ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to know the influence of Magnitude of Company, Net Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, and Return on Asset on income smoothing both simultaneously or partially. This study uses the method of hypothesis testing. Samples used in this research are 40 companies for four years from 2006 until 2009. The data are analyzed by using a logistic regression model. Results of Eckel index calculation show that 10 companies that do the practice of income smoothing. The result of this research both simultaneously and partially shows that Magnitude of Company, Net Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, and Return on Asset do not have significant influence on income smoothing. Keywords: Magnitude of Company, Net Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, Return on Asset, and Income Smoothing Practices.
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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh Besaran Perusahaan, Net Profit Margin (NPM), Operating Profit Margin (OPM), dan Return on Asset (ROA) terhadap Praktik Perataan Laba baik secara simultan maupun secara parsial. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengujian hipotesis. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 40 perusahaan selama empat tahun dari tahun 2006 sampai dengan tahun 2009. Model analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model analisis regresi logistik. Hasil perhitungan indeks Eckel menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 10 perusahaan yang melakukan praktik perataan laba. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik secara simultan dan secara parsial Besaran Perusahaan, Net Profit Margin (NPM), Operating Profit Margin (OPM), dan Return on Asset (ROA) tidak mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap Praktik Perataan Laba. Kata Kunci: Besaran Perusahaan, Net Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, Return on Asset, dan Praktik Perataan Laba.
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DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL…………………………………………………………………. i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN……………………………………………………….. ii SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI……………………………………. iii KATA PENGANTAR………………………………………………………………… iv ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………… ……….vii ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………… viii DAFTAR ISI………………………………………………………………………….. ix DAFTAR GAMBAR…………………………………………………………………..xiv DAFTAR TABEL…………………………………………………………………….xv DAFTAR LAMPIRAN………………………………………………………………xvi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................. .1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ..................................................................................... .7 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian..................................................................... .8 1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian .................................................................................... .9
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA, KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN HIPOTESIS 2.1 Kajian Pustaka ........................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Laporan Keuangan............................................................................ 10 2.1.1.1 Pengertian Laporan Keuangan ............................................ 10 ix
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2.1.1.2 Tujuan Laporan Keuangan .................................................. 14 2.1.1.3 Pengguna Laporan Keuangan ............................................. 15 2.1.1.4 Sifat Laporan Keuangan...................................................... 18 2.1.1.5 Karakteristik Kualitatif Laporan Keuangan ........................ 18 2.1.1.6 Asumsi Dasar Laporan Keuangan ...................................... 21 2.1.1.7 Unsur-unsur Laporan Keuangan ......................................... 23 2.1.1.8 Jenis Laporan Keuangan .................................................... 25 2.1.1.8.1 Neraca (Balance Sheet) ......................................... 25 2.1.1.8.1.1 Bentuk dan Penyajian Neraca ............... .27 2.1.1.8.2 Laporan Laba Rugi (Income Statement) ................ .28 2.1.1.8.2.1 Elemen-elemen Laporan Laba Rugi.. ... 29 2.1.1.8.2.2Bentuk Penyusunan Laporan Laba Rugi ..................................... ……………31 2.1.1.8.3 Laporan Perubahan Ekuitas (Statement of Changes in Owners’ Equity) .............................. ..32 2.1.1.8.4 Laporan Arus Kas (Statement of Cash Flows) .... ..32 2.1.1.8.4.1 Arus Kas dari Aktivitas Operasi ......... ..33 2.1.1.8.4.2 Arus Kas dari Aktivitas Investasi ....... ..34 2.1.1.8.4.3 Arus Kas dari Aktivitas Pendanaan .... ..34 2.1.1.8.5 Catatan Atas Laporan Keuangan (Notes to Financial Statement) ........................................... 35 2.1.2 Analisis Laporan Keuangan ............................................................. 36 2.1.2.1 Pengertian Analisis Laporan Keuangan ............................... 36 2.1.2.2 Tujuan Analisis Laporan Keuangan ..................................... 37
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2.1.2.3 Metode dan Teknik Analisis.……………………………….38 2.1.3 Analisis Rasio .................................................................................. ..40 2.1.3.1 Pengertian Rasio .................................................................. ..40 2.1.3.2 Jenis- jenis Rasio.................................................................. ..42 2.1.3.2.1 Besaran Perusahaan ............................................. ..45 2.1.3.2.2 Net Profit Margin (NPM) .................................... ..46 2.1.3.2.3 Operating Profit Margin (OPM) ......................... ..47 2.1.3.2.4 Return on Asset (ROA) ........................................ ..48 2.1.4 Laba ................................................................................................. ..48 2.1.4.1 Pengertian Laba ................................................................... ..48 2.1.4.2 Informasi Laba..................................................................... ..51 2.1.4.3 Studi Kandungan Informasi atas Laba ................................ ..52 2.1.5 Teori Keagenan ............................................................................... ..52 2.1.6 Manajemen Laba ............................................................................. ..54 2.1.7 Perataan Laba .................................................................................. ..57 2.1.7.1 Hakikat Perataan Laba ......................................................... ..57 2.1.7.2 Motivasi Perataan Laba ....................................................... ..58 2.1.7.3 Sasaran Perataan Laba ......................................................... ..59 2.1.7.4 Teknik Perataan Laba .......................................................... ..61 2.1.7.5 Keuntungan Adanya Perataan Laba .................................... ..63 2.1.7.6 Pendekatan Perataan Laba ................................................... ..63 2.2 Kerangka Pemikiran ................................................................................. ..64 2.3 Pengembangan Hipotesis.......................................................................... ..70
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BAB III OBJEK DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Objek Penelitian ...................................................................................... ..71 3.1.1 Sejarah Singkat Perusahaan ........................................................... ..71 3.2 Metode Penelitian ................................................................................... ..82 3.2.1 Metode yang Digunakan ................................................................ ..82 3.2.2 Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian ..................................................... ..82 3.2.2.1 Populasi Penelitian ............................................................ ..82 3.2.2.2 Teknik Penarikan Sampel.................................................. ..83 3.2.2.3 Model Klasifikasi Sampel ................................................. ..83 3.2.3 Jenis dan Sumber Data ................................................................... ..84 3.2.4 Operasionalisasi Variabel .............................................................. ..86 3.2.5 Metode Analisis ............................................................................. ..87 3.2.5.1 Pengujian Koefesien Regresi Secara Parsial...................... ..88 3.2.5.2 Pengujian Koefesien Regresi Secara Simultan .................. ..89 3.2.6 Statistik Deskriptif ......................................................................... ..90
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Analisis Data ........................................................................................... ..91 4.1.1 Perhitungan Smoothing Index ........................................................ ..91 4.1.2 Besaran Perusahaan ....................................................................... ..98 4.1.3 Net Profit Margin .......................................................................... ..100 4.1.4 Operating Profit Margin ............................................................... ..102 4.1.5 Return on Asset ............................................................................. ..104 4.2 Pembahasan............................................................................................ ..106
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4.2.1 Analisis Deskriptif ........................................................................ ..106 4.2.2 Data Screening – Uji Normalitas .................................................. ..106 4.2.1.1 Uji Normalitas Kolmogorov - Smirnov ............................ ..107 4.2.1.2 Uji Normalitas dengan Grafik ........................................... ..108 4.2.3 Data Outlier .................................................................................. ..109 4.2.4 Persamaan Model Regresi ............................................................ ..111 4.2.5 Pengujian Koefisien Refresi secara Parsial ................................... ..113 4.2.5.1 Pengaruh Besaran Perusahaan terhadap Perataan Laba .... ..113 4.2.5.2 Pengaruh Net Profit Margin terhadap Perataan Laba ....... ..114 4.2.5.3 Pengaruh Operating Profit Margin terhadap Perataan Laba114 4.2.5.4 Pengaruh Return on Asset terhadap Perataan Laba .......... ..115 4.2.6 Pengujian Koefisien Refresi secara Simultan ............................... ..116 4.2.6.1 Hasil Regresi Logistik ...................................................... ..116 4.2.6.2 Koefisien Determinasi ...................................................... ..118 4.2.7 Pengaruh Besaran Perusahaan, Net Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, dan Return on Asset terhadap Perataan Laba .................. ..119
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Simpulan ................................................................................................... 121 5.2 Saran...................................................................................................... ... 123
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................................. 124 LAMPIRAN……………………………………………………………………… ..... 126 RIWAYAT HIDUP ..................................................................................................... 166
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 1 Kerangka Pemikiran……………………………...……………………...69 Gambar 2 Grafik Histogram untuk Variabel Besaran Perusahaan…………….......108 Gambar 3 Grafik Histogram untuk Variabel Besaran Perusahaan setelah Transformasi Data……………………………………………………………..……...109
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DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel I
Hasil Perhitungan Coefficient of Variations of Earnings.....................93
Tabel II
Hasil Perhitungan Coefficient of Variations of Sales...........................95
Tabel II
Perusahaan yang Melakukan Perataan Laba........................................97
Tabel IV
Data Besaran Perusahaan ........................ ........................ ................99
Tabel V
Data Net Profit Margin ........................ ........................ ................... 101
Tabel VI
Data Operating Profit Margin ………………………….....………..103
Tabel VII
Data Return on Asset …………………………….…………….…... 104
Tabel VIII
Statistik Deskriptif……………...…………………………..…….....106
Tabel IX
Uji Normalitas…...…………………………….……….…………... 107
Tabel X
Standardized Value………………………………………………… 110
Tabel XI
Koefisien Regresi…………………….…………...………………... 112
Tabel XII
Hosmer and Lemeshow Test ………………….……...……………. 117
Tabel XIII
Variables not in the Equation ……………….…………...……........ 117
Tabel XIV
Koefisien Determinasi Variabel(X1), (X2), (X3),(X4) terhadap Y…. 118
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Halaman Ringkasan Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Tahun 2006-2009...................................126
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