seperempat jam, tak banyak yang dibicarakan anak-anak pasangan M. Latif dan Aminah ini.
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"Nazar lebih banvak diam." kata Ajun Komisaris Besar K. Budinian, juru bicara rumah tahanan Brimob. TT: A camera installed by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), captured the scene taking place in another room (22). Muhammad Nasir, a member of the Law Commission of the House of Representatives (DPR), Nazaruddin's older brother, met with this former Democrat Party treasurer. Lasting for about 15 minutes, not much was said between the two siblings. "Nazaruddin mostly kept quiet.” said Senior Adjunct Commissioner IC Budiman, spokesman for Brimob's detention facility. 22. ST : di ruangan lain TT : taking place in another room LIT: in another room The phrase, di ruangan lain literally means ‘in another room’, but here it is translated to ‘taking place in another room’. Here, the translator again adds some words in order to make the phrase clearly understood by the target text reader. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Berdasarkan rekaman di rumah tahanan Brimob dan keterangan saksi, para anggota legislatif itu merangsek (23) masuk meski dihalangi petugas. Mereka berkukuh hendak menemui Nazaruddin yang sebenarnya ogah menemui mereka. Para anggota Dewan beralasan kunjungan ke rumah tahanan merupakan bagian dari tugas mereka. Saya kan menjalankan tugas konstitusi. Kami mau melihat saja," ujar Nudirman dengan nada tinggi (24).
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TT: Based on the recordings at the Brimob detention facility and eyewitness testimony, these legislators their way (23) inside, despite being obstructed by officers. They insisted on meeting Nazaruddin, who was actually not interested in meeting them. These legislators said that their visit to the detention facility was a part of their job. “I am carrying out constitutional duties. We just want to take a look,” said Nudirman in a high-pitched voice (24). 23. ST : merangsek TT : inched their way LIT: [to] attack. The word, ‘merangsek’, according to Echols’ Kamus IndonesiaInggeris, means [to] attack. However, here it is translated to the clause ‘inched their way’. It seems that the translator feels that using an idiomatic expression which is, he believes, more explicitly understood by the target text reader. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. 24. ST : nada tinggi TT : high pitched voice LIT: high pitch The phrase, nada tinggi literally means ‘high pitch’, but here it is translated to ‘high pitched voice’. The translator decides to add the word voice in order to give the impression to the target language reader that what it is meant by the phrase nada tinggi here is something which is related to the ‘voice’ of a person who is irritated. In this case, the shift occurs in general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text.
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ST: Sebelum ke tahanan Brimob, Nasir dan Kaligis menemui pemimpin DPR: Marzuki Alie (Demokrat), Pramono Anung (PDI Perjuangan), dan Anis Matta (PKS), Nasir mengeluhkan susahnya menemui Nazaruddin dan kekhawatiran akan kondisi kesehatannya. "Sangat mungkin Nazaruddin mengalami pencucian otak (25),” kata Kaligis di DPR sebelum bertolak ke tahanan Brimob. TT: Before going to the Brimob detention, Nasir and Kaligis met with DPR leaders: Marzuki Alie (Democrat Party), Pramono Anung (Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle—PDIP), and Anis Matta (Justice and Prosperity Party-PKS). Nasir complained about the difficulty of meeting Nazaruddin and his concern for his health. “It is very possible that Nazaruddin was undergoing some kind of brainwashing (25),” said Kaligis in the DPR before going to the Brimob facility. 25. ST : pencucian otak TT : some kind of brainwashing LIT: brain washing The phrase pencucian otak which literally means ‘brain washing’, is translated into ‘some kind of brain washing’. In this case, there is no significant changing in meaning; the translator only adds the words ‘some kind’ to make it clearer to the target language reader. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the general level explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: NAZARUDDIN dibawa ke Indonesia dari Kolumbia pada 13 Agustus lalu. Sejak Nazaruddin tiba di Tanan Air kasusnya menciptakan berbagai kisah (26). Drama pertama tersaji (27) ketika turun dari pesawat carteran Guifstreaum, dengan tangan diborgolkan ke seorang penyidik KPK Nazaruddin dikawal ketat
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(28) pasukan bersenjata lengkap. la diboyong ke Markas Brimob, baru kemudian diserahterimakan ke komisi antikorupsi pada malam harinva. TT: NAZARUDDIN was brought back to Indonesia from Colombia on August 13. Nazaruddin’s return home created a number of dramatic stories (26). The first took place (27) when he debarked the chartered Gulfstream airplane. Handcuffed to a KPK investigator, Nazaruddin was escorted under heavy guard (28) of a fully armed police detail. He was taken to the Brimob, HQ and was turned over to the KPK later that night. 26. ST : kisah TT : dramatic stories LIT: a story or a tale The word, kisah in the source text tends to refer to ‘a story’ or ‘a tale’, or something which is unfavorable. Therefore, the translator translates it in the target text to the phrase, ‘dramatic stories’ so that the target language reader can understand that what it is meant by kisah here is an unfavorable condition; therefore, the translator needs to add the word ‘dramatic’ in his translation. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in general level explicitness higher than that of the source text. 27. ST : tersaji TT : took place LIT: has been served The word, tersaji in the sentence ‘Makanan telah tersaji’ in the source text can literally be translated into ‘[The food] has been served’. Since this clause can be wrongly interpreted by the target text reader. Therefore, the
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translator should find the appropriate phrase for the translation which is relevant to or equivalent with the real intention by the writer in the source text. However, in the target text the word which has the same meaning is in the active form, ‘took place’. Therefore, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in the general level explicitness higher than that of the source text. 28. ST : ketat TT : under heavy guard LIT: tight The word, ketat in the source text literally means ‘tight’ as in the phrase, ‘tight shoes/shirt/pants’. Here, the translator translates it to the phrase, ‘under heavy guard’. In this case, the translator translates it explicitly because the word ketat here has the meaning which is related to the word kawal; therefore, the translater uses lexial cohesive marker (collocation) in order that the translation in the target text becomes clear. In this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Pemeriksaan perdana Nazaruddin soal biodatanva berlangsung hingga pukul 01.00 WIB. Dalam rekaman video KPK, terlihat Nazaruddin berbincang santai dengan dua penyidik diruang pemeriksaan berukuran sekitar 3 x 3 meter di lantai 7 gedung KPK. Ia ditawari rokok, kopi, hingga makanan dalam kotak berlauk rending (29). “Sudah lama saya tidak makan nasi Padang (30),” ujar Nazaruddin sembari tersenyum kepada penyidik. TT: Nazaruddin’s first session regarding his personal data lasted until l am. In the KPK’s video recording, Nazaruddin can be seen talking casually with two
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investigators in an interrogation room measuring about 3 x 3 meters on the seventh floor of the KPK Building. He was offered cigarettes, coffee, and a boxed lunch with an Indonesian dried beef dish (29). “I haven't eaten this kind of food (30) for a long time,” said Nazaruddin smiling to investigators. 29. ST : makanan dalam kotak berlauk rendang TT : boxed lunch with an Indonesian dried beef dish LIT: [The] food in the box of rice with side dishes of rendang The phrase makanan dalam kotak berlauk rendang does not have the exact translation in English since it is a specific Indonesian ‘kind of food’; it is a dish made of beef (or other ingredients) cooked in chilies and coconut milk until dry. Therefore, it is not necessarily translated into a target language since there is no equivalency of the word rendang in the target language. But here the translator wants to explain the word rendang to the target language reader. He then translates it to the phrase ‘a dried beef dish’. In this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. 30. ST : nasi padang TT : the kind of food LIT: Padang dish The phrase nasi padang in the source language is usually related to rendang which is a specific dish in Indonesia. Again, there is no equivalent translation in the target language. Therefore, the translator uses the reference which has been appeared with ‘this kind of food’. In this case, the
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shift of cohesion used by the translator is on general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Drama lain seputar Nazaruddin adalah perebutan hak pembelaan (31) dua kubu pengacara, yakni Elza Syarief dan OC. Kaligis. Elza mengaku mendapat mandat dari adik bungsu Nazaruddin, Mujahidin Nur Hasyim. Ia juga hadir ketika Nazaruddin pertama kali dibawa ke KPK. Selasa pekan lalu, ia mengunjungi Nazaruddin di tahanan Brimob, dan mendampingi pemeriksaan Nazaruddin. “Kalau Nazar mau ringan hukumannya, harus terbuka,” kata Elza (32). TT: Another drama involving Nazaruddin had to do with two camps fighting over who was his rightful legal counsel (31), namely Elza Syarief or O.C. Kaligis. Elza claimed he obtained a mandate from Nazaruddin's youngest brother, Mujahidin Nur Hasyim. He was present the first time Nazaruddin was taken to the KPK. On Tuesday last week, he visited Nazaruddin in the Brimob jail and was present for Nazaruddin's questioning by the KPK two days later. Elza said she only wanted to help Nazaraddin (32)- “If Nazar wants to get a lenient sentence, he has to be open,” said Elza. 31. ST : hak pembelaan TT : rightful legal counsel LIT: the right of sacrificing one’s self for The phrase, ‘hak pembelaan’ literally means ‘the right of sacrificing one’s self for’, but in the target text it is translated to the phrase, ‘rightful legal counsel’. Here, the translator uses collocation for the word pembelaan in order that the reader in the target text can understand that the word pembelaan is related to the action against law. In this case, the shift of
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cohesion occurs in general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. 32. ST : kata Elza TT : Elza said she only wanted to help Nazaruddin LIT: said Elza The clause kata Elza literally means ‘said Elza’, but the translator changes the simple clause in the source text into the complex clause in the target text, ‘Elza said she only wanted to help Nazaruddin’. It seems that the translator adds some information in the target text which is longer than that of the source text, so that there is the shift in meaning which seems superfluous. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in general level explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Pernyataan Kaligis tentang upaya menghalanginya menemui Nazaruddin terbantahkan. Dalam rekaman video yang dilansir KPK, pada malam ketika Nazaruddin diperiksa KPK, perwakilan Kaligis, Afrian Bonjol, diperbolehkan penyidik menemuinya. Afrian menyodorkan surat kuasa untuk ditandatangani, tapi Nazaruddin menolak. “Nanti (33) pemeriksaan kedua,” kata nya. TT: Kaligis's statement about efforts being made to prevent him from meeting Nazaruddin is debatable. In a video recording released by the KPK, on the night when Nazaruddin was questioned by the KPK, Kaligis's representative, Afrian Bonjol, was allowed to meet him by investigators. Afrian presented him a power of attorney letter to be signed, but he refused. “It happened later (33) during the second questioning,” he said. 33. ST : nanti
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TT : it happened later LIT: later or next The word, nanti literally means ‘later’ or ‘next’, but it is translated in the target text to the clause, ‘it happened later’. Here, there is no difference in meaning, but the translator uses a clause instead of a word or a phrase in order to make it clearer. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Meski berkali-kali menolak Kaligis (34), Nazar akhirnya menyerah. Surat kuasa untuk Kaligis ditekennya pada Selasa, 16 Agustus, di tahanan. Surat dititipkan Kaligis lewat Nasir. Sehari setelah itu. Kaligis menemui Nazaruddin di tahanan. Keesokan harinya, Nazaruddin diperiksa KPK. Di sinilah Nazaruddin memainkan babak baru dalam drama hidupnya: bungkam. TT: After repeatedly rejecting to be represented by Kaligis (34), Nazaruddin finally gave in. He signed the power of attorney in favor of Kaligis on Tuesday, August 16, while in detention. The letter was sent to Kaligis through Nasir. A day later, Kaligis met Nazaruddin in custody. The following day, Nazaruddin was questioned by the KPK. This was when Nazaruddin began a new chapter in his drama: keeping quiet. 34. ST : menolak Kaligis TT : rejecting to be represented by Kaligis LIT: [to] reject, object, or refuse The clause, menolak Kaligis in the source text literally means ‘[to] ‘reject’, ‘object’, or ‘refuse’, but the translator might think that the reader of the target text will not understand the context in the source text. Therefore,
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he needs to put some other words to make it clearer and understandable. Then, in the target text, it is translated to the clause, ‘rejecting to be represented by Kaligis’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text.
ST: Dalam pemeriksaan selama dua jam, Nazaruddin lebih banyak menjawab lupa, kala 20 pertanyaan tentang peristiwa dugaan korupsi proyek wisma atlet(35) diajukan. Ia menyampaikan kesediaanya menerima hukuman tanpa diperiksa. Bahkan dalam surat yang ditujukan kepada Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Nazaruddin meminta istrinya tak diseret ke meja hijau. TT: During the two hours of questioning, Nazaruddin mostly replied “I forget” to the 20 questions asked about the events surrounding the alleged embezzlement in the SEA Games accommodation project (35). He conveyed his willingness to accept punishment without being questioned. In fact, in a letter addressed to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Nazaruddin asked that his wife not be dragged into court. 35. ST : proyek wisma Atlet TT : SEA games accommodation project LIT: athlete guesthouse project The phrase, proyek wisma Atlet literally means ‘athlete guesthouse project’, but in the target text it is translated to the phrase, SEA ‘games accommodation project’ since the translator assumes that the reader of the target text will not know what athlete guesthouse project it is. Therefore, he needs to make it clearer by adding the phrase, SEA games on it. In this case,
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the shift occurs in general level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Dalam surat yang diketik rapi dan ditanda tanganinya itu, Nazaruddin berjanji tidak akan menceritakan apa pun yang dapat merusak citra Partai Demokrat dan KPK. Ia rela dihukum asalkan Presiden memberi ketenangan bagi keluarganya. “Khusus bagi istri dan anak – anak saya,” tulis surat (36) yang ditunjukkan Kaligis itu. (Tito Sianipar, Rusman Paraqbueq, Atmi Pertiwi) TT: In the typed letter he signed, Nazaruddin promised he would not say anything that could damage the Democrat Party or the KPK.. He was willing to be punished as long as the President gave his family some peace. “In particular, for my wife and children," he wrote in the letter (36) shown by Kaligis. (Tito Sianipar, Rusman Paraqbueq, Atmi Pertiwi) 36. ST : tulis surat TT : he wrote in the letter LIT: a written letter The clause tulis surat in the source text literally means ‘a written letter’, but in the target text the translator translates it to a clause, ‘he wrote in the letter’. The translator assumes that the reader in the target text will not understand what it means by the phrase, ‘a written letter’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text.
It can be concluded that in the level of shifts of cohesion the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the source text in the
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categories of word, phrases and clauses. All at all, it can be seen in the following table. Table 4.1 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness higher than that of the ST No ST TT Occurrence Percentage 1
word
Phrase
6
17 %
2
word
clause
2
5,5 %
3
phrase
phrase
12
33 %
4
phrase
Clause
5
14 %
5
clause
Clause
11
30,5 %
36
100 %
TOTAL
From the Table 4.1 above, it can be seen that the shifts of cohesion in the category of word become phrase are 6 shifts or 17%, in the category of word become clause are 2 shifts or 5,5%, and in the category of phrase become phrase are 12 shifts or 33%, category phrase become clause are 5 shifts or 14%, and the category clause become clause are 11 shifts or 30,5%. It can be concluded that the shifts of cohesion in the level of explicitness are higher than that of the source text. This indicates that the shifts of cohesion really occur which can influence the process of translation. The following diagram is the percentage of the shifts of cohesion in the level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the source text in the category of words, phrase, and clause.
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Percentage of the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the source text 14 33%
12
30,5%
10 8 17%
6
11%
4 5,5%
2 0 words - phrases
words - clauses phrases - phrases phrases - clause clauses - clauses
Figure 4.1 Representation/Diagram of the finding of a segment 4.1.2
Shifts of Cohesion: the General Level Target Text’s Textual Explicitness lower than that of Source Text As it was told above that the Shift in the level of Explicitness can occur on
the lower level than that of the ST. The following are the Shifts of Cohesion on the lower level. In the paragraphs below, the shift in the level of explicitness; namely the general level of the target texts’ textual explicitness is lower than that of the ST. ST: TIDAK mudah menyamakan isi kepala sembilan orang. Apalagi jika mereka mewakili sembilan kepentingan politik yang berbeda. Kamis pekan lalu, rapat tim kecil panitia khusus penyelidikan bailout Bank Century, di Hotel Santika, Slipi, Jakarta Barat, tak bisa menemukan kata sepakat Padahal (1), dua jam lebih mereka berembuk, merumuskan laporan final Panitia Angket yang akan dibacakan dalam Rapat Paripurna Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Selasa pekan ini.
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TT: It is not easy to get nine people to think along the same lines, especially if they represent nine different political interests. On Thursday last week, at a meeting of a team of representatives of the special committee to investigate the Bank Century bailout case, at Santika Hotel, in West Jakarta, no agreement was reached.Ø They met (1) for more than two hours, formulating the final report of the DPR's Bank Century Special Inquiry Committee, which was to be read at the DPR Plenary Session on Tuesday this week. 1.
ST : padahal TT: Ø LIT: whereas The word, padahal which has the literal meaning ‘whereas’
(conjunction), is omitted by the translator. In this case, he includes it in grammatical cohesion (ellips) in the category of shift because of grammatical difference in the lower level. ST: Agenda rapat malam itu memang bukan soal sederhana. Mereka harus menyatukan sedikitnva empat kubu (2) pendapat menjadi satu laporan tunggal untuk disikapi 560.anggota parlemen dalam rapat paripurna pada Rabu, 3 Maret. Semula mereka berusaha berkompromi agar Panitia Angket bulat bersikap. Tapi gradasinya terlalu lebar, tidak mungkin disamakan." kata Romahurmuziy lagi. (Wahyu Dhyatmika) TT: The meeting's agenda that night was no simple matter. They had to bring together at least four (2) view points into one single report to be read out to 560 members of the legislalure at a plenary session scheduled for March 3. They initially tried to compromise so that the Special Committee could come up with a
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unanimous stance. "However, the differences were too great. We could not unify them," stressed Romahurmuziy. (Wahyu Dhyatmika) 2.
ST : empat kubu TT : four LIT: four camps The phrase, empat kubu in the source text literally means ‘four camps’,
but the translator thinks that this phrase is superfluous since the reader of the target text has already known what is meant by four camps since it has already mentioned in the source text. Therefore, the translator translates it to only one word‘four’, without translating the word, kubu/camp. It indicates that there is the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the source text. ST: Pengacara Otto Cornelis Kaligis menyodorkan pulpen ke tangan Muhammad Nazaruddin. Tersangka perkara suap proyek wisma atlet SEA Games itu diam saja, mengabaikan sodoran sang pengacara. Ia menolak menandatangani kertas di depannya. Hanya dua orang itu yang terlihat (3) di ruang pertemuan rumah tahanan Markas Komando Brigade Mobil Kepolisian RI di Kelapa Dua, Depok, Jawa Barat, Senin pekan Ialu. TT: LAWYER Otto Cornelis Kaligis held out a pen for Muhammad Nazaruddin to sign. Nazaruddin, a suspect in a bribery case regarding an athletes' accommodation project for the upcoming SEA Games just sat still, ignoring the offer made by the lawyer. He refused to sign the paper in front of him. Only these two wereØ (3) in the meeting room located inside the detention facility of the
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police's Mobile Brigade (Brimob) Command Headquarters in Kelapa Dua, Depok, West Java, on Monday last week. 3.
ST : yang terlihat TT : Ø LIT: which is seen The phrase, yang terlihat.literally means ‘which is seen’, but the
translator translates it to a single word ‘file [for]’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the source text. ST: Alat perekam Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, yang sengaja dipasang (4) di ruangan itu, kemudian menangkap adegan di ruangan lain. Muhammad Nasir, anggota Komisi Hukum Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, kakak kandung Nazaruddin, menemui mantan Bendahara Umum Partai Demokrat itu. Bertemu seperempat jam, tak banyak yang dibicarakan anak-anak pasangan M. Latif dan Aminah ini (5). "Nazar lebih banvak diam." kata Ajun Komisaris Besar K. Budinian, juru bicara rumah tahanan Brimob. TT: A camera installed Ø (4) by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), captured the scene taking place in another room. Muhammad Nasir, a member of the Law Commission of the House of Representatives (DPR), Nazaruddin's older brother, met with this former Democrat Party treasurer. Lasting for about 15 minutes, not much was said between Øthe two siblings (5). "Nazaruddin mostly kept quiet.” said Senior Adjunct Commissioner IC Budiman, spokesman for Brimob's detention facility. 4.
ST : sengaja dipasang di ruangan itu TT : installed Ø
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LIT: intentionally installed in that room The clause, sengaja di pasang di ruangan itu is translated to only a single word, ‘installed’. Here, the translator assumes that the TT reader has understood from the previous translation that the object has been installed in a certain room. Therefore, he thinks that he does not need to translate the whole phrase. 5.
ST : anak pasangan M. Latif dan Aminah ini TT : Ø the two siblings LIT: the children of this couple The phrase, anak-anak pasangan M. Latif dan Aminah ini literally
means ‘the children of this couple’, M. Latif and Aminah, but the translator translate it to ‘the two siblings’ since the reader in the TL has already known who the two siblings are. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the ST. ST:
Guna
menghindari
cekcok
berkepanjangan,
penyidik
akhirnya
memperbolehkan Nazaruddin ditemui empat mata (6) oleh Aziz Syamsuddin. Pada saat itulah anggota rombongan lain merangsek masuk. “Nanti pakai hak untuk diam saja,” kata Kaligis sembari menyerahkan buku soal hukum pidana. “Tanpa pengacara, jangan mau (diperiksa),” Nudirman menimpali. TT: In order to avoid a lengthy dispute, investigators finally allowed Nazaruddin to meet privately (6) with another lawyer, Aziz Syamsuddin. At this point the other members of the entourage inched their way inside. “Later use right to remain silent,” said Kaligis while handing over a book on criminal law. “Without a lawyer present, don't agree [to be questioned]. “Nudirman retorted.
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6.
ST : empat mata TT : privately LIT: four eyes The phrase, empat mata literally means ‘four eyes’, but, of course, it
has idiomatic meaning which implicitly means ‘privately’; therefore, the translator translates it to the word ‘privately’. Here, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness lower than the ST. ST: NAZARUDDIN dibawa ke Indonesia dari Kolumbia pada 13 Agustus lalu. Sejak Nazaruddin tiba di Tanan Air (7) kasusnya menciptakan berbagai kisah. Drama pertama tersaji ketika turun dari pesawat carteran Guifstreaum, dengan tangan diborgolkan ke seorang penyidik KPK Nazaruddin dikawal ketat pasukan bersenjata
lengkap.
la
diboyong
ke
Markas
Brimob,
baru
kemudian
diserahterimakan ke komisi antikorupsi pada malam harinva. TT: NAZARUDDIN was brought back to Indonesia from Colombia on August 13. Nazaruddin’s return home (7) created a number of dramatic stories. The first took place when he debarked the chartered Gulfstream airplane. Handcuffed to a KPK investigator, Nazaruddin was escorted under heavy guard of a fully armed police detail. He was taken to the Brimob, and was turned over to the KPK later that night. 7.
ST : tiba di tanah air TT : return home LIT: arrive(s) in a home country The clause tiba ditanah air literally means ‘arrive(s) in a home
country’. However, in the target text it is translated to the clause, return
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home. In this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in level of explicitness lower than that of the source text, for the phrase tanah air has the synonymous meaning as the word ‘home’. ST: Nazaruddin, menurut sumber di KPK, juga diminta menuliskan nama-nama kerabat atau keluarga yang boleh menjenguknya. Satu per satu nama (8) yang ditulis Nazaruddin pada secartik kertas adalah Neneng Sri Wahyuni, istrinya; M Nasir, kakaknya; Rita Zahara, kakak sulung; Hasyim, adiknya, Aan, sopir pribadi; dan Kaligis. Setelah menuliskan nama-nama itu. Nazaruddin berpikir sejenak, kemudian mencoret nama Kaligis. “Enggak usah aja (9),” ujarnya. TT: Nazaruddin- according to a source in the KPK, was also asked to write down the names of friends and relatives who were allowed to visit him. The names (8) that Nazaruddin wrote on a piece of paper were: Neneng Sri Wahyuni, his wife: M. Nasir, his older brother; Rita Zahara, his oldest sister; Hasyim, his younger brother. Aan, his driver; and Kaligis. After writing down those names, Nazaruddin thought for a moment, then crossed out Kaligis's name. “Not necessary (9). he said. 8.
ST : satu persatu nama TT : the names LIT: one by one The phrase, satu persatu nama in the source text literally means ‘one
by one’, while the phrase, the name is translated in the target text to ‘the names’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that the source text. 9.
ST : nggak usah aja ya TT : not necessary
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LIT: It is not necessary The clause, nggak usah aja ya is a colloquial expression which literally means ‘It is not necessary to’, ‘It does not need to’, or ‘It does not have to’. In the target text it is translated to the phrase, ‘not necessary’. Here, the translator uses the same meaning although he uses a phrase instead of a clause. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the ST. ST: Dalam surat yang diketik rapi (10) dan ditanda tanganinya itu, Nazaruddin berjanji tidak akan menceritakan apa pun yang dapat merusak citra (11) Partai Demokrat dan KPK. Ia rela dihukum asalkan Presiden memberi ketenangan bagi keluarganya. “Khusus bagi istri dan anak – anak saya,” tulis surat yang ditunjukkan Kaligis itu. TT: In the typed letter (10) he signed, Nazaruddin promised he would not say anything that could damage (11) the Democrat Party or the KPK.. He was willing to be punished as long as the President gave his family some peace. “In particular, for my wife and children," he wrote in the letter shown by Kaligis. 10. ST : surat yang diketik rapi TT : typed letter LIT: a neatly typed letter The phrase, surat yang diketik rapi in the source text literally means ‘a neatly typed letter’, but in the target text it is translated to the phrase, ‘typed letter’. Here, the translator omits the words, a neatly since he thinks that the reader of the target text will understand the expression without writing these
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two letters. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the ST. 11. ST : merusak citra TT : damage LIT: [to] spoil/damage the image of The clause, merusak citra in the source text literally means ‘[to] spoil/damage the image of’, but in the target text it is translated to a single word, ‘damage’. Here, the translator omits the word citra/image. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the ST. The following are the shifts of cohesion which occur in the level of explicitness of the target text’s textual explicitness is lower than that of the source text in the category of word, phrase and clause. Table 4.2 Shift of cohesion : the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness lower than that of the ST No ST TT Occurrence Percentage 1
word
∅
1
9%
2
phrase
∅
1
9%
3
phrase
word
2
18 %
4
phrase
phrase
3
27 %
5
clause
word
2
18 %
6
clause
phrase
1
9%
7
clause
clause
1
9%
11
100 %
TOTAL
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From Table 4.2 above, we can see that the shifts of cohesion in the category of word become ∅, there is only one shift or 9%, phrase become ∅ one shift or 9%, phrase become word are 2 shifts or 18%, phrase to phrase are 3 shifts or 27%, clause become ∅ only one shift or 9%, clause become word also only one or 9% clause to clause is only 1 or 9%. Among the eight categories of shifts, the shifts in the category of phrase become phrase which is 27%. The following diagram is the percentage of the shifts of cohesion in the level of the Target Text’s Textual Explicitness is lower than that of the Source Text. Percentage of the General Level of the Target Text’s Textual Explicitness lower than that of the Source Text 3.5 27% 3
2.5 18%
18%
2
1.5 9%
9%
9%
9%
clauses become phrases
clauses become clauses
1
0.5
0 words become phrases phrases ∅ become ∅ become words
phrases become phrases
clauses become words
Figure 4.2 Percentage of the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness lower than that of the source text
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4.1.3
Explicit and Implicit Meaning Potential of the Source Text Changes through the Translation In the level of cohesion, shift in types of cohesive markers used in
translation seem to affect translation in the category of shift in text meaning namely the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the source text change through the translation. Kulka in Venuti (2000). The following are the Shift of Cohesion in the level of the Explicit and Implicit meaning potential changes through the Translation from Indonesian text to the English one. ST: Wakil Presiden Boediono dan Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani Indrawati kemungkinan besar lolos dari jerat (1) panitia angket Bank Century. Lobi intensif hingga detik terakhir, TT: Vice President Boediono and Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati are likely to fare well in the final decision (1) of the Bank Century inquiry special committee. Intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moments. 1.
ST : lolos dari jerat TT : fare well in the final decision LIT: escaped from the snare The clause lolos dari jerat in SL literally means ‘escaped from the
snare’, but here it is translated into ‘farewell in the final decision’. In this case, there is the shift in meaning: the implicit meaning in the SL is automatically translated explicitly in the TL since it is what has been intended by the translator so that he decides to use explicit meaning in the process of translation. This is done in order to avoid misunderstanding in giving the real meaning of the clause. Here, the translator decides to use 88
shift of cohesion at the level shift in text meaning; that is, “…the implicit and explicit meaning potential of the source text changes through the translation” (Kulka in Venuti in Venuti, 2000:299). For the user of the SL, it is not difficult to give the meaning of ‘snare’, but for the user of TL, it is very difficult to know the real meaning of jerat since it literally means ‘snare’ which is usually used for ‘hunting’ or ‘prey’; therefore, the translator has to find the implicit meaning of the word. The same is true for the word lolos which literally means ‘escape’ (from danger; in this case, it means problem). ST: TIDAK mudah menyamakan isi kepala (2) sembilan orang. Apalagi jika mereka mewakili sembilan kepentingan politik yang berbeda. Kamis pekan lalu, rapat tim kecil (3) panitia khusus penyelidikan bailout Bank Century, di Hotel Santika, Slipi, Jakarta Barat, tak bisa menemukan (4) kata sepakat Padahal, dua jam lebih mereka berembuk (5), merumuskan laporan final Panitia Angket yang akan dibacakan dalam Rapat Paripurna Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Selasa pekan ini. TT: It is not easy to get nine people to think along the same lines (2), especially if they represent nine different political interests. On Thursday last week, at a meeting of a team of representatives (3) of the special committee to investigate the Bank Century bailout case, at Santika Hotel, in West Jakarta, no agreement was reached (4). They met (5) for more than two hours, formulating the final report of the DPR's Bank Century Special Inquiry Committee, which was to be read at the DPR Plenary Session on Tuesday this week. 2.
ST : menyamakan isi kepala
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TT : get [nine people] to think LIT: [to] treat the head content as equal In the clause, menyamakan isi kepala, there are two types of shift in cohesion: the shift in the implicit and explicit potentials of the source text which changes through translation and the general level of target text (TT) is higher than the source text (ST). Literally, menyamakan isi kepala/treat as equal [the] content [of] head/ can literally be translated into ‘treat the head content as equal’. Here, it is translated into ‘get to think along the same line’ which indicates the meaning potential of higher level. 3.
ST : tim kecil TT : team of representatives LIT: small team The phrase tim kecil has the shift of cohesion in the general level of
target text which is higher than the SL and the shift of the text meaning; that is meaning potential of the ST changes through the translation:’small team’ becomes ‘team of representatives’. The change in the process of translation is caused by the translator’s willingness to provide clear information to the target reader what really means by tim kecil. 4.
ST : menemukan TT : was reached LIT: [to] find The word, menemukan in the source text literally translated into ‘[to]
find’, but the translator selects the synonym with the clause, ‘was reached’ since the intention of the context in the source text is to find something
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which is correlated with agreement (idea) which basically will reach the agreement. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential by using a synonym lexical cohesive marker. 5.
ST : berembuk TT : met LIT: discussing or conferring The word, berembuk in the source text literally means ‘discussing’ or
‘conferring’, but in the target text the translator translates it to the verb, ‘met’. Here, the synonym used in the cohesion is in the lexical cohesion: the translator uses the word met which relevant to the context; that is, ‘[to] meet’ in order to discuss something. ST: Agenda rapat malam itu memang bukan soal (6) sederhana. Mereka harus menyatukan sedikitnva empat kubu pendapat menjadi satu laporan tunggal untuk disikapi (7) 560.anggota parlemen dalam rapat paripurna pada Rabu, 3 Maret. Semula mereka berusaha berkompromi agar Panitia Angket bulat bersikap. Tapi gradasinya terlalu lebar (8), tidak mungkin disamakan." kata Romahurmuziy lagi. TT: The meeting's agenda that night was no simple matter (6). They had to bring together at least four viewpoints into one single report to be read out to (7) 560 members of the legislalure at a plenary session scheduled for March 3. They initially tried to compromise so that the Special Committee could come up with a unanimous stance. "However, the differences were too great (8)” 6.
ST : soal TT : matter LIT: matter or question
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The word, soal in the source text literally means ‘matter’ or ‘question’. In this case the translation is appropriately used. It shows that the meaning potential is correctly used since it is what is intended by the context which, in the ST, the word, soal has ambiguous meaning so that the translator has to be able to determine which meaning that is more appropriate to be informed to the target reader. The shift occurs in the level of lexical cohesion, synonym. 7.
ST : disikapi TT : to be read out to LIT: taken a position on The word, disikapi in the source text literally means ‘taken a position
on’, but in the TT it is translated to ‘to be read out to’ in the TT. In this case, there is meaning potential which gives the message correctly to the readers in the target language. The change which occurs in the the translation process is the difference in the principal meaning in the SL. The translator has to express this difference carefully in order that the target reader can clearly understand the information in the ST. The shift which occurs is the shift in the text meaning potential from implicit meaning in the ST to the explicit meaning in the TT. 8.
ST : lebar TT : great LIT: wide The word lebar in the source text literally means ‘wide’. In the target
text the translator translates it to the word, ‘great’. The translator believes
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that the word, great is more appropriate than the word, wide in the translation; therefore, he translates the word lebar to ‘great’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential with lexical cohesive marker, synonym. ST: Wakil Sekjen Partai Ka'bah ini benar belaka (9). Persepsi sebagian fraksi atas proses penyelamatan Bank Century memang berbeda bak langit dan bumi. Meski sudah hampir empat bulan bersama-sama menguliti (10) dokumen dan kesaksian dari berbagai pihak yang diduga terlibat, kesepahaman tampaknya mustahil dicapai. TT: This PPP Deputy Secretary-General was entirely (9) correct. The differences of opinion among some of the factions regarding the Bank Century bailout process were like night and day. Even though they spent almost four months together going through (10) documents and the testimonies of various parties suspected of involvement, it was impossible to reach some kind of an agreement. 9.
ST : belaka TT : entirely LIT: only, solely, or merely The word, belaka is basically a comparative in SL, but it is changed to
an adverb in TL, ‘entirely’. This shift is caused by the difference in culture between SL and TL so that the correct word is by using the shift in text meaning; that is, in the level of explicit and implicit meaning potential. The shift occurs from the implicit meaning in the ST to the explicit meaning in the TT.
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10. ST : menguliti TT : going through LIT: [to] peel The word, menguliti contains an implicit meaning. It should be confirmed by finding out the explicit meaning. Therefore, the shift in text meaning, that is, the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the SL should be changed in the TL by translating it to ‘going through’. ST: Perbedaan itu tercermin jelas dari sesi pemandangan akhir fraksi-fraksi, yang digelar di Senayan, Selasa pekan lalu. Fraksi Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan, Partai Golkar, Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, dan Hanura tegas-tegas menilai (11) telah terjadi kesalahan pengambilan kebijakan. Keempat fraksi menuding (12) Wakil Presiders Boediono yang saat itu menjabat Guburnur Bank Indonesia dan Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani selaku Ketua Komite Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan harus bertanggungjawab. TT: These differences were clearly reflected during the session of the factions, at which they submitted their final viewpoints, which was held on Tuesday last week. The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) faction, Golkar Party, the Justice Prosperity Party (PKS), and Hanura emphatically concluded (11) that an error in policy was made. Four factions charged (12) that Vice President Boediono–who at that time was Governor of Bank Indonesia –and Finance Minister Sri Mulyani, acting as head of the Financial System Stability Committee (KSSK), should take responsibility for the error. 11. ST : menilai TT : concluded
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LIT: [to] assess, evaluate, grade The word, menilai in the source text literally means ‘[to] assess, evaluate, grade’, but here it is translated to the verb, ‘concluded’. In this case, there is the shift in meaning, that is, the shift in text meaning, implicit meaning potential. 12. ST : menuding TT : charged LIT: [to] accuse The word menuding literally means ‘[to] accuse’, but here it is translated to the verb ‘charged’. In this case, there is a shift of meaning, that is, the shift in text meaning potential from implicit in ST becomes Expilicit in TT. ST: Pandangan lima fraksi lain lebih moderat, meski juga tak sepenuhnya seragam (13). Partai Persatuan Pembangunan dan Partai Grerindra menilai kebijakan penyelamatan (14) krisis perbankan sudah tepat, namun formulasi kebijakan dan implementasinya bermasalah. Partai Amanat Nasional hanya menyoroti (15) penerapan kebijakan penyelamatan yang bolong (16) di sana-sini (17). Sedangkan Partai Demokrat dan Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa bersikap (18) lebih tegas: tak ada yang salah dalam bailout Century. TT: The views given by the other five factions were more moderate, even though they were not in complete agreement (13). The PPP and Gerindra party felt that the policy to aid (14) a bank in crisis was appropriate, but that there were mistakes in the way the policy was formulated and implemented. The National Mandate Party (PAN) pointed to(15)
the various (17) shortcomings in the
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application of the policy. Meanwhile, the Democrat Party and the National Awakening Party (PKB) emphatically stated (18) there was nothing wrong with the Bank Century bailout. 13. ST : seragam TT : agreement LIT: uniform The word seragam in the source text literally means ‘uniform’, but in the TT it is translated into the word agreement. In this case, there is a shift of meaning, that is, the shift of text meaning potential occurs in the translation process and the change is caused by situational meaning. 14. ST : penyelamatan TT : [to] aid LIT: rescuing The word, penyelamatan in the source text literally means ‘rescuing’ (noun), but in the target text the translator translates it to ‘[to] aid’ (verb). There is the shift from noun to verb in the translation process. The shift of cohesion occurs in text meaning potential which undergoes the shift in word class: from noun in ST to verb in TT. 15. ST : menyoroti TT : pointed to LIT: to illuminate or to light up something, The word, menyoroti literally means ‘[to] illuminate or to light up something’, but here it is translated to ‘pointed out’. The translator might think that it is impossible to use the literal word in the context of the text;
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therefore he tries to find the right word for this. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 16. ST : bolong TT : shortcomings LIT: holes The word, bolong in the source text literally means ‘holes’, which is, of course, an idiomatic expression. The right expression for its explicit meaning is ‘shortcomings’ in the target text. In this case, there is the shift from implicit meaning to explicit one to meaning potential change through translation. 17. ST : di sana-sini TT : various LIT: here and there The phrase, di sana-sini in the source text literally means ‘here and there’, which is, of course, an idiomatic expression. The right expression for its explicit meaning is ‘various’ in the target text. In this case, there is the shift from implicit meaning to explicit one to meaning potential change through translation. 18. ST : bersikap TT : stated LIT: have a certain attitude The word, bersikap literally means ‘have a certain attitude’, but it is translated to ‘stated’ in TT. The shift which occurs here is the shift in text meaning potential changed through translation.
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ST: Perbedaan ini mengundang spekulasi bahwa koalisi pendukung Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono sudah tak bisa lagi dipertahankan. Sikap keras Golkar dan PKS untuk terus-menerus mengirim sinyal berbeda ke publik jelas membuat kubu Istana tak nyaman. TT: These differences invited speculation whether the coalition of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono could be maintained. The strong stance taken by Golkar and PKS to oppose the policy has clearly unnerved the Palace. 19. ST : terus menerus mengirim sinyal berbeda TT : [to] oppose LIT: continuously sent different signals The clause, terus menerus mengirim sinyal berbeda in the source text literally means ‘continuously sent different signals’. In the target text the translator translate this clause to only a single word, ‘[to] oppose’ which has two shifts: the shift in textual explicitness is lower than the source text and the text potential meaning changed through the translation. ST: Perkembangan terakhir di Senayan (20) menandakan ada kesenjangan antara apa yang disepakati di tingkat elite partai dan manuver para politikus di Gedung DPR. Ketua umum partai bisa saja (21) berangkulan (22) dengan Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, tapi itu bukan jaminan politikus (23) mereka disiplin (24) dengan komitmen pimpinan. TT: The latest developments at the legislature (20) have also indicated that there is a gap between what has been agreed to at the elite party level with the maneuvers of politicians at the DPR. Party chairmen can very well (21) ally themselves (21) with the President, but this is no guarantee that their cadres (23)
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will adhere to (24) the commitments made by their leaders. 20. ST : di Senayan TT : at the Legislature LIT: at Senayan The phrase di Senayan in the source text literally means ‘at Senayan’, but the translator might think that if he translates it to the adverb of place, ‘at Senayan’, the reader in the target text might get confused since he might not know what Senayan is. Therefore, the translator needs to translate it to ‘at the Legislature’ since the Parliament is located in Senayan. In this case, there is the shift of cohesion in the textual explicitness which is higher than that of source text. 21. ST : bisa saja TT : can very well LIT: can only The phrase, bisa saja in the source text literally means ‘can only’, but the translation will have no meaning (senseless meaning). Therefore, the translator translates it to the phrase, ‘can very well’ in the target text. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the text meaning potential. 22. ST : berangkulan TT : ally themselves LIT: [be] concerned with or involved in The word, berangkulan in the source text literally means ‘[be] concerned with or involved in’, but in the target text the translator translates
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it to ‘ally themselves’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 23. ST : politikus TT : cadres LIT: politician This also happens to the word, politikus, which has to be translated to ‘politician’; in the target text the translator translates it to the word, ‘cadres’. In this case, the shift also occurs in the level of text meaning potential since the objective of the source text itself is to indicate the cadres of a party. 24. ST : disiplin TT : adhere to LIT: discipline The word, disiplin is literally translated to ‘discipline’, but it is translated in the target text to the phrase, ‘adhere to’. Here, the translator knows that this word is actually meant obedience or compliance in the source text; therefore, the translator translates it to adhere to, and it has the role as meaning potential. ST: "Kadang-kadang pesan politik yang dikirim dari Senayan memang kabur dan membingungkan." kata satu orang dekat Istana kepada Tempo, pekan lalu. Keberadaan sejumlah faksi dengan kepentingan berbeda di partai masing-masing membuat peta politik jadi ruwet (25). TT: "Sometimes the political message sent out of the DPR is indeed vague and confusing," one person close to the Palace told Tempo, last week. The existence of a number of factions with interests differing from that of their
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respective parties has confounded the political map (25). 25. ST : membuat [peta politik] TT : confounded [the political map] LIT: [to] draw up [the political map] The word, membuat [peta politik] is translated to ‘confounded’ the political map. If we translate it word by word, it will become make political map becomes complicated, but here it is translated to ‘confounded the political map’. The word ‘confounded’ is chosen because the intention of the source text is to confound [the political map]. ST: PRESIDEN Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono memulai (26) rapat kabinet pada Kamis siang pekan lalu, dengan doa pendek untuk Boediono. Hari itu, 25 Februari, wakil presiden kelahiran Blitar. Jawa Timur, itu tengah (27) berulang tahun ke 67. "Semoga Pak Boed panjang umur, selalu dilindungi Tuhan, diberi tuntunan dan bimbingan untuk menjalani kehidupan yang dirahmati Allah," kata Yudhoyono mendoakan. Semua menteri yang hadir menundukkan kepala. TT: PRESIDENT Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono opened (26) the cabinet meeting on the Thursday afternoon last week with a short prayer for Boediono. On that February 25, it happened to (27) be the 67th birthday of the Vice President, who was born in Blitar, East Java. "May Pak Boed have a long life, always be protected by God, be given wisdom and guidance to live a blessed life," said Yudhoyono in his prayer. All of the ministers present bowed their heads. 26. ST : ‘memulai’ TT : opened LIT: [to] begin or atart
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The word, memulai in the source text literally means ‘begin’ or ‘start’, but it is translated to the word, ‘opened’ in the target text. Actually, there is no difference in meaning, for example, between ‘the meeting starts… and the meeting is opened…’ In this case, the shift occurs in the text meaning potential because what it is intended in the SL is to open the meeting. 27. ST : tengah TT : it happened LIT: middle The word, tengah in the source text literally means ‘middle’, but the word in the source text is a slang word which means still going on; therefore the translator translates it to a clause, ‘it happened’ in the targe text. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the text meaning potential. ST: Sampai (28) akhir pekan lalu, dukungan Yudhoyono untuk Boediono dan Sri Mulyani memang tak surut. Menjelang detik-detik kritis pengambilan keputusan di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat pekan ini, Presiden seakan ingin menegaskan bahwa dia tak mungkin (29) mengorbankan dua orang kepercayaannya itu. TT: At (28) the end of last week, Yudhoyono's support for Boediono and Sri Mulyani had not abated. Nearing the critical moment of decision-making at the DPR this week, the President seemed to emphasize that there is no way (29) he will sacrifice those two trusted persons. 28. ST : sampai TT : at LIT: until
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The word, sampai in the source text literally means ‘until’, but in the target text the translator translates it to the preposition, ‘at’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the text meaning potential. 29. ST : tidak mungkin TT : there is no way LIT: impossible The phrase, tidak mungkin in the source text literally means ‘impossible’, but in the target text it is translated to a clause, ‘there is no way’. Actually, there is no difference in meaning between ‘impossible’ and ‘there is no way’. It is only a matter of choice (diction) by the translator. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the ST. ST: Pekan lalu, sempat beredar kabar (30) bahwa Boediono dan Sri Mulvani akan mundur bersama jika- salah satu atau keduanya–dinyatakan bersalah oleh legislatif. Namun isu ini cepat-cepat ditepis (31) lingkaran dalam Istana. "Tak pernah ada rencana seperti itu," kata Yopie Hidayat, staf khusus sekaligus (32) juru bicara Wakil Presiden. TT: Last week, rumors said (30) Boediono and Sri Mulyani would both resign if one or both of them were found guilty by the legislature. However, this rumor was quickly played down (31) by circles in the Palace. "There was never such a plan." said Yopie Hidayat, a special staff and (32) spokesman for the Vice President. 30. ST : beredar kabar TT : rumors said
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LIT: [to] circulate, news or information The clause, beredar kabar in the the source text consists of two words: beredar which literally means ‘[to] circulate’ and kabar which means ‘news’ or ‘information’. If these words are joined, they will be the news is circulated. However, since it has negative connotation (something which is unfavorable), the translator translates it to ‘rumors said’. Here, the passive construction (the news is circulated) is change to the active one (rumors said). In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 31. ST : ditepis TT : played down LIT: [to be] warded off [with the back of one’s hand] The word, ditepis which is explicitly means ‘[to be] warded off [with the back of one’s hand]’, but it is implicitly translated to ‘[be] played down’ which synonymous with ‘[be] rejected’ since what it is meant by this word in the SL is that the news is ‘played down’ (or, rejected). In this case, the shift occurs in the level of meaning potential. 32. ST : sekaligus TT : and LIT: all at once The word, sekaligus in the source text literally means ‘all at once’, but in the TL it is translated to the conjunction, ‘and’. Actually there is only a slight difference in meaning between ‘all at once’ and the conjunction ‘and’, but the translator chooses the conjunction ‘and’ as a matter of choice in
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order to make the sentence flow smoothly.
In this case, the shift of
cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Pertemuan segitiga (33) Yudhoyono-Boediono-Sri Mulyani juga makin intensif sepekan terakhir ini. Dalam setiap rapat, strategi melawan pencitraan yang dibangun musuh-musuh politik SBY di DPR dibahas detail. "Ketiganya tampak high-spirited.” kata satu sumber Tempo di lstana Negara, mengomentari rapat koordinasi trio ini, Rabu pekan lalu. TT: Meetings (33) between Yudhoyono, Boediono and Sri Mulyani took place more often over the past week. In each meeting, the strategy to oppose the image being constructed by SBY's political opponents in the DPR was discussed in detail. "The three appear to be high-spirited," said one Tempo source at the State Palace, commenting on the coordinative meeting between the three, on Wednesday last week. 33. ST : pertemuan segitiga TT : meeting LIT: triangle meeting The phrase, pertemuan segitiga in the SL literally means ‘triangle meeting’, but here it is translated to a single word, ‘meeting’. There is such an expression of ‘triangle meeting’ in the TT; therefore, the translator only uses the word ‘meeting’ in the translation, and the reader has already known from the context that the meeting is held by three parties. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the ST. ST: Kepercayaan diri kubu lstana tak lepas dari (34) terungkapnya sejumlah
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kasus yang melibatkan motor Panitia Angket, sepanjang pekan lalu. Misalnya kasus letter of credit dari Bank Century untuk PT Selalang Prima International milik (35) politikus Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, Misbakhun, senilai US$ 22,5 juta. Misbakhun adalah anggota Tim Sembilan, yang pertama kali menggulirkan (36) kasus Century di parlemen. TT: The confidence of the Palace camp was partly buoyed by (34) revelations last week of cases involving some legislators who pushed for the formation of the inquiry committee. For instance, there was the letter of credit from Bank Century in favor of PT Selalang Prima International, a company connected to (35) PKS politician Misbakhun, in the amount of US$22.5 million. Misbakhun is a member of the Team of Nine, who first raised (36) the Bank Century case in the DPR. 34. ST : tak lepas dari TT : buoyed by LIT: not be freed from The phrase, tak lepas dari should be explicitly translated to not be freed from, but here it is translated to the phrase, ‘[be] buoyed’ by since the phrase in the SL is intended to be explicitly meant as float to the surface; therefore, it is appropriate if it is translated to ‘buoyed’ by in the TL. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of meaning potential. 35. ST : milik TT : connected to LIT: property or possession
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The word, milik in the source text literally means ‘property’ or ‘possession’, but in the target text it is translated to the phrase, ‘connected to’ since this word is intended to be connected to someone. Here, the noun form in the ST is changed to a verb in the target text. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 36. ST : ‘menggulirkan TT : raised LIT: to make something roll The word, menggulirkan in the source text explicitly means ‘to make something roll’; but, it has implicit meaning: put forward or propose; however, the translator translates it to a single word, ‘raised’ in the the TL. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Selain itu (37), muncul kembalinya kasus penjualan beras impor oleh PT Hexatama, Finindo milik (38) politikus Partai Golkar, Setya Novanto senilai US$ 12 juta, dua pekan lalu, membuat girang (39) Istana. Novanto sekarang adalah Ketua Fraksi Golkar di parlemen, yang aktit mengawal gerak-gerik (40) anggotanya di Panitia Angket Century. Kasus Novanto menambah tekanan kepada Beringin (41), yang sebelumnya sudah terpojok (42) oleh tudingan (43) pengemplangan (44) pajak Grup Bakrie. TT: Further more (37), the reemergence of the sale of imported rice by PT Hexatama Finindo, a company connected to (38) Golkar Party politician Setya Novanto, in the amount of US$12 million, two weeks ago, also came as good news for (39) the Palace. Novanto is currently Golkar faction chief in the DPR,
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who has been directing the moves of (40) his members in the Special Committee. The Novanto case adds to the pressure being put on Golkar (41), already plagued (42) by charges of (43) tax evasion (44) by the Bakrie Group of companies. 37. ST : selain itu TT : furthermore LIT: besides that or moreover The phrase, selain itu in the the source text literally means ‘besides that’ or ‘moreover’, but in the target text it is translated to the word, ‘furthermore’ in the TL. It seems that the word ‘furthermore’ is more appropriate than the phrase besides that. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of meaning potential. 38. ST : milik TT : connected to LIT: [be] owned [by] The word milik as a verb literally means ‘[be] owned [by]’ as in the sentence, ‘The house is owned (belongs to) by Mr. Henson’. But in the TT, the translator translated it into the phrase connected to. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 39. ST : membuat girang TT : came as good news LIT: [to] make happy The clause, membuat girang in the ST has good connotation since its literal meaning is ‘[to] make happy’; therefore, it is appropriate to translate
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it to the clause ‘came as good news’ in the TT. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 40. ST : mengawal gerak gerik TT : directing the moves LIT: [to] guard the movements The clause, mengawal gerak gerik has an implicit meaning in the ST. It literally means ‘[to] guard the movements’, but here it is translated to ‘directing the moves’ since the word ‘mengawal’ means ‘[to] control’; therefore, the translation ‘directing’ is appropriate, and the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 41. ST : beringin TT : Golkar LIT: banyan tree The word beringin in the ST is the name of a tree; it is called ‘banyan tree’; but, according to the context of the source text. It implicitly denotes a certain party in Indonesia. Therefore, it implicitly denotes Golkar Party since this party has beringin (banyan) tree as its symbol. The translator then translates the word, beringin to Golkar in the TT. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 42. ST : terpojok TT : plagued LIT: [be] forced into a corner The word, terpojok in the ST literally and explicitly means ‘[be] forced into a corner’; but since it also has implicit meaning. It seems that according
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to the context in the source text but here it is translated to ‘plagued’. In this case, the shift is in the level of meaning potential. 43. ST : tudingan TT : charges of LIT: accusation The word, tudingan in the source text literally means ‘accusation’, but in the TT the translator translates it to ‘charges of’ which has different meaning from ‘accusation’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 44. ST : pengemplangan TT : evasion LIT: embezzlement The word, pengemplangan literally means ‘embezzlement’ such as in the sentence, ‘The official’s embezzlement the money from the office funds is regarded a corrupting action’. Here, it is translated to the word ‘evasion’ which is also appropriate. In this case, the shift is in the level of meaning potential. ST: Kubu Yudhoyono yakin betul pada putaran terakhir pekan ini, semua partai akan kembali (45) “menggunakan akal sehat" dan merapatkan diri (46) ke lstana. "Kami tidak yakin soal PKS, tapi Golkar sangat mungkin berkompromi,” kata satu sumber Tempo. Alasannya simpel: Ketua Umum Golkar Aburizal Bakrie diyakini tidak akan mengorbankan bisnisnya untuk kepentingan politik. TT: The Yudhoyono camp truly believes that by the final round this week, all of the parties will again (45) "use common sense" and fall in line (46) with the
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Palace. "We are not sure about the PKS, but it is very possible that Golkar will compromise," said a Tempo source. The reason is simple: reportedly, Golkar Party Chairman Aburizal Bakrie will not sacrifice his business for political interests. 45. ST : kembali TT : again LIT: again as The word, kembali in the SL has its literal meaning ‘again’ as in the sentence, mengulang kembali (repeat again); therefore, it is appropriately translated the word ‘again’ in the TL. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of meaning potential. 46. ST : merapatkan diri TT : fall in line LIT: [to] join or chum up with The clause, merapatkan diri literally means ‘[to] join or chum up with’, but it is translated to ‘fall in line’ in the TL. In this case, the shift is in the level of meaning potential. ST: Pendeknya, Yudhoyono dan Partai Demokrat merasa di atas angin (47). Masih kerasnya sikap Golkar dan PKS serta abu – abunya (48) posisi PAN dan PPP – dinilai bukan soal besar (49). “Sama seperti mobil yang semula melaju kencang, kan tidak mungkin tiba-tiba berputar arah? Pasti mengerem dulu pelan-pelan (50)," kata Achsanul Qosasi, politikus Partai Demokrat di Panitia Angket. TT: In short, Yudhoyono and the Demecrat Party feel that things will eventually go their way (47). The sharp stance by Golkar and PKS–and the vague (48) position of PAN and PPP - are not seen to be a serious (49) problem "It's like
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a car which is going fast. It cannot just suddenly turn around, right? It would have to slow down first (50)," said Achsanul Qosasi, a Democrat Party member in the Special Committee. 47. ST : di atas angin TT : things will eventually go their way LIT: above the wind The phrase, di atas angin in SL has an implicit meaning, ‘in a good position’. Therefore, it is appropriate when the translator translates it to an idiomatic expression, ‘things will eventually go their way’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the ST. 48. ST : abu – abunya TT : vague LIT: its ‘ash-gray’ The phrase abu-abunya is also an idiomatic expression which literally means ‘its ash-gray’. However, since it is idiomatic, the translator translates it to ‘vague’ which is appropriately translated. 49. ST : besar TT : serious LIT: big or large The word, besar literally means ‘big’ or ‘large’. In ‘soal besar’, the translator translates it to serious problem. Here, the word besar has meaning potential which is translated explicitly since besar can also means ‘serious’ in its meaning potential. 50. ST : pasti mengerem dulu pelan-pelan
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TT : it would have to slow down first LIT: it certainly put on the breaks slowly If the clause, pasti mengerem dulu pelan-pelan is translated one word by one word, it can be as follows: pasti – certain’, mengerem – ‘put on the brakes’, dulu – ‘just yet’, and pelan-pelan – ‘slowly’; thus, ‘it certainly puts on the brakes just yet slowly’ which has no sense at all. Literally, in the SL, it is translated to ‘not to hurry’. Here, the translator translated it as ‘it would have to slow down first’, relating to the context. ST: Menurut Achsanul, sampai akhir pekan lalu, ketaksepakatan partai koalisi Demokrat, Golkar, PKS, PAN, PPP, dan PKB - sebenarnya sudah mengerucut (51) pada enam poin temuan Panitia Angket. Tiga temuan pertama berkaitan dengan (52) kebijakan Bank Indonesia mengucurkan (53) fasilitas pendanaan jangka pendek (FPJP) Rp 689 miliar untuk Bank Century, pada awal November 2008. Sisanya (54) soal kebijakan Komite Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan menyetujui penyertaan modal sementara ke Bank Century. TT: According to Achsanul, as of last week, the absence of an agreement among the coalition parties Democrat, Golkar, PKS, PAN, PPP, and PKB actually revolve(51) around six findings of the Special Committee. The first three findings covered (52) the policy of Bank Indonesia to extend (53) Rp 689 billion in shortterm funding (FPJP) to Bank Century in early November 2008. The other findings (54) covered the policy of the KSSK in approving temporary capital investment in Bank Century. 51. ST : mengerucut TT : revolve
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LIT: to truncate The word, mengerucut comes from the noun, kerucut/cone/. The verb mengerucut literally means ‘[to] truncate’. Since it has implicit meaning, the translator translates it to revolve around which the shift has an explicit meaning potential. 52. ST : berkaitan dengan TT : covered LIT: related to The phrase, berkaitan dengan has its equivalence in English, ‘related to’. Here, the translator translates it to the verb, covered in the sentence, The first three findings covered the policy. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the ST. 53. ST : mengucurkan TT : extend LIT: to pour something out The word, mengucurkan has literal meaning, ‘[to] pour something (such as water) out’; it is also usually used in banking term: ‘[to] disburse money by a bank’. The translator believes that it is appropriate to translate it to the word ‘extend’ as in the sentence ‘The Bank extends the credit to its customers’. In this case, the the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 54. ST : sisanya TT : the other findings LIT: its remainder
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The word, sisanya in the source text is literally means ‘its remainder’, but it is translated into the phrase ‘the other findings’. It seems that the translator has difficulty in using the phrase, ‘the remainder or the rest [was]’ since he has to explain this word to the TL reader. ST: Ketiga, soal tidak adanya surat permohonan FPJP dari Bank Century. Saat itu, Bank Century memang hanya mengajukan surat permohonan (55) repo (repurchase agreement) atas asetnya di Bank Indonesia, yang kemudian dijawab bank central dengan pengucuran (56) FPJP. "Sebagian fraksi menilai (57) tiga temuan mengindikasikan pelanggaran pidana (58). Sedangkan kami menilai ini hanya kesalahan administratif dalam penerapan kebijakan," kata Achsanul. TT: Third, is the question whether or not there was a letter requesting the FPJP from Bank Century. At that time. Bank Century had only filed (55) for a repurchase agreement for its assets in Bank Indonesia, which the central bank responded to by giving (56) the FPJP. "Some factions feel(57) that these three findings indicate some kind of breach (58). Meanwhile, we feel that this is just an administrative error in applying the policy," said Achsanul. 55. ST : mengajukan surat permohonan TT : file LIT: [to] file a requesting letter The clause,mengajukan surat permohonan in the ST literally means ‘[to] file a requesting letter’, but the translator translates it to only one word, ‘[to] file’. The translator might assume that the reader has already understood if the translation only has one verb, ‘[to] file’ since the
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requesting letter has been mentioned in the ST. This indicates that the shift of cohesion is in the lower level of explicitness. 56. ST : pengucuran TT : giving LIT: gushing/pouring out The word pengucuran in the SL literally means ‘gushing’ or ‘pouring out’, but this translation is not in line with context which is intended by the source text since the word, ‘gushing’ or ‘pouring out’ is used for a concrete thing such as water or other liquid matters. Therefore, the translator has to find the right word for the translation. He then chooses the word, ‘giving’ in the TT. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 57. ST : menilai TT : feel LIT: [to] assess The word, menilai literally means ‘[to] value’, but the translator translates it to ‘the amount of’ in the TL because it is followed by the word. jaminan (guarantee). Therefore, it is appropriate to translate it to the phrase, ‘the amount of [guarantee]’. In this case the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 58. ST : pelanggaran pidana TT : some kind of breach LIT: criminal violation
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The phrase, pelanggaran pidana in the source text consists of two words, pelanggaran which literay means ‘violation’ and pidana which literally means ‘crime’. The exact translation is ‘criminal violation’, but in the TT the translator translates it to the phrase, ‘some kind of breach’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the text meaning potential. ST: Keempat, soal peran dominan Sekretaris Komite Stabilitas, Raden Pardede, dalam penyusunan (59) laporan Bank Indonesia ke Komite Stabilitas pada 21 November 2008. TT: Fourth, there is the dominant role of Raden Pardede, Secretary of the KSSK. in formulating (59) the report of Bank Indonesia to the Stability Committee on November 2l, 2008. 59. ST : ‘penyusunan’ TT : formulating LIT: arranging or organizing The phrase ‘penyusunan’ in the source text literally means ‘arranging’ or ‘organizing’, but in the target text it is translated into the word ‘formulating’. The translator seems to realize that the target text reader will understand the context. The shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Kelima, soal (60) dasar hukum keberadaan Komite Stabilitas yang tumpangtindih antara UU Bank Indonesia, UU Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan. dan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang tentang Jaring Pengaman Sistem Keuangan. “Ini kan wilayah Mahkamah Konstitusi, bukan panitia angket parlemen.” katanya.
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TT: Fifth, involves the issue (60) of the legal basis for the existence of the Stability Committee itself, which overlaps with the Law on Bank Indonesia. The Law on the Indonesian Savings Guarantee Board (LPS) and the Government Regulation in Lieu of Law regarding the Financial System Security Network. “This is of course the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court, not a parliamentary inquiry committee." he said, 60. ST : soal TT : involves the issue LIT: question or problem The word, soal in the target text literally means ‘question’ or ‘problem’, but in the TT it is translated to the phrase, ‘involves the issue [of]’. It seems that the translation does not match with the literal meaning in the ST. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the text meaning potential. ST: Keenam, soal keputusan Komite Stabilitas yang mengandalkan sepenuhnya laporan Bank Indonesia soal (61) estimasi biaya bailout. "Menurut sebagian anggota Panitia Angket, seharusnya Komite Stabilitas melakukan review dan mengeluarkan perkiraan biaya bailout sendiri, bukannya mengandalkan data Bank Indonesia.- kata Achsanul. TT: Sixth, there is the matter of the decision of the Stability Committee which fully relied on the report of Bank Indonesia regarding (61) the estimated cost of the bailout. "According to some members of the Special Committee, the Stability Committee should have conducted a review and issued its own estimate of the cost of the bailout, not just rely on data from Bank Indonesia," said
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Achsanul. 61. ST
:
soal
TT : regarding LIT: question or problem The word, soal in the source text literally means ‘question’ or ‘problem’. In the target text it is translated to the word, ‘regarding’ because this word does not implicitly means something which is difficult or complicated, but it is related to someone’s identity. In this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in text meaning potential. ST: Menurut Achsanul, semua partai koalisi sepakat adanya enam temuan itu, tapi berbeda sikap (62) soal penafsiran temuan itu. Fraksi Demokrat, misalnya, menilai (63) tidak ada indikasi korupsi atau pelanggaran hukum di enam temuan int. "Lain ceritanya kalau Panitia Angket menemukan aliran dana sekian puluh miliar ke Boediono dan Sri Mulyani. Tapi ini kan tidak ada?" kata Achsanul keras. TT: According to Achsanul, all of the coalition parties agreed on these six findings, however they took different positions (62) on what the findings implied. The Democrat Party faction, for instance, felt (63) that there were no indications of corruption or crime in these six findings. "It would be a different story if the Special Committee found tens of billions of rupiah going to Boediono and Sri Mulyani. However, nothing like this happened," stressed Achsanul. 62. ST : sikap TT : position LIT: [different] attitude
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The word [berbeda] sikap literally means ‘[different] attitude’, but it is translated to ‘[different] position’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 63. ST : menilai TT : felt LIT: [to] assess The word, menilai literally means ‘[to] assess’, but it is translated to the verb ‘feel’ since the subject is some factions feel [that…]. It is not, of course, it will not be appropriate if the word menilai is translated ‘[to] assess’, for they do not assess but feel that… In this case, again a shift of cohesion in text meaning potential of the ST changes through the translation. ST: Sementara Fraksi Golkar dan PKS ngotot [menilai] (64) temuan-temuan itu sudah cukup untuk menyatakan kedua teknokrat itu bersalah. "Sikap kami hanya berdasarkan fakta dan data." kata Sekretarts Fraksi Golkar, Ade Komaruddin. TT: Meanwhile, the Golkar and PKS factions insist (64) that these findings are sufficient to declare the two technocrats guilty. "Our stance is only based on the facts and data," said Golkar faction secretary, Ade Komaruddin. 64. ST : ngotot menilai TT : insist LIT: persevere, obstinate, or persist The clause, ngotot menilai litrerally means ‘persevere’, ‘obstinate’, or ‘persist’. But in the target text it is translated to the word, ‘insist’ which actually has the same meaning as what it literally means. Here, the
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translator only chooses the right word or usage in the translation. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Tim kecil (65) Panitia Angket masih akan bertemu lagi sebelum rapat paripurna pada Selasa ini. Empat kubu pendapat yang masih ada, menurut Romahurmuzi, akan mencoba bergerak ke tengah. Achsanul mengaku (66) akan berusaha menarik fraksi lain mendekat ke Demokrat. Kalau berhasil, dia memprediksi hanya akan ada dua kubu besar kubu yang menilai kebijakan bailout tidak bermasalah, dan kubu yang menilai sebaliknya. “Nanti kita voting di paripurna.” kata Achsanul. Minus (67) Golkar dan PKS, tapi plus (68) Gerindra, kubu Demokrat bisa menang tipis (69) di pemungutan suara. TT: The representative team (65) of the Special Committee will meet again before the plenary session is held this Tuesday. The four different camps, according to Romahurmuzy, will try to move to the center. Achsanul said (66) that he will attempt to draw the other factions closer to the stance of the Democrat Party. If he succeeds, he predicts there will only be two major camps: the one with the view that there was nothing wrong with the bailout, and one which contradicts it. "We will vote on it at the plenary session,” said Achsanul. Without (67) Golkar and PKS, but with (68) Gerindra, the Democrat Party could have a narrow (69) victory. 65. ST : tim kecil TT : representative team LIT: small team The phrase, tim kecil in the source text literally means ‘small team’, but in the TT it is translated to the phrase, ‘representative team’. In this case, the
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shift of cohesion in text meaning occurred in the level of explicit and implicit meaning potential of the ST change through translation. 66. ST : mengaku TT : said LIT: [to] admit or confess The word, mengaku in the source text literally means ‘[to] admit or confess’, but in the TT the translator translates to the word, ‘said’ in “[Achsanul] said that he will…”. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in text meaning potential occurred. 67. ST : minus TT : without LIT: minus The word, minus in the source text has the same translation in the TT: minus, but here it is translated to the word, ‘without’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in text meaning occurred. 68. ST : plus TT : with LIT: plus The word plus actually has the same translation in the TT but the translator has to adjust the translation to the context of what has been intended by the writer in the ST. Therefore, he thinks that the right translation of the word ‘plus’ is ‘with’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 69. ST : tipis
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TT : narrow LIT: thin Again the word, tipis in the source text literally means ‘thin’, but in the TT it is translated to the word, ‘narrow’ since it is in the phrase menang ( victory) tipis’ which is appropriate to be translated to ‘narrow’ [victory] and not ‘thin victory’ since the latter has senseless meaning. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in text meaning potential occurred. ST: Namun hitung-hitungan kubu lain tidak seoptimistis Achsanul. Ade Komaruddin menilai (70) pengelompokan menjadi dua kutub (71) bisa dikatakan tidak mungkin terjadi. "Saya yakin, posisi semua fraksi tidak akan berubah dari pemandangan akhir di rapat Panitia Angket pekan lalu," katanya. Wakil Sekjen Golkar Lalu Mara Satriawangsa membenarkan. Menurut dia (72), rapat-rapat Panitia Angket adalah panggung politik yang diawasi publik dengan intens. "Bagaimana mungkin kami diharapkan berubah arah pada saat-saat terakhir seperti ini," katanya. TT: However, the calculations of the other camps are not as optimistic as the one by Achsanul. Ade Komaruddin says (70) it would not be possible to group everyone into two camps (71). "I am sure that the positions of the factions will not change from their views given at the final meeting of the Special Committee last week." he said. Golkar Deputy Secretary-General, Lalu Mara Satriawangsa, verified this. He said (72) that the meetings of the Special Committee were a political stage that has become intensely monitored by the public. "How can we possibly be expected to change direction in these final moments?" he said. 70. ST : menilai
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TT : says LIT: [to] assess The word, menilai literally means ‘[to] assess’, but here it is translated to the word, says since the sentence is ‘Ade Komaruddin says it would not be possible….’. The word ‘says’ is intended by the writer in the SL. Therefore, the translator has to translate this word to the word ‘says’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of meaning potential. 71. ST : kutub TT : camps LIT: pole The word, kutub in the source text literally means ‘pole [of the earth]’, but in the TT it is translated to the word, ‘camps’ since what it means by the ST here is that there are four camps in the election so that the word, ‘pole’ is not appropriately used. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 72. ST : menurut dia TT : He said LIT: according to him The clause, menurut dia in the source literally means ‘according to him’, but here it is translated to the clause, ‘He said’. Actually, there is no different in meaning between the expression of according to him and he said. However, since the expression of according to (a pronoun) is not commonly used in the TT; the translator then translates it to the clause, he
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said. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani tenang-tenang saja terhadap (73) sengkarut (74) Senayan dalam memutuskan nasibnya. Rabu pekan lalu, sambil tersenyum lepas (75) dia mengomentari pandangan akhir fraksi-fraksi di Panitia Angket Century, sehari sebelumnya. "Saya senang dievaluasi, asalkan evaluasi itu secara obyektif, berdasarkan kinerja dan peraturan undang-undang." katanya. Dengan (76) selendang merah muda di pundak kanan, Sri Mulyani tampak percaya diri. TT: Finance Minister Sri Mulyani is calmly facing (73) the dilemma (74) she finds herself in, aware that the outcome will affect her future. On Wednesday last week, all smiles (75), she commented on the final views given by the factions in the Bank Century Special Committee, held the previous day. "I am happy to be evaluated, as long as the evaluation is done objectively, based on performance and the laws and regulations," she said. Wearing (76) a pink shawl over her right shoulder, Sri Mulyani appeared confident. 73. ST : terhadap TT : facing LIT: concerning or having to do with The word, terhadap in the source text literally means ‘concerning’ or ‘having to do with’, but the translator translates to the word, ‘facing’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 74. ST : sengkarut TT : dilemma LIT: intertwined or interlaced
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The word, sengkarut in the source text literally means ‘intertwined’ or ‘interlaced’, but here the translator translates it to the word, ‘dilemma’ which is, of course, different in meaning from the adjective, ‘intertwined’ or ‘interlaced’. Here, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 75. ST : tersenyum lepas TT : all [smiles] LIT: bright and clear smile The phrase tersenyum lepas literary means ‘bright and clear smile’, but in the TT the translator translates it into the phrase ‘all smiles’ in the plural forms. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 76. ST : Dengan [selendang merah muda] TT : Wearing LIT: With [a pink scarf] The word, Dengan in Dengan selendang merah muda... in the source text literally means With [a pink scarf], but in the TT it is translated to the word, ‘Wearing [a pink scarf]’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Ketika satu jurnalis bertanya apakah keceriannya (77) hari itu berkaitan dengan dukungan politik Partai Demokrat dan koalisinva di DPR, Sri Mulyani tertawa.
(Wahyu Dhyatmika)
TT: When one journalist asked if her good mood (77) that day was connected with the political support of the Democrat Party and its coalition partners in the DPR, Sri Mulyani laughed. (Wahyu Dhyatmika)
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77. ST : keceriaannya TT : her good mood LIT: her joy The phrase, keceriaannya literally means ‘his or her joy’, but here it is translated to ‘her good mood’. Here, there is no difference in meaning between joy and good mood. It is only a matter of choosing the diction. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Nazaruddin sempat (78) menolak didampingi (79) Kaligis. Akibat kesal ditagih duit pendampingan hukum. TT: Nazaruddin temporarily (78) refused to be legally represented by (79) Kaligis. He was upset at being billed for supposedly free legal assistance. 78. ST : sempat TT : temporarily LIT: to have/get the time/the chance/the opportunity The word, sempat literally means ‘[to] have/get the time/the chance/the opportunity (to do something or act in some way)’, but the translator translates it to ‘temporarily’ which literally means ‘for the time being’. In this case, both SL and TL have implicit meaning and the shift of cohesion in meaning potential is used. 79. ST : didampingi TT : represented [by] LIT: [be] accompanied [by] The word, didampingi in the ST literally means ‘[be] accompanied [by]’, but in the TT the translator translates it to the phrase, ‘represented
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by’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: PENGACARA Otto Cornehs Kaligis menyodorkan (80) pulpen ke tangan Muhammad Nazaruddin. Tersangka perkara suap proyek wisma atlet SEA Games itu diam saja (81), mengabaikan sodoran (82) sang pengacara. Ia menolak menandatangani kertas di depannya. Hanya dua orang itu yang terlihat di ruang pertemuan rumah tahanan Markas Komando Brigade Mobil Kepolisian RI di Kelapa Dua, Depok, Jawa Barat, Senin pekan Ialu. TT: LAWYER Otto Cornelis Kaligis held out (80) a pen for Muhammad Nazaruddin to sign. Nazaruddin, a suspect in a bribery case regarding an athletes' accommodation project for the upcoming SEA Games just sat still (81), ignoring the offer (82) made by the lawyer. He refused to sign the paper in front of him. Only these two were in the meeting room located inside the detention facility of the police's Mobile Brigade (Brimob) Command Headquarters in Kelapa Dua, Depok, West Java, on Monday last week. 80. ST : menyodorkan TT : presented LIT: [to] put forward, offer, give, or hand over The word menyodorkan in the ST literally means ‘[to] put forward, offer, give, or hand over’. But the translator might assume that these words are not appropriate to be used in the translation. He then translates the word, menyodorkan to the word ‘presented’ in the TT because it is intended in the ST as something which is presented. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of meaning potential.
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81. ST : diam saja TT : sat still LIT: only quiet The phrase, diam saja in the ST literally means ‘only quiet’, but in the TT the translator translates it to the phrase, ‘sat still’. According to the context on the ST, the subject of the sentence sat still on his chair. Therefore, he translated the phrase into ‘sat still’. The shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 82. ST : sodoran TT : offer LIT: presenting, handing The phrase sodoran in the source text literally means presenting or handing, but the translator translates it to the word ‘offer’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Alat perekam (83) Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, yang sengaja dipasang di ruangan itu, kemudian menangkap adegan di ruangan lain. Muhammad Nasir, anggota Komisi Hukum Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, kakak kandung Nazaruddin, menemui mantan Bendahara Umum Partai Demokrat itu. Bertemu (84) seperempat jam, tak banyak yang dibicarakan anak-anak pasangan M. Latif dan Aminah ini. "Nazar lebih banvak diam." kata Ajun Komisaris Besar K. Budinian, juru bicara rumah tahanan Brimob. TT: A camera installed (83) by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), captured the scene taking place in another room. Muhammad Nasir, a member of the Law Commission of the House of Representatives (DPR), Nazaruddin's
129
older brother, met with this former Democrat Party treasurer. Lasting for (84) about 15 minutes, not much was said between the two siblings. "Nazaruddin mostly kept quiet.” said Senior Adjunct Commissioner IC Budiman, spokesman for Brimob's detention facility. 83. ST : alat perekam TT : camera LIT: recorder The phrase, alat perekam in the source text literally means ‘recorder’, but in the TT it is translated to ‘camera’. Of course, there is the difference in meaning between ‘recorder’ and ‘camera’. It is only a matter of choice by the translator. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 84. ST : bertemu TT : lasting for LIT: [to] meet The word, bertemu [seperempat jam] in the ST literally means ‘[to] meet [for fifteen minutes]’. But the translator translates it to ‘lasting for [about 15 minutes]’. ST: Nasir dan Kaligis datang bersama beherapa anggota Komisi Hukum Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, seperti Ahmad Yani dari Partai Persatuan Pembangunan serta Nudirman Munir dan Aziz Syamsuddin dari Partai Golkar. Mereka memaksa masuk, meski kunjungan ke Nazaruddin hanya diperbolehkan dengan izin (85) Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi.
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TT: Nasir and Kaligis had come together with several members of the House's Law Commission, such as Ahmad Yani from the United Development Party, and Nudirman Munir and Aziz Syamsuddin from the Golkar Party. They forced their way in, eventhough visiting Nazaruddin was only allowed with the authorization (85) of the KPK 85. ST : izin TT : authorization LIT: permit or license The word, izin literally means ‘permit’ or ‘license’, but here it is translated into the word ‘authorization’ since this word has been intended by the writer in the ST. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Berdasarkan rekaman di rumah tahanan Brimob dan keterangan saksi, para anggota legislatif itu merangsek masuk meski dihalangi petugas. Mereka berkukuh (86) hendak menemui Nazaruddin yang sebenarnya ogah menemui mereka. Para anggota Dewan beralasan kunjungan ke rumah tahanan merupakan bagian dari tugas mereka. Saya kan menjalankan tugas konstitusi. Kami mau melihat saja," ujar Nudirman dengan nada tinggi. TT: Based on the recordings at the Brimob detention facility and eyewitness testimony, these legislators inched their way inside, despite being obstructed by officers. They insisted on (86) meeting Nazaruddin, who was actually not interested in meeting them. These legislators said that their visit to the detention facility was a part of their job. “I am carrying out constitutional duties. We just want to take a look,” said Nudirman in a high-pitched voice.
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86. ST : berkukuh TT : insisted on LIT: persist (on), be staunch, or remain firm The word berkukuh in the source text literally means ‘persist (on)’, ‘be staunch’, or ‘remain firm’, but in the target text the translator translates it into the phrase ‘insist on’. Actually, there is no difference in meaning between ‘insist on’ and ‘persist on’, ‘be staunch’, or ‘remain firm’. Here, it is only a matter of choice. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential.
ST: Guna menghindari cekcok (87) berkepanjangan, penyidik akhirnya memperbolehkan Nazaruddin ditemui empat mata oleh Aziz Syamsuddin. Pada saat itulah (88) anggota rombongan lain merangsek masuk. “Nanti pakai hak untuk diam saja,” kata Kaligis sembari (89) menyerahkan buku soal hukum pidana. “Tanpa pengacara, jangan mau (diperiksa),” Nudirnian menimpali. TT: In order to avoid a lengthy dispute (87), investigators finally allowed Nazaruddin to meet privately with another lawyer, Aziz Syamsuddin. At this point (88) the other members of the entourage made their way inside. “Later use right to remain silent,” said Kaligis while (89) handing over a book on criminal law. “Without a lawyer present, don't agree [to be questioned]. “Nudirman retorted. 87. ST : cekcok TT : dispute LIT: quarrel, squabble, or disagreement
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The word cekcok in the ST literally means ‘quarrel’, ‘squabble’, or ‘disagreement’, but the translator translates it into the word ‘dispute’. Actually, there is no difference in meaning of these four words, but the translator chooses the word ‘dispute’ since he thinks that this translation is more appropriate. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 88. ST : pada saat itulah TT : at this point LIT: at that very moment The phrase, pada saat itulah in the ST literally means ‘at that very moment’ but here it is translated to the prepositional phrase ‘at this point’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of meaning potential. 89. ST : sembari TT : therefore LIT: while The word sembari in the ST literally means ‘while’, but in the TT the translator translates it to the word, ‘therefore’. In this case, the shiftt of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Sebelum ke tahanan Brimob, Nasir dan Kaligis menemui pemimpin DPR: Marzuki Alie (Demokrat), Pramono Anung (PDI Perjuangan), dan Anis Matta (PKS), Nasir mengeluhkan susahnya menemui Nazaruddin dan kekhawatiran akan kondisi kesehatannya. "Sangat mungkin Nazaruddin mengalami pencucian otak,” kata Kaligis di DPR sebelum bertolak (90) ke tahanan Brimob. TT: Before going to the Brimob detention, Nasir and Kaligis met with DPR
133
leaders: Marzuki Alie (Democrat Party), Pramono Anung (Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle—PDIP), and Anis Matta (Justice and Prosperity Party-PKS). Nasir complained about the difficulty of meeting Nazaruddin and his concern for his health. “It is very possible that Nazaruddin was undergoing some kind of brainwashing,” said Kaligis in the DPR before going to (90) the Brimob facility. 90. ST : bertolak TT : going to LIT: [to] depart The word bertolak literally means ‘[to] depart’, but it is translated in the TT to the phrase, ‘going to’. The verb, bertolak in the SL is the verb which indicates that someone or something goes to a certain place; therefore, the translator uses this verb with the same meaning as ‘going to [a certain place]’. In this case, the shift of cohesion is in the text meaning potential. ST: NAZARUDDIN dibawa ke Indonesia dari Kolumbia pada 13 Agustus lalu. Sejak Nazaruddin tiba di Tanan Air kasusnya menciptakan berbagai (91) kisah. Drama pertama tersaji ketika turun dari pesawat carteran Guifstreaum, dengan tangan diborgolkan ke seorang penyidik KPK Nazaruddin dikawal ketat pasukan bersenjata
lengkap.
la
diboyong
ke
Markas
Brimob,
baru
kemudian
diserahterimakan ke komisi antikorupsi pada malam harinva. TT: NAZARUDDIN was brought back to Indonesia from Colombia on August 13. Nazaruddin’s return home created a number of (91) dramatic stories. The first took place when he debarked the chartered Gulfstream airplane. Handcuffed to a KPK investigator, Nazaruddin was escorted under heavy guard of
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a fully armed police detail. He was taken to the Brimob, HQ and was turned over to the KPK later that night. 91. ST : berbagai TT : a number of LIT: various or kinds of The word, berbagai in the source text literally means ‘various’ or ‘kinds of’, but it is translated in the TT to the phrase, ‘a number of’. In this case, the translator uses the form of the shift of cohesion in text meaning potential. ST: Pemeriksaan perdana Nazaruddin soal (92) biodatanva berlangsung hingga pukul 01.00 WIB. Dalam rekaman video KPK, terlihat Nazaruddin berbincang santai dengan dua penyidik diruang pemeriksaan berukuran sekitar 3 x 3 meter di lantai 7 gedung KPK. Ia ditawari rokok, kopi, hingga makanan dalam kotak berlauk rendang. “Sudah lama saya tidak makan nasi Padang,” ujar Nazaruddin sembari tersenyum kepada penyidik. TT: Nazaruddin’s first session regarding (92) his personal data lasted until l am. In the KPK’s video recording, Nazaruddin can be seen talking casually with two investigators in an interrogation room measuring about 3 x 3 meters on the seventh floor of the KPK Building. He was offered cigarettes, coffee, and a boxed lunch with an Indonesian dried beef dish. “I haven't eaten this kind of food for a long time,” said Nazaruddin smiling to investigators. 92. ST : soal TT : regarding LIT: question or problem
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The word, soal in the ST literally means ‘question’ or ‘problem’. In the TT it is translated to the word, ‘regarding’ because this word does not implicitly means something which is difficult or complicated, but it is related to someone’s identity. In this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in text meaning potential. ST: Drama lain seputar (93) Nazaruddin adalah perebutan (94) hak pembelaan dua kubu pengacara, yakni Elza Syarief dan OC. Kaligis. Elza mengaku mendapat mandat dari adik bungsu Nazaruddin, Mujahidin Nur Hasyim. Ia juga hadir ketika Nazaruddin pertama kali dibawa ke KPK. Selasa pekan lalu, ia mengunjungi Nazaruddin di tahanan Brimob, dan mendampingi pemeriksaan Nazaruddin. “Kalau Nazar mau ringan hukumannya, harus terbuka,” kata Elza. TT: Another drama involving (93) Nazaruddin had to do with two camps fighting over (94) who was his rightful legal counsel, namely Elza Syarief or O.C. Kaligis. Elza claimed he obtained a mandate from Nazaruddin's youngest brother, Mujahidin Nur Hasyim. He was present the first time Nazaruddin was taken to the KPK. On Tuesday last week, he visited Nazaruddin in the Brimob jail and was present for Nazaruddin's questioning by the KPK two days later. Elza said she only wanted to help Nazaraddin- “If Nazar wants to get a lenient sentence, he has to be open,” said Elza. 93. ST : seputar TT ; involved LIT: around The word, seputar literally means ‘around’, but it is translated in the TT to the word, ‘involving’ because what it means by the word seputar in
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the source text is what is related to something which is ‘involved [in]’. In this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in text meaning potential. 94. ST : perebutan TT : fighting over LIT: fight or struggle The word perebutan which is literally meant ‘fight’ or ‘struggle’ as a noun is translated in the TT to the phrase, ‘fighting over’. In this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in text meaning potential. ST: Kaligis yang sejak awal mengklaim sebagai kuasa hukum Nazaruddin, mempertanyakan KPK yang menurut dia melarang pengacara menemui Nazaruddin saat berada di ruang tahanan (95). Ia juga kerap melontarkan (96) kekhawatiran Nazaruddin dicuci otaknya oleh KPK. TT: Kaligis, who from the outset claimed to be Nazaruddin's lawyer, questioned the KPK, which, according to him, banned lawyers from seeing Nazaruddin when he is in custody (95). He has also raised (96) his concern that Nazaruddin was being brainwashed by the KPK. 95. ST : di ruang tahanan TT : in custody LIT: in the cell or the detention room The phrase, di ruang tahanan literally means ‘in the cell’ or ‘in the detention room’, but in the TT it is translated to the phrase, ‘in custody’. The translator uses this phrase because basically someone is in custody when he is arrested and sent to the detention room. In this case he uses the shift of cohesion in text meaning potential.
137
96. ST : melontarkan TT : raised LIT: [to] hurl, fling, or throw The word, melontarkan in the ST literally means ‘[to] hurl, fling, or throw’, but it can implicitly means ‘[to] come up with [an idea]’ or ‘[to] put forward’. In the TT it is translated to the word ‘raised’ because the translator wants to explain that the word melontar is a term which is used in the ST to denote something which is hard. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of meaning potential. ST: Surat yang menjadi pegangan Kaligis adalah surat (97) penunjukannya sebagai penasihat hukum yang dibuat ketika Nazarudiing di Singapura. “Yang mempertemukan (98) mereka adalah adalah Albert Panggabean,” kata sumber Tempo. Dalam pertemuan di Marina Mandarin Hotel, Singapura itu, Kaligis mengaku (99) tidak butuh dibayar. Kaligis membantah mengenal Albert Panggabean. TT: The document (97) that Kaligis holds is his letter of appointment as a legal advisor, made when Nazaruddin was in Singapore. “Albert Panggabean introduced (98) them,” said a Tempo source. In that meeting at the Marina Mandarin Hotel in Singapore, Kaligis said (99) he did not need to be paid. Kaligis denied knowing Albert Panggabean
97. ST : surat TT : document LIT: letter or mail
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The word, surat literally means ‘letter’ or ‘mail’. In the TT it is translated to the word, ‘document’. In this case, the translator uses the synonym which is relevant to the meaning which is intended in the ST. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the text meaning potential. 98. ST : mempertemukan TT : introduced LIT: bring together or match up The word mempertemukan in the ST literally means ‘[to] bring together or match up’. In the TT, however, it is translated to the word ‘introduced’ (in the past tense). In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 99. ST : mengaku TT : said LIT: [to] admit or confess The word, mengaku in the ST literally means ‘[to] admit or confess’, but in the TT it is translated to the word ‘said’. This occurs because what it means in the ST is that it is not a confession, but it is only what someone says. Therefore, the translator only translates it to the word, said. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of meaning potential. ST: Pernyataan Kaligis tentang upaya menghalanginya menemui Nazaruddin terbantahkan. Dalam rekaman video yang dilansir (100) KPK, pada malam ketika Nazaruddin diperiksa KPK, perwakilan Kaligis, Afrian Bonjol, diperbolehkan penyidik
menemuinya.
Afrian
menyodorkan
(101)
surat
kuasa
untuk
ditandatangani, tapi Nazaruddin menolak. “Nanti pemeriksaan kedua,” kata nya.
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TT: Kaligis's statement about efforts being made to prevent him from meeting Nazaruddin is debatable. In a video recording released (100) by the KPK, on the night when Nazaruddin was questioned by the KPK, Kaligis's representative, Afrian Bonjol, was allowed to meet him by investigators. Afrian presented (101) him a power of attorney letter to be signed, but he refused. “It happened later during the second questioning,” he said. 100. ST : dilansir TT : released LIT: [to be] shunt (for example: railroad cars) The word, dilansir literally means ‘[to be] shunt’ (for example: railroad cars, but it can implicitly mean ‘[to] launch, spread, or circulate’. In the TT it is translated to ‘[be] released’ since it is intended in the ST to denote something to somebody else. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of meaning potential. 101. ST : menyodorkan TT : presented LIT: [to] put forward, offer, give, or hand over The word menyodorkan literally means ‘[to] put forward, offer, give, or hand over’. But it is translated to the word ‘presented’ in the TT because it is intended in the ST as something which is presented. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of meaning potential. ST: Seorang advokat mengungkapkan Nazaruddin kecewa terhadap Kaligis. Pasalnya Kaligis berjanji tidak akan mengenakan biaya pendampingan (102). NyaTanya (103), Nazaruddin diharuskan membayar pengacara selama (104)
140
pelarian di Singapura. Terakhir, pengacara di Kolombia yang hendak mengurus suaka politiknya pun meminta bayaran US$ 1 juta (sekitar Rp 8.5 miliar). Tapi Nazaruddin membantah (105) informasi miring itu. TT: One advocate said that Nazaruddin was disappointed with Kaligis. Kaligis had promised he would not charge any fees (102). As it turned out (103), Nazaruddin had to pay the lawyer for the duration of (104) his flight in Singapore. Most recently, the lawyer in Colombia who was going to process his request for political asylum asked for a payment of US$1 million (about Rp 8.5 billion). Nazaruddin, however did not confirm (105) this information. 102. ST : biaya pendamping TT : any other fee LIT: supplementary fees The phrase, biaya pendamping in the ST literally means ‘supplementary fees’, but in the TT it is translated to the phrase, ‘any fees’ since in the ST this phrase is intended to indicate any other fee. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of meaning potential. 103. ST : nyatanya TT : it is turned out LIT: in fact or in reality The word, nyatanya in the ST literally means ‘in fact’ or ‘in reality’, but it is translated to a clause, ‘it is turned out’. In this case, the translator wants to make the meaning clear. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of meaning potential. 104. ST : selama
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TT : the duration of LIT: during or within The word, selama literally means ‘during’ or ‘within’, but in the TT it is translated to the phrase, ‘the duration of’ since it is intended in the ST to explain the existence of someone in a certain period of time. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of meaning potential. 105. ST : membantah TT : did not confirm LIT: [to] deny The word, membantah in the ST literally means ‘[to] deny’, but it the TT it is translated to the phrase, ‘did not confirm’. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Meski berkali-kali menolak Kaligis, Nazar akhirnya menyerah. Surat kuasa untuk (106) Kaligis ditekennya pada Selasa, 16 Agustus, di tahanan. Surat dititipkan (107) Kaligis lewat (108) Nasir. Sehari setelah itu. Kaligis menemui Nazaruddin di tahanan. Keesokan harinya, Nazaruddin diperiksa KPK. Di sinilah Nazaruddin memainkan (109) babak baru dalam drama hidupnya: bungkam. TT: After repeatedly rejecting to be represented by Kaligis, Nazaruddin finally gave in. He signed the power of attorney in favor of (106) Kaligis on Tuesday, August 16, while in detention. The letter was sent (107) to Kaligis through (108) Nasir. A day later, Kaligis met Nazaruddin in custody. The following day, Nazaruddin was questioned by the KPK. This was when Nazaruddin began (109) a new chapter in his drama: keeping quiet.
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106. ST : untuk TT : in favor of LIT: to or for The word, untuk is a preposition which literally means ‘to’ or ‘for’, but in the TT the translator translates it to the phrase, ‘in favor of’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in meaning potential. 107. ST : dititipkan TT : sent LIT: [to] put or leave something somewhere or with someone for safekeeping The word, dititipkan in the source text literally means ‘[to] put or leave something somewhere or with someone for safekeeping’. In the TT it is translated to a single word, ‘sent’. In this case, the translation is appropriate since it is intended to indicate that the thing is sent too someone because the person is not there. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 108. ST : lewat TT : through LIT: [to] pass The word, lewat literally means ‘[to] pass’, but in the TT it is translated to the word, ‘through’ because what is intended by this word in the source text is not the action in passing something or a place, but it is about sending something through someone. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential.
143
109. ST : memainkan TT : began LIT: [to] play The word, memainkan literally means ‘[to] play’ (an instrument, melody, or a role), but in the target text the translator translates it to the word, began. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Dalam pemeriksaan selama dua jam, Nazaruddin lebih banyak menjawab lupa, kala (110) 20 pertanyaan tentang peristiwa dugaan korupsi (111) proyek wisma atlet diajukan. Ia menyampaikan kesediaanya menerima hukuman tanpa diperiksa. Bahkan dalam surat yang ditujukan kepada Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Nazaruddin meminta istrinya tak diseret (112) ke meja hijau. TT: During the two hours of questioning, Nazaruddin mostly replied “I forget” to the (110) 20 questions asked about the events surrounding the alleged embezzlement (111) in the SEA Games accommodation project. He conveyed his willingness to accept punishment without being questioned. In fact, in a letter addressed to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Nazaruddin asked that his wife not be dragged (112) into court. 110. ST : kala TT : to the LIT: time, age, period, or epoch The word, kala in the source text literally means ‘time’, ‘age’, ‘period’, or ‘epoch’. It can also mean when (in the past) as in the sentence, ‘When he looked at the hotel, John’s face became pale’. However, in the
144
TT, it is translated to a preposition, ‘to the’. The shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 111. ST : korupsi TT : embezzlement LIT: corruption The word, korupsi literally means ‘corruption’, but in the TT it is translated to the word, ‘embezzlement’. In this case, the translator wants to emphasize that the reader in the TT is given the impression that the action is not only to corrupt but also to deceive or to steal.
Here, the shift of
cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 112. ST : diseret TT : dragged LIT: [to be] dragged The word, diseret in the ST literally means ‘[to be] dragged’, but in the TT it is translated to the word ‘dragged’. In this case, the translator changes passive voice to the active one. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Juru bicara Presiden, Julian Aldrin Pasha, mengatakan istana belum menerima surat tersebut. Ia menegaskan, Presiden Yudhoyono tidak akan mengintervensi kasus. “Kami tidak menerima (113)
tawaran,” kata Julian.
Senada dengan itu (114) , komisi antikorupsi mempertahankan (115) prinsip mereka. “Meskipun dia mengatakan lupa, yang penting alat buktinya lengkap,” kata Wakil Ketua KPK Bibit Samadi Rianto. (Tito Sianipar, Rusman Paraqbueq, Atmi Pertiwi)
145
TT: Presidential spokesman, Julian Aldrin Pasha, said that the palace had not received this letter. He stressed that President Yudboyono was not going to intervene in this case. “We do not consider (113) proposals,” said Pasha. Similarly (114), the KPK reiterated (115) their stance. “Even though he kept saying he forgot, the important thing is that the evidence is complete.” said KPK Deputy Chairman Bibit Samad Rianto. (Tito Sianipar, Rusman Paraqbueq, Atmi Pertiwi) 113. ST : menerima TT : consider LIT: [to] accept or receive The word, menerima in the source text literally means ‘[to] accept or receive’, but in the TT the translator translates it the word, consider, because the translator thinks that the word accept or receive is not appropriate in the context of the passage; therefore, he translates it to the word ‘consider’. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 114. ST : senada dengan hal itu TT : similarly LIT: to say the same thing The phrase, senada dengan hal itu literally means ‘[to] say the same thing’, but in the TT it is translated to the word, ‘similarly’. In this case, the translator uses a synonym. The shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 115. ST : mempertahankan
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TT : reiterated LIT: [to] defend, protect, or safeguard The word, mempertahankan literally means ‘[to] defend, protect, or safeguard’, but in the TT it is translated to the word, ‘reiterated’. Again, the translator wants to clarify that what it means by this word is not to defend but to reiterate in the same principle. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of the text meaning potential. Here, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential explicit and implicit of the text meaning potential of the ST Changes through translations in the categories word, phrase and clause It can be seen in the following table. Table 4.3 Explicit and Implicit Meaning Potential of SL changes through Translation No
ST
TT
Occurence
Percentage
1
word
Word
58
50,58%
2
word
phrase
19
16,52%
3
word
clause
6
5,2%
4
phrase
Word
5
4,34%
5
phrase
Phrase
14
12,1%
6
phrase
Clause
2
1,73%
7
clause
Word
2
1,73%
8
clause
Phrase
1
0,89%
9
clause
Clause
8
6,9%
115
100%
TOTAL
147
From Table 4.3 above, we can see that the shifts of cohesion in the category of words to word are 58 shifts or 50,58%, from the category word become phrase are 19 shifts or 16,52%, from the category word become clause are 6 shifts or 5,2%, from phrase become word are 5 shifts or 4,34%, from phrase to phrase are 14 shifts or 12,1%, from the category of phrase become clause there are 2 shifts or 1,73%, from category of clause become word are 2 shifs or 1,73%, from category of clause become phrase there is 1 shifts or 0,9%, also from category of clause to clause there are 8 shifts or 6,9%. Therefore, we can see that the shifts of cohesion
in the level of text
meaning potential explicit and implicit of the text meaning potential of the ST changes through translations indicates that there the shifts in the the process of translation which will eventually influence the meaning of the translation product. The shift in the category of words in ST to the words in TT is the most dominant (58 shifts or 50,58%) and the least is in the category of clause become phrase which is only one shift or (0,9%). 70 60
50,58%
50 40 30 20 10
16,52% 12,1% 5,2%
6,9%
4,34%
1,73%
1,73%
0,9%
0 words to words words phrases phrases to phrases clauses clauses clauses to words become become become phrases become become become clauses phrases clauses words clauses words phrases
Figure 4.3 Percentage of the level of text meaning potential explicit and implicit of the text meaning potential of the ST changes through translations 148
The diagram above is the percentage of the shifts of cohesion in the level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the source text in the category of words, phrase, and clause 4.1.4
Shifts of Cohesion in Text changes through the Translation viewed from Culture
Culture is the product of a certain community which is caused by life experience of the individuals, expressed through language. Newmark (1988:94) defines culture “the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression,” which indicates that its language group has its own culturally specific features. The following are the Shift of Cohesion in Text changes through the Translation viewed from culture from Indonesian text to the English one. ST: Wakil presiden boediono dan menteri keuangan sri mulyani indrawati kemungkinan besar lolos dari jerat (1) panitia angket bank century. Lobi intensif hingga detik terakhir, TT: Vice President Boediono and Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati are likely to fare well in the final decision (1) of the Bank Century inquiry special committee. Intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moments. 1.
The clause lolos dari jerat in SL literally means ‘escaped from the snare’, but here it is translated into ‘fare well in the final decision’. In this case, there is the shift in meaning: the implicit meaning in the SL is automatically translated explicitly in the TL since it is what has been intended by the translator so that he decides to use explicit meaning in the process of translation. This is done in order to avoid misunderstanding in giving the real meaning of the phrase. Here, the 149
translator decides to use shift of cohesion at the level shift in text meaning; that is, “…the implicit and explicit meaning potential of the source text changes through the translation” (Kulka in Venuti in Venuti, 2000:299). For the user of the SL, it is not difficult to give the meaning of ‘snare’, but for the user of TL, it is very difficult to know the real meaning of ‘jerat’ since it literally means snare which is usually used for ‘hunting’ or ‘prey’; therefore, the translator has to find the implicit meaning of the word. The same is true for the word lolos which literally means ‘escape’ (from danger; in this case, it means problem). ST: TIDAK mudah menyamakan isi kepala (2) sembilan orang. Apalagi jika mereka mewakili sembilan kepentingan politik yang berbeda. Kamis pekan lalu, rapat tim kecil panitia khusus penyelidikan bailout Bank Century, di Hotel Santika, Slipi, Jakarta Barat, tak bisa menemukan kata sepakat Padahal, dua jam lebih mereka berembuk (3), merumuskan laporan final Panitia Angket yang akan dibacakan dalam Rapat Paripurna Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Selasa pekan ini. TT: It is not easy to get nine people to think along the same lines (2), especially if they represent nine different political interests. On Thursday last week, at a meeting of a team of representatives of the special committee to investigate the Bank Century bailout case, at Santika Hotel, in West Jakarta, no agreement was reached. They met (3) for more than two hours, formulating the final report of the DPR's Bank Century Special Inquiry Committee, which was to be read at the DPR Plenary Session on Tuesday this week.
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2.
In the clause, menyamakan isi kepala, there two types of shift in cohesion: the shift in the implicit and explicit potential of the source text which changes through translation and the general level of TT is higher than the ST. Literally, menyamakan isi kepala/treat as equal [the] content [of] head/ is translated into ‘treat the head content as equal’. Here, it is translated into ‘get to think along the same line’ which indicates the meaning potential and also in the level of explicitness higher than that of the ST.
3.
The word, berembuk in the ST literally means ‘discussing’ or ‘conferring’, but in the TT the translator translates it to the verb, ‘met’. Here, the synonym used in the cohesion is in the lexical cohesion: the translator uses the word ‘met’ which relevant to the context; that is, to meet in order to discuss something.
ST: Wakil Sekjen Partai Ka'bah ini benar belaka (4). Persepsi sebagian fraksi atas proses penyelamatan Bank Century memang berbeda bak langit dan bumi (5). Meski sudah hampir empat bulan bersama-sama menguliti (6) dokumen dan kesaksian dari berbagai pihak yang diduga terlibat, kesepahaman tampaknya mustahil dicapai. TT: This PPP Deputy Secretary-General was entirely (4) correct. The differences of opinion among some of the factions regarding the Bank Century bailout process were like night and day (5). Even though they spent almost four months together going through (6) documents and the testimonies of various parties suspected of involvement, it was impossible to reach some kind of an agreement.
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4.
The word, belaka is basically a comparative in SL, but it is changed to an adverb in TL, ‘entirely’. This shift is caused by the difference in culture between SL and TL so that the correct word is by using the shift in text meaning; that is, in the level of explicit and implicit meaning potential.
5.
The phrase, bak langit dan bumi is an idiomatic expression which cannot be translated word by word. In the TL, there is the similar expression, ‘like day and night’. In this case, there is the difference in culture between SL and TL, and here there is the shift in the level of text meaning, that is, implicit meaning potential of SL.
6.
The word, menguliti in contains an implicit meaning. It should be confirmed by finding out the explicit meaning. Therefore, the shift in text meaning, that is, the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the SL should be changed in the TL by translating it to ‘going through’.
ST: Pandangan lima fraksi lain lebih moderat, meski juga tak sepenuhnya seragam. Partai Persatuan Pembangunan dan Partai Grerindra menilai kebijakan penyelamatan krisis perbankan sudah tepat, namun formulasi kebijakan dan implementasinya bermasalah. Partai Amanat Nasional hanya menyoroti penerapan kebijakan penyelamatan yang bolong di sana-sini (7). Sedangkan Partai Demokrat dan Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa bersikap lebih tegas: tak ada yang salah dalam bailout Century. TT: The views given by the other five factions were more moderate, even though they were not in complete agreement. The PPP and Gerindra party felt that the policy to aid a bank in crisis was appropriate, but that there were mistakes in
152
the way the policy was formulated and implemented. The National Mandate Party (PAN) pointed to the various shortcomings (7) in the application of the policy. Meanwhile, the Democrat Party and the National Awakening Party (PKB) emphatically stated there was nothing wrong with the Bank Century bailout. 7.
The phrase, bolong di sana-sini in the ST literally means ‘holes here and there’, which is, of course, an idiomatic expression. The right expression for its explicit meaning is ‘various shortcomings’ in the TT. In this case, there is the shift from implicit meaning to explicit one to meaning potential change through translation.
ST: "Kadang-kadang pesan politik yang dikirim dari Senayan memang kabur dan membingungkan." kata satu orang dekat Istana kepada Tempo, pekan lalu. Keberadaan sejumlah faksi dengan kepentingan berbeda di partai masing-masing membuat peta politik jadi ruwet (8). TT: "Sometimes the political message sent out of the DPR is indeed vague and confusing," one person close to the Palace told Tempo, last week. The existence of a number of factions with interests differing from that of their respective parties has confounded the political map (8). 8.
The clause, membuat peta politik jadi ruwet is translated to ‘[has] confounded the political map’. If we translate it word by word, it will become ‘make political map becomes complicated’, but here it is translated ‘[has] confounded the political map’. The word ‘confounded’ is chosen because the intention of the ST is ‘to confound [the political map]’.
ST: PRESIDEN Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono memulai rapat kabinet pada Kamis
153
siang pekan lalu, dengan doa pendek untuk Boediono. Hari itu, 25 Februari, wakil presiden kelahiran Blitar. Jawa Timur, itu tengah (9) berulang tahun ke 67. "Semoga Pak Boed panjang umur, selalu dilindungi Tuhan, diberi tuntunan dan bimbingan untuk menjalani kehidupan yang dirahmati Allah," kata Yudhoyono mendoakan. Semua menteri yang hadir menundukkan kepala. TT: PRESIDENT Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono opened the cabinet meeting on the Thursday afternoon last week with a short prayer for Boediono. On that February 25, it happened to (9) be the 67th birthday of the Vice President, who was born in Blitar, East Java. "May Pak Boed have a long life, always be protected by God, be given wisdom and guidance to live a blessed life," said Yudhoyono in his prayer. All of the ministers present bowed their heads. 9.
The word, tengah in the ST literally means ‘middle’, but the word in the ST is a slang word which means ‘still going on’; therefore, the translator translates it to a clause, ‘it happened’ in the TT. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the text meaning potential.
ST: Pekan lalu, sempat beredar kabar (10) bahwa Boediono dan Sri Mulvani akan mundur bersama jika- salah satu atau keduanya–dinyatakan bersalah oleh legislatif. Namun isu ini cepat-cepat ditepis lingkaran dalam Istana. "Tak pernah ada rencana seperti itu," kata Yopie Hidayat, staf khusus sekaligus (11) juru bicara Wakil Presiden. TT: Last week, rumors said (10) Boediono and Sri Mulyani would both resign if one or both of them were found guilty by the legislature. However, this rumor was quickly played down by circles in the Palace. "There was never such a plan." said Yopie Hidayat, a special staff and (11) spokesman for the Vice
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President. 10. The clause, beredar kabar in the the ST consists of two words: beredar which literally means ‘[to] circulate’ and kabar which means ‘news’ or ‘information’. If these words are joined, they will be ‘the news is circulated’. However, since it has negative connotation (something which is unfavorable), the translator translates it to ‘rumors said’. Here, the
passive construction (the news is circulated) is changed to the
active one (rumors said). In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 11. The word, sekaligus in the ST literally means ‘all at once’, but in the TT it is translated to the conjunction, ‘and’. Actually, there is only a slight difference in meaning between ‘all at once’ and the conjunction ‘and’, but the trasnslator chooses the conjunction, and as a matter of choice in order to make the sentence flow smoothly. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Pertemuan segitiga (12) Yudhoyono-Boediono-Sri Mulyani juga makin intensif sepekan terakhir ini. Dalam setiap rapat, strategi melawan pencitraan yang dibangun musuh-musuh politik SBY di DPR dibahas detail. "Ketiganya tampak high-spirited.” kata satu sumber Tempo di lstana Negara, mengomentari rapat koordinasi trio ini, Rabu pekan lalu. TT: Meetings (12) between Yudhoyono, Boediono and Sri Mulyani took place more often over the past week. In each meeting, the strategy to oppose the image being constructed by SBY's political opponents in the DPR was discussed in detail. "The three appear to be high-spirited," said one Tempo source at the
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State Palace, commenting on the coordinative meeting between the three, on Wednesday last week. 12. The phrase, pertemuan segitiga in the SL literally means ‘triangle meeting’, but here it is translated to a single word ‘meeting’. There is such an expression of triangle meeting in the TT; therefore, the translator only uses the word, ‘meeting’ in the translation, and the reader has already known from the context that ‘the meeting’ is held by three parties. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the source text. ST: Kepercayaan diri kubu lstana tak lepas dari terungkapnya sejumlah kasus yang melibatkan motor Panitia Angket, sepanjang pekan lalu. Misalnya kasus letter of credit dari Bank Century untuk PT Selalang Prima International milik politikus Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, Misbakhun, senilai US$ 22,5 juta. Misbakhun adalah anggota Tim Sembilan, yang pertama kali menggulirkan (13) kasus Century di parlemen. TT: The confidence of the Palace camp was partly buoyed by revelations last week of cases involving some legislators who pushed for the formation of the inquiry committee. For instance, there was the letter of credit from Bank Century in favor of PT Selalang Prima International, a company connected to PKS politician Misbakhun, in the amount of US$22.5 million. Misbakhun is a member of the Team of Nine, who first raised (13) the Bank Century case in the DPR. 13. The word, menggulirkan in the ST explicitly means ‘[to] make something roll’; but, it has implicit meaning: ‘put forward’ or ‘propose’; however, the translator translates it to a single word, ‘raised’
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in the the TT. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Selain itu, muncul kembalinya kasus penjualan beras impor oleh PT Hexatama, Finindo milik politikus Partai Golkar, Setya Novanto senilai US$ 12 juta, dua pekan lalu, membuat girang (14) Istana. Novanto sekarang adalah Ketua Fraksi Golkar di parlemen, yang aktif mengawal gerak-gerik anggotanya di Panitia Angket Century. Kasus Novanto menambah tekanan kepada Beringin, yang sebelumnya sudah terpojok (15) oleh tudingan pengemplangan (16) pajak Grup Bakrie. TT: Further more, the reemergence of the sale of imported rice by PT Hexatama Finindo, a company connected to Golkar Party politician Setya Novanto, in the amount of US$12 million, two weeks ago, also came as good news (14) for the Palace. Novanto is currently Golkar faction chief in the DPR, who has been directing the moves of his members in the Special Committee. The Novanto case adds to the pressure being put on Golkar, already plagued (15) by charges of tax evasion (16) by the Bakrie Group of companies. 14. The clause, membuat girang in the ST has good connotation since its literal meaning is ‘[to] make happy’; therefore, it is appropriate to translate it to the phrase ‘good news’ in the TT. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. 15. The word, terpojok in the ST literally and explicitly means ‘[to be] forced into a corner’; but since it also has impliclit meaning. It seems that according to the context in the ST it has to be translated to ‘[to be] plagued’. In this case, the shift is in the level of meaning potential.
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16. The word, pengemplangan literally means ‘embezzlement’ such as in ‘The official’s embezzlement the money from the office funds is regarded a corrupting action’. Here, it is translated to the word ‘evasion’ which is also appropriate. In this case, the shift is in the level of meaning potential and also culture of SL which comes from Javanese dialect. ST: Pendeknya, Yudhoyono dan Partai Demokrat merasa di atas angin (17). Masih kerasnya sikap Golkar dan PKS serta abu – abunya (18) posisi PAN dan PPP – dinilai bukan soal besar. “Sama seperti mobil yang semula melaju kencang, kan tidak mungkin tiba-tiba berputar arah? Pasti mengerem dulu pelan-pelan," kata Achsanul Qosasi, politikus Partai Demokrat di Panitia Angket. TT: In short, Yudhoyono and the Demecrat Party feel that things will eventually go their way (17). The sharp stance by Golkar and PKS–and the vague (18) position of PAN and PPP - are not seen to be a serious problem "It's like a car which is going fast. It cannot just suddenly turn around, right? It would have to slow down first," said Achsanul Qosasi, a Democrat Party member in the Special Committee. 17. The phrase, di atas angin in SL has an implicit meaning, in a good position. Therefore, it is appropriate when the translator translates it to an idiomatic expression, ‘things will eventually go their way’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text and there is also the influence of culture of the SL 18. The phrase abu-abu is also an idiomatic expression which literally means ‘ash-gray’. However, since it is idiomatic, the translator
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translates it to ‘vague’ since it is the idiomatic translatrion of the word abu-abu. ST: Keenam wilayah temuan itu: pertama, soal satu pasal dalam surat perjanjian (akta) pemberian FPJP yang mengacu pada peraturan Bank Indonesia yang lamaNomor 10/26/2008 yang mensyaratkan rasio kecukupan modal di atas 8 persen. Padahal saat itu rasio kecukupan modal Bank Century sudah melorot (19) tinggal sekitar 2 persen. "Menurut kami, itu salah ketik saja. Jelas-jelas saat itu sudah ada peraturan Bank Indonesia yang baru, Nomor 10/30/2008, yang hanya mensyaratkan rasio modal positif,” kata Achsanul. TT: Here are the six findings: first, the matter of an article in the agreement (act) to issue the FPJP, which refers to an old regulation of Bank Indonesia (No. 10/26/2008), stipulating that the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) must be above 8 percent. In fact, at that time, Bank Century's CAR had fallen (19) to about 2 percent. "According to us, that was just a typo. Clearly at that time there was a new regulation of Bank Indonesia. No. 10/30/2008, which only required a positive CAR," said Achsanul. 19. The word, melorot in the ST comes from the Javanese dialect which explicitly means ‘slide down’ or ‘slip off’ (“His pants slip off’), but here it has implicit meaning: [Bank Century’s CAR] had ‘fallen’ [about 2 percent]. It is ridiculous to say [Bank Century’s CAR] had slipped off. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential and, of course, it is not separated from the culture of the SL. ST: Kelima, soal (20) dasar hukum keberadaan Komite Stabilitas yang tumpang-
159
tindih antara UU Bank Indonesia, UU Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan. dan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang tentang Jaring Pengaman Sistem Keuangan. “Ini kan wilayah Mahkamah Konstitusi, bukan panitia angket parlemen.” katanya. TT: Fifth, involves the issue (20) of the legal basis for the existence of the Stability Committee itself, which overlaps with the Law on Bank Indonesia. the Law on the Indonesian Savings Guarantee Board (LPS) and the Government Regulation in Lieu of Law regarding the Financial System Security Network. “This is of course the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court, not a parliamentary inquiry committee." he said, 20. The word, soal in the target text literally means ‘question’ or ‘problem’, but in the TT it is translated to the clause, ‘involves the issue [of]’. It seems that the translation does not match with the literal meaning in the ST. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the text meaning potential and there is the influence of the culture of its SL; ST: Menurut Achsanul, semua partai koalisi sepakat adanya enam temuan itu, tapi berbeda sikap soal penafsiran temuan itu. Fraksi Demokrat, misalnya, menilai tidak ada indikasi korupsi atau pelanggaran hukum di enam temuan int. "Lain ceritanya (21) kalau Panitia Angket menemukan aliran dana sekian puluh miliar ke Boediono dan Sri Mulyani. Tapi ini kan tidak ada?" kata Achsanul keras. TT: According to Achsanul, all of the coalition parties agreed on these six findings, however they took different positions on what the findings implied. The Democrat Party faction, for instance, felt that there were no indications of corruption or crime in these six findings. "It would be a different story (21) if the
160
Special Committee found tens of billions of rupiah going to Boediono and Sri Mulyani. However, nothing like this happened," stressed Achsanul. 21. The phrase, lain ceritanya in the ST literally means ‘its different story’, but in the TT it is translated to a clause, ‘It would be a different way [if…]’. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. The influence of culture in the phrase above can also be seen in the shift of meaning; that is, the word, cerita (story) in the SL is usually meant as ‘thing’ or ‘intention’. ST: Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani tenang-tenang saja terhadap sengkarut (22) Senayan dalam memutuskan nasibnya. Rabu pekan lalu, sambil tersenyum lepas dia mengomentari pandangan akhir fraksi-fraksi di Panitia Angket Century, sehari sebelumnya. "Saya senang dievaluasi, asalkan evaluasi itu secara obyektif, berdasarkan kinerja dan peraturan undang-undang." katanya. Dengan selendang merah muda di pundak kanan, Sri Mulyani tampak percaya diri TT: Finance Minister Sri Mulyani is calmly facing the dilemma (22) she finds herself in, aware that the outcome will affect her future. On Wednesday last week, all smiles, she commented on the final views given by the factions in the Bank Century Special Committee, held the previous day. "I am happy to be evaluated, as long as the evaluation is done objectively, based on performance and the laws and regulations," she said. Wearing a pink shawl over her right shoulder, Sri Mulyani appeared confident. 22. The word, sengkarut in the ST literally means ‘intertwined’ or ‘interlaced’, but here the translator translates it to the word ‘dilemma’ which is, of course, different in meaning from the adjective,
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‘interwined’ or ‘interlaced’. Here, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential; besides that, the influence of culture in the SL forms different word classes. ST: Nazaruddin sempat (23) menolak didampingi Kaligis. Akibat kesal ditagih duit pendampingan hukum. TT: Nazaruddin temporarily (23) refused to be legally represented by Kaligis. He was upset at being billed for supposedly free legal assistance. 23. The word, sempat literally means ‘[to] have/get the time/the chance/the opportunity’ (to do something or act in some way), but the translator translates it to ‘temporarily’ which literally means for the time being. In this case, both SL and TL have implicit meaning and the shift of cohesion in meaning potential is used. ST: PENGACARA Otto Cornehs Kaligis menyodorkan (24) pulpen ke tangan Muhammad Nazaruddin. Tersangka perkara suap proyek wisma atlet SEA Games itu diam saja, mengabaikan sodoran sang pengacara. Ia menolak menandatangani kertas di depannya. Hanya dua orang itu yang terlihat di ruang pertemuan rumah tahanan Markas Komando Brigade Mobil Kepolisian RI di Kelapa Dua, Depok, Jawa Barat, Senin pekan lalu. TT: LAWYER Otto Cornelis Kaligis held out (24) a pen for Muhammad Nazaruddin to sign. Nazaruddin, a suspect in a bribery case regarding an athletes' accommodation project for the upcoming SEA Games just sat still, ignoring the offer made by the lawyer. He refused to sign the paper in front of him. Only these two were in the meeting room located inside the detention facility of the police's Mobile Brigade (Brimob) Command Headquarters in Kelapa Dua, Depok, West
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Java, on Monday last week. 24. The word, menyodorkan literally means ‘[to] thrust something forward’. Here, it is translated to ‘held out’. Of course, it is translated idiomatically and it is apparent that it is influenced by culture. ST:
Guna
menghindari
cekcok
berkepanjangan,
penyidik
akhirnya
memperbolehkan Nazaruddin ditemui empat mata oleh Aziz Syamsuddin. Pada saat itulah anggota rombongan lain merangsek (25) masuk. “Nanti pakai hak untuk diam saja,” kata Kaligis sembari menyerahkan buku soal hukum pidana. “Tanpa pengacara, jangan mau (diperiksa),” Nudirnian menimpali. TT: In order to avoid a lengthy dispute, investigators finally allowed Nazaruddin to meet privately with another lawyer, Aziz Syamsuddin. At this point the other members of the entourage inched their way (25) inside. “Later use right to remain silent,” said Kaligis while handing over a book on criminal law. “Without a lawyer present, don't agree [to be questioned]. “Nudirman retorted. 25. The word, rangsek, according to Echols’ Kamus Indonesia-Inggeris, means ‘[to] attack’. However, here it is translated to the clause, ‘inched their way’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of text meaning potential and also the influence of culture. ST: NAZARUDDIN dibawa ke Indonesia dari Kolumbia pada 13 Agustus lalu. Sejak Nazaruddin tiba di Tanan Air kasusnya menciptakan berbagai kisah. Drama pertama tersaji (26) ketika turun dari pesawat carteran Guifstreaum, dengan tangan diborgolkan ke seorang penyidik KPK Nazaruddin dikawal ketat pasukan bersenjata
lengkap.
la
diboyong
ke
Markas
Brimob,
diserahterimakan ke komisi antikorupsi pada malam harinva.
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baru
kemudian
TT: NAZARUDDIN was brought back to Indonesia from Colombia on August 13. Nazaruddin’s return home created a number of dramatic stories. The first took place (26) when he debarked the chartered Gulfstream airplane. Handcuffed to a KPK investigator, Nazaruddin was escorted under heavy guard of a fully armed police detail. He was taken to the Brimob, HQ and was turned over to the KPK later that night. 26. The word, tersaji in the ST literally means ‘[to be] served’. Thus, Makanan telah tersaji means ‘the food has been served’. However, in the TT the word which has the same meaning is in the active form, ‘took plac (idiomtic meaning). Therefore, the translator only uses the shift of cohesion in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Pemeriksaan perdana Nazaruddin soal biodatanva berlangsung hingga pukul 01.00 WIB. Dalam rekaman video KPK, terlihat Nazaruddin berbincang santai dengan dua penyidik diruang pemeriksaan berukuran sekitar 3 x 3 meter di lantai 7 gedung KPK. Ia ditawari rokok, kopi, hingga makanan dalam kotak berlauk rending (27). “Sudah lama saya tidak makan nasi Padang (28),” ujar Nazaruddin sembari tersenyum kepada penyidik. TT: Nazaruddin’s first session regarding his personal data lasted until l am. In the KPK’s video recording, Nazaruddin can be seen talking casually with two investigators in an interrogation room measuring about 3 x 3 meters on the seventh floor of the KPK Building. He was offered cigarettes, coffee, and a boxed lunch with an Indonesian dried beef dish (27). “I haven't eaten this kind of food (28) for a long time,” said Nazaruddin smiling to investigators.
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27. The word, rendang does not have the exact translation in in English since it is a specific Indonesian kind of food; it is a dish made of beef (or other ingredients) cooked in chilies and coconut milk until dry. Therefore, it is not necessarily translated into a target language. But here the translator wants to tell the reader about ‘a dried beef dish’. In this case, the translator uses the shift of cohesion in level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. 28. The phrase, nasi padang in the SL is usually related to rendang; therefore, the translator uses the reference which has been appeared with ‘this kind of food’. In this case, the shift of cohesion used by the translator is in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. ST: Kaligis yang sejak awal mengklaim sebagai kuasa hukum Nazaruddin, mempertanyakan KPK yang menurut dia melarang pengacara menemui Nazaruddin saat berada di ruang tahanan. Ia juga kerap melontarkan (29) kekhawatiran Nazaruddin dicuci otaknya oleh KPK. TT: Kaligis, who from the outset claimed to be Nazaruddin's lawyer, questioned the KPK, which, according to him, banned lawyers from seeing Nazaruddin when he is in custody. He has also raised (29) his concern that Nazaruddin was being brainwashed by the KPK. 29. The word, melontarkan in the ST literally means ‘[to] hurl, fling, or throw’, but it can implicitly means ‘[to] come up with [an idea]’ or ‘[to] put forward’. In the TT it is translated to the word, ‘raised’ because the translator wants to explain that the word. melontar is a term which is
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used in the ST to denote something which is hard. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of meaning potential. ST: Nazaruddin, menurut sumber di KPK, juga diminta menuliskan nama-nama kerabat atau keluarga yang boleh menjenguknya. Satu per satu nama yang ditulis Nazaruddin pada secartik kertas adalah Neneng Sri Wahyuni, istrinya; M Nasir, kakaknya; Rita Zahara, kakak sulung; Hasyim, adiknya, Aan, sopir pribadi; dan Kaligis. Setelah menuliskan nama-nama itu. Nazaruddin berpikir sejenak, kemudian mencoret nama Kaligis. “Enggak usah aja (30),” ujarnya. TT: Nazaruddin- according to a source in the KPK, was also asked to write down the names of friends and relatives who were allowed to visit him. The names that Nazaruddin wrote on a piece of paper were: Neneng Sri Wahyuni, his wife: M. Nasir, his older brother; Rita Zahara, his oldest sister; Hasyim, his younger brother. Aan, his driver; and Kaligis. After writing down those names, Nazaruddin thought for a moment, then crossed out Kaligis's name. “Not necessary (30). he said. 30. The phrase, nggak usah aja is a colloquial expression which literally means ‘It is not necessary to’, ‘It does not need to’, or ‘It does not have to’. In the TT it is translated to the phrase, ‘not necessary’. Here, the translator uses the same meaning although he uses a phrase instead of a clause. In this case, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of explicitness lower than that of the ST. ST: Meski berkali-kali menolak Kaligis, Nazar akhirnya menyerah. Surat kuasa untuk Kaligis ditekennya pada Selasa, 16 Agustus, di tahanan. Surat dititipkan Kaligis lewat (31) Nasir. Sehari setelah itu. Kaligis menemui Nazaruddin di tahanan. Keesokan harinya, Nazaruddin diperiksa KPK. Di sinilah Nazaruddin
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memainkan babak baru dalam drama hidupnya: bungkam. TT: After repeatedly rejecting to be represented by Kaligis, Nazaruddin finally gave in. He signed the power of attorney in favor of Kaligis on Tuesday, August 16, while in detention. The letter was sent to Kaligis through (31) Nasir. A day later, Kaligis met Nazaruddin in custody. The following day, Nazaruddin was questioned by the KPK. This was when Nazaruddin began a new chapter in his drama: keeping quiet. 31. The word, lewat literally means ‘[to] pass’, but in the TT it is translated to the word ‘through’ because what is intended by this word in the ST is not the action in passing something or a place, but it is about sending something through someone. Here, the shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. ST: Dalam pemeriksaan selama dua jam, Nazaruddin lebih banyak menjawab lupa, kala (32) 20 pertanyaan tentang peristiwa dugaan korupsi proyek wisma atlet diajukan. Ia menyampaikan kesediaanya menerima hukuman tanpa diperiksa. Bahkan dalam surat yang ditujukan kepada Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Nazaruddin meminta istrinya tak diseret ke meja hijau. TT: During the two hours of questioning, Nazaruddin mostly replied “I forget” to the (32) 20 questions asked about the events surrounding the alleged embezzlement in the SEA Games accommodation project. He conveyed his willingness to accept punishment without being questioned. In fact, in a letter addressed to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Nazaruddin asked that his wife not be dragged into court.
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32. The word, kala in the source text literally means ‘time’, ‘age’, ‘period’, or ‘epoch’. It can also mean ‘when’ (in the past) as in the sentence, “When he looked at the hotel, John’s face became pale.” However, in the TT, it is translated to a preposition ‘to’. The shift of cohesion occurs in the level of text meaning potential. Here, the shift of Cohesion in Text changes through the Translation viewed from Culture in the categories of words, phrases and clauses can be seen in the following table. Table 4.4 Shifts of Cohesion in Text changes through the Translation viewed from Culture
No
ST
TT
Occurrence
Percentage
1
word
word
12
37,5%
2
word
phrase
4
12,5%
3
word
clause
3
9,37%
4
phrase
word
1
3,13%
5
phrase
phrase
5
15,6%
6
phrase
clause
2
6,25%
7
Clause
Clause
5
15,6%
32
100%
Total
From Table 4.4 above, we can see that the shifts of cohesion in the category of word to word are 12 shifts or 37,5%, from the category word become phrase are 4 shifts or 12,5%, from the category word become clause are 3 shifts or 9,37%, from phrase become word there is one shift or 3,13%, from phrase to phrase are 5
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shifts or 15,6%, from the category of phrase become clause there are 2 shifts or 6,25%, also from category of clause to clause there are 5 shifts or 15,6%. The diagram following is the percentage of shifts of cohesion in text changes through the translation viewed from culture. 14 37,5% 12 word to word
10
word become phrase word to clause
8
phrase become word 6
15,6%
15,6%
phrase to clause
12,5% 4
phrase to phrase
clause to clause
9,37% 6,25
2
3,13%
0
Figure 4.4 percentage of shifts of cohesion in text changes through the translation viewed from culture
4.2. Conclusion In the three shifts of cohesion above which were taken from the samples which consisted of 54 paragraphs from of Indonesian text in this case acted as ST, and of 54 pharagraphs from the English text acted as TT, it could be concluded that there were three types of shifts of cohesion in the translation of Tempo Magazines from the Indonesian version to the English one which is called TT. The percentage of Shifts in Cohesion in the Translation of Tempo Magazine can be seen in the following table.
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Table 4.5 Percentage of Shifts in Cohesion in the Translation of Tempo Magazine Shift of Cohesion in the No.
Total
Percentage
36
23,67%
11
7,23%
115
69,10%
152
100%
Translation of Tempo Magazine The General Level Explicitness 1 Higher than that of ST The General Level Explicitness 2 Lower than that of ST 3
Text Meaning Potential TOTAL
1.
There were 36 (23.67%) shifts of cohesion in the general level of TT’s textual explicitness which is higher than that of the ST, taken from the samples which consisted of 54 paragraphs.
2.
There were 11 (7.23%) shifts of cohesion in the general level of TT’s textual explicitness which is lower than that of the ST, taken from the samples which consisted of 54 paragraphs.
3.
There were 115 (69.10%) shift of cohesion in text meaning of the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the ST which changes through the translation, taken from the samples which consisted of 54 paragraphs. The number of the shifts of cohesion above could also be seen in the
following figure:
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140 120 Text Meaning Potential 69%
100 80 60
The General Level Explicitness higher than that of ST 23,67%
115 (69,10%)
40 36(23,67%)
20 0
11(7,23%) Text Meaning Potential 69%
The General Level Explicitness Lower than that of ST 7,23%
The General Level The General Level Explicitness Explicitness Lower higher than that than that of ST of ST 23,67% 7,23%
Figure 4.5 Shifts of Cohesion in the Translation of Tempo Magazine
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CHAPTER V FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Findings A process which is generally done by a translator in translating a text from the source language to the target language is by transferring the information which is found in the source language into the target language according to what Has been informed in the source language. The transferred information must not exceed or decrease from the intended information in the source text. Therefore, a translator has to clearly understand the meaning which contains the information in order that it will reach the target reader as what has been intended by the writer in the source language. In conveying the intended information, a translator has to have a strategy or procedure to do his job so that the outcome of his translation does not produce bewildering information for the target reader who will eventually not misunderstand the outcome of the translation. In the process of translation, the process of interpreting which is expressed by a translator in the source text and translated to target text will be more redundant than that of the source text if the meaning found in the target text is retranslated to the source text. This redundancy can occur because of the shift in the level of cohesive explicitness in the target text is in higher level or lower than that of the source. The shift which occurs will automatically influence the meaning of the
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translation from the source text which, in this research, is Indonesian text and the target text is English. The influence of the shift can be seen in the explanation below. 5.1.1 Shift in Cohesion From the analysis conducted by the researcher, which was, of course, in line with the problems of the study, it was found that the result related to the translation procedure: the influence of shift of cohesion in the translation which consisted of two levels of shift. They were : - The general level of target text’s textual explicitness is higher and lower than that of the source text. - Shift in text meaning: the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the source text changes through translations. 5.1.1.1 The General Level of Target Text’s Textual Explicitness higher and lower than that of the Source Text 1). Shifts in the level of explicitness in which the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the source text is caused by the distinction grammatically which is indicated by the change in the cohesion; that is, from the word become phrase, from the word become clause, from phrase to phrase, from the phrases become clause, and from clause to clause which is explicitly shifted. The literal translation does not have any correct sentence since it is only a phrase (without verb or predicate), but in the target text it becomes clearly a good sentence with subject and predicate. In this case, the shift occurs in the higher level as it had been explained in chapter IV table 4.1, figure 4.1. 2). Shifts in the level of explicitness in which the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is lower than that of the source text; that is, from word to ∅, 173
from the phrase ∅, from phrase become word, from phrase to phrase, from clause become ∅, from clause become word, from become phrase, from clause to clause. Shifts that occurs in the Target Language is not always higher than that of the source text, but it can also be lower than that of the source text. This can occur because there is an obligatory structure, meaning, and general principle in a translation process. as it had been explained in chapter IV table 4.2, figure 4.2. 5.1.1.2 Shift in text meaning : implicit and explicit meaning potential As it has been mentioned above (chapter IV table 4.3, figure 4.3) shift in text meaning; i.e. the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the source text changes through the translation. Shift in text meaning which basically has adhesive function ties a text cohesively by joining meanings consecutively. Cohesion is interrelated components in forming a sentence or a clause and then forming a text. It is also a surfacing component which ties or correlates parts of a text which are, of course, closely interrelated the grammatical system of a certain language. Therefore, the differences which are found in a certain language system, either in the Source Language or in the Target Language in the case of cohesion, can be presented by using cohesive device which is adjusted to the respective language. Since there is no same word in two languages, the translator’s choice on meaning component of meaning concept involved in the type of cohesive markers. Besides that, the information found in a text, either source text or target text, can be explicit and implicit information. Therefore, a translator has to be considerate in translating the meaning of a certain text, not to mention if the information in the source text is implicit. In this case, he has to trace the meaning which is related to
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the context. The shift of cohesion in the level of text meaning potential can change according to the meaning which comes from the ambiguous meaning in the source language; it is then transferred to the target language which makes the meaning clearer. In this case, it is categorized as the implicit meaning potential of the source language changes to the explicit one through the translation. On the other hand, shift of cohesion in the level of explicit meaning potential of the source text to the implicit one through the translation rarely occurs. This is proved in the data which have been analyzed above. Most of the shifts of cohesion in the text meaning potential is dominated by the shifts of cohesion in the category of the implicit meaning potential of the source language which changes to the explicit one (since the reader of the target language needs transparent meaning so that he understands what he is reading about). Nevertheless, the shifts from the explicit meaning to the implicit meaning still exist (although they are very few). 5.1.1.3 Shift of Cohesion in the Translation viewed from the Culture All types of communication are based on the information of the same world. This information can include language structure, culture, previous conversation, and literature, experience and so on. In every text there is implicit information or meaning. Some information or meaning is let implicit because the original language structure, information, or meaning has been included in the other texts. However, the implicit information must be conveyed by a translator because it is a part of the meaning intended by the original writer. A translator should be able to make sure that the way he is doing has met the grammatical, semantic, and style requirements of the TT. He should also make sure that this method has really been included in the information change from
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explicit to implicit without eliminating its meaning; He only ‘transfers’ the meaning which is intended by ST, as it has been mentioned in Chaper 4 table 4.4 figure 4.4. 5.2 Discussion From the displayed presentation, it was found that shifts of cohesion in the translation of TEMPO magazines from the Indonesia version to the English version which is called the source text and the target text basically had the influence in the levels of: a) Shift in the level of explicitness i.e., the general level of the target texts’
textual explicitness is higher and lower than that of the source text. b) Shift in text meaning i.e., explicit and implicit meaning potential of the
source text change through translations. Shifts in the level of explicitness in which the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the source text as it can be seen in the following examples. a. ST: lobi intensif hingga detik terachir (March 7, 2010) TT: intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moments LIT: intensive lobby until second last The phrase, lobi intensif hingga detik terakhir is literally translated to ‘intensive lobby up to the last moment’. Here, it is translated to ‘intensive lobbying is being done up to the final moment’. In this case the change only occurs in the level of explicitness, the general level of the target text’s textual explicitness is higher than that of the ST b. ST’: berbisnis serat optic sepanjang rel (April 24, 2011, p.61 data) TT : There was a rail-side fiber optic business interest.
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LIT: doing fiber optic business along the rail The phrase, berbisnis serat optic sepanjang rel in the ST literally means ‘doing fiber optic business along the rail’, but in the TT the translator translates it to a clause, ‘There was a rail-side fiber optic business interest. Here, the shift changes from a phrase in the ST to a clause in the TT. In the ST, the word berbisnis is translated to ‘doing business’, but in the TT there is a substitution of ‘doing’ to ‘there was’. In this case, the shift occurs in the level of explicitness higher than that of the ST. c. ST: lolos dari jerat [panitia angket Bank Century] (March 7, 2010) TT: fare well in the final decision of… LIT: escaped from the snare The phrase lolos dari jerat in SL literally means ‘escaped from the snare’, but here it is translated into ‘fare well [in the final decision]’. In this case, there is the shift in meaning: the implicit meaning in the SL is automatically translated explicitly in the TL since it is what has been intended by the translator so that he decides to use explicit meaning in the process of translation. This is done in order to avoid misunderstanding in giving the real meaning of the phrase. Here, the translator decides to use shift of cohesion at the level shift in text meaning; that is, “…the implicit and explicit meaning potential of the source text changes through the translation” (Kulka in Venuti, 2000:299). For the user of the SL, it is not difficult to give the meaning of snare, but for the user of TL, it is very difficult to know the real meaning of jerat since it literally means ‘snare’ which is usually used for ‘hunting’ or ‘prey’; therefore, the translator has to
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find the implicit meaning of the word. The same is true for the word lolos which literally means ‘escape’ (from danger; in this case, it means problem). The translator necessarily uses the expectancy chain (Larson, 1909: 486) of lolos dari jerat as in ‘fare well [in the final decision of]’ in TL for correct and clear expression of the ST’s meaning. This can make the product of the translation seems natural and its result is higher than that of the ST.
In the level of text meaning potential, the shifts mostly occurred in the level of explicit and implicit meaning potential of the source text changed through the translation. It could be seen in the diagram that the shifts were 69.10% of all shifts of cohesion in the process of translation of TEMPO magazines. The shifts of cohesion in the level of text meaning potential were the shifts in the level of explicit and implicit meaning. In the level of meaning potential itself the shifts mostly included explicit meaning. On the other hand, the dominant shifts were from the implicit meaning in the ST to the explicit meaning in the TT. In the level of implicitness the shifts also occurred but they were not very significant because there was the difference in structure between the texts in the source language and the texts in the TL. These differences highly influenced the result of the translation of the languages. 5.2.1 Shift of Cohesion in Text Meaning Potential Changes through the Translation The shift of cohesion which occurs in the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the source text changes through the translation because of the difference in the language system between the SL and the TL. As what Halliday 178
and Hasan (1976) point out that cohesive ties do much more than provide continuity and thus create the semantic unity of the text. Kulka in Venuti (2000-3) point out that the first time a translator reads a text in which there is information which contains ambiguous meaning, he should trace further information so that he can develop a semantic meaning about the information, and it can be continued clearly to another reader in the TL. Concerning the meaning brought in by a piece of information, Larson (1998:44) points out that explicit information is a piece of information which is conveyed openly by the existence of lexical items and the existence of grammatical forms. In other words, explicit information is a part of the surface structure which has its form, while implicit information does not have form, but it is a part of the whole communication intended or assumed by the writer, as it had been obtained from the data as minta jatah (Data: 395). In the ST, the word, jatah has ambiguous meaning because it can have various meanings if it is translated to the TL. It will, of course, bring about
misinterpretation; therefore, the translator should find the
way how to find the appropriate word which is in line with what has been intended by the SL by tracing the previous paragraph or the paragraphs after it in order to find the word in the translation which is not ambiguous. The translator, then, changes the literal word in translating the word, jatah (allotment) to the appropriate one, ‘money’. Then the right translation for the phrase, ‘minta jatah is ‘asked money’ in the TL. Basically, all types of communication are based on the information of the same world or tacit agreement (Larson, 1998:493).To rewrite a text semantically, many implicit concepts are made explicit. Implicit information which has been made explicit constitutes new information, so that it is considered
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as new information in the translation. This new information must not deviate from the theme or the focus which is intended in the original document. The discourse will get lost if a translator emphasizes too much on something which is not very important for the original writer. One of the things which make a translation not idiomatic for its target reader is a ‘heavy load’ of the information. For example, ST : ‘Drama lain seputar Nazaruddin adalah perebutan hak pembelaan dua kubu pengacara, yakni Elza Syarief dan OC. Kaligis’. TT: Another drama involving Nazaruddin had to do with two camps fighting over who was his rightful legal counsel, namely Elza Syarief or O.C. Kaligis. Here, the phrase ‘had to do with two camps fighting over’ is not important for the translator to translate it since it is not direct to theme intended by the original writer. Here are two examples of the shift from the explicit meaning in the SL which changes to the implicit meaning in the TL. The phrase, terus menerus mengirim sinyal berbeda (continuously sent different signals) is the explicit form of the SL which is translated to the implicit form in TT with the word ‘[to] oppose’. In this case, the translator uses two strategies to get good result in the translation: first, he reduces the number of words or changes the structure from the clause in the SL to the phrase or word in the TL or from the phrase in the SL to the word in the TL. Another example is the phrase, di ruang tahanan in the SL which has the explicit meaning, (in the detention room), is translated to the implicit meaning, ‘in custody’ which means someone is arrested by the police (but not always in detention room; it can be house arrest or under city arrest). Custody can also mean someone who is taken care under someone else (‘The mother was given custody of the children’).
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For the user of SL, the word ruang tahanan is an explicit form of the language and has the meaning which is in line with the existing words and the real condition. This is in line with what is pointed out by Larson (1989:40) that explicit information is the information which is expressed clearly by lexical element and grammatical form, and this is a part of overt structure. On the contrary, implicit information does not any form since it is a part of the whole communication intended by its translator or the writer. He further points out that a translator might conceal some parts of the information since the reader of the TL has already known the fact and he event will be offended if the information is included because it will make them feel stupid or ignorant (Larson,1989: 41).
Therefore, in every
communication some information which is communicated is let implicit. Besides, The shifts of cohesion occur because of the influence of culture. The shifts occur in the level of TT’s textual explicitness which is higher than that of the ST, the general level of TT’s textual explicitness which is lower than that of the ST, and also at general level in text meaning of the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the ST which changes through the translation. From the explanation above it can be concluded that the shifts of cohesion found in the translation of Tempo magazines of the English version changes in transferring the meaning from the ST to TT in the level of shift of text meaning. In this case, the translator attempts to select a more appropriate words intended by the ST even though he has to use the words which literally seems different. However if it is traced deeply, he always maintains what is intended by the ST. This is caused by the difference in the grammatical system of the two languages: SL and TL.
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5.2.2 Shift of Cohesion Influences the Meaning of the Translation The shift of cohesion which occurred in the level of explicitness was in the general level of the target texts’ textual explicitness higher that of the source text. In this level, the shifts varied; they occurred in words, phrase, and clauses because there were unclear meanings in the source texts when they were ‘transferred’ to the target texts. Therefore, the translator used the procedure of the development in the translation process by adding longer phrases in the target texts so that the reader of the TT did not find any misunderstanding what it was intended by the context of the ST although it is not uncommon that the shifts did not have identical intended meaning with the ST; but, in general, the words, phrases, and the clause which were translated had represented the real meaning in the ST. This can be seen in the following text: ‘…rapat tim kecil pada…’. The word, ‘tim’ (team) in the source text arises different meaning when it is translated literally as it is found in the ST: tim kecil is literally translated to ‘small team’. Here, the translator should use his skill in finding the right translation for the words, phrase, or clauses in the source in such a way so that what has been intended in the source text can be ‘transferred’ to the target text by using general shifts and expanding the words to ‘a team of representatives’. The same is true for the clause: menyamakan isi kepala Sembilan orang is translated by adding some words: ‘to get nine people to think along the same lines’. The shift on this level can be found in the process of the translation in the diagram; they are 23.67% of all shift of cohesion. This condition also occurred in the level of explicitness lower than that of the source, that is, the shift was in the general sense but it did not need to add some
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words as what happened in the level of explicitness higher than that of the source text. On the contrary, the word(s) were reduced or even eliminated the words in the source text in order to avoid the wrong interpretation of the reader in the TT. The following is the example of the level of explicitness lower than that of the ST: wilayah temuan in the ST is translated to ‘findings’ in the TT. Here, the translator feels that he does not need to add some words in the TT; on the other hand, he even reduces the words so that there is no misinterpretation in understanding the meaning. The shifts of this kind are seldom found in the process of the translation in the diagram; they are only 7.3% of all shifts of cohesion.
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CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
6.1 Conclusion After analyzing the shifts of cohesion which occur in the process of translation from the Indonesia version of TEMPO magazines to its English version, the researcher finally comes to the conclusion in this final chapter as follows: 1. There are the Explicit and Implicit Meaning Potentials of the Source Text which Change through Translations (69.10%). Here, there are two types of shift: from the level of explicitness to the level of implicitness and from the level of implicitness to the level of explicitness. The shifts from the level of explicitness to the level of implicitness rarely occur; on the other hand, the shifts from the level of implicitness to the level of explicitness are in great abundance and very dominant since the object of translation is to explain clearly what is intended by the context in the SL. 2. From the two shifts above, it is found that the shifts of cohesion are mostly dominated by the shifts of cohesion in the level of explicitness because they are intended as a strategy which is adhered to the process of translation done by the translator. 3. There is the Implicit Meaning Potential of the Source Text which changes through Translation. This type of cohesion
is not significant in
the
process of translation. This can clearly be seen in the translation. In this case, the reader of the TT must have clear information which is found in the ST. Therefore, a translator has to present the information in the ST correctly
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so that there will no ambiguity and obscurity for the reader in the TT which will make them misunderstand the context found in the ST. 4. The distribution of explicit meaning potential of the ST changes to implicit meaning potential of the TT through translation is actually very rare since explicit form in the source language is the source of information which is already known and familiar by the source text readers. Therefore, a writer or a translator does not need special knowledge to trace the information any further. In this case, it is seen that a translator only needs to decide he will make the text more solid or brief or not. 5. There are the General Levels of Target Text’s Textual Explicitness Higher than that of the Source Text (23.67%) in the translation of TEMPO magazines from the Indonesia version as the ST to the English one as the TT. The shifts which occur in this level highly influence the translation. It can obviously be seen in the changes in the grammatical structure from the source language to the target language. In this case, the shifts sometimes occur from words to phrases, sometimes from phrases to clauses, and sometimes from words to clauses. In consequence, there are some additions of words, longer than the words in the source text which influenced the shifts in meaning in the translation process, and the language in target texts become more transparent and not ambiguous. 6. There are the General Levels of Target Text’s Textual Explicitness Lower than that of the Source Text (7.23%). Here, the shifts are not significant enough because of there are the shifts in smaller scale so that they bring
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about the result of the translation and the meaning in the target texts becomes implicit which sometimes become ambiguous or lack of clarity in the TL. In this level, the translator would rather like to use lexical cohesive device, that is, the form of synonym and reiteration even though sometimes the translator also uses grammatical cohesive device (ellipse and substitutions) 7. Shifts of Cohesion in the translation above had influence on the Meaning of the translation from Indonesian Text to the English Text. In this case, it means that the ST which has been translated to the TT becomes more transparent for the reader of the TT so that he will easily understand what has been presented by the writer of the ST. Besides that, the shifts of cohesion found in the translation of Tempo magazines in the English version is clearly dominated by lexical cohesive device because the translator would rather like to use the words in the ST and changes them to the words which have their equivalence to find an appropriate meaning which is in line with what is intended by the writer in the ST to be transferred to the target text even though the grammatical structure is still found in the translation in the TT. 8. Shift of Cohesion in Text Changes through the Translation, viewed from the culture which influences the use of language. In this case, the influence of culture is seen in the shifts of cohesion in the use of lexical cohesive device in the ST which is changed to grammatical cohesive device in the TT. This is, of course, in line with the culture found in the ST which uses a lot of synonyms and reduplications. On the other hand, TL tends to use
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connectives, pronouns, and substitutions. Besides that, other cultural elements in the source language are the use of idioms, sayings, proverbs, and local dialects. An idiom is the combination of words which cannot be understood word by word; it should be traced from the socio-cultural structure of the users in the source language. 6.2 Suggestions In this opportunity, the researcher would like to say that she only analyzed the shifts of cohesion in the translation of TEMPO magazines in their cover story columns. Besides shifts of cohesion, it will also be complete if this research is more developed by adding the elements of shift of coherence which is the realization of the text meaning potential, that is the phase of’ “reader’s focused’ and textfocused” because, as we have already known that cohesion is a physical element it can be seen from the cohesion markers such as grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion while coherence is mental element in a text. Besides that, the coherence elements will highly be related to language form and meaning will eventually correlate with cultural factor. Therefore, it is recommended that the next researchers who are interested in analyzing the shifts of cohesion and the coherence in the process or the product of translation should find other different columns in the same magazines to find a more accurate result. This suggestion is offered to make the result of the research will be much better in knowing that the shift of cohesion and coherence plays an important thing giving the meaning of each text so that there will be no misunderstanding in translation from the ST to the TT. It will also hopefully be able to help them understand thoroughly the idea of the shifts of cohesion
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