AGRICULTURE IN GENERAL Agriculture is a very important branch of the national economy. It produces food for people, feed for stock (animals) and some products for technical (industrial) use. In general we can divide agriculture into two parts: growing and breeding.
A FARM A farm is usually an area of land, or separate parcels of land combined as an operational unit, used for the production of crops and/or animals. A farm may be owned or rented. In the Czech Republic we have, in principle, two types of farms: private individual and corporate farms. Private individual farms are usually family farms operated by the members of the family living on it with little or no hired labour. Such a farm is an economic unit which includes a household, a farmhouse, farm buildings and a farmyard. Corporate farms in the Czech Republic are mostly cooperative farms, companies with limited liability, or joint stock companies. A corporate farm is owned and operated by a corporation which, however, may be made up by the same family. There are several definitions of farms. The European Union, for instance, says that a farm may be any household which meets at least one of the following criteria: 1. cultivates more than 0.5 ha of farmland, 2. has more than 1,500 msq of intensive crops (vegetables, fruits), 3. has more than 500 msq of vineyard, 4. raises 100 fur animals, 5. one head of cattle, 4 sheep or goats, 2 pigs, 100 rabbits, 5 colonies of bees, 50 poultry birds.
LAND Land is one of the three most important agents utilised in agriculture. The remaining two are capital and labour. Land can be used in many ways. There is, for instance, arable land, permanent meadow, pasture, orchard, garden, or woodland. There is also fallow land and set aside. Following below is a brief description, certainly not a definition. 1. Arable land is suitable for the cultivation of a variety of crops. 2. A permanent meadow is a piece of land producing a regular crop of grass for several years without ploughing or reseeding. 3. A pasture is a piece of grassland, fenced or unfenced, on which farm animals feed by grazing. 4. An orchard is an area of various fruit trees. A garden is a plot of land, usually less than an acre, used for the growing of vegetables, flowers, herbs, etc. and usually adjacent to the farmhouse. 5. Woodland is any area whose vegetation is composed mainly of woody plants, nowadays often called energy crops. 6. Fallow land is cultivated land which may be kept free of vegetation by ploughing, disking, etc. in order to destroy weeds or to conserve a supply of moisture for a succeeding crop. 7. Set aside (land) is an area of farmland which is not used for the cultivation of crops for human consumption but for which a farmer receives a compensation from his government. Farmers often manure the soil with natural manure or with artificial fertilisers to make the soil better.
PLANTS AND CROPS (GROWING CROPS) A large number of different types of plants are cultivated worldwide. Bacteria are important in milk processing, yeasts are used in the fermentation industry and in baking, many fungi namely the common mushroom are grown for food, and forest trees are the source of timber. A plant is an individual biological phenomenon, an organism distinguished from animals in that it takes nutrients in liquid solution rather that in solid form. A crop from the farmer’s point of view, is a product of harvest obtained by labour, as distinguished from natural production or wild growth.
Farm crops are economic crops, such as grains or cereals, oil crops, pulses, roots and tubers, fodder crops, or technical and fibre crops. Among the farm crops also belong vegetables and fruits, and we also understand energy crops as now belonging to important farm crops. Grains - wheat, barley, rye, oats, maize (corn) and rice. Wheat, rye and rice are used mostly as a food for people, barley, oats and corn as a feed for stock. Barley is an important raw material for beer production. Root (row) crops include sugar beet, fodder beet, turnips and potatoes. Pulse crops - peas, beans and lentils belong here. Pulse crops are cultivated for food but mainly for the seed. Forage crops are various plants used as green forage, hay, or silage. Important forage crops are lucerne (alfalfa), clover, grasses and their mixtures. Oil crops consist of oilseed rape, mustard and poppy seed. Flax, hemp, rapeseed and one part of potatoes are grown up for industrial use. Fibre crops are e.g. flax and hemp. Some agricultural enterprises are specialised in field crops, other ones produce vegetables (sometimes in greenhouses) and fruit in orchards. Tomatoes, cucumbers, cauliflower, pepper, onion, garlic, carrot, parsley, celery, peas, beans, spinach, pumpkins, white and red cabbage, lettuce, leek, radishes etc. are grown up in our climate zone. Fruit trees in our orchards yield various kinds of fruit: apples, pears, cherries, plums, and apricots. Small fruit includes strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries and currants. Grapes are grown up in the winegrowing areas in the warm rolling regions, e.g. in Southern Moravia. We know also tropical kinds of fruit - lemons, oranges, bananas, tangerines, peaches, pineapples, melons, grapefruits, kiwis, etc. For its growth, the plant requires sufficient light, water and carbon dioxide. By means of photosynthesis the plant must produce enough carbohydrate and provide energy for chemical reaction within its cells. In addition to these factors, the plant must obtain an adequate amount of soluble salts containing nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, magnesium, sulphur and sodium. The plant also requires minute quantities of certain elements known as trace elements. These include manganese, zinc, copper and boron. These elements are supplied to the plants through natural or man-made (artificial) fertilizers.
FARM ANIMALS (BREEDING ANIMALS) Farm animals are any of the domestic animals which are commonly associated with farming. Among the main groups of farm animals are cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits, and several others. Cattle are kept for milk and meat. In the earlier days they were also used as draught animals. Nowadays, in the more advanced economies, most cattle breeds are classified as either dairy or beef. Some animal scientists classify only mature bovine animals as cattle, while calves and yearlings are sometimes excluded. Heifers are young females that have not had a calf yet. The pig is not a ruminant and therefore it cannot deal efficiently with fibre. Long in the past, when man still lived in caves, the pig and the dog were competitors for food, unlike the sheep and the goat which were able to live on grass and leaves. Pigs are bred for food – they give us pork, lard and bacon. Sheep have been used by man for thousands of years for their wool and meat. In the Czech Republic sheep do not belong among the most important farm animals, but they are valued in some regions, namely in the hills and in the highlands, where they are an important factor of countryside management. Poultry are domesticated fowls that are raised primarily for their meat, eggs or feathers, such as chicken, turkeys, ducks and geese. Chickens provide nearly all the eggs and poultry meat that we eat, and they are sometimes classified as laying, table, dual-purpose and fancy breeds. Horses are animals of very ancient domestication used as beasts of burden, draft animals, and as pleasure animals for riding. Rabbits are typically meat (and fur) animals although recently they have been increasingly used by city people as pets. Beef, pork, mutton, lamb and veal form the group of "red" meat. "White" meat - poultry - is much healthier. Poultry include domestic fowls (hens, chickens), geese, ducks and turkeys.
FARM MACHINERY Farm machinery includes all machines and implements used on the farm. Such are, for instance, ploughs, cultivators, harrows, seeders, sprayers, harvesters, loaders, milking machines, but also lorries (trucks), trailers – and even the farm share of the family car counts in the gross margin calculations. The tractor is a vehicle usually with a diesel-type engine, 2WD or FWD or a crawler, which is used to supply power to other machines in one of the five ways: a) pulling at the drawbar, b) belt power from the belt pulley c) rotary power from the power take-off shaft d) hydraulic power for the operation of hydraulic cylinders or other mechanisms e) electric power when a generator is mounted on the tractor. The drawbar pulls trailers and implements, e.g. cultivators, planters or harvesters. The rear power take-off drives implements, such as seeders and sprayers. The hydraulic system uses hydraulic pumps to raise and lower implements, control the plough depth and similar operations. The plough is an implement of various types used to cut, break or turn a soil layer in preparation for seeding, planting or other agricultural practices. The cultivator is a farm implement used to break the soil surface so as to remove the weeds and to stir the soil. Harrows have a similar function and, in addition, they level the ground and prepare the topsoil for seeding (sowing). Sprayers apply chemicals, namely fungicides, herbicides and insecticides to the crop stands. Many implements, such as mowers, small harvesters, potato diggers or loaders were formerly driven through their land wheels but now they are driven from the tractor power take-off. The equipment for a one-tractor family farm usually includes one or two ploughs, a cultivator, a set of light and heavy harrows and possibly disc harrows, a roller, a seed drill, a fertilizer drill, a grass mower, a tool bar with crop attachments and at least one trailer. The farming system, the organization and management and the situation of the farm are decisive for how many hectares should provide a full year’s work for any given machine, or whether contractor’s services should be ordered. In the garden we usually use a spade, a fork, a hoe, a rake, a wheelbarrow, a watering can, a lawn sparkler, a sickle, a scythe, a lawn mower (mowing machine), etc.
LABOUR Farm labour is either the sum of work done in the operation of a farm, or it means those people who work on farms as hired hands. Such labourers can be general farm workers, foremen, dairy cowmen, other stockmen, tractor drivers, and a variety of other workers, such as regular, seasonal, local, migratory, full-time or part-time. The unit used in calculating farm labour is the man day (usually 8 hours). There is, of course, a considerable difference between one farm to another. The labour expended on tillage will vary with soil type, size and shape of fields, the average distance from the field to the farm premises, and even with the quality of farm roads. Labour expenditure per hectare of harvesting or hay making will vary wit weather conditions and the size of crops. In the case of live stock there is a difference between different systems – e.g. deep litter as compared with free range poultry keeping, or with industrial cage-system egg production. Or the yard and parlour system compared with the cowshed system of dairying. A variable factor which affects the number of regular staff, is the extent to which a farmer may depend upon contractors. In areas where contract services are available in may be profitable to use such services, especially for operations that require special machinery or exceptionally high powered tractors – deep ploughing and cultivating, combine harvesting of grains, weed spraying or even potato harvesting.
ORGANIC FARMING Organic farming is a system of farming in which strong emphasis is placed on the use of organic materials: plant and animal manure and composts, to maintain fertility and productivity of soil. The use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, etc. is avoided or minimized. The following points should be noted: a. comparative results, especially as regards yields and prices relative to those on conventional farms, are non-existent, b. such results as do exist are inevitably extremely variable, c. all crops and livestock can be organically produced, d. the area of organic farming in the CR is still very small but expanding. The benefits to the nation are clear: a. lower yields = less surpluses = less national and EU expenditure on storage and disposal, b. environmental benefits of non-use of chemicals, c. reduction in use of fossil energy, d. increasing concern over health means a rising demand and thus an expanding market. The economics to the farmer depend primarily upon: - relative yields compared with conventional farming, - the price premium compared with conventional farming. However, thee are also the wider whole-farm effects to be considered, e.g. unless the farm already has a substantial percentage of its area down to leys this will probably have to be increased in order to maintain yields, and this extra grass has to be utilised profitably – which is far from easy, and the extra capital requirements could be heavy. Furthermore, there is conversion period to undergo before full price premiums can be claimed. Also quality, in sense of appearance, can be badly affected by pests and diseases.
THE AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRENEUR IN 2010 The farmer of 2010 – as seen by the Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture in 2000 – is a selfaware agricultural businessman or businesswoman. He or she manages an enterprise strongly anchored in a production chain, and is aware of the impact of the enterprise on the physical environment. The farmer makes a conscious choice about which parts of the production process to carry out, which parts to leave to other links in the chain and which parties in the chain match his or her skills and enterpreneurial mentality. Thus one will choose a broad business set-up focused on several high value products which have a short chain to the consumer or are sold directly by the farmer himself. Another will devote efforts to producing a high-quality raw material for a specific export market, as part of a strong processing and marketing chain. Yet another sees opportunities for broadening his income base by maintaining nature and landscape for water boards or nature management organisations. In short, the agricultural entrepreneur is continually keeping track of the product and what is done to it further along the chain. Furthermore, he continually wants to know the origin of the means of production and if its quality is impeccable. Last but not least, he or she is a professional in management, and it necessary will hire third parties for their particular expertise. The farmer is focused on innovation and the continuity of the business. One feature of agricultural business is that the production process is transparent. The enterpreneur shows customers and the public the production methods used and takes responsibility for them. Agriculture in the future requires innovative enterpreneurs and companies with motivated employees. Enterpreneurs who are able to develop new product-market combinations at competitive cost prices. Enterpreneurs who work together in chains from the farmer to the retailer, who are well educated and keep abreast of developments in the international market and society.
AGRICULTURE AND GOLF Can golf have anything to do with agriculture? It certainly can, nowadays golf or rather golf course management is one of the possible forms of modern alternative or diversified (multifunctional) farming. Golf is said to be the fastest growing sport in the world and many golf courses are under construction in many parts even in the Czech Republic. What are the most important requirements for building a golf course? The location should not be too far from a centre of substantial population, it should be at a good distance from other similar courses, it should have good road access, and it should be an attractive, free-draining site. What are the options for the farmer? To sell land with planning permission. The land could have a multiple of its agricultural value. To let the land to a developer for which purpose a long lease is required. Such rental in the European Union, for instance, is many times the agricultural value, with annual reviews. 3. To form a joint company with a developer. This obviously means the farmer shares the success, or loss. The land would remain all or part of the farmer’s property. A well-constructed agreement is essential in this case. 4. To develop the course and let it to an operator. In this case the farmer needs a golf architect. However, such an approach is not recommended as the return on the land value and investment is too low. 5. To develop and operate the course oneself. This is not recommended, too, unless the farmer has good knowledge of golf and exceptional management skills. 1. 2.
An 18-hole course requires between 40 and 60 ha, and it takes between one and two years to construct. A nine-hole par 3 course needs only 4 to 6 ha. A golf course is, however, a long-term investment with capital growth potential but bearing a pretty high-risk element.
AGRICULTURE IN … GREAT BRITAIN Although only 2.2 per cent of the working population are engaged in agriculture and fishing, they feed nearly two-thirds of Britain’s inhabitants. 30 per cent of land is arable and the main agricultural products are grains (wheat, barley), sugar beet, potatoes, fruit and vegetable. World known British cattle, sheep and poultry breeding earn Iots of money. THE USA Nearly half of the country is a farmland, however only 21 per cent is arable. The main agricultural products are corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, tobacco, fruit, vegetables and cattle breeding. The U.S.A. is the biggest supplier of grains (wheat, corn, oats), dairy products, meat, vegetable oils and soybeans in spite of the fact that less than 3 per cent of population are involved in agriculture. CANADA Canada’s economy is traditionally based on natural resources and agriculture. Almost half the Iand area of Canada is covered by forests. Although only 7 per cent of the land is suitable for farming, agriculture is the world’s fifth Iargest producer of wheat after former USSR, the USA, China and India and the second Iargest wheat exporter after the USA. 80 per cent of Canada’s farmland is in the prairies. Other important agricultural items are Iive-stock production, oats, vegetables, fruit, tobacco, dairy products and leather. AUSTRALIA Australia belongs to the top exporters of beef, Iamb, wool and wheat, although only 9 per cent of land is arable. Other agricultural items are barley, oats, hay, sugar, wine, fruit and vegetables. Only 7 per cent of the population work in agriculture. NEW ZEALAND New Zealand’s prosperity is founded on dairy farming. The pleasant climate aIlows cattle and sheep to stay outside even in winter. Grass grows faster in New Zealand than in most countries and is
called the green gold there. Only 2 per cents of land are arable and other main crops are grains. Above 10 per cent people work in agriculture. THE CZECH REPUBLIC The Czech agriculture is concentrated to traditional crops of the temperate zone and grains (mainly wheat and barley) predominate. Fodder grains, sugar beet and potatoes are important too. Hops is the special and famous product of the Czech agriculture; it is used for beer. Vegetables are grown up on only 1% of arable land. Animal production is focused on breeding of cattle, pigs and poultry. The freshwater fish especially the carp production is a traditional part of animal production in our republic. Small size breedings of rabbits and bee-keeping are very popular and spread here. Many village people breed pigs, poultry and rabbits for their personal use. Many families have their own small vegetable and fruit gardens where they grow up fresh vegetables, fruit and flowers.
VOCABULARY A FARM FARM (fa:m) FAMILY FARM (fFmili fa:m) PRIVATE FARM (praivct fa:m) FARM HOUSE (fa:m haus) FARM BUILDING (fa:m bildiõ) FARM YARD (fa:m ja:d) HOUSEHOLD (hauzhculd) HEDGE (hedž) FENCE (fens)
statek, hospodářství, farma, zemědělský podnik rodinná farma soukromá farma obydlí na statku hospodářská budova statkový dvůr domácnost živý plot plot
LAND LAND (lFnd) - ARABLE LAND (Frcbl lFnd) - BARREN LAND (bFren lFnd) - FARMLAND (fa:mlFnd) - GRASSLAND (gra:slFnd) - FALLOW (falcu) - SET ASIDE LAND (set csaid) - WOODLAND (wudlFnd) AREA (acric) ACRE (eikc) CROP STAND (krop stFnd) MSQ (SQUARE METRE)
půda, v zemědělství měřitelná (ha) orná půda neúrodná půda zemědělská půda zatravněná plocha úhor půda uvedená do klidu zalesněná plocha plocha, výměra akr (0,4 ha) porost (plodiny) čtvereční metr
BED (bed) FURROW FIELD (fi:ld) GARDEN (ga:dn) GROUND (graund) MEADOW (mFdou) ORCHARD (‘o:čcd) PASTURE (pasčc) PARCEL (pa:sl) SOIL (soil) - SOIL LAYER (soil ‘leic) - SOIL FERTILITY (soil fc:’tility) - SOIL PRODUCTIVITY (soil prodak’tivity)
záhon brázda pole zahrada zem, dno, základ louka sad pastvina parcela, pozemek půda (jako hmota) půdní vrstva půdní úrodnost dní produktivita
TOPSOIL (‘topsoil) VINEYARD (vinicd) WORKABLE SOIL (wc:kcbl soil)
ornice vinice, vinohrad obdělávatelná půda
FIELD CROPS BARLEY (‘ba:li) - FEEDING BARLEY - MALTING BARLEY BEET (bi:t) - SUGAR BEET - FODER BEET CELL (sel) CHIKORY (čikcri) CLOVER ('klcuvc) CROP (krop) - ENERGY CROP (encdži krop) - FIBRE CROP (‘faibc krop) - FIELD CROP (fi:ld krop) - FODDER CROP (‘fodc crop) - FORAGE CROP (‘foridž krop) - GRAIN CROP (grein krop) - INTENSIVE CROP (in’tensiv krop) - OIL CROP (oil krop) - PULSE CROP (pals krop) - ROOT CROP (ru:t krop) - ROW CROP (rcu krop) - SUCCEEDING CROP - TECHNICAL CROP (‘teknikcl krop) CROP ROTATION FEED, FEEDING STAFF (fi:d, fi:diõ staf) FLAX (flFks) FODDER (fodc) FORAGE ('foridž) GRAIN (grein) - BREAD GRAIN (brFd grein) - SMALL GRAIN (smo:I grein) GRASS (gra:s) HAY (hei) HEMP (hem) HERB (hcb) HOPS (hops) LENTILS (Ientilz) LUCERNE (Iu:'sc:n) MAIZE (meiz) MILLET (milit) MIXTURE ('miksčc) MUSTARD OATS (cuts) PLANT (plFnt) PLANT GROWTH (pla:nt grou2) POPPY, POPPYSEED (popi) POTATOES (pc'teitcus) - EARLY POTATOES - WARE POTATOES RICE (rais) ROOT (ru:t)
ječmen krmný ječmen sladovnický ječmen řepa cukrová řepa krmná řepa buňka čekanka jetel plodina, úroda energetická plodina přadná plodina polní, zemědělská plodina krmná plodina pícnina obilnina, zrnina intenzivní plodina olejnina luštěnina okopanina řádková plodina, okopanina následná plodina technická plodina osevní postup krmivo, krmení len píce, krmní píce, pícnina zrno, zrní, obilí, obilovina chlebovina drobné zrniny tráva seno konopí bylina chmel čočka vojtěška kukuřice proso směs hořčice oves rostlina růst rostlin mák brambory rané brambory konzumní, pozdní brambory (na uskladnění) rýže kořen
ROOTS AND TUBERS RYE (rai) SEED (si:d) SILAGE (sailidž) STRAW (stro:) TOBACCO TUBER (‘tju:bc) TURNIP ('tc:nip) VEGETATION (vedžiteišcn) WEED (wi:d) WHEAT (wi:t) - BREAD WHEAT - MILLING WHEAT - ALIMENTARY WHEAT - FEEDING WHEAT WOODY PLANT (wudy pla:nt)
okopaniny (kořeny a hlízy) žito semeno siláž sláma tabák hlíza řepa vegetace plevel pšenice potravinářská pšenice potravinářská pšenice potravinářská pšenice krmná pšenice dřevina
FRUIT AND VEGETABLES APPLE (‘Fpl) APRICOT ('eiprikot) BEAN (bi:n) CABBAGE ('kFbidž) CARROT (‘kFrct) CAULIFLOWER ('koliflauc) CELERY(selcri) CHERRY (čeri) CUCUMBER ('kju:kcmbc) CURRANTS ('karcnts) FRUIT (fru:t) FRUIT GROWING (fru:t grcuviõ) GARDENING ('ga:dniõ) GARLIC ('ga:lik) GOOSBERRY ('gu:sberi) GRAPES (greips) LEEK (li:k) LETTUCE (letis) MORELLO (mc’relcu) ONION ('anjcn) PAPRIKA (pFprikc) PARSLEY (pa:sli) PEACH (pi:č) PEAR (pec) PEAS (pi:z) PLUM (plam) RADISH ('rFdiš) RASPBERRY ('ra:zbcri) SPINACH ('spinidž) STRAWBERRY ('stro:bcri) TOMATO (tcma:tcu) VINE (vain) WINE (wain)
jablko meruňka fazole zelí mrkev květák celer třešně okurka rybíz ovoce pěstování ovoce, ovocnářství zahradnictví, zelinářství česnek angrešt hroznové víno (hrozny) pórek hlávkový salát višně cibule paprika petržel broskev hruška hrách švestka ředkvička malina špenát jahoda rajče réva (vinná, chmel) víno (nápoj)
ANIMAL PRODUCTION ANIMAL (Fnimcl) - DRAUGHT ANIMAL (dra:ft ‘Fnimcl) - FARM ANIMAL (fa:m Fnimcl) - FUR ANIMAL (fc’ Fnimcl) - PLEASURE ANIMAL (pležc ‘Fnimcl) BEE (bi:) BEEKEEPING (biki:piõ) BEE COLONY BREEDING (bri:diõ) BREED (bri:d) - FANCY BREED BIRD (bc’d) CATTLE (kFtI) - BULL - BREEDING BULL - COW - CALF, CALVES (‘ka:f) - DAIRY CATTLE - BEEF CATTLE - FATTENING CATTLE - SLAUGHTER CATTLE - SUCKLER COW - HEAD OF CATTLE (hed cv cFtl) - HEIFER (‘hefc) - MATURE BOVINE (mc’tjuc ‘bouvain) - OX - YEARLING (jc:liõ) DOMESTIC (dc’mestik) DOMESTICATE (dc’mestikeit) DOMESTIC FOWL (dc'mestik faul) FEATHER (‘fc2c) FEMALE (‘fi:meil) FOWL (faul) GOAT (gcut) HORSE - BEAST OF BURDEN (bi:st cv ‘bc:dn) LARD (la:d) LEAF, LEAVES (li:f, li:vz) MALE (meil) MILK PROCESSING (‘milk prc’sesiõ) PIG (pig) - SOW - BOAR - PIGLET - WEANER - SLAUGHTER PIGS POULTRY (poultri) - BROILER - CHICKEN - HEN - LAYING CHICKEN (leiõ ‘čikin) - LAYER - COCK - COCKEREL - ROOSTER
zvíře tažné zvíře hospodářské zvíře kožešinové zvíře zvíře pro potěšení včela včelařství včelstvo šlechtění, plemenitba, chov plemeno, chov šlechtěné plemeno kus drůbeže, pták skot býk chovný býk kráva tele mléčný skot jatečný skot skot na výkrm jatečný skot kráva bez tržní produkce mléka kus skotu (používá se v jednotném čísle – 5 head of cattle) jalovice dospělý hovězí skot vůl roček, roční skot domácí, domestikovaný domestikovat domácí ptactvo, kur, slepice peří samice pták, ptactvo, drůbež (laicky) koza kůň soumar sádlo list, listy samec zpracování mléka prase prasnice kanec sele odstávče jatečná zvířata drůbež brojler kuře, slepice slepice nosnice nosnice kohout mladý kohoutek kohout (am.)
- DUCK (dak) - DRAKE - DUCKLING - GOOSE (gu:s), mn.č. GEESE (gi:s) - GANDER - GOSLING - TURKEY (tc:ki) - TURKEY HEN - PHEASANT - TABLE POULTRY (‘teibl ‘poutri) - SLAUGHTER CHICKENS RABBIT ('rF;bit) RUMINANT (‘ru:mincnt) SHEEP (ši:p) - EWE - RAM - LAMB WOOL (wuI) YIELD (ji:Id)
kachna kačer kachně husa houser house krocan krůta bažant “masná” drůbež jatečná drůbež králík přežvýkavec ovce bahnice beran jehně vlna vynášet, poskytovat, dávat, výnos
KINDS OF MEAT BEEF (bi:f) CHICKEN (čikin) LAMB (lFm) MUTTON (matn) PORK (po:k) VEAL (vi:I)
hovězí maso kuřecí maso jehněčí maso skopové maso vepřové maso telecí maso
FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING FARM MACHINES BEETLIFTER (bi:t liftc) BELT (belt) COMBINE HARVESTER ('kombain ha:'vistc) CRAWLER (kro:lc) CROP ATTACHMENT (krop c’tFčmcnt) DIESEL ENGINE (‘di:zc ‘endžin) DIGGER (‘digc) - POTATO DIGGER (pc'teitcu digc) DRAWBAR (dro:ba:) DRIVE (draiv) DRIVEN (‘drivn) FORK (fo:k) HARROW(S) (‘hFrou) HARVESTER (‘ha:vistc) HOE (hou) HOP-PICKING MACHINE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER (hai’dro:lik ‘silindc) LAND WHEEL (lFnd wi:l) LAWN MOVER ('Io:n mocu) LAWN SPRINKLER ('Io:n spriõklc) LOADER (loudc) LORRY (am. TRUCK) (‘lori, ‘trak) MILKING MACHINE (milkiõ mc’ši:n) MOWER (mouc) PARLOUR
zemědělské strojírenství zemědělské stroje vyorávač řepy pás, řemen sklízecí mlátička pásový traktor přídavné zařízení naftový motor vyorávač vyorávač brambor tažný hák, tyč pohon poháněný vidle brány sklízeč motyka česačka chmele hydraulický válec záhonové kolo sekačka na trávu kropič trávníků nakladač nákladní auto dojící stroj žací stroj dojírna
PLANTER (pla:ntc) PLOUGH (plau) POWER (‘pauc) POWER TAKE-OFF ((pauc ‚teik o:f) PULLEY (‘puli) RAKE (reik) ROLLER (roulc) ROTARY POWER (‘routcri ‘pauc) SCYTHE (saiδ) SICKLE (sikl) SOWING MACHINE (so:win ‘mFši:n) SEEDER, SEED DRILL (si:dc, si:d ‘dril) SHAFT (ša:ft) SPADE (speid) SPRAYER (spreic) TOOL BAR (tu: ba:) TRACTOR ('trFktc) TRAILER ( 'treilc) VEHICLE (‘vi:ikl) WATERING CAN (wo:tcriõ kFn) WHEELBARROW (wi:lbFrou) 2WD – two wheel drive DISKING (diskiõ)
sazeč pluh energie, síla vývodový hřídel kladka, řemenice hrábě válec točivá energie, síla kosa srp secí stroj, sečka secí stroj hřídel rýč postřikovač nosič nářadí traktor návěs, vlek vozidlo kropící konev trakař náhon na dvě kola podmítka
ORGANIZATION, ECONOMICS AGENT (eidžcnt) COMPARATIVE (kcm’pFrctiv) COMPENSATION (kompcn’seišn) CORPORATION CORPORATE FARM (ko:pcrct fa:m) COOPERATIVE (kcu’opcrctiv) DEVELOP (di’velcp) DEVELOPER (di’velcpc) DEMAND (di’ma:nd) ECONOMY (i:’koncmi) ECONOMICS (i:’konomiks) ECONOMIC (i:’kcnomik) ECONOMICAL (i:’kcnomikl) ENTERPRENEUR (‘entcprc’nc) ENTERPRISE (‘entcprais) EXPANDING MARKET (iks’pFndiõ ‘ma:kit) GOLF COURSE (golf ko:s) HIRED LABOUR (haicd leibc) INCOME BASE (‘inkcm beis) JOINT STOCK COMPANY LEASE (li:s) LET (let) LIMITED LIABILITY (limitid) ECONOMIC UNIT (ikc’nomik junit) MEANS OF PRODUCTION (mi:nz cv prc’dakšcn) OPERATIONAL UNIT (opc’reišcnl junit) OPERATOR (‘opcreitc) PLANNING PERMISSION PRICE PREMIUM (prais ‘pri:mjcm) PROCESSING CHAIN (‘prousesiõ čein)
činitel poměrný, srovnatelný náhrada korporace, společnost společné hospodářství družstvo, družstevní vyvíjet, realizovat realizátor (projektu) poptávka hospodářství ekonomiky ekonomický hospodárný podnikatel podnik, podnikání expandující trh golfové hřiště najatá pracovní síla základ příjmu akciová společnost pronajmout, pronájem pronajmout omezené ručení hospodářská jednotka výrobní prostředek provozní jednotka provozovatel stavební povolení cenová prémie, zvýhodnění zpracovatelský řetězec
PRODUCTION CHAIN (prc’dakšcn čein) PROFITABLE (‘profitcbl) RETAIL (‘ri:teil) RETURN ON (ri’tc:n on) REVIEW (ri’vju:) RENT, RENTAL (rent, ‘rentl) SELF-AWARE (‘self cwec) SITE (sait) WATER BOARD (‘wo:tc bo:d) YIELD (ji:ld)
výrobní řetězec výnosný maloobchod návratnost, návrat revize, úprava nájem sebevědomý místo, poloha vodárenská správa výnos, užitkovost
PLANT NUTRITION BORON (‘bo:ron) CALCIUM (‘kFlsjcm) CARBON DIOXIDE (‘ka:bcn dai’oksaid) CARBOHYDRATE (‘ka:bou ‘haidrct) COPPER (´kopc) FERTILIZER (´fc:tilaizc) - MAN-MADE FERTILIZER (mFn meid ..) - NATURAL FERTILIZER (´nFčrl) IRON (aicn) LIQUID SOLUTION (likwid sc’lju:šn) MAGNESIUM (mFg’ni:zjcm) MANGANESE (mangcni:z) MANURE (mc’njuc) - MADE MANURE - DUNG (daõ) - DUNG-WATER - EXCREMENTS - MUCK - SEWAGE NITROGEN (naitridžcn) NUTRIENT (nju:tricnt) PHOSPHORUS (‚fosfcrcs) PHOTOSYNTHESIS (‚foutosin2isis) POTASSIUM (pc’tFsjcm) SODIUM (soudjcm) SOLID FORM (solid fo:m) SOLUBLE SALT (‘soljubl so:t) SULPHUR (salfc) TRACE ELEMENT (treis eli’ment)
bór vápník oxid uhličitý uhlohydrát měď hnojivo umělé hnojivo statkové hnojivo železo roztok hořčík mangan hnůj (statkový) vyzrálý hnůj chlévská mrva, trus močůvka výkaly mrva kejda dusík živina fosfor fotosyntéza draslík sodík pevná forma rozpustná sůl síra stopový prvek
VERBS BREED-BRED-BRED (bri:d-bred-bred) CONSERVE (konsc’v) CONTROL CULTIVATE (kaltiveit) DIG DEAL WITH EXCLUDE GRAZE (greiz) GROW-GREW-GROWN (grcu-gru:-grcun) LEVEL LOWER MANURE (mc'njuc)
šlechtit, chovat, vychovávat, chov zachovat, chránit ovládat, kontrolovat pěstovat, obdělávat kopat, okopávat zabývat se, potýkat se vyloučit pást (se) pěstovat rovnat (do roviny) snižovat, spouštět hnojivo, hnojit
OWN (cun) PLOUGH (plau) PULL RAISE (reiz) RENT (rent) SEED (si:d) STIR SUCCEED (scksi:d) VALUE
PHRASES - How much land do you farm? - How much arable? - Have you any woodland? - Do you have set aside? - How much do you get per hectare in compensation? - What can you grow on set aside?
vlastnit orat tahat chovat zvířata, zvedat, zvyšovat pronajmout sít, osivo, semeno míchat, mísit následovat cenit si
FARMING
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
farmhouse farmer tractor fruit tree yard field cart
** 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
stable barn hay haystack hayloft henhouse pigeon-house beehive, hive kennel silo pond meadow hedge cereals wheat rye oats barley
*** 26 27 28 29 30
maize, sweet corn, corn on the cob sugar-beet orchard trailer plough
GARDEN * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
chair, garden chair table, garden table rock garden vegetable garden tree fruit tree gate flower lawn
** 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
shrub, bush deckchair hedge bench pond fountain swing slide seesaw shed flowerbed, border scarecrow greenhouse clothesline path flower-pot fence
GARDEN TOOLS
* 1 2 3 4
spade fork book, garden book glove, garden glove
** 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
flower-pot rake lawn rake hoe lawn mover watering can wheelbarrow
*** 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
edging shears shears edge trimmer garden sprayer hose reel hose, hosepipe nozzle lawn sprinkler trowel secateurs
