BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Kesimpulan Jenis hopanoid yang terdapat pada koloni bakteri Zymomonas mobilis dapat diisolasi menggunakan metode H5IO6/NaBH4. Hasil analisis menggunakan kromatografi gas menunjukkan bahwa pada koloni bakteri pada masing-masing pH tidak menunjukkan adanya indikasi hopanoid. Hal ini dimungkinkan terlalu sedikitnya jumlah hopanoid yang terkandung bila dibandingkan dengan dominasi yang besar dari asam lemak. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan KG-MS pada asam lemak koloni bakteri Zymomonas mobilis menunjukkan terdapat beberapa jenis asam lemak. Dengan variasi pH menunjukkan bahwa asam lemak yang dihasilkan berjenis 1tetradekanol asetat, asam heksadekanoat etil ester , asam heksadekanoat metil ester, asam palmitat dan homohop-30-ol-31-asetat yang terdeteksi pada pH 7 5.2 Saran Analisis kandungan hopanoid dan asam lemak pada koloni bakteri Zymomonas mobilis menunjukkan jenis hopanoid dan asam lemak tertentu. Tidak terdeteksinya jenis hopanoid ini dimungkinkan tidak adanya pemisahan hopanoid baik sebelum maupun sesudah asetilasi.
61
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Agustina, Sulistin. (2008), Analisis Kandungan Hopanoid pada Tanah Hutan Tropis Pacet, Mojokerto, Skripsi S.Si., Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. Angsori. (2008), Analisis Hopanoid pada Sinorhizobium fredii, Tesis ITS, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. Benson, Harold.J, (1998), Microbilogical Application: Laboratory Manual In General Microbiolgy, Seventh edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York. Buchanan and Gibbons, (1974), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th edition, The William and Wilkins Company/Baltime. Buckman, Harry O, Nyle. C. Brady, (1982), Ilmu Tanah, Bhratara Karya Aksara, Jakarta. Christian, Gary, (1994), Analitical Chemistry, edisi ke-5, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. Cvejic, Jelena H., Rosa-Putra, S., Rohmer, (2000), "Bacterial triterpenoids of hopane series as biomarker for the chemotaxonomy of Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Ralstonia spp.", FEMS Microbiology Journal. Darmawijaya, (1990), Klasifikasi Tanah: Dasar Teori Bagi Peneliti Tanah & Pelaksanaan Pertanian di Indonesia, UGM Press. Dinata, Melisa C. (2003), Penjajakan Hubungan Antara Hopanoid dalam Tanah dengan Kesuburan, Skripsi S.Si, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. Flesch, G. dan Rohmer, M. (1988), “Prokaryotic Hopanoids :The Biosynthesis of The Bacteriohopane Skeleton. Formation of Isoprenoic Units from Two Distinct Acetate Pools and a Novel Type of Carbon/Carbon Linkage Between Triterpene and D-Ribose”, European Journal of Microbiology, 175, hal. 405-4011. Flesch, G. dan Rohmer, M. (1989), “Prokaryotic Triterpenoids: A Novel Hopanoid from The Ethanol Producing Bacterium Zymomonas Mobilis”, Biochem Journal, 262, hal. 673-675. Grunwald, Sabine, (2004), Soilorders : Andisol, A\Soilorders.htm.
63
Haines, Thomas, H. (2001), “Do Sterol Reduce Proton and Sodium Leaks Through Lipid Bilayers?”, Review Progress in Lipid Reseach, 40, hal. 299-324. Hardjowigeno, H.S., (2003), Ilmu Tanah, Cetakan Lima, Akademika Presindo, Jakarta. Hartner, Thomas., Straub, Kristina L., Kannenberg, Elmar. (2005), “Occurance of Hopanoid Lipids in Anaerobic Geobacter Species”, Elsevier, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 243, hal. 59-64. Hermans, Neuss and Sahm, N. (1991), “Content and Composition of Hopanoids in Zymomonas mobilis Under Various Conditions”, Journal Of Bacteriology, Vol.173, No.17, hal. 5592-5595. Indraswari, Retno. (2006), Analisis Kandungan Hopanoid dalam Bacillus cereus dan Desulfotomaculum orientis, Tesis ITS, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. Joffle, J.S., (1953), Pedology, Second Edition, Pedology Publication., New Brunswick. Kannenberg dan Poralla. (1999), “Hopanoid Biosynthesis and Function in Bacteria”, Nature Wissenschaften, Review Article, 86, hal.168-176. Kannenberg, E.L., Perzl, M., Müller, P., Härtner, T., dan Poralla, K. (1996), “Hopanoids Lipids In Bradyrhizobium and Other Plant Associated Bacteria and Cloning of The Brayrhizobium japonicum Squalene Hopene Cyclase Gene”, Plant and Soil, 186, hal.107-112, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Belanda. Ketchum, Paul A., (1988), Microbiology Concepts and Applications, John wiley and Sons, New York. Killops S. D. (1993), “The Influence of Hopanoid on Growth of Mycoplasma Mycoides”, Archives of Microbiology 133, hal.100-102. Kurniasari, Nonny. (2001), Skrining Hopanoid Utama Streptomyces aureofaciens, Skripsi ITS, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. Kustiyoro, Nanang.Y. (2008), Analisis Kandungan Hopanoid dari Komunitas Bakteri Tanah Subur Sebagai Marker Kesuburan Tanah, Tesis M.Si., Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya.
64
Labeda., David. P, (1990), Isolation of Biotechnological Organisms From Nature, Mc Graw Hill Company, New York Lay, Bibiana W. dan Hastowo, Sugyo, (1992), Mikrobiologi, Rajawali Press, Jakarta. Llopiz, Pierre., Neunlist, Serge., Rohmer, Michel. (1992), “Prokaryotic Triterpenoids O-α-D-glucuronopyranosyl Bacteriohopanetetrol: A Novel Hopanoid from The Bacterium Rhodosirillum rubrum”, Boichem. Journal, 187, hal. 159-161. Lundgren, Lawrence W. (1990), Environmental Geology, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. McNair, H.M. dan Bonelli, E.J. (1997), Dasar-dasar Kromatografi Gas, Edisi 3, ITB, Bandung. Mengoni, A., Giuntini, E. dan Bazzicalupo, M. (2007), “Application of Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism for Molecular Analysis of Soil Bacterial Communities”, Soil Biology, Vol. 11, No. 7, hal. 235-304. Moreau, Robert A., Powell, Michael J., Fett, William F., Whitaker, Bruce D. (1997),”The Effect of Ethanol and Oxygen and The Growth of Zymomonas mobilis and The Levels of Hopanoids and Other Membrane Lipids”, Current Microbiology, Vol.35, hal.124-128. Nalin, R., Putra, SR., Domenach, AM., Rohmer, M., Gourbiere, F., and Berry, AM. (2000), “ High Hopanoids/Total Lipid Ratio in Frankia Mycelia is Not Related to The Nitrogen Status”, Society for General Microbiology, 146, hal. 3013-3019. Nosco, P., Bliss, L.C., Cook, F>D., (1994), “The Association of Free Living Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria with the Root of High Arctic Gramminoids“, Arctic and Alphine Research, Vol 25, No.2, hal.180-186. Notohadiprawiro, T., (1998), Tanah dan Lingkungan, Depdikbud, Jakarta. Othmer, Kirk, (1982), Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Volume 12, John Willey and Sons, Inc, New York. Ourisson, G., Albrecht, P.,Rohmer, M. (1984), “The Hopanoids. Palaeochemistry and Biochemistry of A Group of natural Products”, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 51, hal. 709-729. Ourisson, G., Albrecht, P. (1992), “Hopanoid 1 Geohopanoid: The Most Abundant Natural Product on Earth?”, Acc. Chem. Res. 25, hal. 389-402.
65
Ourisson, G., Rohmer, M. (1992), “Hopanoid 2. Biohopanoid: A Novel Class of Bacterial Lipids”, Acc. Chem. Res. 25, hal. 402-408. Palupi, Ika.F.J. (2007), Analisis Kandungan Hopanoid dan Asam Lemak dalam Bcillus pumilus, Skripsi ITS, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. Pelczar J.M, Reid D.R, Chan S.C.E, (1977), Microbiology, Fourth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi. Perzl, Michael., Müller, Peter., Poralla, Karl., Kannenberg, Elmar L. (1997), “Squalene Hopene Cyclase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum: Cloning, Axpression, Sequence, Analysis and Comparison to Other Triterpenoid Cylases”, Microbiology, 143, hal. 1235-1243. Peters, Heidy M., KÖster, Jurgen., Leeuw, Jan W., dan Damste, Jaap S.Sinninghe. (1995), “Occurrence of Two Novel Benzothiophene Hopanoid Families in Sediments”, Elsevier, Org. Geochem., Vol.23, hal. 2279-2284. Putra, S.R., (2004),” Pengaruh pH pada Produksi Hopanoid Acetobacter acetii”, PROSIDING SENAKI VI, Kimia-FMIPA, ITS, Surabaya. Putra, S.R., Burhan,R.Y.P., (2000),”Analisa Hopanoid Bakteri Sebagai Upaya Kearah Pengembangan Kemo-Taksonomi”, KAPPA 1, 1-9. Putra, S.R., Nalin, R., Domenach, A.M., dan Rohmer, M. (2001), “Novel Hopanoids from Frankia spp. and Related Soil Bacteria : Squalene Cyclication and Significance of Geological Biomarkes Revisited”, European journal Biochemistry, 268, hal. 4300-4306. Piotrowska-seget, Z. dan Mrozik, A. (2003), “Signature Lipid Biomarker (SLB) Analysis in Dtermining Changes in Community Structure of Soil Microorganism”, Polish Journal of Enviromental Studies, Vol. 12, No. 6, hal. 669-675. Rao ,Subba., (1994), Mikroorganisme Tanah dan Pertumbuhan, UI Press, Jakarta. Rohmer, M. (1993), “The Biosynthesis of Triterpenoid of The Hopane Series in The Eubacteria: A Mine of New Enzyme Reactions”, Pure Appl. Chem., vol 65, No. 6, hal.1293-1298, Inggris. Rohmer, M. (1999), “The Mevalonate-Independent Methylerytthritol 4-Phosphate (MEP) Pathway for Isoprenoid Biosynthesis including Carotenoids”, Pure Appl. Chem., vol 71, No. 12, hal. 2279-2284, Inggris.
66
Rohmer, M. (2003), “Mevalonate-Independent Methylerytthritol Phosphate Pathway for Isoprenoid Biosynthesis: Alucidation and Distribution”, Pure Appl. Chem., vol 75, No. 2-3, hal. 375-387, Perancis. Rohmer, M. (1998), “Mevalunate Independent Route to Isopenthyl Disposphate”, Elsevier CONAP, 2.03 (NPA 036), Perancis. Rohmer, M.,Pierrette, B.N., dan Ourisson, G. (1984), “Distribution of Hopanoid Triterpenes in Prokaryotes”, Journal of General Microbiology, 130, hal. 1137-1150. Rohmer, M., Bouvier, Pierrette., and Ourisson, Guy., (1979), “Molecular Evolution of Biomembranes Structural Aquivalents and Phylogenetic Precursors Of Sterols”, Proc.Natl Acad. Sci. USA, Vol.76, No.2, hal.847851. Sahm, H., Rohmer, M., Bringer-Meyer, S.M, Sprenger, G.A., dan Weile, R. (1993), “Biochemistry and Physiology of Hopanoid in Bacteria”, Advances in Microbial Physiology, 35, hal. 249-273. Sastrohamidjojo (1991), Kromatografi, Edisi Kedua, Liberty Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta. Schlegel G. Hans and Schmidt Karin, (1985), Mikrobiologi Umum, UGM Press, Jogjakarta. Silva, Cabral., Keulen, F. Van. (2004), ”Isolation Of A ß-Carotene Over Producing Soil Bacterium, Sphingomonas sp.”, Bacteriology Letters, 26, hal. 257-262. Silverstein, Robert M., dkk., (1991), Penyidikan Spektrometrik Senyawa Organik, Edisi keempat, Erlangga, Jakarta. Sylvia, David M, ( 2005 ), Principles and Application of Soil Mocrobiology, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Simoneit, Bernd R.T. (2004), “A Review of Current Applications of Mass Spectrometry for Biomarker/Molecular Tracer Elucidations”, Mass Spec. Review, hal. 719-765. Sintaresmi, Prautami. (2007), "Analisis Kandungan Hopanoid pada Bakteri Tanah Kebun yang Tumbuh Setelah 48 jam sebagai Indikator Kesuburan Tanah", Skripsi ITS, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. Stanbury P.F and Whintaker A, (1984), Principles of Fermentation Technology, Pergamon Press, New York.
67
Taylor, Richard F. (1984), “Bacterial Triterpenoids”, American Society for Microbiology, Vol.48, No.3, hal.181-198. Tisdall, J.M. (1994), “Possible Role of Soil Microorganisms in Aggregation in Soils”, Plant and Soil, 159, hal. 115-121.
Vincent, Stéphane P., Sinay, Pierre., and Rohmer, Michel. (2003), “Composite Hopanoid Biosynthesis in Zymomonas mobilis: Ν-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine as Precursor for The Cyclopentane Ring Linked to Bacteriohopanetetrol”, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Chem.. COMMUN, hal. 782-783. Volk, Wesley.A., (1992), Basic Microbiloogy, 7th edition, Horpercollin Publisher Inc., New York. Wahyono, Rima.W. (2007), "Analisis Kandungan Hopanoid dan Asam Lemak pada Bradyrhizobium japonicum", Skripsi ITS, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. Wang, Meng-Cheng, dkk. (2007), “Impacts of Methomidophos on The Biochemical, Catabolic and Genetic Characteristics of Soil Microbial Communities”, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 40, hal. 778-788. Warnick, T., Methé, B., Leschine, S., (2002), “Clostridium phytofermentans sp. Nov., A Cellulolytic Meshophile from Forest Soil“, International Journal of Sistematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, No.52, hal.1155-1160. Waksman, Selman A. (1952), Soil Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Winkler, A., Haumaier, L., dan Zech, W. (2001), “ Variations in Hopanoid Composition and Abudance in Forest Soil During Litter Decomposition and Humification’, Organic Geochemistry, 32, hal.1375-1385. Wright R.T dan nebel, B.J, (1998), Toward a Surtainable Future Environmental Science, 8th edition, Upper saddle river, New York. Yeri, N., (2008), "Analisis Kandungan Hopanoid Bakteri Tanah Hutan, Tanah Kebun dan Tanah Persawahan", Tesis ITS, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya.
68