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Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film Entitled “Avatar”
THESIS
By: EKO WIDIANTO K2209104
English Education Department Teacher Training and Education Faculty Sebelas Maret University Surakarta 2013 commit i to user
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PRONOUNCEMENT
I would like to certify that the thesis entitled "Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film Entitled Avatar” is really my own work. It is not plagiarism or made by others. Everything related to others‟ works are written in quotation, the sources of which are listed on the bibliography. If then, this pronouncement proves wrong, I am ready to receive any academic punishment.
Ngawi,
September 2013
Eko Widianto
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Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film Entitled “Avatar”
Submitted to the Teacher Training and education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University to Fulfil one of the requirements for obtaining the undergraduate degree in english education
THESIS
By: EKO WIDIANTO K2209104
English Education Department Teacher Training and Education Faculty Sebelas Maret University Surakarta 2013
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APPROVAL OF CONSULTANTS This thesis has been apprived by thesis Consultants to be examined by the thesis Examiners board of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
On
:
By
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First Consultant
Second Consultant
Drs. Suparno, M.Pd.
Teguh Sarosa, S.S., M.Hum
NIP. 195111271986011001
NIP. 19730205 200604 1 001
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APPROVAL OF THE BOARD EXAMINERS
This thesis has been examined by the Board of Thesis Examiners of the English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University Surakarta and has been accepted to fulfill one of the requirements for obtaining the Undergraduate Degree in English Education. Date : Day : The Board of Examiners: 1. Chair Drs. Muh. Asrori, M.Pd. NIP. 19601015 198702 1 001 2. Secretary Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd. NIP. 19520307 198003 1 005 3. First Examiner Drs. Suparno, M.Pd. NIP. 19511127 198601 1 001 4. Second Examiner Teguh Sarosa, S.S., M.Hum. NIP. 19730205 200604 1 001
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Teacher Training and Education Faculty Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta Dean,
Prof. Dr. H. Furqon Hidayatullah, M.Pd. NIP. 19600727 198702 1 001 commit v to user
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ABSTRACT
Eko Widianto. K2209104. Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film Entitled “Avatar”. Thesis. English Department. Teacher Training and Education Faculty. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The sources of data are the manuscript and video of “Avatar” film. It is an epic science fiction film made by Lightstorm Entertainment and released by 20th Century Fox on December 18, 2009. The film is written and directed by James Cameron. The goals of this research are 1) to identify the contexts of declarative utterances uttered by the main characters (Jake Sully) in the film entitled “Avatar”, 2) to identify the hearer’s responses of declarative utterances uttered by the main character (Jake Sully) in the film entitled “Avatar”, 3) to explain the pragmatic forces of declarative utterances uttered by the main character (Jake Sully) in the film entitled “Avatar” viewed from the illocutionary force. The researcher classifies the declarative utterances by their illocutionary forces based on Searle’s theories. Before defining the pragmatic force, the researcher explains the context for a better understanding about the speaker’s intention. From the film, the researcher found 120 declarative utterances uttered by the main character (Jake Sully). The researcher takes 40 utterances as the data of the research. The results of this research are, 1) every utterance has its own context which is different from another utterance. The declarative utterances produced by Jake Sully in film entitled Avatar have their own context; situation, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, and genre, 2) the hearer’s responses of Jake Sully’s declarative utterance are many and varied; they are not only organized as word, phrase, or sentence, but some of the responses are formed in acts, and some hearers do not give any response. Some responses are formed in words responses as statement and question, while some other responses are formed in act responses; eying, nodding, attacking, etc. Those responses are influenced by Jake’s meaning by those declarative utterances, 3) the pragmatic force of the declarative utterance in film entitled “Avatar” is reflected by the function of the utterance, the 40 declarative utterances bring various force as suggesting, appointing, reporting, requesting, claiming, thanking, asking, complaining, apologizing, confirming, blaming, ordering, advising, and sentencing. The contributions of this research to teaching and learning activity are, 1) the pragmatic force of declarative utterances can be used as teacher’s instruction, and 2) the pragmatic force of declarative utterances can also be used as a teaching materials. Keywords: pragmatic, speech act, illocution, declarative
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ABSTRAK
Eko Widianto. K2209104. Penelitian tentang Pragmatik pada Tuturan Pernyataan dalam Film yang Berjudul “Avatar”. Skripsi. Bahasa Inggris. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah transkrip dan video asli dari film “Avatar”. Film “Avatar” ini merupakan sebuah film fiksi ilmiah kepahlawanan yang diproduksi oleh Lightstorm Entertainment dan drilis oleh 20th Century Fox pada 18 Desember 2009. Film ini ditulis dan disutradarai oleh James Cameron. Peneliti menemukan 120 tuturan pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully) dalam transkrip dan video. Data penelitian ini adalah tuturan pernyataan yang diambil dari transkrip film dan video. Untuk mencapai tujuan dari penelitian ini, yakni 1) untuk mengenali konteks dari tuturan pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully) dalam film “Avatar”, 2) untuk mengenali tanggapan dari para pendengar tuturan pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully) dalam film “Avatar”, 3) untuk menjelaskan pragmatik pada tuturan pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully) dalam film “Avatar” dipandang dari pengaruh ilokusi dari masing-masing tuturan. Peneliti mengklasifikasi tuturan pernyataan menurut pengaruh ilokusi masing-masing dengan berdasar pada teori Searle. Sebelum menganalisa data, peneliti menjelaskan konteks terlebih dahulu untuk pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang maksud tuturan yang sebenarnya. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah 1) setiap tuturan memiliki konteks tersendiri yang berbeda dari tuturan lain. Tuturan pernyataan yang dihasilkan oleh Jake Sully dalam film “Avatar” memiliki konteks masing-masing yakni situasi, peserta, tujuan, rangkaian tindakan, petunjuk, perantara, norma, dan jenis, 2) tanggapan pendengar terhadap tuturan pernyataan Jake Sully begitu banyak dan bermacam-macam; tidak hanya berbentuk kata, frase, atau kalimat, tetapi juga berbentuk tindakan, dan yang lain tidak memberikan tanggapan. Beberapa tanggapan berbentuk kata-kata antara lain pernyataan, dan pertanyaan, sedangkan yang lain berbentuk tindakan seperti memandang, mengangguk, menyerang, dsb. Tanggapan-tanggapan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh maksud Jake yang sebenarnya lewat tuturan pernyataan tersebut, 3) pragmatik pada tuturan pernyataan dalam film “Avatar” dicerminkan oleh fungsi dari masing-masing tuturan, 40 tuturan dalam penelitian ini membawa berbagai macam bentuk pragmatik seperti mengusulkan, menetapkan, melaporkan, meminta, mengklaim, berterimakasih, bertanya, mengeluh, meminta maaf, menyalahkan, memesan, menasehati, memvonis. Kontribusi penelitian ini terhadap pengajaran dan pembelajaran adalah 1) pragmatik pada tuturan pernyataan dapat diterapkan sebagai instruksi guru, 2) pragmatik pada tuturan pernyataan juga dapat digunakan sebagai materi pengajaran. Kata kunci: pragmatik, tindak tutur, ilokusi, pernyataan commit vii to user
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MOTTO “Real education must ultimately be limited to men who insist on knowing, the rest is mere sheep-herding” (Ezra Pound)
“The object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives” (Robert M. Hutchins)
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DEDICATION
This thesis is lovingly dedicated to:
My mother and my father.
My lovely sister.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin. All praise be to Allah SWT to the blesses for the researcher to finish the thesis as one of the requirements for achieving Undergraduate Degree in English Department, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University. The researcher believes that many people have given support to finish this thesis. So, he would like to express his sincere gratitude to the following: 1.
The Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University for his permission to write this thesis.
2.
The Head of English Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, for his permission to write this thesis.
3.
Drs. Suparno, M. Pd., the first consultant for all his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.
4.
The second consultant, Teguh Sarosa, S.S., M.Hum, for his time, advice, and patience to make the thesis better.
5.
All the lecturers, administrative staffs and friends in the English Department of Sebelas Maret University for the assistance so the researcher could enjoy the time during his learning in the English Department.
6.
His mother and his father for their massive supports and patience, for giving birth to the researcher at the first place and supporting the researcher spiritually throughout his life.
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The researcher’s best friends: Qosim, Heru, Reza, Chandri, Andri, Habyby, for always helping and brightening the researcher’s life when he has been through a storm.
8.
ED 2009 B for a good love and laugh.
9.
The entire members of English Department, especially for ED 2009 for the friendship and happiness that he has spent with.
This thesis is far from being perfect, so the researcher would be very pleased for all the suggestion, criticism, and comment on this thesis better. The researcher hopes that this thesis could give some knowledges to everyone who read it.
Ngawi,
September 2013
Eko Widianto
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TABLE OF CONTENT PRONOUNCEMENT .....................................................................................
ii
TITLE .............................................................................................................
iii
APPROVAL OF CONSULTANTS ...............................................................
iv
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ........................................
v
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
vi
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................
vii
MOTTO ..........................................................................................................
viii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................
xii
LIST OF APPENDIX .....................................................................................
xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................
1
A. Background of the Research ...................................................
1
B. Problem Limitation .................................................................
4
C. Problem Statement ..................................................................
4
D. Research Objectives ................................................................
5
E. Benefits of the Research ..........................................................
5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..............................
6
A. Pragmatics ...............................................................................
6
1. The differences of semantics and pragmatics .....................
6
2. Aspects of pragmatics .........................................................
8
3. The domain of pragmatics ……………………………….. commit xii to user
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B. Speech Acts .............................................................................
11
1. Definition of speech acts .....................................................
11
2. Categories of speech acts ....................................................
12
3. Direct and indirect speech acts ............................................
15
4. Classification of speech acts ................................................
16
5. Pragmatic force …………………………………………...
18
C. Declarative Utterance ..............................................................
19
D. Context .....................................................................................
21
E. Human Communication ...........................................................
24
1. Definition of communication ……………………………..
24
2. Characteristic of communication ........................................
25
3. Types of communication ………………………………….
25
4. Function of communication ……………………………….
27
F. Film ...........................................................................................
28
G. Synopsis of the Film “Avatar” ………………………………
30
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................
33
A. Object of the Research ............................................................
33
B. Type of the Research ...............................................................
33
C. Data and Source of Data ..........................................................
34
D. Population, Sample and Sampling Technique ........................
34
E. Technique of Collecting Data ..................................................
35
F. Technique of Analyzing the Data ............................................
36
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS ...............................................................
40
A. Introduction to Analysis ..........................................................
40
B. Data Analysis ...........................................................................
40
C. Discussion ................................................................................
96
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, SUGGESTION.................
99
A. Conclusion ...............................................................................
99
B. Implication ............................................................................... commit xiii to user
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1. As teacher’s instruction …………………………………...
101
2. As teaching materials ……………………………………..
102
C. Suggestion …………………………………………………...
117
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………. ..
118
APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………….. 120
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LIST OF APPENDIX 1.
The manuscript of “Avatar” film.
2.
Legalizations.
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