Subject Index Abepura 64, 70n.51–3, 125, 137 Aceh Coalition for Truth, see KPK Aceh Merdeka (AM) 351, 353, 354, 392 Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) 365, 368–9, 370, 373, 374–80, 382–3, 388, 389, 390–1, 394, 404, 406, 408, 410, 412–13, 415, 417, 418, 421, 426 Aceh Reintegration Agency, see BRA ‘Act of Free Choice’ (Papua) 60–1, 65n.44, 70n.51, 79n.64, 84, 86, 91, 99, 110, 121, 122, 127, 144 actors, key peacemaking 21, 47, 123, 124, 126, 137, 144, 187–8, 195, 226–7, 240, 258, 269–70, 272, 287, 314–15, 319, 329–31, 333, 398, 406–13, 417–18, 425 key war-making 21, 47, 123, 126, 144, 187–8, 195, 196, 202, 226–7, 240, 269–70, 272, 287, 314–15, 319, 329–31, 333, 336, 406–13, 416, 425 see also conflict adat 22, 43 Aceh 350, 371, 380, 390, 421 Central Kalimantan 324, 333, 334, 338, 340 Maluku 157, 170, 171, 172, 174, 176, 190, 192, 193, 195 North Maluku 202, 217, 220, 228, 229, 230, 233, 235, 241 Papua 96, 103, 108, 117, 131, 140, 143 Sulawesi 245, 250, 252, 255, 261, 262, 269, 270, 273, 279n.17, 281, 287, 288 West Kalimantan 308, 309, 311, 315, 319, 320 Afghanistan 1, 158, 167, 168, 169, 179, 181, 269, 357n.4, 361, 421 Ahtisaari, Martti 365, 366, 369, 389, 394, 406, 407, 408, 426 Alliance for Democracy in Papua (ALDP) 62, 81, 94, 142
Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) 63, 171, 412 Al-Qaeda 13n.10, 168, 180, 250, 251, 282, 354 Ambon City 156, 160, 164, 186, 190, 250 Amnesty International 67, 102, 124 Annan, Kofi 112, 113 anomie 1, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 33, 36, 429, 430, 432–3, 435 Aceh 343, 402, 403, 413, 423 Kalimantan 298, 336, 337, 338 Maluku 147, 182 North Maluku 147, 232, 237 Papua 49, 60, 86, 87, 121, 130, 138, 142 Sulawesi 243, 267, 278, 284 Asian financial crisis (1997) 1, 13, 17, 20, 30, 151, 164, 182, 194, 225, 240, 266, 287, 302, 336 Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) 113, 115, 364, 368n.12, 373, 418 Australia 2, 54, 55, 57, 59, 61, 69, 258, 337, 338, 433 Aboriginal 50, 53, 55, 110, 130, 239 involvement in Aceh 115, 411 involvement in East Timor 109, 411, 412, 418, 434 involvement in Maluku 185 involvement in North Maluku 209, 235 involvement in Papua 68, 70, 85, 87n.74, 90, 99, 111–12, 113, 126, 137 involvement in Solomon Islands 92 Baku Bae 44, 171, 187 Bali 12n.9, 80, 92, 102, 170, 171, 284
481
Anomie and Violence
bombings 13–14, 69, 105, 168, 179, 252, 253, 258, 273 Banda Aceh 230, 277, 345, 346, 348, 350, 357, 371, 391, 405, 415, 419 Batumerah 156, 164, 173, 174n.7 Beanal, Thom 72, 77, 78, 82, 84 Beureu’eh, Daud 349, 350, 353, 360 BIN (Badan Intelijen Negara) 68n.48, 82, 108, 250, 398 bin Laden, Osama 158, 169, 180, 251 Bougainville 1, 2, 9, 26–7, 44n.24, 71, 72, 74, 82, 88, 109n.92, 111, 133, 136, 137, 174, 190, 286, 340, 355, 433, 434 BP (British Petroleum) 25, 72, 84, 86n.73, 102n.88, 109, 134 BRA (Badan Reintegrasi Aceh) 352n.3, 376, 381, 382, 384, 387–8, 411, 425 Brimob Brigade Mobil Aceh 416n.33 Maluku 156, 158, 166, 195 North Maluku 206, 211, 212 Papua 70n.52, 72, 81n.66, 102, 103, 118, 122, 123, 125, 128, 137, 144 Sulawesi 248, 249, 259, 260 bupati 16, 430 Central Kalimantan 324, 335, 373, 376 Maluku 165 North Maluku 197, 217, 219, 220, 227, 241 Papua 89, 92, 101, 106, 107 Sulawesi 247, 248, 276, 277 West Kalimantan 303, 305 Care International 263, 270, 274 Catholic Office for Justice and Peace, see SKP Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 3, 71, 150, 251, 354 Central Kalimantan Institute for Dayak and Regional Social Consultation, see LMMDD-KT 482
Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue 113, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 394, 407, 410, 413, 417, 425 Christensen, Juha 365, 408, 418 Clinton, Bill 367, 410, 425 Cold War 59, 115, 121, 134, 144, 354, 434 colonisation/colonialism 10, 11–12, 18, 23–4, 25, 27, 46 Aceh 32, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 353, 354, 401, 403, 414, 424 Kalimantan 292, 293, 318 Maluku 147–50, 181–2, 186, 194 North Maluku 197, 213, 224, 239n.21, 240 Papua 50, 54–7, 65, 76n.62, 77, 96, 113, 115, 116n.101, 117, 118, 120–1, 123, 130, 144 Sulawesi 244, 245, 265, 266n.11, 287 Commission for Security Arrangements (COSA) 373 Committee for the Transition in Aceh, see KPA communism 12, 13, 17, 56n.21, 65, 121, 132, 294, 337, 351, 354, 392 see also PKI Concerned Women’s Movement 163, 170, 188, 193, 195 conflict background to 23, 432 Aceh 344–52 Kalimantan 291–6 Maluku 147–152 North Maluku 196–8 Papua 49–60 Sulawesi 243–7 motivating factors 5n.5, 8, 9, 10, 20–1, 32–3, 34, 35, 45, 47, 432–3, 435 Aceh 343, 344, 357, 358, 369n.15, 413–15, 422 Kalimantan 293, 314, 315–17, 331, 336
Index
Maluku 188–90, 196 North Maluku 196, 198, 202, 207–8, 214, 215, 227, 228–9, 233 Papua 62, 126–34, 141 Sulawesi 243, 248, 270–3, 279, 285, 287 proximate factors 20, 25, 37, 47, 239 Aceh 348, 355, 402–5, 424, 425 Kalimantan 304, 313–14, 319, 328–9, 333 Maluku 182–6, 192, 194 North Maluku 225–6, 240 Papua 121–2, 144 Sulawesi 266–8, 287 structural factors 23, 37, 47, 239 Aceh 400–1, 424 Kalimantan 311–13, 318, 327–8, 332 Maluku 181–2, 192, 194 North Maluku 224–5, 240 Papua 120–1, 144 Sulawesi 265–6, 287 triggers to conflict 22, 47, 110 Aceh 405–6, 425 Kalimantan 298–9, 301, 314, 319, 329, 333, 340 Maluku 155, 159, 186, 187, 195, 202, 203 North Maluku 226, 240 Papua 122, 144 Sulawesi 247, 268–9, 287 see also actors—key peacemaking, actors—key war-making corruption 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 29, 41 Aceh 355, 373, 395, 399n.24, 404–5, 406–7, 412, 414, 415, 419, 423, 425, 426 Central Kalimantan 321, 322, 326, 332, 334 Maluku 151, 164, 182, 190, 196
North Maluku 222, 225 Papua 50, 87, 91, 93, 101–2, 128, 130, 138, 139, 142, 145 Sulawesi 254, 258, 267, 277, 283, 288 West Kalimantan 300, 303, 313–14, 316–17, 319, 320 crime drug trafficking 9, 254, 355, 359, 392, 400 extortion 25, 69n.50, 74, 111, 271, 299, 301, 312, 315, 320, 327, 334, 359, 361, 367, 370, 377, 385, 400, 410, 413, 414, 415, 419, 424, 426 gambling 29, 107, 152, 189, 299, 302, 305, 321, 329, 331, 333, 336, 355, 357, 419 human trafficking 29, 54–5, 56, 149, 239n.21, 292, 293, 299–301, 302, 336, 345 prostitution 29, 52, 78, 103, 107, 111, 130, 223, 299, 336, 355 see also corruption, ethnic cleansing Crisis Management Initiative 113, 365–71, 394, 410, 425 ‘crony capitalism’ 10, 12, 13, 30, 92, 311 see also corruption Darul Islam 114, 244–5, 267, 282, 350, 354, 391, 413 Dewan Adat Papua 78, 94, 125 di Tiro, Hasan 353, 354, 360, 362, 373, 391, 392, 402, 405, 406, 417, 424 district government Aceh 360, 368, 372–4, 385, 415 Central Kalimantan 321, 323, 329, 333 Maluku 182 North Maluku 199, 200–1, 207, 208, 224, 225, 228, 232, 234, 235 Papua 89, 103, 118, 135, 139 Sulawesi 247–8, 251, 256, 258, 264, 267, 269, 273, 274, 287, 288
483
Anomie and Violence
West Kalimantan 294, 298, 302, 303–4, 307n.8, 309, 314, 316, 319 DPRD (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah) 386 DPRP (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Papua) 91 Drexler, Elizabeth 391–9 Duma 209–10, 211, 220, 227 Dutch East India Company 10, 148, 149, 348n.1 East Timor, see Timor-Leste election commission (Indonesia) 212, 215n.16, 276, 376, 378 Elsham 62, 79n.65, 94, 114, 124 Eluay, Theys 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 111–12, 122, 127, 144 ethnic/religious cleansing 10, 36, 43, 150, 339 Aceh 9 Central Kalimantan 321, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 336, 340 Maluku 170–1, 180, 183 North Maluku 201, 203, 205, 209, 213, 214–15, 218, 224, 228, 229 Papua 49, 77–9, 80–1, 109, 112, 132–3, 157 Sulawesi 285 West Kalimantan 7, 20, 29, 40, 291, 293, 294, 298, 299, 302–5, 308, 315, 316, 317, 319, 320, 335–6, 340 European Union 90, 115, 171, 191, 270, 277, 364, 365, 367, 368, 373, 376, 378, 384, 408, 410, 412 ExxonMobil 25, 353, 354, 355, 356, 359, 363, 400, 401, 406, 414, 424 FKM (Front Kedaulatan Maluku) 159 FKPM (Forum Komunikasi Pemuda Melayu) 298, 301, 303, 305, 314, 319 FKUB (Forum Komunikasi Umat Beragama) 261 FOKER LSM (Forum Kerjasama LSM Papua) 125 484
Forkum 275 Free Aceh Movement, see GAM Free Papua Movement, see OPM Freeport 25, 32, 49, 69, 70–1, 72–4, 77, 82, 86n.73, 88, 92, 101, 109, 111, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 130n.107, 131, 134, 144, 360 Galela 205, 207, 209, 211 GAM 38, 39, 65, 68, 343, 354, 356, 357n.4, 401, 402, 403, 415, 416–17, 420, 424, 425, 435 attacks by 19n.13, 352, 355, 359 attacks on 31, 44n.24, 356, 361, 406 demobilisation 38, 431 Drexler’s counter-narrative 391–9 ex-combatant reintegration 380–6, 387–8, 415 formation 351, 353, 400 membership 9, 34, 40, 256, 352 objectives 7, 351, 353–4, 359, 360, 361, 405 peace negotiations 360, 362–80, 404, 407, 408–10, 412, 413–14, 416, 417, 419, 422, 425, 426 reconciliation 388–91 recruitment 32, 354, 358 support for 34, 343, 354, 355, 359, 360–1, 404–5, 410, 413 genocide, see ethnic cleansing geography/geographic factors 24–5, 26–7, 54, 114n.98, 174, 175 Gerakan Aceh Merdekam, see GAM Golkar 8, 86, 106, 165, 197, 207, 212, 233, 240 Gorua 217, 218–21, 227, 288 gotong royong viii, 2, 41, 42, 45, 46, 147, 174, 184, 190, 220, 243, 265, 270, 280, 282, 288, 431 GPK (Gerakan Pengacau Keamanan) 65, 392
Index
GPST (Gerakan Pemuda Sulawesi Tengah) 244, 247 Habibie, B. J. 14, 18, 70, 82, 83, 89, 96, 99, 100, 109, 151, 164, 169, 200, 357, 358, 387, 405, 406 Halmahera 46, 197, 198, 203, 204, 205, 207–10, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 222, 223, 227–8, 229, 230, 233, 235, 243, 284, 327 hibua lamo 46, 220, 221, 230, 243, 284 Human Rights Watch (HRW) 114, 124, 270 ICMI (Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia) 18, 165 internally displaced persons, see refugees International Commission of Jurists 87n.74 International Committee of the Red Cross 68, 277 International Crisis Group (ICG) 113, 257, 270 International Medical Corps 278 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 151 International Organization for Migration (IOM) 383, 388, 420, 425 Iraq 1, 114n.98, 169, 238, 361, 421 Irian, see Papua Irwandi, Jusuf 34, 368, 374, 384, 395, 410, 419, 420 Jayapura 50, 55, 62, 64, 79, 81, 82, 86n.73, 91, 92, 96n.82, 105, 106, 121, 124, 125, 129, 277 Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) 13, 14, 158, 208, 232, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257–8, 269, 271, 279, 283, 285, 287, 354, 399, 429n.1 kabupaten, see district government Kalla, Jusuf 38, 126, 177, 178, 195, 248n.2, 270, 283, 287, 362, 365, 408, 417, 425 Kecamatan Development Program, see World Bank
Kei Islands 156, 157, 171 Ketapang 152, 153, 155, 166, 189, 262, 308 Kingsbury, Damien 398–9, 408, 416n.32, 418 Komnas-Ham (Komisi Nasional Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia) 90, 124, 207, 308, 375 Kontras 114, 124 Kopassus (Komando Pasukan Khusus) 69, 85–6, 93, 101, 104, 123, 128, 129–30, 144, 416n.33 Korem 70n.53, 105 Kostrad 81n.66, 166 KPA (Komite Peralihan Aceh) 374, 376–7, 385 KPK (Koalisi Pengungkapan Kebenaran) 388 Laskar Jihad 2, 28, 38, 40, 46, in Aceh 399, 431 in Maluku 147, 152, 155, 157–8, 159, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167, 169, 171, 176, 177, 179, 180–1, 184, 185, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195 in North Maluku 196, 208, 211, 227, 229, 232 in Papua 105, 106, 112 in Sulawesi 245, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256n.7, 259, 269, 274, 287 Laskar Jundallah 252, 287, 244, 249, 250 Laskar Kristus 38, 46, 159, 163, 166, 193, 195, 431 Laskar Mujahidin 158, 195 Latuconsina, Akib 165, 170, 178 LEMASA (Lembaga Masyarakat Adat Suku Amungme) 72 LMMDD-KT 328, 329, 330 LPSHAM (Lembaga Pengembangan Studi dan Hak Asasi Manusia) 264, 268 Madura, 293, 299, 302, 309, 312, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 334
485
Anomie and Violence
Malifut 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 224, 226, 228, 229, 230, 234 Manado 40n.21, 186, 214, 216, 222, 223, 230, 243 Manokwari 50, 56, 60, 78, 82, 86n.73, 106, 112, 121, 135 maroso 46, 243, 265, 273, 282, 284, 289 Medan 348, 350, 351, 401, 405, 424 Médecins sans Frontières 223, 307 media 63n.40, 68n.48, 109, 126, 153, 185, 195, 211, 226, 227, 231, 268, 276, 287, 306, 322, 325, 337, 338, 365, 425 international 14, 111, 114, 126, 153, 227, 231, 362, 368, 403, 409, 412 peace journalism 171, 185, 193, 268 Mercy Corps 175, 187, 261, 264, 270 merdeka 32, 64, 65, 67, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 114, 126, 127, 131, 133, 135, 137, 140, 142, 145 migration 23n.16, 27 Aceh 343, 344, 405, 424 Kalimantan 292, 296, 309, 312–13, 318, 333 Maluku 164, 182, 194 North Maluku 224, 240 Papua 74–7, 80, 90, 104, 107, 121, 131, 139, 144 Sulawesi 244, 245–6, 266, 287 see also refugees military, see TNI Moluccas 55, 56, 148, 149, 164, 179, 182, 183, 197, 223, 237, 239, 270, 280, 293 Morotai 204, 211, 230 MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) 89, 146, 242, 289, 302, 341, 357n.4, 427 MRP (Majelis Rakyat Papua) 89, 90, 91, 136 MUI (Majelis Ulama Indonesia) 105, 170, 180, 223, 235, 255, 351 486
Mujahidin Kompak 250, 252, 253, 255, 256, 271 Muslim Intellectuals’ Association, see ICMI National Commission for Human Rights, see Komnas-Ham National Intelligence Agency, see BIN natural disasters 24, 25, 198, 199, 224, 240 tsunami (2004) 25, 99, 126, 352, 365, 366–7, 374, 381, 384, 385, 387, 399n.24, 402, 405, 406, 410, 412, 418, 425–6 Netherlands, the, involvement in Aceh 23–4, 61, 343, 344, 345–7, 348, 349, 350, 353, 358, 400, 401, 402, 403, 412, 413, 424 Indonesia 11, 18, 57, 413 Kalimantan 291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 303, 310, 311, 318, 327, 332, 339 Maluku 148, 149–50, 170, 181–2, 186, 197, 227 North Maluku 197, 224, 227, 231 Papua 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58–9, 60n.31, 65, 68, 75, 76, 77, 81, 85, 95–6, 115, 116, 120, 121, 123 Sulawesi 243–4, 245, 265 see also Dutch East India Company Newcrest 26, 36, 199, 201, 209, 212, 225, 228, 234 Nobel Peace Prize 394, 407, 408, 410 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) Aceh 352, 358, 359, 362, 364, 367n.11, 368, 371, 375, 376, 383, 393, 394, 406, 407, 410, 411, 415, 419, 425 Central Kalimantan 324, 325, 328, 332, 333, 334 Maluku 155, 159, 164, 171, 175, 176, 187, 190, 196 North Maluku 212, 217, 222, 227, 230, 231, 235, 241
Index
Papua 61, 68, 79, 89, 94, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 124, 125, 136, 144 Sulawesi 257, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264, 270, 272, 274, 277, 279n.17, 280, 283, 287, 288 West Kalimantan 291, 297, 304, 306, 307, 309–10, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320 see also name of organisation non-truth and reconciliation 1, 42, 44, 45, 429 Aceh 343, 399, 422, 423 Kalimantan 308, 320, 325, 334, 339 Maluku 147, 155, 186, 193, 194, 196 North Maluku 221, 231, 241, 261 Papua 98 Sulawesi 280, 281, 284, 288 OPM 9, 58, 65, 66, 67–9, 72, 79, 86, 88, 89–90, 91, 99, 123, 125, 126, 128, 133, 398–9, 435 attacks by 71, 84, 104, 111, 115, 144 attacks on 63, 80, 105, 121 objectives 7, 70, 72, 108–10, 112, 127, 131 peace negotiations 84–5, 93, 98, 134, 140, 141, 143, 145 recruitment 62 support for 66, 68, 81, 89 Organisasi Papua Merdeka, see OPM Pakistan 1, 105, 158 Palangkaraya 309, 321, 323, 330 Palu 244, 248, 252, 254, 259, 273, 276, 277, 279 Papua Land of Peace campaign 49, 93, 94, 95, 98, 100, 112, 114, 124, 125, 126, 134, 140, 142, 145 Papuan volunteer defence force, see PVK Parimo, Herman 247, 248, 249 PDI-P (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuanganan) 165, 189, 371
PDP (Presidium Dewan Papua) 83, 84–5, 88–90, 91, 93, 94, 100, 106, 110n.93, 122, 123, 126, 136, 144, 146 peace agreements 3, 24, 31, 34–5, 38–40, 42, 371–2, 431, 433, 434 Aceh 364, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371, 385, 404n.28, 410, 416–17 Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CoHA) 363, 364, 406, 410 Helsinki Agreement 24, 38, 39, 40, 44n.24, 343, 362, 366, 367, 368, 369, 371–2, 373–4, 375–6, 377, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 386, 388, 389, 393, 398, 404, 405, 407n.29, 408, 409, 410, 412, 415, 416, 417–18, 422, 426, 434 Kalimantan 295, 303, 308, 309, 323, 328, 331, 362 Kasongan Agreement 326 Maluku 207, 211, 220, 230, 252, 273n.13 Malino I 38, 157, 168–9, 172, 177–9, 191, 196, 227, 229, 251–4, 255, 260, 262, 264, 265, 270, 274–7, 288 Malino II 157, 160, 177, 178, 193, 195, 227, 264, 275 Papua 71, 88–9, 90, 91, 95, 108, 119, 126 New York Agreement (NYA) 59–60 peacebuilding contested principles 140–1, 142, 145, 157, 192, 196, 232, 241, 282, 288–9, 318, 320, 332, 334, 420–1, 426 strengths 46–7, 114 Aceh 364, 407, 409, 415–20, 425 Kalimantan 317–18, 320, 331–2, 334 Maluku 190–1, 195 North Maluku 229–32, 235, 241 Papua 134–40, 144 Sulawesi 260, 264, 274–81, 287 weaknesses 21, 36, 46–7, 93 Aceh 362, 373, 409, 415–20, 426 487
Anomie and Violence
Kalimantan 304, 315, 317–18, 320, 331–2, 334 Maluku 190–1, 195–6 North Maluku 229–32, 235, 238, 241 Papua 125, 134–40, 145 Sulawesi 267, 274–81, 288 see also reconciliation pela-gandong 46, 173, 174, 184, 220, 243, 284 Philippines, the 56, 168, 183, 197, 209, 229, 250, 251, 255, 364, 365n.12 PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia) 12, 58, 61, 150, 151 Poka 154–5, 157, 159, 161, 174, 183 Pontianak 292, 294–5, 299–300, 301, 308, 309, 310, 317 Popilo 218–21, 228 Poso 34, 38, 40, 41, 45, 46, 160, 177, 180, 193–4, 198, 211, 216, 229, 232, 243, 244–86, 288, 293, 305, 308, 327, 399, 429n.1, 433 PPP (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) 197, 231, 233, 351, 357n.4 preman 153, 161, 256, 269, 298, 301, 302, 303, 386, 393 PUSA (Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh) 349, 350 Puteh, Governor 406, 412, 414 PVK (Papoea vrijvilligerskorps) 57, 59n.28, 60, 65n.44, 86n.72 reconciliation 1, 2, 4, 9, 20n.14, 21, 24, 26n.18, 38, 41–7, 429, 431–2, 434, 435 Aceh 343, 380, 388–91, 397, 399, 412, 420, 422, 425, 426 Central Kalimantan 322–3, 324, 325, 328, 331, 334, 339 Maluku 147, 155, 156, 157, 160–1, 163, 169, 170, 171, 172–8, 181, 186, 191, 192, 193–4, 195, 196 North Maluku 201, 211, 216–21, 229, 230, 234, 235, 236, 241 488
Papua 49, 67, 80, 84, 85, 94, 98, 115– 17, 118, 119, 136, 140, 141, 142–3, 145 Sulawesi 243, 250, 253, 257, 261–5, 270, 272, 273, 276–7, 280–1, 282, 284, 287–8 West Kalimantan 291, 295, 296, 307–10, 312, 314, 315, 319, 320 see also peace agreements, peacebuilding, non-truth and reconciliation, Truth and Reconciliation Commission Reformasi 8, 18, 69n.50, 84, 89, 95, 96, 100, 106, 121, 149, 151, 155, 192, 233, 246, 270, 302, 356 refugees 5n.5, 21, 24 Aceh 359, 386–7, 420 Central Kalimantan 321, 322–3, 325, 328, 330–1, 332, 333, 334 Maluku 147, 158, 159, 162, 171, 176, 189, 190, 195, 196 North Maluku 196, 200, 201, 202, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222–3, 227, 230, 231, 241 Papua 61n.35, 70n.52, 84, 85, 111 Sulawesi 250, 260, 262–3, 264, 267, 269, 270, 272, 276–8, 280, 281, 285n.20, 287, 288 West Kalimantan 294, 299, 300, 301, 302, 306–8, 309, 310, 311, 318, 319, 320 see also ethnic cleansing, migration RMS (Republic of South Maluku) 150, 159, 164, 170, 197, 208 Sambas 40, 216, 292, 294, 298–9, 301, 303, 305, 307, 309–10, 314, 315, 317, 320, 339 Sampit 216, 321, 322, 324, 325, 327, 328–9 Save the Children 159, 307 Search for Common Ground in Indonesia 310, 323, 325
Index
Seram 105, 156, 168, 173, 175, 178, 180, 186 Sharia law 151, 271, 357, 363, 371, 407, 419–20 Singkawang 300, 303, 310 SIRA (Senter Informasi Referendum Aceh) 351, 357, 360, 362, 393, 395, 407, 410, 415, 417, 419, 425 SKP (Sekretariat Keadilan dan Perdamaian) 62, 96n.82, 124 slavery, see crime—human trafficking Solomon Islands 1, 2, 9, 82, 92, 281, 286, 421, 434 Solossa, Jaap 63n.40, 89, 92, 97 Sorong 84, 105, 106 Sosol 200, 202, 226, 240 special forces, see Kopassus Suebu, Barnabus 87, 92, 138 Suharto 8, 12, 18, 61, 62, 65n.42, 71, 75, 80, 86n.72, 100, 101, 122, 129, 144, 150–1, 165, 181, 187, 190, 197, 206, 244, 245, 295, 311, 354, 358, 406, 413, 430 cronies 31, 72, 101–2, 152, 311, 313, 405 fall of 2n.1, 13, 17, 30, 62, 75, 82, 96, 133, 151, 197, 246, 248, 293, 313 family 9, 12, 101–2, 155, 350n.2, 401 post-Suharto 14, 18, 42, 60n.31, 62, 64, 151, 199n.9, 275, 356, 367, 404, 408, 418 Sukarno 11, 12, 18, 56–7, 58, 60, 86, 100–1, 122, 132, 144, 150, 303, 358, 391 Sukarnoputri, Megawati 86, 100, 104, 165, 177, 207, 211, 212, 230, 360, 362, 363, 371, 388, 407–8 Sultan of Ternate 8, 148, 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, 205, 206–7, 210, 212, 215, 217, 224, 225, 228, 229, 231, 235 Sultan of Tidore 56, 148, 197, 206–7, 224, 226, 227, 235
Surasmin, Interim Governor 206, 209, 211, 240 Tentena 245, 247, 251, 253, 259, 262, 272, 273n.13, 283, 285n.20 Ternate 8, 56, 149, 197–8, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205–7, 208n.14, 209, 210, 211, 213–14, 215n.16, 216n.17, 217, 222–30, 232, 233, 235, 237, 239, 348 see also Sultan of Ternate Thalib, Ja’far Umar 167, 170, 179 Tibo, Fabianus 249, 254, 272, 273, 278, 279 Tidore 56, 148, 197, 201, 202, 203, 206–7, 210, 213, 219 see also Sultan of Tidore Timika 69n.50, 71, 72, 74, 86n.73, 104, 106, 116, 118, 121, 124 TNA 374 see also GAM TNI 31, 100, 101, 106n.90, 111, 112, 114, 353, 362, 365n.8, 367, 395, 398, 413 TPN (Tentara Pembebasan Nasional) 67, 68, 123, 127 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 42 Aceh 369, 370, 380, 388–9, 394, 399, 415, 420, 422, 426 Kalimantan 308, 339 Papua 89, 90–1, 97, 115, 140 South Africa 120 Sulawesi 265 ulama 44, 174, 175, 180, 223, 255–6, 349–50, 391 uleebalang 345, 346, 349, 350, 407 United Nations 5, 92, 77n.63, 364, 380, 416 Aceh 115, 353, 364, 380, 411, 418 Development Program (UNDP) 3, 51n.8, 91–2, 159, 175, 177, 212, 231, 235, 241, 263, 274, 288, 306, 307, 310, 384, 412, 420
489
Anomie and Violence
East Timor 4n.4, 99, 113, 159, 364, 411, 434 Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) 50n.1, 175–6 International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) 159, 307 Maluku 159, 185, 236 North Maluku 216, 236 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA) 278, 307 Papua 57, 59–60, 62, 63, 70, 77n.63, 78, 91, 99, 112, 113, 121, 124, 138 Security Force (UNSF) 59 Transitional Executive Administration (UNTEA) 59, 60 United States 50, 74, 134, 135, 168, 387, 414 involvement in Aceh 346, 354, 361, 362n.6, 364, 367, 410, 411, 412, 414, 418, 429 involvement in East Timor 109, 362n.6, 364, 434 involvement in Maluku 154, 169, 171, 191, 239 involvement in Papua 50, 54, 58, 59, 71, 72, 74, 79, 85, 90, 109, 111–12, 113, 114, 121, 134, 135 involvement in Sulawesi 234, 245, 251, 268 relations with Indonesia 58, 59, 71, 113, 114, 252, 360, 367 USAID 146, 231, 242, 270, 289, 341, 384, 412, 425, 427 Wahid, Abdurrahman 14, 71n.54, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 100, 104, 106, 115, 122, 126, 144, 151, 166, 167, 169, 170, 210, 229, 250, 261, 272, 358, 362, 363, 417 Wahid, Abu Bakar 196n.8, 208, 209 Wamena 51, 75, 77, 81n.66, 85, 87, 90, 112 Wattimena, Agus 159, 166, 187 490
Wayam 160–2, 193, 195, 204, 431 Weda Bay 204, 205, 241 West Papua, see Papua Wiranto, General 100, 151, 166, 168, 170, 184, 191, 247, 356, 358 World Bank 3, 37, 274, 288, 369, 380, 381, 383, 410, 411, 412, 419, 425 Kecamatan Development Program (KDP) 16, 35, 45, 274, 277, 324, 387–8, 411 World Vision 270, 307 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 124 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang 11, 14–15, 16n.12, 20, 38, 71n.54, 94, 99, 108, 111, 140, 142, 177, 178, 195, 251, 270, 287, 362, 366, 402, 406, 407, 408, 409, 417, 418, 425
This text is taken from Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding, by John Braithwaite, Valerie Braithwaite, Michael Cookson and Leah Dunn, published 2010 by ANU E Press, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
