An Ontology of Indonesian Ethnomedicine

2014 International Conference on Information, Communication Technology and System

An Ontology of Indonesian Ethnomedicine 1

Dewi W. Wardani, 2Sri Handina Yustianti, 3Umi Salamah, 4Okid Parama Astirin 123 Informatics Department, 4Biology Department 1234 Sebelas Maret University Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—Knowledge Management which uses semantic approach is emerging technology. The challenges have been growing in using semantic technology for real problem more than its theoretical research. This work focuses on knowledge management using semantic approach in ethno medicine domain. The first step of this work is building ontology of Indonesian ethno medicine. Indonesia is well known as the owner of largest biodiversity in the world, its needed to manage the knowledge of this biodiversity, hence this knowledge will be more useful in the future. Keywords—semantic ethnomedicine.

I.

technology,

ontology,

biodiversity,

INTRODUCTION

Ontology is a backbone of knowledge sharing. The main goal of building the ontology is to define the vocabulary. It will be needed for information sharing of the specific domain [15]. Biology is the domain which is knowledge-based. A lot data will be interpreted by comparing with the previous one. Whether it is knowledge-based or axiom, it will be influenced by the previous knowledge [16]. In conventional way, knowledge in biology domain is distributed in the biology expert's intelligence. There is a motivation to transfer the intelligence of expert to biological data. In information technology's view, biological data is a database of an expert in biology domain, but in this case the current and famous database model can't handle much complex of knowledge. Lack of semantic is one disadvantage of previous model. Therefore, the ontology modeling approach is the promising answer in this complex problem domain. Indonesia's biodiversity is known well in the world, included forest that contains several ecosystems and as the resource of food and medicine. There are 239 plant types as food resource and more than 2039 plant types as medicine resources [25]. The traditional medicine as empirical knowledge is well known for long time to cure many diseases for human or animal. The number of type will be raised if consider the source outer forest's biodiversity. Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke, has more than 550 ethnics [24]. Each of them created empirical knowledge and indigenous knowledge included about medicine. This indigenous knowledge of traditional medicine has been developing in ethno botany and ethno medicine subjects in many countries [4][7][10][13][17][21]. Indonesia is an importer of medicine,

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the money for importing this medicine had been raised in 2010 to be more than 38 billion rupiah from 21 billion trillion rupiah in 2005 [22]. From this point, Indonesian ethno medicine is the great potential to be developed for gaining independency of medicine mass production. This is a very good alternative to solve that problem. It’s mentioned 65 % of developed countries have been consuming traditional medicine [9]. From this point, we have a motivation to create knowledgebased of Indonesian ethno medicine. Indonesia is the owner of largest biodiversity in the world. We need start this work before else does it. The ontology approach as vocabulary will be used as a backbone of many applications which can be created from this vocabulary. Collecting indigenous knowledge and empiric ethno medicine as biological knowledge base with ontology as the approach is the first step of this knowledge management. II.

RELATED WORKS

Ontology is a standard to create vocabulary of knowledge, meanwhile the domain can be varying, e.g.: business, economics, corporate, government and biology has been dominating in using it. Its mentioned, there were several project in biology domain using ontology, such as plant Ontology [6], ontology for bioinformatics’ application [3] [5], ontology for life science [18], special domain bioinformatics genomic [19] and special domain anatomy [18]. The large in web based application is plant ontology [1]. The other work [20] mentioned several biology domain has consumed ontology though still in the beginning research, e.g. FungalWeb Ontology. FungalWeb Ontology has goal to integrate enzyme biotechnology's data from its inception to its products. Ethno botany studies the relationship between plant and human [4], meanwhile ethno biology studies relationship between human, biota and its environment from the past to the present [7]. The other definition, ethno medicine is a part of ethno botany, it studies medical anthropology about traditional medicine, related to the specific location which in have been used empirical for long time ago [12]. Previous research of knowledge management in ethno botany, ethno biology or ethno medicine is something new in Indonesia. Some countries have started using knowledge management in ethno medicine. In China, [23] the research was motivated that China has very large knowledge in Chinese

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2014 International Conference on Information, Communication Technology and System Traditional Medicine (TCM), in eastern and western China. The main goal is developed high-level TCM ontology that considers to biomedical ontology’s interaction and its TCM services. In Thailand, [8] focuses to develop ontology for ehealth system based on Thai herb. It consists of 5 main components, user agent, inference agent, database, ontology and inference rules. When user seek the suggestion about Thai herb, the user agent will be activating inference agent, get result of ontology and inference rules then the system will give suggestion about the Thai herbs depend user's health condition. Still in Thailand, [14] has different focus from the previous one. It consists three main functions, search, treatment and recommendation. In Africa, [2] has a goal to develop deep ontology which emphasis to enrich description of the concept to formal level for each semantics concepts which is used in African traditional medicine. It builds the ontology until description level. In Malaysia, [11] built conceptual model for herbal medicine using ontology approach. The scope of the ontology is the important information from expert community in herbal medicine, engineering, medical and botany. It used four extended relationships, the relationship from temporal, prerequisite, mutually inclusive and mutually exclusive. The experimental, prototype Herbal Research E-Centre create new set rule. III.

THE ONTOLOGY OF INDONESIAN ETHNOMEDICINE

Scope of this ontology is the knowledge of Indonesian ethnomedicine and the usefulness by Indonesian ethnic. Its empirical level research of knowledge. Consider the scope, this ontology is more about knowledge domain rather than task domain. Scope is derived to seven concepts. They are as follow, 1. Medicine plant. A concept of plant itself. Basically its a concept of general plant, included the taxonomy. 2. A part to be used. A concept of a part of plant which is used as medicine. Probably, different ethnic use different part of the plant to cure the same desease 3. Desease. A concept of desease which connected with ethnic. 4. Ethnic. A concept of ethnic in Indonesia. Included their dissemination area. 5. The way to consume. A concept how the plant medicines are consumed each ethnic. 6. Farmacological effect-contain. A concept which describe the information of the content of each plant and each part. Its the result of laboratory works. It usually has a lot describtion. 7. Habitat. A concept of environment of each plant. Those concepts are derived to 14 main classes. Those classes are (in Bahasa Indonesia), BagianYangDigunakan, CaraPemakaian, DeskripsiFisik, DeskripsiNonFisik, Efek, Etnis, Habitat, KandunganTanamanObat, Kondisi, Lokasi, NamaSimplisia, Penyakit, Taksonomi and TanamanObat.

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Here are the details: 1. BagianYangDigunakan. Class contains a part of medicine plant which is used (In Table ). 2. CaraPemakaian. Class contains information of the way to use medicine plant (In Table ). 3. DeskripsiFisik. Class contains a physic description of medicine plant. It has a few subclasses: DeskripsiAkar.Class contains the description of plant’s root, DeskripsiBatang. Class contains the description of plant’s trunk. DeskripsiBuah. Class contains the description of plant’s fruit. DeskripsiBunga. Class contains the description of plant’s flower. DeskripsiDaun. Class contains the description of plant’s leaf. Habitus. Class contains the description of plant’s habitus. Warna. Class contains the description of plant’s color. 4. DeskripsiNonFisik. Class contains a non-physic description. It contains a few subclasses: Aroma. Class contains the description of plant’s aroma, Rasa. Class contains the description of plant’s taste. 5. Efek. Class contains the impact of using the medicine plant. It contains a few subclasses: EfekFarmakologis. Class contains the description of plant’s effect of pharmacology. EfekNegatif. Class contains the description of plant’s negative effect. Kontradiksi. Class contains the description of plant’s contradiction effect. 6. Etnis. Class contains an instance of Indonesian's ethnic 7. Habitat. Class contains an instance about medicine plants's habitat 8. KandunganTanamanObat. Class contains an instance the contents of the medicine plant. It has few subclasses: • KandunganGizi. Class contains the description of plant’s nutrition per 100 g. • KandunganKimia. Class contains the description of plant’s chemical constituents per 100 g. 9. Kondisi. Class contains an instance about user's condition. It refers to probability of contraindication. 10. Lokasi. Class contains an Indonesian ethnic's location. It has a few subclasses: • Provinsi. Class contains the description of ethnic’s province location. • Pulau. Class contains the description of ethnic’s island location. 11. NamaSimplisia. Class contains an instance of a part of medicine plant's symplycity name. 12. Penyakit. Class contains an instance of disease. 13. Taksonomi. Class contains a taxonomy's definition of medicine plant. It has a few subclasses: Divisi,SubDivisi, Kelas,Ordo, Familia, Genus and Spesies • Divisi. Class contains the description of plant's division • SubDivisi. Class contains the description of plant's sub division • Kelas. Class contains the description of the plant's class


2014 International Conference on Information, Communication Technology and System • Ordo. Class contains the description of the plant's ordo • Familia. Class contains the description of the plant's familia name • Genus. Class contains the description of the plant's genus name • Spesies. Class contains the the description of plant's species name 14. TanamanObat. Class contains the information of medicine plant TABLE 1. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS BAGIANYANGDIGUNAKAN Property name hasAroma hasCaraPemakaian hasCaraPemrosesan hasRasa hasWarna

Domain Range Property type BagianYangDig Aroma Object Properties unakan BagianYangDig CaraPemakai Object Properties unakan an BagianYangDig CaraPemrose Object Properties unakan san BagianYangDig Rasa Object Properties unakan BagianYangDig Warna Object Properties unakan BagianYangDig Etnis Object Properties unakan

isBagianTanamanYa ngDigunakanOlehEt nis isDigunakanPadaPe BagianYangDig Penyakit nyakit unakan

Object Properties

TABLE 2. DESCRIPTION IN PROPERTIES IN CLASS CARAPEMAKAIAN Property name Domain Range Property type CaraPemrosesanUnt CaraPemrosesa Penyakit Object Properties ukPenyakit n isCaraPemrosesanDi CaraPemrosesa Etnis Object Properties Etnis n hasTahapSelanjutny CaraPemrosesa CaraPemakai Object Properties a n an

TABLE 3. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS ETNIS Property name Domain isMelakukanPengob Etnis atanPadaPenyakit isMenggunakanBagi Etnis anTanamanObat isMenggunakanCara Etnis Pemakaian isMenggunakanCara Etnis Pemrosesan isMenggunakanTana Etnis manObat isTinggalDiProvinsi Etnis

Range Penyakit

Property type Object Properties

BagianYang Object Properties Digunakan CaraPemakai Object Properties an CaraPemrose Object Properties san TanamanOba Object Properties t Provinsi Object Properties

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TABLE 4. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS KANDUNGANGIZI Property name hasNilaiGizi

Domain Range KandunganGizi String

Property type Datatype Properties

TABLE 5. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS KANDUNGANKIMIA Property name Domain Range Property type DitemukanPadaBa KandunganKimi BagianYang Object Properties gian a Digunakan

TABLE 6. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS PROVINSI Property name Domain hasEtnis Provinsi isTerletakDiPulau Provinsi

Range Etnis Pulau

Property type Object Properties Object Properties

TABLE 7. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS PULAU Property name Domain hasProvinsi Pulau

Range Provinsi


TABLE 8. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS NAMASIMPLISIA Property name Domain isSimplisiaDariB NamaSimplisia agian

Range Property type BagianYang Object Properties Digunakan

TABLE 9. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS PENYAKIT Property name Domain isPenyakitYangD Penyakit iobatiOlehEtnis

Range Etnis


TABLE 10. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS DIVISI Property name Domain DivisiMemilikiS Divisi ubDivisi

Range SubDivisi


TABLE 11. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS SUBDIVISI Property name Domain isSubDivisiDari SubDivisi Divisi SubDivisiMemil SubDivisi ikiKelas

Range Divisi


Kelas

Object Properties

TABLE 12. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS KELAS Property name Domain isKelasDariSub Kelas Divisi KelasMemiliki Kelas Ordo

Range SubDivisi


Ordo

Object Properties


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2014 International Confference on Information, Communication Technology and a System TABLE 13. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN N CLASS ORDO Property name Domain isOrdoDariKel Ordo as OrdoMemiliki Ordo Familia

Range Kelas

Property type Objecct Properties

Familia

Objecct Properties

TABLE 14. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN N CLASS FAMILIA Property name Domain isFamiliaDari Familia Ordo FamiliaMemil Familia ikiGenus

Range Ordo


Genus

Objecct Properties

TABLE 15. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN N CLASS GENUS Property name Domain isGenusDariF Genus amilia GenusMemilik Genus iSpesies

Range Familia


Spesies

Objecct Properties

TABLE 16. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES IN N CLASS SPESIES Property name Domain hasSinonim Spesies isSpesiesDariGenus Spesies

IV.

Range Spesies Genus

Property type Obbject Properties Obbject Properties

EXPERIMENT

As like as [11] we made prototype to doo the experimental of the ontology. The resource of knowledgge are from a few journals and books which were written by exxpert in Indonesian ethnomedicine. In this initial research, thee experimental is more focuses and refers to ”what” question. There were 20 questions have been used for the experrimental and the feedback from the expert as comparing meaasure. In example: The SPARQL ask about ”what part of mediccine plant which is used in Sunda and for what disease?” PREFIX : SELECT DISTINCT ?Penyakit ?Tanaman_Obat ?Bagiaan FROM WHERE { Penyakit. :Etnis_Sunda :isMelakukanPengobatanPadaPenyakit ?P ?Tanaman_Obat :isMengobatiPenyakit ?Penyakit. ?Tanaman_Obat :hasBagianYangDigunakan ?Bagian. :Etnis_Sunda :isMenggunakanBagianTanamanObat ?Bagian

TABLE 17. DESCRIPTION N OF PROPERTIES IN CLASS TANAM MANOBAT Property name Domain hasBagianYangDiguna TanamanObat kan hasBentukAkar TanamanObat hasBentukBatang TanamanObat hasBentukBuah TanamanObat hasBentukBunga TanamanObat hasBentukDaun TanamanObat hasEfekFarmakologis TanamanObat hasEfekNegatif hasHabitat hasHabitus hasKandunganGizi

TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat

hasKandunganKimia

TanamanObat

hasKontraindikasi hasNamaDivisi hasNamaSubDivisi hasNamaKelas hasNamaOrdo hasNamaFamilia hasNamaGenus hasNamaSpesies hasNamaLokal hasNamaSimplisia hasTipeBatang hasTipeBuah hasTipeBunga hasTipeDaun hasTipePercabangan

TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat TanamanObat

hasTipePertulangan

TanamanObat

hasTipeSistemAkar

TanamanObat

hasZatAktif TanamanObat isDigunakanOlehEtnis TanamanObat isMengobatiPenyakit TanamanObat isTidakBaikUntukKond TanamanObat isi TumbuhDiKetinggian TanamanObat TumbuhDiSuhu TanamanObat TumbuhDiTingkatKele TanamanObat mbaban NamaChina TanamanObat NamaInggris TanamanObat

Range Property type BagianYangDi Object Properties gunakan BentukAkar Object Properties BentukBatang Object Properties BentukBuah Object Properties BentukBunga Object Properties BentukDaun Object Properties EfekFarmakol Object Properties ogis EfekNegatif Object Properties Habitat Object Properties Habitus Object Properties KandunganGiz Object Properties i KandunganKi Object Properties mia Kontraindikasi Object Properties Divisi Object Properties SubDivisi Object Properties Kelas Object Properties Ordo Object Properties Familia Object Properties Genus Object Properties Spesies Object Properties NamaLokal Object Properties NamaSimplisia Object Properties TipeBatang Object Properties TipeBuah Object Properties TipeBunga Object Properties TipeDaun Object Properties TipePercaban Object Properties gan TipePertulang Object Properties an TipeSistemAka Object Properties r ZatAktif Object Properties Etnis Object Properties Penyakit Object Properties Kondisi Object Properties String String String

Datatype Properties Datatype Properties Datatype Properties

String String

Datatype Properties Datatype Properties

The result is true by expert's evaluation, and as follow the complete experimental result.. The question were from the expert in ethnomedicine. Q as a question and EE as expert evaluation. The expert heree is a professor in Biology department who expert in Inddonesian Ethno medicine. The result of the experimental is quuite promising in this beginning work. We have 65 questions and the returns result is 100% True consider to the expert evaaluation.

Figure 1. An example of the result of SPARQ QL query

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I ICTS 2014, Surabaya, Indonesia

2014 International Conference on Information, Communication Technology and System TABLE 18. AN EXAMPLE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULT No Q1: What’s scientific name of Asam Jawa ? EE: True 1 2

Species Tamarindus_indica_L

Q3: List the taxonomy of Adas? EE: True Divisi Sperm atophy ta

4

SubDivisi Angiosper mae

Kelas Dicoty ledona e

Ordo Umeb elales

Familia Apiaceae

Genus Foenic ulum

Species Foeniculu m_vulgar e_Mill

6

7

Suhu 25-32 C

Kelembaban Sedang

Q6: How is leave description of Jambu Biji? EE: True Bentuk_Daun BundarTelur

Tipe_Daun Tunggal

Pertulangan_Daun Menyirip

Q7: Whats pharmacological effect of Mengkudu? EE: True Efek_Farmakologis Antioksidan Antiinflamasi

8

Q8: Whats unrecommendation medicine plant for pregnancy? EE: True Tanaman_Obat CabeJawa TapakDara Sambiloto JambuBiji Mimba Pegagan

9

Q9: What ethnic which is use Ketepeng Cina and for what disease? EE: True Nama_Etnis Aceh AnakDalam Jawa Jawa Kutai Manado Melayu PunanBekatan PunanLisum Sakai Saluan Sunda Sunda Sunda TalangMamak

Etnis Gorontalo Buol Sangir Toraja Makasar Talaud Bugis

Provinsi SulawesiUtara SulawesiTengah SulawesiUtara SulawesiSelatan SulawesiSelatan SulawesiUtara SualwesiSelatan

12 Q12: Whats habitat and habitus of Pandan wangi? EE: True Habitat Pekarangan

13 Q13: What medicine plant which is used by ethnic in Indonesia to cure Malaria, which part of medicine plant is used, medicine plant processing and how to use it? EE: True

Q5: In what feet, temperature and humidity is Sambiloto can live ? EE: True Ketinggian 1-700 mdpl

Nama_Lokal Alawaha Kolalagu Kuni Kuni Kunyi Uinida Unyi

Habitus Perdu

Q4: Where is the habitat of Waru? EE: True Habitat Pantai_Tidak_Berawa Pesisir Hutan Pekarangan Ladang

5

Bagian_Yg_Digunakan KulitBatang_Pulai KulitKayu_Pulai Buah_JerukNipis

11 Q11: Whats local name of Kunyit in ethnic in Sulawesi? EE: True

Q2: What’s local name of Pulai in ethnic Madura? EE: True Nama_Lokal Polay

3

Tanaman_Obat Pulai Pulai JerukNipis

Penyakit_Yang_Diobati akitKulitRingan SakitKulitRingan SakitKulitBerat SakitKulitRingan SakitKulitRingan SakitKulitRingan SakitKulitRingan SakitKulitRingan SakitKulitRingan SakitKulitRingan SakitKulitRingan SakitKulit SakitKulitBerat SakitKulitRingan SakitKulitRingan

10 Q10: What part of medicine plant which is use by ethnic Aceh for Malaria? EE: True

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Etnis Aceh Aceh Aceh AnakDalam AnakDalam BolaangMo ngondow Sunda

Tanaman JerukNipis Pulai Pulai Pulai Pulai Pulai

Bagian Buah KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitBatang

Proses Diperas Direndam Diseduh Direndam Diseduh Direbus

Pakai Diminum Diminum Diminum Diminum Diminum Diminum

JerukNipis

Buah

Diperas

Diminum

14 Q14: How to process and to use medicine plant Pulai by ethnic in Indonesia? EE: True Etnis Aceh Aceh AnakDalam AnakDalam AnakDalam AnakDalam Awarawi Awarawi BolaangMong ondow Busami Busami TalangMamak

Penyakit Malaria Malaria Malaria Malaria SakitPerut SakitPerut SakitPerut SakitPerut Malaria

Bagian KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitKayu KulitBatang

Proses Direndam Diseduh Direndam Diseduh Direndam Diseduh Direndam Diseduh Direbus

Pakai Diminum Diminum Diminum Diminum Diminum Diminum Diminum Diminum Diminum

SakitPerut SakitPerut SakitPerut

KulitKayu KulitKayu PucukDaun

Direndam Diseduh TanpaDiolah

Upuya Upuya

SakitPerut SakitPerut

KulitKayu KulitKayu

Direndam Diseduh

Diminum Diminum Langsung Dimakan Diminum Diminum

15 Q15: What medicine plant is used by ethnic in Sumatra island to cure diarrhea? EE: True Tanaman_Obat BawangPutih BawangPutih Delima JambuBiji JambuBiji JambuBiji Pulai Pulai Pulai Pulutan Sembung Senggani Senggani

Nama_Species Allium_sativum_Linn Allium_sativum_Linn Punica_granatum Psidium_guajava Psidium_guajava Psidium_guajava Alstonia_scholaris_L_R _Br Alstonia_scholaris_L_R _Br Alstonia_scholaris_L_R _Br Urena_loabat_Linn Blume_balsamifera_L_ DC Melastoma_affine_D_D on Melastoma_affine_D_D on

Etnis TalangMamak TalangMamak Aceh Aceh Rejang Sakai Aceh

Provinsi Jambi Riau Aceh Aceh Bengkulu Riau Aceh

TalangMamak

Jambi

TalangMamak

Riau

MelayuTradisional MelayuTradisional TalangMamak

Jambi Jambi Jambi

TalangMamak Riau


51

2014 International Conference on Information, Communication Technology and System V.

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS

The ontology to manage complex knowledge of Indonesian ethno medicine is promising approach consider to the result of experimental. Yet, the ontology still needs a lot improvement. For next work we have a few future works to do, we will improve the coverage as domain ontology and consider more expert groups in ethno medicine research. We will create a better inference rule and using natural language approach to mediate a non expert user. REFERENCES [1]

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An Ontology of Indonesian Ethnomedicine

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