AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF THE MUTINY OF THE BOUNTY

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AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF THE MUTINY OF THE BOUNTY D.S. Suranto Jalan Tebet Barat Dalam X-E No. 2, Jakarta 12810 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This journal is a condensed form of a thesis on annotated translation. The source of the study is a novel The Mutiny of HMS Bounty written by Sir John Barrow. The problems of this study are (1) “What difficulties are encountered by the researcher when translating The Mutiny of HMS Bounty into Indonesian”, and (2) “How those difficulties are solved in the translation” The purposes of this study are: (1) to attain factual information concerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the source text; and (2) to give plausible solutions to the difficulties. In conducting this annotated translation, the researcher answers the questions that emerge in the introspective and retrospective study. The outcome of the study consists of two main points. First, the finding revealed that from the twenty-five most difficult problems, six were in the form of words, seventeen were in phrases, one was idiomatic expression, one was clause, and no one sentence was suitable the annotation. These annotations indicated that during the course of his translating, he had difficulties with them. Second, those difficulties were solved by referring to the relevant theories of translation and the theories of English and Indonesian languages. Keywords: annotated translation, Mutiny of the Bounty, and Sir John Barrow. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The background of this study contains the justification of the study, pertinent studies referred to, position of the study, and the significance of the study. In this study, the researcher found out the difficulties when translating texts from English into Indonesian. These difficulties were in grammatical, syntactical, semantic, stylistic, and cultural aspects, as the structure of English and Indonesian is quite different. The researcher carried out this study in order to increase his knowledge in translation that is in line with what he has learned during the two-year course. In the course of translating the texts, problems emerged, which then analyzed and given plausible reasons for their solutions. The translation from English into Indonesian is taken due to the familiarity of the language, Indonesian, that is mostly known by the researcher as his native language. The researcher has chosen a novel The Mutiny of the Bounty because this novel is unique in two respects. First, its author, Sir John Barrow, was the only Civil Servant whose name was in his lifetime always linked with the British Royal Navy that he served. Second, this book, which was first published in 1931, was still in print more than a century later. It is important to carry out this study as annotated translation applies in practical sense the theories the researcher has studied in class, namely theories of translation and theories of the English as well as Indonesian language. Furthermore, this study deepens one’s ability in analyzing source language and target language texts, especially for those who are interested in translation.

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The researcher, who was at the same time the translator, annotated those difficulties, analyzed, and solved the problems by referring to the relevant theories and translation strategies. The term ‘problems’ here is the difficulties mentioned above. Relevant Studies. Relevant studies in relation to this study are: A research conducted in 2008 by Suratni. She conducted a study with the topic My Lover My Friend written by Suprina Frazier as a partial requirement to graduate from the Magister Program in Translation, Universitas Gunadarma, Jakarta. Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo of the IBM Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan conducted a study in 2008. Their study has a topic ‘Multilingual Translation via Annotated Hub Language’. The annotation is represented by using the Linguistic Annotation Language. (Retrieved on 2009/11/17 from http://www.amtaweb.org/summit/FinalPaper/54-Kanayama-final.pdf.) Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki from the Computer Science Department, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland, presented the work that originates from the development of the commercial, wide-scale machine translation (MT) system. During the construction of the system, several linguistically well-prepared data sets have to be created. A number of software tools built in this purpose facilitated the creation of the data set. The data sets are:  text segmentation: context free grammar being a base for performing the segmentation,  Part of Speech Tagging: Corpuses + monolingual morpho-syntactic dictionaries,  parsing: monolingual morpho-syntactic dictionaries and sub categorization dictionaries,  transfer: bilingual dictionaries, sub categorization dictionaries, bilingual sub categorization dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries, word form generation: monolingual dictionary. (http://www.IIS.pwr.wroc.pl/~piasecki/publication/labuzek_piasecki FDSL4.pdf: retrieved on 19/12/2009. Purposes of the Study The purposes of this study are: 1) to attain factual information concerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the source text; 2) to give plausible solutions to the difficulties. CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In this sub chapter, the researcher describes the theories used in this study. Among others, she uses the theories of translation and theories of English and Indonesian languages. Theories of Translation Principles of translation. These six principles of translation are taken from Translation written by Duff (1981, p.10-11). (1) Meaning. “The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part of the meaning can be transposed.” (2) Form. “The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible. But differences of language structure often require changes in the form and order of words.”

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(3) Register. “Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in given context (say the business letter). To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions.” For example: the phrase “Please find enclosure” in English formal letter. There is no such phrase in Indonesian. Thus the phrase is translated into “Terlampir.” (4) Source language influence. “One of the most frequently criticisms of translation is that ‘it doesn’t sound natural’. This is because the translator’s thoughts and choice of words are too strongly moulded by the original text.” (5) Style and clarity. “The translator should not change the style of the original. But if the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the reader’s sake, correct the defects.” (6) Idiom. “Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These include similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings (as good as gold), jargon, slang, and colloquialisms (user-friendly, yuppie, the Big Apple), and (in English) phrasal verb.” If the idiom cannot be directly translated, try any of the following: • Retain the original word, in inverted commas. • Retain the original expression, with literal explanation in brackets. • Use a close equivalent For example: • Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation Applied Translation Theories A. Theory of Shift Catford divided his theory of shift into two categories (1) shift of level and (2) shift of category. ~ Level shift. It means that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level. For example: ~ Category shift are departures from formal correspondence in translation. Munday (2001) citing Catford (1974) develops a tool for translation analysis previously devised by Catford. This tool is widely used by translators and remained to be a reference in translation work. Munday systematized the tool for the category shift in translation as follows: 1). Structural shifts: the shifts in grammatical structure. 2). Class shifts: these comprise shifts from one part of speech to another. 3). Unit shifts or rank shifts. These are shifts where the translation equivalent in the TL is at a different rank to the SL. ‘Ranks’ here refers to the hierarchical linguistic units of sentence, clause, phrase, word and morpheme. 4). Intra system shifts. These are shifts that occur when both SL and TL possess approximately corresponding system, except if ‘the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system’. B. Implicit and Explicit Meaning. Summer Institute of Linguistic (1984), mentioned, “It may be necessary to make some information explicit in the translation, even though it was not explicit in the original message” (p. 125). Further, Larson (1984) mentioned Translation is communicating the same meaning in a second language as was communicated in the first. But to do so adequately, one must be aware of the fact that there are various kinds of meaning. Not all of the meaning, which is being communicated, is stated overtly in the forms of the source language text.

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Discovering the meaning of the text to be translated includes considerations of both explicit and implicit information (p. 36). C. Naturalizing Newmark (1981, p. 128) mentioned that “Normally, the translator should write within his own idiolect or his conception of the source language text author’s, always provided the text appears to be written naturally”. On the same topic, Larson (1984, p. 16) stated that “Literal translation of words, idioms, figures of speech etc. results in unclear, unnatural, and sometime nonsensical translation. D. Translation by Addition and Translation by Omission The above term is mentioned by Mona Baker (1977, p. 40). Nida and Taber (1982) uses the term ‘expansion and reduction’; Newmark (1986) calls it ‘over translation and under translation’; Duff (1991) uses the term ‘too many words and too few words’ (padding and gutting). Williams and Chesterman (2002) citing Gabr (2000) calls it ‘adding information’ and ‘omitting information’. Nida and Taber (1982) mentioned on expansion as follows: . . . there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer than the originals. This does not mean, of course, that all long translations are necessarily good. It only means that in the process of transfer from one linguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that the resulting translation will turn out to be longer. (p. 163) On reduction, Nida and Taber (1982) mentioned that “There are quite naturally some expressions which are reduced in the process of transfer from one language to another” (p. 168). On over translation, Newmark (1986) said: A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than the intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be more specific than the original, to include more meaning in its search for one nuance of meaning. (p. 39) On under translation, Newmark (1986) mentioned that ”Generally, a communicative translation is likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to a particular register of language, tending to under-translate, i.e. to use more generic, hold-all terms in difficult passages” (p. 39). On padding, Alan Duff (1984) mentioned that “... a translation may be longer than the original ... ” (p. 22). On gutting, Alan Duff (1984, p. 22) in his study said, “... a translation may be shorter than the original ...”. Strategies of translation There are many strategies suggested by numerous experts in translation to be used in translating. The strategies which are listed below are mostly proposed by Williams and Chesterman (2002) in their book The Map: a Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies, supported by Newmark (1986, 1988), Catford (1974), Mona Baker (1997) and Larson (1984). 1. Syntactic strategies such as shifting the word-class, changing the clause or sentence structure, adding, or changing cohesion;

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2..

Semantic strategies such as using hyponyms or super-ordinates, altering the level of abstraction, redistributing the information over more or fewer elements; 3. Pragmatic strategies such as naturalizing or exoticizing, altering the level of explicitness, adding or omitting information. Note: point A, B, and C are taken from Williams and Chesterman (2002) citing Gabr (2000) 4. Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness. Emphasis are features such as: the choice of oral or written mode; the role of sociolinguistic and situation factors; the selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse; appropriate language varieties or styles; and the choice of formal features and lexical items. E. Steps in a Translation Project. Larson (1984, pp. 46-51) mentioned “There are seven steps in a translation project”, namely, (a) establishing the project, (b) exegesis, (c) transfer and initial draft, (d) evaluation, (e) revise draft, (f)consultation, and (g) final draft. Theories of English and Indonesian Language Omission of that and subordinator bahwa. The researcher chose one of English language theories from Marcella Frank (1972, pp. 291-292), namely the omission of that in object clauses. Frank said that in informal speech, the word that is frequently omitted from object clauses if the meaning is clear without it. Similarly, in the Indonesian language, Alwi et al. (2003 p. 410) mentioned that “Dalam hubungan komplementasi, klausa subordinatif melengkapi apa yang dinyatakan oleh makna verba klausa utama atau oleh nomina subjek, baik dinyatakan maupun tidak. Subordinator yang sering dipakai adalah kata ‘bahwa‘. Jika susunan kalimat cukup terang, kata penghubung ’bahwa’ dalam bahasa yang tidak formal sering dihilangkan, seperti dalam kalimat berikut ini: Emphasizers and Partikel Penegas Frank (1972) stated, “Distinguishing adverbs (emphasizers) emphasize particular words or grammatical constructions – especially, even, exactly, just, merely, not, only, purely, simply, solely. Such adverbs usually appear immediately before the words or constructions they modify.” (p.143-144) Hasan Alwi, Sunyono Darjowijoyo, Hans Lapoliwa, Anton M. Muliono, (2003), mentioned that there are some “adverbia tunggal (justru, paling, tentu, sungguh, pasti) and adverbia kata ulang (benar-benar, sungguh-sungguh, diam-diam, lagi-lagi, lekaslekas) (p. 211) whose modifying function is to emphasize” Similarly, Abdul Chaer (2006) mentioned that there are several penegas dalam kalimat, one of them is in the form of partikel, which accompany the word they modify (yang, -kah, -lah, -tah and pun). (p. 365). English and Indonesian Idiom, Indonesian Verba majemuk, nomina majemuk and adjektiva majemuk. Larson (1984), defined that idiom is “a string of words whose meaning is different than the meaning conveyed by the individual words”. (p. 20) Hasan Alwi (2003) mentioned that an idiom is “perpaduan dua kata atau lebih, tetapi makna dari perpaduan ini tidak dapat secara langsung ditelusuri dari makna masing-masing kata yang tergabung”. (p. 151) Verba majemuk. Hasan Alwi, (2003. p. 151) define that verba majemuk is “verba yang terbentuk melalui proses penggabungan satu kata dengan kata yang lain”.

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Nomina majemuk. Hasan Alwi et al, (2003, p. 241) stated that the criteria of difference between nomina majemuk and nomina idiom is the same as criteria that is used to distinguish verba majemuk and verba idiom. Adjektiva majemuk. Hasan Alwi, (2003) mentioned that “Adjektiva majemuk adalah adjektiva yang merupakan bentuk majemuk, ada yang merupakan gabungan morfem terikat dengan morfem bebas dan ada yang merupakan gabungan dua morfem bebas (atau lebih). Termasuk di dalamnya bentuk-bentuk yang tergolong idiom. Artinya, makna bentuk gabingan itu tidak dapat dijabarkan dari penjumlahan makna unsure unsurnya” (pp. 191-193). Proverbs Oxford Encyclopedic Dictionary (1992 p. 723) defines proverb as ‘short wellknown saying that states a general truth or gives advice’. Jakob Sumardjo and Junus Melalatoa, in the Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonesia (1990 p. 65) defined that ‘Peribahasa adalah suatu bentuk sastra lisan masyarakat Melayu berupa ucapan atau ungkapan pendek yang mengesankan, luas artinya, dan bijak isinya. Peribahasa berfungsi sebagai perbandingan, teladan, dan pendidikan dalam hal hidup susila’. Personal Pronoun in English and Indonesian Frank (1972. p. 21) mentioned that “personal pronouns refer to three things: 1. The speaker, called the first person, if singular – I, if plural – we (includes the speaker and one or more others). 2. The person spoken to, called the second person – you (singular and plural) 3. The person or thing being spoken of, called the third person; If singular – he (males), she (females), it (things); also for live being whose sex is unknown or unimportant to the speaker). If plural – they: (all live beings and all things)”. Form of Personal Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns As Subject

As Object

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronouns

Reflexive

I You

me you

my your

mine yours

myself yourself

He She It We

him her it us

his her its our

his hers – ours

himself herself itself ourselves

You They

you them

your their

yours theirs

yourselves themselves

The personal pronouns change their form for person (first, second, third), for case (subject, object, possessive), number (singular, plural)), and gender (masculine, feminine, neuter). Except for case, the reflexive pronouns make the same kinds of changes. Hasan Alwi (2003). mentioned, Pronomina persona adalah pronomina yang dipakai untuk mengacu pada orang. Pronomina persona dapat mengacu pada diri sendiri (pronomina persona pertama),

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mengacu pada orang yang diajak bicara (pronomina persona kedua), atau mengacu pada orang yang ddibicarakan (persona nomina ketiga). Di antara pronomina itu, ada yang mengaacu pada jumlah satu atau lebih dari satu. Ada bentuk yang bersifat eksklusif, ada yang bersifat inklusif, dan ada yang bersifat netral” (p. 249). Makna Jamak

Persona Tunggal Netral Pertama Kedua

Ketiga

saya, aku, ku-, -ku engkau, kamu, Anda, dikau, kau-, -mu ia, dia, beliau, -nya

Eksklusif

Inklusif

kami

kita

kalian, kamu, kamu sekalian Anda sekalian mereka

Cohesion in English and Indonesian Larson (1984) mentioned, “There are many devices which give cohesion to a text” (p.394). They are pronoun, substitute words, verb affixes (derivatives or inflectional forms), conjunctions, etc. Kohesi Dalam Bahasa Indonesia : Hasan Alwi, (2003) mengatakan bahwa “kohesi merujuk pada keterkaitan antar proposisi yang secara eksplisit diungkapkan oleh kalimat-kalimat yang digunakan. Keterkaitan itu dinyatakan dalam kalimat-kalimat yang secara gramatikal berkaitan”. (p. 41) CHAPTER III DESIGN AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY Design of the Study This study belongs to the area of analysis of the original and source text which covers a study on annotated translation. Introspective and retrospective research are included in this annotated translation study. Introspective study is a study of looking into the translator’s own feelings and thought of why and how the texts are translated. It means that when she faced a problem in translating certain words/phrases/idioms /clauses/sentences then she wrote the problems and the solutions she had in her annotations. A retrospective study is a study investigating the mental processes through the researcher’s original memory immediately after she has translated. Source of the Data The data is taken from a novel The Mutiny of the Bounty written by Sir John Barrow, published for the first time in 1831. Definition of Terms In this study, some terms need to be defined and clarified: 1. Problem and difficulty: In this study, problem and difficulty is interchangeable. If the researcher/translator encounters a difficulty how to translate a certain aspect of language, then it means that it is a problem for him.

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2. Annotated. Inflected form of transitive/intransitive verb: annotate, to make or furnish especially critical or explanatory notes usually on a literary work or subject (MerriamWebster CD-ROM Version 2.5) (2000). 3. Annotation and Analysis is interchangeable. According to Webster Third New International Dictionary (1993), annotation means a note added by way of comment or explanation. In this study annotation is the note given after the researcher/translator has found a difficulty or a problem. The note is in the form of analysis of the aspects of language in line with the translation strategies and translation theories. The analysis here is also called annotation. 4. Data. Data in this study are the collected grammatical, semantical, syntactical, cultural, and stylistic aspects of the language that are difficult or become a problem for the translator/researcher. 5. Relevant studies. In this study, belonging to the relevant studies are the studies on annotation that have been conducted or works of annotation that have been done and published 6. Annotated Translation. This study applies the term of annotated translation. Williams and Chesterman (2002) explained: Annotated translation is a translation with a commentary. Annotated translation is a form of introspective and retrospective research where you yourself translate a text and, at the same time, write a commentary on your own translation process. This commentary will include some discussion of the translation assignment, an analysis of aspects of the source text, and a reasoned justification of the kinds of solutions you arrived at for particular kinds of translation problems. One value of such research lies in the contribution that increased self-awareness can make to translation quality. You might also want to show whether you have found any helpful guidelines for your translation decisions in what you have read in Translation Studies” (p.7). 7. Introspective Study. The researcher also uses the terms of introspective study. This definition of terms is taken from Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1993). Introspection is “the examination of one’s own thought and feeling; a looking into oneself : self-examination; also such examination including one’s sensory and perceptual experience especially undertaken under controlled conditions of experiment opposed to retrospection”. And introspective is “of or belonging to introspection; employing, marked by, or tending to introspection” (p. 1187). So the term of introspective study is a study that investigates one’s own thought and feelings: a looking into oneself; in line with translation: asking one-self in which part the researcher had difficulty and what the solutions are. 8. Retrospective Study. Retrospection is “an observation of mental processes through primal memory immediately after their occurrence.” And retrospective is “contemplative of or relative to past events; characterized by, given to, or indulging in retrospection” (p. 1941). So, the term of retrospective study is a study where the researcher is contemplating of what theories and strategies he has used in the process of translating. Procedures of the Study In conducting this study, the researcher uses the following procedures: 1) The source text is read thoroughly to give a full understanding of the content. 2) Independently the researcher translates the source text into Indonesian

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3) During the course of translating the text, the researcher regularly consults her advisors to discuss problems she encounters referring to the task undertaken. 4) At the same time, she marks down the words/phrases/idioms/clauses/sentences that have become a problem in translating the texts. 5) These problematic items are analyzed and the researcher then gives plausible reasons as to the solving of these problems. 6) The problems found during the process of translation, the researcher takes only the most crucial ones due to the limited time allotted. Collection of the Data The researcher has collected the data from the translated text, which poses problems for him. The collected data are 114 items in number. Analysis of the Data The data to be annotated are categorized based on the grammatical items. There are five main categories namely words, phrases, idioms, clauses, and sentences. From the 114 data, the researcher has annotated 25 items that posed the most difficult problems for the researcher. This sub chapter will be elaborated in detail in Chapter IV. Synthesis of the Data It will be shown in the following Chapter IV. CHAPTER IV TRANSLATION OF THE SOURCE TEXT AND THE ANNOTATIONS Source Text and Target Text Page

Source Text Chapter 1

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Target Text

Otaheite

|1| The reign of George III will be distinguished in history by the great extension and improvement which geographical knowledge received under the immediate auspices of this sovereign. At a very early period, after his accession to the throne of these realms, expeditions of discovery were undertaken, ‘not (as Dr. Hawkesworth observes) with a view to the acquisition of treasure, or the extent of dominion, but for the improvement of commerce, and the increase and diffusion of knowledge’. This excellent monarch was himself no mean proficient in the science of geography; and it may be doubted if any one of his subjects, at the period alluded to was in possession

|1| Pemerintahan George III akan dikenal dalam sejarah oleh perluasan dan penyempurnaan pengetahuan ilmu bumi dengan dukungan penuh raja sendiri. Dalam masa yang sangat awal, setelah kenaikannya ke tahta, beberapa perjalanan penyelidikan ilmiah penemuan dilakukan, (menurut pengamatan Dr. Hawkesworth) tidak untuk memperoleh harta karun, atau untuk memperluas daerah jajahan, tetapi untuk meningkatkan perdagangan, dan untuk memajukan serta menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan’. Raja ini sangat luar biasa dan beliau sendiri sangat cakap dalam pengetahuan ilmu bumi, dan sangat diragukan kalau ada seorang saja warga- negaranya pada waktu yang

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of so extensive or so well-arranged a cabinet of maps and charts as his was, or who understood their merits or their defects so well as he did.

|2| The first expeditions that were sent forth, after the conclusion of the war, were those of Byron, Wallis, and Carteret. In the instructions to the first of these commanders it is said, “there is reason to believe that lands and islands of great extend, hitherto unvisited by any European power, may be found in the Atlantic Ocean, between the cape of Good Hope and the Magellanic Strait, within the latitudes convenient for navigation, and in climates adapted to the produce of commodities useful in commerce”.

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dimaksud itu, yang memiliki begitu banyak peta dan bagan dan demikian rapi tersusun dalam almari seperti yang beliau miliki, atau yang memahami kelebihan dan kekurangan peta dan bagan tersebut seperti beliau. |2| Perjalanan penyelidikan ilmiah pertama yang dilakukan, setelah perang usai, adalah yang dilakukan oleh Byron, Wallis, dan Carteret.

Dalam perintahnya kepada para komandan pertama ini, dikatakan bahwa “ada alasan yang dapat dipercaya bahwa daratan dan pulau yang sangat banyak jumlahnya, yang sampai saat itu belum dikunjungi oleh kekuatan Eropah, mungkin dapat ditemukan di Samudera Atlantik di antara Semenanjung Good Hope dan Selat Magellan, pada garis lintang yang nyaman bagi navigasi, dan dalam iklim yang cocok untuk menghasilkan barang yang dapat diperdagangkan”. It could not require much Tidak akan membutuhkan knowledge or consideration to be banyak pengetahuan atau assured that, between the Cape and the pertimbangan untuk meyakinkan Strait, climate producing commodities bahwa di antara Semenanjung dan useful in commerce, with the Selat itu wilayah yang menghasilkan exception of whales and seals were barang yang dapat diperdagangkan, likely to be found. kecuali ikan paus serta anjing laut, kecil kemungkinannya dapat ditemukan. The fact was that, among the real Kenyataannya adalah, bahwa di objects of this and other subsequent antara tujuan yang sebenarnya voyages, there was one which had pelayaran ini dan pelayaran lain engaged the attention of certain sesudah itu, terdapat sesuatu yang philosophers, from the time of the menarik perhatian para ahli filsafat Spanish navigator, Quiros: this able tertentu, dari masa ahli navigasi navigator had maintained that a Terra Spanyol, Quiros: ahli mengemudi Australis incognita must necessarily kapal yang cakap ini berkali-kali exist, somewhere in the high latitudes mengatakan bahwa “pasti ada sebuah of the southern hemisphere, to daratan tersamar Australia”, di suatu counterbalance the great masses of tempat di garis lintang, jauh di belahan land in those of the northern one, and bumi selatan, untuk mengimbangi thus maintain a just equipoise of the daratan amat besar yang berada di globe. belahan bumi utara, sehingga tercapai keseimbangan yang benar atas bola

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2 3

4

bumi |1/1| Ketika berbagai ekspedisi ini tengah berlangsung, Royal Society, pada 1768 mengajukan permintaan tertulis kepada raja, yang memohon agar beliau menunjuk tuan Alexander Dalrymple (yang menganut pendapat Quiros), dan beberapa orang lain tertentu membawa sebuah kapal perang ke Laut Selatan, tetapi terutama untuk tujuan, mengamati perpindahan Venus melewati garis lingkar matahari, yang akan terjadi pada tahun 1769. By the king’s command, a bark Atas perintah raja, sebuah kapal of three hundred and seventy tons was layar bertiang tiga berukuran tigaratus taken up by the Admiralty to perform tujuhpuluh ton digunakan oleh this service, but, as Mr. Dalrymple was Departemen Angkatan Laut untuk a civilian , he could not entrusted with melaksanakan tugas ini, namun, the command of the ship, and on that disebabkan tuan Dalrymple adalah account declined going in her. warga sipil, ia tidak boleh diberi kepercayaan memimpin kapal itu, dan karena alasan tersebut, ia menolak berlayar dengan kapal itu. |2| The command was therefore |2| Oleh karena itu, kepemimpinan conferred on Lieutenant James Cook, diserahkan kepada Letnan James Cook, an officer of undoubted ability, and seorang perwira yang kemampuannya well versed in astronomy and the tidak diragukan, dan yang benar-benar theory and practice of navigation, with tahu tentang astronomi dan teori serta whom the Royal Society associated praktek navigasi, yang dikenalkan oleh Mr. Charles Green, who had long been The Royal Society kepada tuan Charles assistant to Dr. Bradley, the Green, yang telah lama menjadi asisten astronomer royal to aid him in the Dr. Bradly, ahli perbintangan kerajaan, observation of the transit. untuk membantu James Cook dalam pengamatan perpindahan Venus itu. Mr. Banks, a private gentleman Tuan Banks, seorang warga of good fortune, who afterwards biasa yang kaya raya, yang kemudian became the valuable and distinguished menjadi Presiden Royal Society yang President of the Royal Society, and terkemuka dan terhormat, serta Dr. Dr. Solander, a Swedish gentleman of Solander, orang Swedia yang great acquirements, particularly in berkemampuan tinggi, khususnya natural history, accompanied dalam ilmu tumbuh-tumbuhan dan Lieutenant Cook on this interesting binatang, menyertai Letnan Cook voyage. dalam pelayaran menarik ini. The islands of Marquesas de Pulau Marquesas de Mendoza, Mendoza, or those of Rotterdam or atau pulau Rotterdam atau Amsterdam, Amsterdam, were proposed by the diusulkan oleh Royal Society menjadi Royal Society as proper places for tempat yang layak untuk pemasangan making the observation. peralatan pengamatan itu. |1/1| While these expedition were in progress, The Royal Society, in 1768, addressed an application to the king, praying him to appoint a ship of war to convey to the South Seas Mr. Alexander Dalrymple (who had adopted the opinion of Quiros), and certain others, for the main purpose, however, of observing the transit of Venus over the sun’s disc, which was to happen in the year 1769.

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5

While fitting out however, Captain Wallis returned from his expedition, and strongly recommended as most suitable for the purpose, Port Royal Harbour, on an island he had discovered, to which he had given the name of “King George’s Island”, and which has since been known by its native name, Otaheite or Tahite. The translated words amounts to 15,000

Namun ketika sedang memasang peralatan untuk pengamatan di tempat yang diusulkan oleh Royal Society itu, Kapten Wallis kembali dari ekspedisinya, dan menyarankan dengan penuh semangat, bahwa tempat paling cocok untuk maksud itu adalah Pelabuhan Port Royal, di pulau yang ditemukannya, yang diberinya nama “Pulau Raja George”, dan yang sejak saat itu dikenal dengan nama asalnya, Otaheite atau Tahite.

Analysis and Annotations During translating the source text, the researcher has found many difficult problems. However, in this sub chapter, the researcher has taken only 25 items from the 115 data, which are the most difficult problems for him to be annotated. Those 25 items included in the category of words, phrases, idiomatic expression, clauses, and sentences. In this journal, the researcher annotates each one in the category. Words In this category, there are six to be annotated. No. The Annotated Words 1. ... her. 2. ... imagining ... 3. ... it ... 4. ... universal ... 5. ... where ... 6. ... cookery. Annotation 1 SOURCE TEXT DATA By the king’s command, a bark of three hundred and seventy tons was taken up by the Admiralty to perform this service, but, as Mr. Dalrymple was a civilian, he could not entrusted with the command of the ship, and on that account declined going in her.

05

Data Number 05 14 39 84 111 77

Page 276 281 291 305 314 304

TARGET TEXT Atas perintah raja, sebuah kapal layar bertiang tiga berukuran tigaratus tujuh puluh ton digunakan oleh Departemen Angkatan Laut untuk melaksanakan tugas ini, namun, karena tuan Dalrymple adalah warga sipil, ia tidak boleh diberi kepercayaan memimpin kapal itu, dan karena alasan tersebut, ia menolak berlayar dalam kapal itu.

In the sentence above, the word ... her is an object of a clause. It is a personal pronoun, third person, female. This pronoun refers to a ship. The forms for feminine pronouns are sometimes used figuratively for things to suggest gentleness, beauty, and fertility. Feminine pronouns may also be used for nations, ships, machines, cars and other vehicles to reflect a feeling of affection or familiarity with the object. In Indonesian, there is a need to use pronouns that refer to non human things, especially in the scientific writing.

13

Considering that the source text was not a scientific writing, the translation of the pronoun must refer to the noun previously mentioned, namely ... kapal itu. Translation Strategy: Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness, the role of sociolinguistic and situational factors, namely ... her. Her referred to the ship which was associated with the feeling of affection the captain had for his ship. It is translated into ... kapal itu. Translation Theory: (1) Frank (1972) mentioned that The forms for feminine pronouns are sometimes used figuratively for things to suggest gentleness, beauty, fertility. Feminine pronoun may also be used for nations, ships, machines, cars and other vehicle to reflect a feeling of affection, or familiarity with the object. (p. 30) (2) Hasan Alwi et al. (2003) in the Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia mentioned, that “Karena ada kebutuhan untuk memakai pronomina yang tidak merujuk pada insan, terutama dalam tulisan ilmiah, maka orang mulai memakai ’ia’ (bukan ‘dia’ dan ‘nya’) untuk merujuk pada sesuatu yang tunggal yang telah dinyatakan sebelumnya” (p. 256). The translation of the personal pronoun, third person singular and feminine ... her in Indonesian will be dia for subject, or dia dan nya for object. However, considering that this source text is not a scientific writing, the correct translation of that pronoun should refer to the object previously mentioned. Thus, the word ... her was translated into ... kapal itu. Annotation 2 SOURCE TEXT Here they collected to the amount of several thousands, imagining themselves at that distance to be perfectly safe.

DATA 14

TARGET TEXT Di sini mereka berkumpul sampai beberapa ribu jumlahnya, sambil membayangkan mereka sangat aman pada jarak sejauh itu.

The above sentence comprises a main clause, namely ‘... they collected to the amount of several thousands’ ... and a participial phrase ‘... imagining themselves at that distance to be perfectly safe’. The participial phrase contains a participle form of a verb ’imagine’ + ‘ing’, which in full it should be ... while they imagine ... . So, there are adding information in the translation, namely the one word ... imagining ... which is translated into two words ... sambil membayangkan ... . Translation Strategy: Pragmatic strategy: adding information, namely the one word ... imagining ... is translated into two words... sambil membayangkan ... . Translation Theory: Nida and Taber (1982) mention that: “. . . , there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer than the originals”. (p. 163). For example: ‘The Otaheitans cannot resist pilfering’. The translation is ‘Orang Otaheite tak dapat menahan diri dari perbuatan mencuri’. The one word ’resist’ in the source text is translated into three words ‘menahan diri dari’ [ft31;B32.2]. Therefore, the translation is longer than the original. Newmark (1986) mentioned that:

14

A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than the intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be more specific than the original, to include more meanings in its search for one nuance of meaning.(p. 39) Example: ‘One of the chiefs of the district was the principal mourner, wearing a fantastical dress’ [ft37; B35.2]. The translation of this sentence is ‘Seorang dari para kepala suku di wilayah itu menjadi ketua orang yang berkabung, dia mengenakan pakaian yang sangat luar biasa aneh’. The one word ‘fantastical’ is rendered into a group of five words. Thus, there is an over translation. Phrases In this category, there are seventeen to be annotated No. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

The Annotated Phrases fitting out with their clubs and paddle in their hands on which my princess or rather queen live wholly on conscious superiority and habitual command the spontaneous product each bigger than two fists to his own house full of expression on boarding her unbroken rest had asked but took little notice of any thing being soon alarmed is their own of which

Data Number

Page

6 8 13 27 81 24

276 278 281 285 305 284

83 87 101 65 91 93 85 35 42 104 92

305 307 311 299 308 309 306 289 292 312 308

Annotation 7 SOURCE TEXT

DATA

TARGET TEXT

While fitting out however, Captain Wallis returned from his expedition, and strongly recommended as most suitable for the purpose, Port Royal Harbour, on an island he had discovered, to which he had given the name of “King George’s Island”, and which has since been known by its native name, Otaheite or Tahite.

06

Namun ketika sedang memperlengkapi dengan sebuah telescope dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu, Kapten Wallis kembali dari ekspedisinya, dan menyarankan dengan penuh semangat, bahwa tempat paling cocok untuk maksud itu adalah Pelabuhan Port Royal, di pulau yang ditemukannya, yang diberinya nama “Pulau Raja George”, dan yang sejak saat itu dikenal dengan nama asalnya, Otaheite atau Tahite.

15

Oxford (2003, p. 525) defined the above idiomatic phrase ... fitting out ... as ‘to equip’. It is often followed by with. The bilingual dictionary (Peter Salim, 1991, p.708) defined the phrase as ‘memperlengkapi’. The idiomatic phrase ... fitting out ... in the phrase While fitting out, however ... , should actually sound ‘While they are fitting out a telescope and other necessary equipment on a place proposed by the Royal Society in order to observe the transit of Venus over the sun’s disc in 1769’ (previous context). That is why it should be translated into ... namun ketika mereka sedang memperlengkapi dengan telescope dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu ..., to make it clearer for the readers. Translation Strategies: Pragmatic strategies, (1) altering the level of explicitness, namely from the implicit ... fitting out ... into an explicit translation ... memperlengkapi dengan sebuah teleskop dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu ..., (2) adding information, namely “a telescope and other necessary equipment on a place proposed by the Royal Society”, which was translated into ... dengan sebuah telescope dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu ... . Translation Theories: (1) Summer Institute of Linguistic (1984) mentioned that “Information which is implicit may be understood because of any of three different factors: .................................................................. among others, information which is already known to both the speaker and the hearer because of shared previous experience or shared cultural background” (pp. 123-4). Larson (1984) stated that In every text that one may want to translate, there will be information which is implicit; that is, it is not stated in an explicit form in the text itself. Some information, or meaning, is left implicit because ............................................................ it has already been included elsewhere in the text, ............................................................ However, the implicit information is part of the meaning which is to be communicated by the translation, because it is part of the meaning intended to be understood by the original writer. (p. 38) (2) Nida and Taber (1982) mention that: . . . there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer than the originals. This does not mean, of course, that all long translations are necessarily good. It only means that in the process of transfer from one linguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that the resulting translation will turn out to be longer. (p. 163) - Duff (1984) mentioned that “... a translation may be longer than the original ... ” (p. 22). - Likewise, Newmark (1986) said: A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than the intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be more specific than the original, to include more meaning in its search for one nuance of meaning. (p. 39)

16

Annotation 8 SOURCE TEXT

PAGE

TARGET TEXT

Finding no good anchorage at this place, the ship proceeded to another part of the island, where, on one of the boats being assailed by the Indians in two or three canoes, with their clubs and paddle in their hands, “Our people”, says the commander, “being much pressed, were obliged to fire, by which one of the assailants was killed, and another much wounded”.

08

Karena tidak menemukan tempat berlabuh yang baik di tempat ini, kapal berpindah ke bagian lain pulau, di tempat itu salah satu perahu diserang oleh orang Indian dalam dua atau tiga sampan, dengan pentungan dan dayung, “Orang kami”, kata komandan, “karena sangat terdesak, terpaksa menembak, yang berakibat salah satu penyerang terbunuh, dan seorang lainnya terluka parah”.

The translation of the phrase ...with their clubs and paddle in their hands ... is actually ... dengan pentungan dan dayung di tangan mereka ... , but the translator has translated it into ... dengan pentungan dan dayung ...; There is an omission of the words ... di tangan mereka ... because ... pentungan dan dayung ... is certainly in their hands when they assailed a boat. Thus, the translation is shorter than the source text. Translation Strategy: Pragmatic strategy, omitting information, namely the words ... di tangan mereka ... was not translated. Translation Theories: Nida and Taber (1982) mention that “There are quite naturally some expressions which are reduced in the process of transfer from one language to another” (p. 168). Newmark (1986) also mentioned that ”Generally, a communicative translation is likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to a particular register of language, tending to under-translate, i.e. to use more generic, hold-all terms in difficult passages” (p. 39). Idiomatic Expression In this category, there is only one to be annotated. No. 1.

The Annotated Idioms to purchase the good graces

Data Number

Page

50

32

Annotation 24 SOURCE TEXT But their thirst after iron was irresistible; Wallis’s ship was stripped of all the nails in her by the seamen to purchase the good graces of the women, who assembled in crowds on the shore.

PAGE

TARGET TEXT

50

Akan tetapi kehausan mereka pada besi tak dapat ditahan; semua paku dicopoti dari badan kapal Wallis oleh para pelaut untuk memikat para perempuan, yang berkumpul bergerombol di pantai.

17

The idiomatic expression ‘good graces’ in the phrase ... to purchase the good graces of the women ... means ‘favour or approval’. Literally translated, the phrase means ‘untuk memperoleh persetujuan atau pengesahan para perempuan itu’. But this translation does not fit the context. Therefore, the researcher has translated it nonidiomatically into ... untuk memikat para perempuan itu ... . Translation Strategy Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness: the selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse, namely the idiomatic expression ‘good graces’ in the phrase ... to purchase the good graces of the women ... has been translated non-idiomatically into ... untuk memikat para perempuan itu ... . Translation Theory Duff (1990) in his ”Principles of Translation” said, “Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If the expression cannot be directly translated, try the following: ................................................................. – use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation” (p. 11). Clause In this category, there is only one to be annotated. No.

The Annotated Clause

Data Number

Page

1.

... which made it necessary to keep constant fire night and day ...

99

78

Annotation 25 SOURCE TEXT

PAGE

TARGET TEXT

They soon after this had to encounter tremendous weather off Cape Horn, storms and wind, with hail and sleet, which made it necessary to keep constant fire night and day; and one of the watch always attended to dry the people’s wet clothes.

99

Segera setelah ini, mereka mau tidak mau menghadapi cuaca ganas di lepas pantai Cape Horn, badai dan angin, dengan hujan es dan hujan salju, yang membuatnya perlu untuk tetap menyalakan api siang dan malam; dan menyuruh salah satu penjaga mengurusi pengeringan pakaian basah para awak kapal.

The clause ...which made it necessary ... is translated literally into ... yang mana membuatnya perlu ... . According to the use of Bahasa Indonesia ... yang mana ... cannot be used (Dendy Sugono et al. (Eds.), (2003). That is why the translation becomes ... yang membuatnya perlu ... . Translation Strategy: Syntactic strategy: changing sentence structure, namely, the structure ... yang mana membuatnya perlu ... becomes only ... yang membuatnya perlu ... as the translation of ... which made it necessary ... . Translation Theory: Dendy Sugono et al. (Eds.) (2003) explained on the use of yang mana as follows:

18

Bentuk yang mana sering digunakan alih-alih bentuk yang”. Contohnya seperti berikut ini: (1) ‘Peminjam akan dikenai denda untuk buku yang mana tidak dikembalikan setelah dua minggu masa pinjam’. Penggunaan bentuk yang mana semacam itu salah. Kalimat yang benar untuk mengungkapkan hal itu adalah seperti berikut: (2) ‘Peminjam akan dikenai denda untuk buku yang tidak dikembalikan setelah dua minggu masa pinjam’. Jadi, di sini kita hanya menghilangkan kata mana dan cukup menggunakan kata yang (pp. 54-5). Synthesis (composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole) Based on the analysis of the selected data, it appears that a categorization of the twenty-five annotated items can be made: six (6) of them are in the form of words; seventeen (17) in the form of phrases, one (1) in the form of idiomatic expression, one (1) in the form of clause; but there is no form of sentence available. The following table shows the categories of the data and the quantity of each category, both in numbers and percentage of the annotated items. No.

Categories

Numbers of Annotated Items

Percentage (%)

1.

Words

6

24

2.

Phrases

17

68

3.

Idiomatic Expression

1

4

4.

Clause

1

4

5.

Sentence

N/A

N/A

Total Annotations

25

100 %

This pie chart is made in order to give a clear view for the readers.

Words Phrases Idiomatic Expression Clause Sentences

Pie Chart: Result of the Annotations

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Discussion

19

There are three relevant researches used as the standard of comparison in this study namely those of Suratni (2008), of Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo (2009), and of Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki (2009). The first relevant study is Suratni’s Annotated Translation of a novel by Suprina Frazier titled My Lover My Friend. In doing her study, she discovered problems, among others: (1) Difficulties encountered during the process of translating My Lover My Friend into Indonesian”, and (2) “The intricacies she had to face in doing the translation and annotation. The purposes of her study were: [1] to attain factual information concerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the source text; and [2] to give plausible solutions to the difficulties. In conducting this annotated translation, the researcher answered the questions that emerged in the introspective and retrospective analysis. In this study, she applied relevant theories and principles of translation, theories of English and Indonesian languages. The strategies used in her study are mostly proposed by Williams and Chesterman (2002) as advocated in their book The Map: a Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. These strategies were supported by Newmark (1986, 1988), Catford (1974), Mona Baker (1997) and Larson (1984). Considering that the nature of her study was analysis, the researcher employed an introspective and retrospective method suggested by Williams and Chesterman in the annotating both source text and target text during the translation. An introspective method she applied is an activity of looking into the translator’s own feelings and thought of why and how the texts are translated. It means that when she faced problems in translating certain words/phrases/idioms /clauses/sentences then she wrote the difficulties and the solutions she had in her annotations. A retrospective method she used is an activity in investigating the mental processes through the researcher’s original memory immediately after she conducted a translation. She accounted for the outcome of her study in two respects. First, she revealed that from the twenty-five most difficult problems she faced, six were in the form of words, seven were phrases, two were idioms, four were clauses, and six were sentences. Her annotations indicated that during the course of translation, she had difficulties with them. Second, she solved those difficulties by employing the relevant theories of translation and the theories of English and Indonesian languages. The second relevant study is the work of Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo of the IBM Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan conducted in 2009. Their study has a topic Multilingual Translation via Annotated Hub Language. This study was carried out due to the worldwide expansion of the internet and multilingual machine translation systems that are more in demand than ever before. However, what has been developed is only the translation engine that translates English into another language or another language into English, as the developing of all translation engines including ones such as Spanish-to-Chinese, or Japanese-to-Italian is extremely difficult. This naïve hub model has two fundamental problems, ‘information loss’ and ‘error accumulation’. However, the hub language approach allows translation between nonEnglish languages by making use of the existing English-related translation engines. The result of this approach requires a much less labour than designing and implementing all of the translation engines independently. Another advantageous point is that any enhancement of a translation engine, it can be shared by all of the translation systems which use the same engine. To overcome this problem, the two researchers applied the annotated hub language method, which has the same coverage as the naïve hub method because the annotation

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solves the two problems. The English language remains the focal point. The ‘any-toany’ translation system is conducted by using annotated English as the ‘hub language’. The key feature of this method is to annotate the English sentences in order to solve the problems in the hub language approach. The annotation is represented by using the Linguistic Annotation Language. The result of their research is the hub language approach that allows translation between non-English languages by making use of the existing English-related translation engines. The third relevant study is that of Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki from the Computer Science Department, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland. They presented the work that originates from the development of the commercial, wide-scale machine translation (MT) system. Its market name is “English Translator” (shorten further to ET.). The system was planned from its very beginning to be fully automated and was designated for widemarket. Naturally, the work presented has more technical than scientific character and is primarily performance oriented. However, some experimental techniques were applied and some data sets were created in the construction of the system so that it makes the subject different from the mere technical features. During the construction of the system, several linguistically well-prepared data sets have to be created. A number of software tools built in this purpose facilitated the creation of the data set. The data sets cover a significant amount of the ‘real language’. ET has the typical architecture of an MT system based on transfer. It needs the linguistic data sets. It has to be created especially for the needs of the ET, although there is a chance for the utilization of some existing morpho-syntactic dictionary of Polish. All other data set had been simply nonavailable in the time of the work on system had started. The resource consuming process of fully annotated corpus creation is still in the experimental phase. The researchers foresaw that the expectation would not fully been met, anyway, they are still convinced that the methods of Machine Learning can be very useful in the construction of the MT systems in the future. Further development was planned as the following: The monolingual dictionary will be enlarged by new words, especially specialized ones and the inflection will be corrected if any errors will be encountered. New derivation links is also added. Bilingual dictionaries will be enlarged, especially by specialized words and various phrases. Sub categorization dictionary is planned to cover all verbs from monolingual dictionary. The English corpus will be further adapted to the dictionary, parsing methods and the Polish one - enlarged and attempted to be utilized especially in a tagging phase of the translation process. There are similarities among these four studies – the researcher’s and the pertinent ones referred to – first, the parallel experimental technical works being developed in Japan and Poland, the similarity of the studies conducted scientifically in Indonesia, and annotation is involved in these all studies. Conclusion This study has solved the problems encountered when the researcher translated the English into Indonesian. The finding revealed that the hardest problems to solve are twenty-five items in the aspect of grammar. Those twenty-five items are in the form of seven words, seventeen phrases, and one idiomatic expression; there is no clause and no sentence available. The theories used in solving the problems comprise theories of translation, English and Indonesian. The difficulty encountered in the course of

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translating has been dealt with the relevant theories obtained during the researcher was studying in the class. Recommendation Due to the weakness of this study, the researcher strongly suggests that prospective researchers who intend to conduct a similar study are advisably encouraged to render the entire book so that it might be more annotations are produced. The researcher uses English as the source text and has translated it into Indonesian. For the next researchers, it is recommended that they also make a study of annotated translation from Indonesian into English. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdul Chaer (2006) Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta Baker, Mona (1997) In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge Catford, J. C. (1974) A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press Dendy Sugono dan Zainal Arifin (eds)(2003) Buku Praktis Bahasa Indonesia 1, Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Depdiknas Duff, Alan (1990) Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press ______________ (1984) The Third Language: Recurrent Problems of Translation into English, Oxford: Pergamon Press Frank, Marcella (1972) Modern English. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Hasan Alwi et al. (2003) Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2005) Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo (2009) Multilingual Translation via Annotated Hub Language. IBM Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan. http://www.amtaweb.org/summit/FinalPaper/54-Kanayama-final.pdf Larson, Mildred L. (1984) Meaning-Based Translation. A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki (2009) English Translator. Computer Science Department, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland http://www.IIS.pwr.wroc.pl/~piasecki/publication/labuzek_piasecki FDSL4.pdf. Merriam-Webster Version 2.5 (2000). (CD-Rom Ver). Munday, Jeremy (2001) Introducing Translation Studies, USA and Canada: Routledge. Newmark, Peter (1986) Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press _____________ (1988) A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber (1969) The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: United Bible Societies Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2003), New York: Oxford University Press. Peter Salim (1991) The Contemporary English – Indonesian Dictionary Jakarta: Modern English Press.

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Summer Institute of Linguistics (1980) Introduction to Semantic and Translation. England: Horsley’s Green Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1984), Springfield, Massachusetts, USA. Williams, Jenny & Andrew Chesterman (2002) The Map: A Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.

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