Asian Community Forming Through Language Education

Asian Community Forming Through Language Education Dianni Risda Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia One Asia Lectures Universitas Padjadjaran March 16, 2016

Asia

The Largest Continent on Earth • As the largest continent on earth, Asia has an area of approximately 43,998,920 km square. • Geographically Asia is located between Continental Europe and the continent of Australia and in the Indian Ocean, the Pacific, and Arktic. • Geologically, Asia is included within Europe Continental and is called Eurasia. • The boundaries of the continent of Asia - North : Arktic Ocean and the Bering Strait, - East : Pacific Ocean, - South : Indian Ocean - West : the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Image Asia di Masa Lalu Golongan bangsa dunia ke tiga • Kondisi • Potensi Perbedaan dengan • Kemajuan teknologi Amerika dan Eropa • Sosial • Politik

Asia saat ini Kondisi Eropa dan Amerika • Melemahnya perekonomian Eropa • Permasalahan Politik dan keamanan di Timur Tengah • Permasalahan Loan dan Politik Amerika • Perkembangan ekonomi , Pusat perekonomian global • Jepang, Cina, Korea, Indonesia, India • Memimpin dunia?

Ancaman di Abad 21 • • • • • • • • •

pertambahan penduduk perang saudara perang antar suku golongan dan agama pencemaran lingkungan krisis pangan krisis energi eksploitasi alam yang berlebihan Aksi-aksi kekerasan, terror, hingga berbagai macam aksi anti-pemerintah

Manusia yang terkotak-kotak • • • •

Suku Golongan Bangsa Agama

But what do we mean by “mobility”? • Geographic mobility (the ability to move among geographical regions) • Socio-economic mobility (the ability to move from one socio-economic class to another) • Intellectual mobility (the ability to increase one’s intellectual status) • Cultural mobility (the ability to move among different cultures • Mobility within Asia and mobility between Asia and the rest of the world • Becoming a multi-cultural citizen of Asia

mobility • within a community • between communities

Learning Foreign Languages can make our lives richer • • • • •

you can . . . travel more freely work in a foreign country have an international circle of friends deepen experiences with other cultures

"The limits of my language mean the limits of my world." Ludwig Wittgenstein

872,411 • What is this number? • Dianni’s cell phone number?

872,411 • What is this number? • The number of people in One Direction’s fan club?

872,411 • What is this number? • People in Armada’s fan club?

872,411 • What is this number? • People in Dianni Risda ‘s fan club?

872,411 • So. . . What is this number? • You have to stay for the end of the lecture to hear the answer!

Linguistic Imperialism?

• Does learning a foreign language mean giving up your own language or your own identity? • Of course not. • Large languages such as English are often accused of linguistic imperialism • Imperialism is when one society control another society by military force, political power, economic dominance, (forced) cultural assimilation • “Linguistic Imperialism” can not be denied but the spread of English as a world language also undeniably facilitates communication

Learning from past mistakes • English nations like Britain, United States and Australia forced English on other people • The Japanese empire forced Japanese language on the conquered peoples • Since the 1980s Japanese language education has been increasing in popularity due to Japan’s economic might • In the 21st century, the popularity of Chinese has increased due to China’s increasing influence

Language Education • Native language education teaches – writing (spelling, composition skills) – spoken standard language

• Foreign (second) language education teaches – – – – – –

pronunciation vocabulary grammatical rules writing politeness strategies other “sociolinguistic” information

How do people choose a foreign language? • Geography, proximity (Americans choose Spanish, Britons choose French, Koreans choose Japanese) • History (Nagasaki chooses Dutch) • Economics (“I can make more money if I learn Japanese”) • Religion (Catholics studying Latin, Muslims studying Arabic) • Culture Heritage (Japanese-Americans in Hawaii studying Japanese) • Image (“I think French sounds pretty”)


Google trends for “Russia language” Google trends for “Taiwanese language” most searches for “Russian language”

most searches for “Taiwanese language”


Google trends for “Dutch language” most searches for “Russian language”

Dutch colonies and other influences


A Combination of factors Japanese language learners in Indonesia

• Through learning language, we learn about culture. • Through learning about culture, we learn respect for others. • Through learning respect for others, we can hope for peace.

Benefits of bi-(multi-)lingualism Studying a foreign language can. . . • increase one’s cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, creativity, and memory • enable overseas (inter-Asia, international) education • broaden employment, and thus economic opportunities • give us a window into other cultures • facilitate increased intercultural, internation communication • ameliorate conflicts between cultures and nations


Are Bilingual People Smarter? • • • • • • • • •

80 second graders half bilingual/half monolingual, 4 tasks name items in pictures find a missing piece that would complete a specific geometric shape find and match 20 pairs of toys as quickly as possible look at a row of fish and tell which direction the fish in the center was facing bilingual children knew fewer words but bilinguals performed better on tasks being bilingual improves reasoning, not just language

de Abreu, Pascale Engel (2012) Bilingualism Enriches the Poor: Enhanced Cognitive Control in Low-Income Minority Children. Psychological Science. http://www.psychologicalscience.org/


Goethe-Institut • “According to Swiss researchers nine per cent of the Swiss gross domestic product can be ascribed to its multilingualism. ” http://www.goethe.de/ges/spa/prj/sog/fst/en4194803.htm

English bilinguals in Japan make more money

•

Enworld (2013) “Impact of English Proficiency on Salary in Japan and South Korea https://www.enworld.com

Why bother? • Why spend time learning a foreign language when you can just use automatic translation? • Is machine translation understandable? Sometimes yes, sometimes no.

Machine Translation of song lyrics Apa Kabar Sayang Seharian aku tak tenang Seperti orang kebingungan Pikiranku tak karuan Khawatirkan kamu di sana Tak tahu apa gerangan Mungkinkah di sana kau rasa bahagia Atau malah sebaliknya Telah lama kita tidak bertemu Tak pernah ku dengar berita tentangmu Apa kabar kamu sayang Aku kan terus mendoakanmu Walau tak ku dengar berita tentangmu Apa kabar kamu sayang di sana Mungkinkah di sana kau rasa bahagia Atau malah sebaliknya

How are you dear I do not calm all day Like the confusion My mind is abysmally Concerned you there Do not know what the h*ll Could there you happiness Or on the contrary We have not been met I had never heard news of How are you dear, how are you dear I'm constantly pray for you Although I heard no news of How are you dear there Could there you happiness Or on the contrary

Why bother? • Why spend time learning a foreign language when you can just use automatic translation? • Is machine translation understandable? Sometimes yes, sometimes no. There are over 7,000 languages spoken in the world today. Speaking more than one language increases your cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, creativity, and memory. One third of all the corporations in the U.S. are either owned or based abroad. Knowing a second language broadens employment opportunities. Who is proficient in at least 2 languages? 56% of Europeans, 35% of Canadians, 66% of the world’s population, and only 17% of Americans. Ada lebih dari 7.000 bahasa yang digunakan di dunia saat ini. Berbicara lebih dari satu bahasa meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif Anda seperti pemecahan masalah, kreativitas, dan memori. Sepertiga dari semua perusahaan di Amerika Serikat baik yang dimiliki atau berdasarkan luar negeri. Mengetahui bahasa kedua memperluas kesempatan kerja. Yang mahir dalam setidaknya 2 bahasa? 56% dari Eropa, 35% dari Kanada, 66% dari populasi dunia, dan hanya 17% orang Amerika.

Why bother?

• Why spend time learning a foreign language when you can just use automatic translation? • Is machine translation understandable? Sometimes yes, sometimes no. I am on the bullet train headed north. They just announced that one of the sideline trains was running late. The reason was that the train had collided with a deer. Not the kind of thing we have to deal with a lot down in Tokyo. Tohoku is a wild place. 私は北に向かった新幹線にしています。彼らはただ副業列車のいずれかが遅れて実行されていたことを発表しました。その理由は、列車が鹿と衝突していたことでした。ない物の種類は、私たちがダウンして、東京の多くに対処する必要があります。東北は野生の場所です。

Saya kereta peluru itu ke utara. Mereka baru saja mengumumkan bahwa salah satu kereta sampingan telah terlambat. Alasannya adalah bahwa kereta telah bertabrakan dengan rusa. Semacam itu tidak ada, kami turun, kami harus mengatasi banyak Tokyo. Tohoku adalah tempat yang liar.

Machine translation vs. human translation • Machines can’t translate as well as people and it this is not a “computer problem”, it is a “linguistic problem”

“Inclusive” and “Exclusive” we inclusive in Indonesian

exclusive

Machine translation We would like to thank you for flying with United Airlines today. We will be flying at altitude of ten thousand meters. We may encounter some turbulence on the way, so we do ask that you keep your seatbelts fastened just in case. If there is anything we can do to make your trip more comfortable, don't hesitate to ask. Our job is to serve you. Kami ingin mengucapkan terima kasih untuk terbang dengan United Airlines hari ini. Kami akan terbang pada ketinggian sepuluh ribu meter. Kami mungkin mengalami beberapa turbulensi di jalan, jadi kami meminta Anda tetap sabuk Kita pengaman Anda diikat hanya dalam kasus. Jika ada sesuatu yang bisa kita lakukan untuk membuat perjalanan Anda lebih nyaman, Kita jangan ragu untuk bertanya. Tugas kita adalah untuk melayani Anda. kami kami

Machine “Translation”

I would like to tell you something about my sister. I have an older brother as well, and three sisters, all of them older, but no younger sisters. I can tell you that if I had had a younger sister growing up, she would have had her hands full trying to play referee because me and my brother fought so much. This leads us to the question of anger management. We always made up very quickly though. We wouldn't have wanted people to think us uncivilized. You should never go to bed angry, our grandmother used to say. But we should get back to the topic at hand.

Saya ingin memberitahu Anda sesuatu tentang adikku. Saya memiliki kakak juga, dan tiga saudara perempuan, semua dari mereka yang lebih tua, tapi tidak ada adik perempuan. Saya bisa mengatakan bahwa saya telah memiliki seorang adik perempuan tumbuh, dia akan memiliki tangan penuh mencoba untuk bermain wasit karena saya dan saudara saya berjuang begitu banyak. Hal ini membawa kita pada pertanyaan tentang manajemen kemarahan. Kami selalu dibuat sangat cepat meskipun. Kami tidak ingin orang berpikir kita tidak beradab. Anda tidak harus pergi ke tempat tidur marah, nenek kami digunakan untuk mengatakan. Tapi kita harus kembali ke topik di tangan.

So, everyone should study English? • No. • The learning of foreign languages should be supported, made easier, made cheaper. • Choices in languages should be available (English, Japanese, Chinese. . . ) • Local languages, national languages, international languages all play important roles.

What is important with languages • International, global languages for broad communication • National languages to bind a country together and increase communication among its citizens • Local languages to transmit our unique cultures, different ways of looking at the world, enabling us to reflect our unique regional and personal identities

Can English be an invasive? Are “English values” a threat? • Perhaps. Sometimes. • Even so, there is little we can do about this in today’s world of satellite television, university student exchanges, the internet, etc. • The advantages seem to outweigh the potential problems.

Ability to speak foreign languages increases mobility freedom • • • • • •

frees us from financial burden frees us to travel more frees us to communicate with people in other lands frees us to experience new cultures frees us to encounter new ideas frees our minds to be more creative "The limits of my language mean the limits of my world." Ludwig Wittgenstein

If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to his heart. (Nelson Mandela)

Thank you for you kind attention! Terima Kasih! Hatur Nuhun ありがとうございました。

Resources • Enworld (2013) “Impact of English Proficiency on Salary in Japan and South Korea https://www.enworld.com • Northwestern University Global Languages Initiative (2015) http://www.gli.northwestern. edu/

Why do people support minority language education? • academic progress (first educate in the native minority language, later teach the State language) • avoid cognitive delay (child’s development will be hindered if a foreign language is taught too early) • development of a positive self-image • relieve cultural shock • native (minority) language is a prerequisite for learning the majority State language

Why do people support minority language education? • cultural pluralism makes for a better country • recognizing minority languages helps cultural relations • education (in local languages) helps in reaching out to isolated groups

Why do people support national language education? • • • • •

promotes national identity aids political unity increases social equality ensures economic progress producing textbooks in one language is more economical than textbooks in seven languages • minority parents WANT majority language education • minority languages have many dialects • not teaching national language can lead to “semilingual” children

Asian Community Forming Through Language Education

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